Ro/zt

'rfun
t fu.v'; tfxq.2o/r

EEcs 1, <f rl 13 ?o
tlnl

txfto

,f s as)c

,Suo*u,g
3o, &on

Vor;o$/zs

k F./ " lqlh

4,dR)
?"lq|,ltr,

' et-D''si fl
fuct;*s

t/4'^

.l

SLtn,^ar1

4,,c1

J '-'l
lh4.p

1..

Keo, tx,rr<s sit

/2: &,s)c ?"1' C'cff

Vl^tA

J fivions "f hL.

6vr

'r

1@

aaa
b>>
I, II

ttl
aaa

3tt
-i

-trl?
aaa
ar Fi
GI CGI

r,s f o '

P^t&, ,( b[ i, Nn,-ne1*ti,,-)
'

P*

S)

oa

Ccrt^in hcnt )

lpt tf A ns. (. thn F(AIB) = PtXt+2o1

n
:
& 3 Ela,,c,tb "f f6 7 0 E funJan Etf"!'"' .
1,3 I,',, f,17,'' ?#)\\.{
A., B are nof
3. Sr-e \-P'tartf Arallaics b Y'"x' 1" rB ) Lf nrurriritrhulu
(t) ? (AUB) = ,:CA'+ ?cil - PCAo I Ev&,;l"

+ Tccl
(a) p( A r)Bvc) =
fcll :,ltil a o) -7cooc)+
-P(Aru) - lc

(3)

k,"e of tD'

;^itl2iil?i.r,

{ %/'I

Crd,iti,no!- frol

?cAn

")

. utt"'\o"J

Th^

l*l

Drrl._t_ P(A(lB)

to"'f

'f B

t
lcDltt

r(Boil:'?canil
=
TIAL
t!
?Cn
'ula)
"
-r7rn
pcae.trcel = fan*)-=-Pcs/alf-cn)
i,1,1
?cAuil-'
* Ndl. . a,nE^i p-l tt t12oni'lfuQ -ule' ?
j";d- ft"f 'P(A'!)or lC9'A)
ft'-''

* I,,

(t+rltbl'i

Tl'n

^oo*

artttio'r,

?cA)

P,

Sta,h'hrr,Q Tndepe'c1
-|+-'7cel9

'7,

+o ats"tf

)
(
fissune fts, = s "i:-frt l:I:|,:tunn
lG,lr,)= P(AnB,) P(A/?.llcB')

5.

P(B)

ulnl = PcB) .

,h

r\ lq), n
( PJ(^)
c'ni| o, p ce) 7 o\ d'*" !:'

?cAntl:
. fvolc:

= P(t)

'.^f
( A, B c^nnol hn*t
I 1P:tl

Ans+

g16fusin

t/r" Berroulli Tr;"k

r,f
i;] :*;',i,:,
I

rtis

is an frTerincnf 7.nccm1
on 6
fo*,r*,
"rtl
eu_enf A or &!: ( If 'A' 4nfpr,
, 7f is lst^@ss '
offcr4,;s" 'fo{urc').
7n&7e"Jer{1 rcpc"rt,/
+),net.

Tt an L,
aa.

&'p[

$i
rtt
- ala
-Clr?
rtaa

iii

ii

,Spo*

",
F.: = { A,, A,J = [ A,A|-[A, hol

teyetiti on,

&aLinrl

Spacr Ar

S= S,rg,t--.r$n

cl

6e"ls i A &urs ,n"e$g k

( L- O, tt 2) "-,n )
Pnhtt!*,

t*s ta n u"!'

lcil- P PCA)- t-7

t Xet P^l *.o e^^tfi h +ins
|n 7n&pnbtg-furnoul.li lr;.!t
la

Usc

glof

Bfnon;e.Q

Pnca)

hl

r*)=

(f)

4 n
l*e

1rb

hryr,

fe crrrsirlc

?n r &+r)

(2)

laa,

(i) pt c t-P'-Q

DLerc | n
i/,f,

f'-n.9*
(.2,

-A

c ot

i(

( Q+t 1c r -7)

Srarc tf p>oxin-t;orr, are' ,tr

vr

rJ !",7n .

1ct)

Tosilh '

ltL-)r,

ht Cn_l)t

n ( gel,

Bin.rlJ
Aeffttoi

2- ez
Ellrplg 4a

Supposc that a coin is tosscd rhree tirncs. If we assume thet 6c totlrl

btd.?ardd and rhc prob:bilir.v of hcads is p, rhcn rhe probebiliry for

s;19*rygggp$:".gs end rails is

ar
rbc

P[(HHH]] ,- Pt{H}lPt{H}IP[{H}] - r',

Pt{H}rr)l = P[{H)]P[tH]lPttr]l - p\t

- e),
Pt{HrH)l - P[{H}]P[tr]lpt(H]l - p\r - il,
Pt{rHH}l = P[{T}]P[{H}]pttH}l - pz(r - e),
PttrTH)l - P[{r}]P[tT]lPt(H]l - p(r - p)2,
PttTHT)l = P[{r}]p[{H}lpttT}l = p(r - e)2,
PttHTTll = P[{H}]PttT}lPttT}l - p(l - p)r, ead
PttTTT)l - P[{T}]PttT}lPttT}l - (l -p)t,

-rt|t
ITT
Il.T

ttt

aaa

Ett

-nr?
at??
GIC'N
.{AGI

where we uscd the facr rhar'thc tosscs are indepcndenr.

bcr of hceds in three rrids, rhcn

Pll-01 =Pt{Tfi}l -(l -p)t,

Pll - ll - P[{TTH, THT, HTT}] P$

- 2l '

P[{HHT, HTH, THH}]

Ptl-3l-P[{HHH)]-r!.

3p(^l

lrt I

be rhc nusr-

p),,
,

- 3itl - p)j rnd

Bi*"n,of P"tol !':1 La.J :

P^t

U Nccesses ht n tr,'J J 2 E&) = (il14srpf

f,

EIAIPLE L37
Enor Concctiot Coding

7ml-of

-4

F4ccss

t"' t t>;J

communicadon s.vstem uansmis binary informerioo o\rcr r cbenncl tbrt

e -Jg3--The transminer
introduccs Mbilit-v
transmits sh informadon bit three tirnes, and r decoder trkcs rlorioriry rore
of the received birs to decide on what the transmind bit w.rs. Find tbc
probabilry that the receiver will makc an incorrect dccision.

The rtceiver qrn grect r.*single error-, but it will meke the wrront
decision if thc channel introducet rwo or more erront. U we view each
tnnsmission rs e Bcrnou[i trid in which r "success'-i..cgnFpogdt to tbc
infiniiGtioo of rn.error' rhen thc probebilit-v of tlt9...o-t-:qqrc eqgn g!l_gli9*
Bcraoulli triels is

rlr
/3\
Pft > zt - (r)t.ml)r(.eee) + (r)t.mtlr

- 3(10-1.

s- 63

EEcs 33e o

(-/

'
t*'
!
Ci**'3' ?ondo' Vo';nJlts(R'V' )

, &yuslons
)wdnarlf and Krq
t
,

I.

?,ando^

V or;^Lle

t'f' Ae ***!gl
F", 1 -tamlob tf*.9= f
. 1"''a
f-'.u!-l-(&J o'4rr1/h f!'l'^ Pd^,'
Cf'-'7'
k. &in fissin1 Frycrinent

a6n
I3I
TII

' tat
8tt
rn
I

u,
2 frrnolla
t
-J

rat

=!
, Y.<H)
5=?.'H'?f
xcfl.--o

":ffi1/i'4l,ove

a<

_'ft
''\

:
Scf ul;J $;es '' t/te Y,
xl
{irtr<
L-i
- f'
ft,fn,
*:,'/*,7.'::!li.rr.^,
thnteA ft,rctl,n Xd it oa'a-lhror
4
nnkr
en7 a
i re*
rrrl nt
. efuil
'&'

rnr?
rtrta
GI.rGI
GI|\GI

t^,-t o to,
- /
meAnmqtess Urtrcss ymb'

fenrz.,

hle

'det'in,

(a

aSsi7ne4'-,

2 <t<treme cat-c-s i
l
o
{ X,s)- +aJ = fn{ Xc')=,:.:J=
(
"f R'v XJ
*!

3. cDF
f fl

cl

) t

Cu^u!*t ve

ftob)DisL

f'n't;"'

JircJ!'1 )

( 7F 'p^'/'/
/

-'J = ? ( Y,::;'tu )
I
b[xx <ra)= I (ert-.;n A-t' )
I P',t
I
\.Drc'/ / @ 3y oeO, *:-E.cd 3 7. r touaur,,/^tfirc
sin,n_ cun
(
cz.>/'
:,'a F^u,)|n6,) f r
,o
( ottn( > t, )
< c' J = fitr') - f'cr' )
X
Potn,<
.Q
PnEX)nl= t- Potx<r) = /'f'(cx)
/W]!d,?' .

Henu,
'nPLl'qte^tr\ O Fx( -a) 2
@ Fxfta)
( l:* ,*v tar*p

"t

f ir'0.,1 ,'";trl:,ilrt::;r'^
s1t*''"4'
/)-i;t' &n ;

$ '-( ot' 2

3-l-

Ro,nJ,, vor;olfe
Ex

RonJo^ Exy

3-l

cy! ( R.\'/ or r' | )

rineot

Ro

nJ*,

)ufco,ttcs
Atrg,ns o numcri-'0 nuil<t
o*]corc Ts yon Jcn, 4ss rja eJ

( snct
\ ,nunle, l- tand"n t

t-rlt
IIT

att
-r6

./

e.ler*nf s.

ooo
|noo

j:E:?51:--

FGIt?
a!ta

Grnn

-:

-:

fut rs,gp'

ClGGI

x,{
Ncr; = x

Xrg

dx
,1"

Xrr):

XrH)

H
Dornaln

/i

R^"Ve

\.:J

6.1

Wl**,

sa

Tb _?P"*

s,%*h.,F

RcoQ

r. V

r.v

!&nno.fev
#4'r

tle sLl S,

7a

Qrse

Lu;t"t)oaS
Xc .

) &r'r L. a.(m*l ary fin"t)"o %cc7t dnf- ;f nus/:

il Be S;y/e - vafucd C an 6e Mo! t' Cne )
:) Ma[e t\" set / Xr.tl^le/Xr')<"1

nfX

<*l

an

3) -Tho alore Set

or

e't'0

7n

blht, fAr aU ,uI d.

(a) "-(4' Teet p*L<[;Qtbs

P{x=-*J=f{x=troI = o

a Crrc"rL
Lefs

"f

t-

fl/oat;nf

&r
R,:

i"hr*-0
ar
Regi

tryz7v

7
""

a+eifi

"x, A,e"-

roo.! hre

x(')

thri)',.t n assi3n'J aa tAe evenf B ;n Rc", !x)

tk" F-^

iaa
)5'

Trog" aJ P^L

_-ff

,g

rJta
ITT
tra

/> S can l" Jef''"cl .4

L"= '-/':'t 'x'r':t '"1 'Br
u-)PI*B-J = pt'AJ = P I s, Ycst 7

itt

Oriq;nJ wnt

,nl?
flt?

n,
-J/

tAo

as-sune

te

E:

'??
rFn
Inn
'o\

Tn,tnt"

'' .A

Ex

n'
')
Eurnt{ El c

t,

is

l.ssi,!

rv,nt {--F*:

Tnwrse Trrt4qe

tf

t-

lt f :' T,'::;f 'e'

"-

d- F',, d;e

Y= f *- i, i-tr2,3, 1,s,6I

, l{s;,; = sL ,
o<

J O S;=2,4,6
i 1 s-=1,3,s

X(s;; =

k z. A

CoTn

-t = l, 2,3, +, s,

utu 6ss"/ j

S= f HHH, HHT,

q
J

Qne's' C''e'

, TrrJ

X: # ,{ he'd.t 7,t 3 coi,t t'ssaf

A
Sr=R={o,!.,2.,3J
flenc,
t; HHH, HHT) HrH , -- -' ,THrTrr
x,4+

s-

TJ
3z

tt
1O

Ecs frao

3 -6t/

?.f,.

, cr) =

,9me Pnberb"s

[r'cx

Eno,le,

',d fic^t zo (.: Enl is Non-d"crrn"rV )

O
7iwn
( F h*r/
lScrtdr--r
densi,/yr

J-;

!ff:.t-

Q u"
Ett
-Gl

Fnl?
at?t
Ga

cr

arl

fi {\fi

5.

th.!

-.*,f^.(,)

a)

t"uf\i

p,tx<X( x,

"t
#:r, k.,,,.F!1!-"J
Cnd,;l;o"o!. CoF Eco/a) ^^/ Cilir,"ur! ltf 4c*/e )
* ?nr", hr,, @eJ;.:4._yg"+J r4LEvr{&*d,at!

irru,

a$":-=t
/
t
v{ ;q; f^ t fu / r t = -r^'T:li

De

fu,:iy u::dn'?i4

+ lLu"
n(x--at
xJ
^
*
frf

p-t t /

&cn= t_!*u)k=fa(xcxJ

tt !t tl
III
III

aaa
aJ|Jl

o!-

c/4'4"c

g,ic-

q-k

"

lo't

t - t-

(4 Qo^,er,;. R.v (^trIrfr1"i,,;ry#/tt ?;4 Y ? t'

I t,.
I
:
(t-PI:'
H r u= it
2 P : ft'(s"cze-' )
f,f,^ ,f hen't
fi"ii,t*t1''L
c*f -a P^"<n'i,';

;r'i

,'; ''r?"r'= :;;*t'f

.1..y

*n''t
A-il.4
:. :_J8* J

6nerne4 an

I J

,t, ,r
II3
IIT

aal

-Jtrl

3tt

'Gli
aa{

'.

llniy, #"f t'/V/tol<a/t/n'"

atEtne" /,collt

' (d>d)

k!

tl
b-8. Gn{in,,,s R,.v, f u*W d$,el
)
"r',{rf!i'lu*"",,r^u
b.)
'
sct)
t'T,'lo
(
pho'o'
(0 Un$,^
R.V in \fuu4.,.('..a'
Un$r^ R-v
''
.of
I
nsx(b
^ [ Fo
txq)=
L o
else
xla
0
F"trl= ICX-^
a<4L

l-n
t 1

Gl a. c{

n nGl

(2)

& p onenfio!, ?.V

"f t^',hi1i*)
x<o

C M.ggs. =!,W.,,"}'1!P',,,.#*l,o

x<o

r I O

Jxcrt = [

40&

f
tt co)l t- e^n xz

";:

^?u \e{i^.A )
'x

7*o*}e''

tunJr*

) '*h %

fu**1l.?fi{'

'19

tfg: )

Cs)

'-

^,)

- l\

N- tPlLv.,

1 fr

^
z l^txs67=

^/

-ftln)foirJ,

il:*utd{=trL:^
* f N. ue1 t PIvc in ^ c!'*d 1*-'"" :"

\,til

t^\t'Q-b

x
)

q* f^, !7)u'"

E":.fnct;=
l(:,-ry- QT1atz.)
"r (+"Ffr:.")
*{icnin

,.ft t

&l'o- [J,nLo*
flea'e
use 4(ila"/ Q {*oty
Pf t-$+)^'(l)
Al4 6a*slan R.V N (mr,d)') rcJ,? )

1^:'.': ?*'Y,

Y 2'

?'t ": :i -'f

^1^ .,,

ffis3360
d4 * lLt'(t/-on '

9.6b

|,|6yl
ggu
!av

Ftr|' t P,LY431 = P:f r?' tJ l

=' potxPr

rta
'!Ii'l
ooo
600

-ni
tt tt rt
crcid
Gl Gl 3{

"ytl
it E^cteori"J '
:
lvlonol"n
Y=
TCY)
<- Casea 7
- . o-,.
-- P^ff'x) <11"-lot VTg)
Vr'1)
J' '?^tYll

=' I- Pn(.x<'Tac7t)
= I - f, Cx) Ir-r-,rl )
T" b"th &ses, 11
r .t dr ll
tl.'n'laa llr- r'rg)

ffil=

Cos" 3

@")-T,(&)
k'Y=

N"ln

fic{V). frc-lT. )l
$r
are

t* A^il. C\e areuenu-nA abr&

? a,qs "f
Th,-reftlrai"j
"se!,
/,ar^Iq , obru ht e-,

{'rrct!"n 'f one 9.v,

7- t.

edhdz'"n

l4ean

Wn

4 R.v X t- /..rte'"r+

- r

k W:
'f R'V X

(^o ,t', n

rfxI
t X(;ir lL J-:t' {**tdx
-zLL
&w.*rfn
A

bfRrt

Ann'l'J

hlr

r |
EL
)
O

Her',tr-

et

-l
rnQans

eu1urtn-

t)+u ncel

ryoPrcx,

(cmt;1
(9;tuofr.

orf
pd( $ot o' p*f Px(rL)

@ r/h"Joue,

y1o"

w*-d

a d,e "ft-.f

il

zv"fue E
ev"fure
EcC - _l
-l nl

. J=

ff..),f,,otJ6

a E(x{;' G;'r':
l-io.t{.cxt
\.rr"*;::3:'a*:;r2;
..'
'qf(x - s
!rff.,

vrt^6
ugI
{Es
IItt tA

-7I
,'
Y1

!,

ooo
{l0c
!tia
GIGIA

ttt'

ff--Y)[cntdr
'4

/ SncL *\
,(:,:,
/

^ - (,|,Uino.lrl,{y
, *%'tv'U$
4rS,l -f
-_&
!'d'l

/,-;\

It-i

fo-#{Jr,,+,(x-{)

EIYI-- f^

dc{cr

dx

ev"&, &Y

A,s

-&

Y n

FtAcx )J = (^Ar^).flurd,r

J-id

FtcX

r'

l
-cEErJ= cY'

@ ELX+.J =lT ,,r

Jy-"){cxttn- l_,:f,,,ti- f,"t
trLXl f c.! - ECXI+

, fur'
7-z Mrrrrlt
-To

- 7e't \lomeds, (rvt tl*A'l Ao* ilf fi"\

4
t,ilo !:=-i.E^r*'JT l-:"[wt41
:,.:.--1 ,
$ft', $cx)l/
F[x,]=C
fr,) ,( n=1,
2
h- , ELX'J =- 7

rJ
, do c&, hwrnt
I tnesQ
^!!
\ e.r_,*u{ 0,
/
Are

CS

Sloo

3-68

Tianco

ur65
Esq
g{g

at.

o{ R. V X

nYff,i"

!
E
x'- zxx *x']
-x)'J.=
lcx
,E
,:;AJQ:
lffili;l =-EU.J _ EI 2x.X ] + E t{
-Xf#,^'=<
q,:r*"^.-<;
zx Etxt};'ori
-- 3Ln- *r5-" l
= X"

3t8
!tatt

ciciei
.\|.\|6l

/-;\

(g

_2x- r'

nJ-

l)rpetfies'o

X:trt

(D V, t c1

ffi]l;-==Ei*J,

= Etx^J

= E tG_zl.l :fg_,il*)tx

=o

(t Vn ty+cl = VqrCuJ+ Vqrccf

z, e't o = e'. Von t Xf
(';
$J,9XJ = Et1x-c1fl = eLic x-x)'s
: c'E r& -t ) ) = ,9'&"

)
1r1=

Tx('^) 4
r
zrcfZl

E.

no;n\ vsel A
0rl n"w^.tl

-l

t, All *r, fr4t

hv^n Ito*/re( lY'
r./ x
Tro)' leu
FJf "i
Us;-2

f-

,r$q

fr
u ,t
Egu

rrl

ooo
'o0('

FfiQ
t?tit
GI (\I FI

C{FiI

L'Ju

""-l!
w."

x P")"

C/') =

H.*qg),,*d, flc K)gy,,,,t:yfu

Wrt,*'f

WrC) ,
=

("J &r,c,
LJs"

"{

i.l"'lrt,

6+

Srlca

t-t)

-f3

rrnn3

EtX'J =
= Gj)" l^

,.xtdx

fr
f

e !- '
V<co

) -- L

[zlomerls

"^.$,

^t{x

Trcut lr= o

r) Y" fu3:,,,,8,u {X,tl < x I

a) ,{g,t"
$1, + l+txcs) sx J

'
z) \,*
cD[ ( cun,r!,,hu'1i
?^-l*\f
iJ^:
7er
+l V^^ f.Ar =+ F*'tx) = ficxt . f

lf

*t

fy@)l!

ft'l^inJ

d6,

lJtmn

J 'f 4yrul

-}) {lsin1 F f ,
6t

,1,

^'

Pmb

^
F ,^,r
f
';fnf
q'
/'
fr

j,,r p2l, Cfr'xtdx - I

?*A;,f or-,6),Er6^lb-J*l
:*:nt:, LEcl's=l*l^,:.
E[x"J-et

v) gy-) =Ets)'^J

:6,-i,f?4ond,, =

=J

j"r1,rrtil

lx.l ,
@rr

^rnHh'

S-= t
t.4' {

6unt # "f l,-Jt

H+H'

Hh' rin'rilr''i''T'1t

*'rl ,*et 'ino'

* W,ti*r^ -** ,1, '' 1J
x- o) = +, l^(x--,1 =* , p.Ly=zJ= ]
* ,df .' \
lntx= ))= f
J(

-aa
IUI
III

tat

tafl

Disc"afi

cco
aoo

-Ga

rG|r?
rt i? rt
G|Fn
fifrn

CDF \tiruP'i'f )
-Tiss
3 t)rt<s,

Disrrele R.V

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