Language

• Language is a medium through which one can express one’s ideas, thoughts and feelings.
• There are many languages in the world.
• There’s no specific relationship between language and script.
• Any language can be written in any script.

Language families

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Forms of Language

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1. Oral

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2. Written

Note : Written language is more stable/credible than the oral language.

1. Characteristics of a language
• Language is symbolic and dynamic
• Means of communication
• Medium of instruction
• Language is arbitrary
• Language is complex

2. Language Acquisition
• When language is learnt naturally and without any systematic practice, it is called acquisition.
• It refer to the process of learning a native or a second language because of the innate capacity
of human brain.
• It also means an unconscious process that occurs when language is used in real conversation.
• Mother Tongue is an acquired language.

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 3. Language Learning
• When a language is learnt in a systematic way, it is known as learning.
• learning a language is all inclusive process.
• Learning is a conscious process and it is more effective when it is done in a meaningful
situation or familiar environment.
• As per skinner language is learnt by Imitation + Reinforcement.
• Grammar should be taught in meaningful contexts.

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4. Acquisition and Learning

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Acquisition Learning

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• Similar to child’s first language acquisition. Formal knowledge of language.
(Home language/Mother Tongue)
• “Picking up” a language “Knowing about” a language
• Subconcious Conscious
• Implicit knowledge Explicit knowledge
• Formal teaching does not help

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(Informal Process) Formal teaching helps.

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5. National Curriculum Framework (NCF-2005)
• According to the observation, English is a second language.

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• In a multilingual country like India, English is a global language.
• Multilingualism is a resource.

6. As per Indian Constitution

• As per OLA - Official Language Act – 1963, English is an Associate official language
(AOL) (Article 343 (2))
• Official language → Hindi (Article 343 (1))

Noam Chomsky
The idea that children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
1. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is given by Chomsky
2. LAD is most effective or critical till the age of 5 years.

7. Language Acquition stands for Learning a language without making any deliberate or
conscious effort.

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 8. Language skills. (LSRW)

1. Listening

2. Speaking Receptive / Passive skills

3. Reading Productive / Active / Expressive skills

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4. Writing

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9. Primary skills

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1. Listening
2. Speaking

10. Reinforcement skills

1. Speaking
2. Writing

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11. Psychological sequence of Language skills: (LSRW)
1. Listening

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2. Speaking

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3. Reading
4. Writing

12. Subskill of Writing are:

1. Transcribing
2. Paraphrasing

13. Subskill of Reading are:

1. Prediction
2. Inferring

14. Reading include:

Loud reading
Silent reading

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 15. Reading

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16. Dictation: Improves spelling errors.

17. Over generalisation: Aply a rule or pattern in a situation where it does not apply.
e.g. go – goed.

18. Intensive reading

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• The purpose of intensive reading is for specific details.

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• It is possible in classroom.

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19. Extensive reading

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• Extensive reading involves learners reading for enjoyment.
• Outside the classroom in most of the cases.

20. Sight words

• Sight words are the words that appear most frequently in our reading and writing.
(e.g. Look, Long, Listen, But, Write etc.)

21. Scanning
• To look at or read every part of something quickly until you find that you are looking for.
• Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific details.
(e.g. Finding a word in dictionary)

22. Skimming
• Skimming is reading in order to get a general overview of the material.
(e.g. Summarise something)

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 23. Lexical words
• Lexical words are also known as content words, they have their own independent meaning.
(e.g. Water, Kid, School etc.)

24. Constrastive pair / Minimal pair

• A constrastive pair of words is a pair of words that are the same, except for a contrasting
letter.
e.g. “take” vs “tape”

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“team” vs “deem”

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Note : Constrastive / Minimal pairs are used for teaching-learning of Pronunciation.

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25. Intonation
• Variation in the tone/Pitch.
• Rise and fall

26. Sounds in a English language

• Sounds (Phoneme)

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• Total Sounds 44 = (20 Vowel Sounds + 24 Consonant Sounds)

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• Produced from 26 letters (A – Z)
• Number of vowels sounds 20, No. of vowels is 5.

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• Number of consonant sounds 24, No. of Consonants is 26.

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27. Dipthongs
• A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound
begins as one vowel and moves towards another.
• Coin, loud, die, receive etc.

28. Articulators
• Any vocal organ that takes part in the production of a speech sound.

29. Syntax → Study of Rules/ Structures (e.g. Sub + Verb + Object)

Semantics → Study of meaning / Sense (e.g. Madam drives a bicycle, Semantical error)
Phoneme → Smallest unit of sound (e.g. Ch, ph, th etc.)
Morpheme → Smallest unit of meaning (e.g. Water, Son)

30. Homograph
• A homograph is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different
meaning.

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 • E.g. Lead, lead.
• Pronounciation/Sound can be same or different.

31. Homophone
• Homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but that has a different
spelling and meaning.
• E.g. Two, too.

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32. Homonym

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• Homonym is a word that is spelt and pronounced like another word but that has a different

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meaning.
• E.g. Suit, suit.

33. Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing means formulating someone else’s ideas in your own words.

34. Note Taking

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• In the practice of recording information from different sources and platforms. e.g. Taking

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notes during a lecture/class.

35. Tips for Note Taking

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• Writing only important points / clues

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• Use phrase / Word / Abbreviated forms eg. SPCF → Piaget
• Follow a pattern or grammatic form or flow chart.

36. Note Making

• Note making is not just about writing down everything you hear or read.
• It is a process of reviewing, connecting and syntesising ideas from your lectures or reading.

37. Grammar Translation Method

• In grammar-translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules
by translating sentences between the target language and the native (Mother Tongue) language.
• Grammar translation method is one of the oldest method and also known as Traditional
method.
• Use of Mother tongue.
• Use of Deductive method

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 38. Direct Method
• The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often
used in teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learner’s native language and
uses only the target language.
• Use of Inductive method.
• Mother tongue is not allowed.

Note : • Mother Tongue – Home Language (Native language) – 1st language.

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• Target Language – School Language – 2nd language etc.

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39. Language Across the Curriculum (LAC)

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• Use of a language in the context of other subjects also. Such as using English in the study of
History or other subjects.

40. Multilingualism
• Many languages
• Diversity

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• Resource

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• Asset

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41. Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

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• Refer to linguistic skills needed in everyday, social face-to-face interaction. Basic skills for
Communication.

42. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

• Refer to linguistic skills to understand and discuss the content.

Stephen Krashen
• Stephen Krashen believes that we can acquire a second language, just like our mother tongue
or first language.
• Stephen Krashen proposed the five main hypotheses for second language acquisition as given
below:
1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
2. Monitor Hypothesis
3. Natural Order Hypothesis
4. Input Hypothesis
5. Affective Filter Hypothesis

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• Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE)

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Assessment should be on the continuous basis throughout the year and should holistically
assess the child.

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Continuous : Throughout the year.

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Comprehensive : In all the aspects
• In holistic manner.
• Scholastic + Co-scholastic
↓ ↓
Curricular Areas Extra/Co-curricular Areas
• It should include Cognitive, Affective and Pyschomotor domains. (CAP)

• Assessment : We see how the child learns and gives him/her the appropriate feedback.
• Measurement : It measures the outcomes in numbers/percentage.
• Evaluation : It includes both.

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 • Achievement Test
Through an achievement test we measure skills and knowledge learned in a grade against the
set objectives.

• Aptitude Test
A test used to determine an individual’s skill to succeed in a given field. (e.g. Teaching Aptitude)
• Diagnostic Test
Test to know the gaps in the process of teaching-learning.

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• Remedial Teaching

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Re-teaching or removing the gaps in the teaching-learning process.

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Note : Remedial teaching is done after the diagnostic test/process.

• Teaching - Learning Material

1. Visual Aids (charts, Textbooks.)
2. Audio Aids (Radio)
3. Audio Visuals Aids (Television)

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4. Activity Centered Aids (Field Trips)

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Note – Teaching Learning materials are used to make teaching learning an interesting,
natural and effective process. It increases the active Participation of learners.

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• Text Books
1. Text book is one of the resources available in the classroom not the only resource.
2. Language should be easy to understand.
3. Text book should avoid technical language.

• Three – Language Formula

Three language formula was first discussed in the Kothari Commission 1964-66.
1. First language : It will be the mother tongue or regional language.
2. Second language : In Hindi speaking states, it will be other modern India languages or
English. In Non-Hindi speaking states, it will be Hindi or English.
3. Third Language : In Hindi speaking states, it will be English or a modern Indian Language.

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