Lecture Outline

Chapter 10:
Projectile and
Satellite Motion

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This lecture will help you understand:

Projectile Motion
Fast-Moving Projectiles Satellites
Circular Satellite Orbits
Elliptical Orbits
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion
Escape Speed

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Projectile Motion
Without gravity, a tossed object follows a
straight-line path.
With gravity, the same object tossed at an angle
follows a curved path.
Projectile:
Any object that moves through the air or
space under the influence of gravity,
continuing in motion by its own inertia

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Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is a combination of
a horizontal component, and

a vertical component.

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Projectile Motion
Projectiles launched horizontally
Important points:
Horizontal component of velocity doesn't change
(when air drag is negligible).
Ball travels the same horizontal
distance in equal times
(no component of gravitational
force acting horizontally).
Remains constant.
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Projectile Motion
Vertical positions become farther apart with time.
Gravity acts downward, so ball accelerates
downward.
Curvature of path is the combination of
horizontal and vertical components of motion.

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Projectile Motion
Parabola:
Curved path of a projectile that undergoes
acceleration only in the vertical direction,
while moving horizontally at a constant speed

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Projectile Motion
Projectiles launched at an angle:
Paths of stone thrown at an angle upward
and downward
Vertical and horizontal
components are
independent of each
other.

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Projectile Motion
Paths of a cannonball shot at an upward angle
Vertical distance that a stone falls is the same
vertical distance it would have fallen if it had
been dropped from rest and been falling for
the same amount of time (5t2).

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Projectile Motion
Paths of projectile following a parabolic
trajectory
Horizontal component along
trajectory remains
unchanged.
Only vertical component
changes.
Velocity at any point is
computed with the
Pythagorean theorem
(diagonal of rectangle).
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Projectile Motion
Different horizontal distances
Same range is obtained from two different
launching angles when the angles add up to 90.
Object thrown at an angle of 60 has the same range
as if it were thrown at an angle of 30
.

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Projectile Motion
Different horizontal distances (continued)
Maximum range occurs for ideal launch at
45.
With air resistance, the maximum range
occurs for a baseball batted at less than 45
above the horizontal (~2534).
With air resistance the maximum range
occurs when a golf ball is hit at an angle less
than 38.
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Projectile Motion
Without air resistance, the
time for a projectile to reach
maximum height is the same
as the time for it to return to
its initial level.

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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The velocity of a typical projectile can be
represented by horizontal and vertical components.
Assuming negligible air resistance, the horizontal
component along the path of the projectile
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. Not enough information.

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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
The velocity of a typical projectile can be represented by
horizontal and vertical components. Assuming negligible air
resistance, the horizontal component along the path of the
projectile
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. Not enough information.
Explanation:
Since there is no force horizontally, no horizontal
acceleration occurs.
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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When no air resistance acts on a fast-moving
baseball, its acceleration is
A. downward, g.
B. a combination of constant horizontal motion
and accelerated downward motion.
C. opposite to the force of gravity.
D. centripetal.

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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When no air resistance acts on a fast-moving
baseball, its acceleration is
A. downward, g.
B. a combination of constant horizontal motion
and accelerated downward motion.
C. opposite to the force of gravity.
D. centripetal.

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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Neglecting air drag, a ball tossed at an angle of 30
with the horizontal will go as far downrange as one
that is tossed at the same speed at an angle of
A. 45.
B. 60.
C. 75.
D. None of the above.

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Projectile Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Neglecting air drag, a ball tossed at an angle of 30
with the
horizontal will go as far downrange as one that is tossed at
the same speed at an angle of
A. 45
.
B. 60 .
C. 75.
D. None of the above.
Explanation:
Same initial-speed projectiles have the same range when their
launching angles add up to 90 . Why this is true involves a bit of
trigonometrywhich, in the interest of time, we'll not pursue here.
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Fast-Moving ProjectilesSatellites
Satellite motion is an example of a high-speed
projectile.
A satellite is simply a projectile that falls around
Earth rather than into it.
Sufficient tangential velocity needed for orbit.
With no resistance to reduce speed, a
satellite goes around Earth indefinitely.

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Fast-Moving ProjectilesSatellites
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
As the ball leaves the girl's hand, 1 second later it will have
fallen
A. 10 meters.
B. 5 meters below the dashed line.
C. less than 5 meters below the straight-line path.
D. None of the above.

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Fast-Moving ProjectilesSatellites
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
As the ball leaves the girl's hand, 1 second later it will have
fallen
A. 10 meters.
B. 5 meters below the dashed line.
C. less than 5 meters below the straight-line path.
D. None of the above.
Comment:
Whatever the speed, the ball will fall a vertical distance of 5
meters below the dashed line.
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Circular Satellite Orbits

Satellite in circular orbit
Speed
must be great enough to ensure that its falling
distance matches Earth's curvature.
is constantonly
direction changes.
is unchanged by
gravity.

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Circular Satellite Orbits

Positioning:
beyond Earth's atmosphere, where air resistance is
almost totally absent
Example: Space shuttles
are launched to altitudes
of 150 kilometers or more,
to be above air drag
(But even the ISS, as
shown experiences some
air drag, which is compensated
for with periodic upward boosts.)
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Circular Satellite Orbits

Motion
moves in a direction perpendicular to the
force of gravity acting on it
Period for complete orbit about Earth
for satellites close to Earthabout 90 minutes
for satellites at higher altitudeslonger periods

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Circular Satellite Orbits

Curvature of Earth
Earth surface drops a vertical distance of 5
meters for every 8000 meters tangent to the
surface

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Circular Satellite Orbits

What speed will allow the ball to clear the gap?

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Circular Satellite Orbits

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When you toss a projectile sideways, it curves as it
falls. It will be an Earth satellite if the curve it
makes
A. matches the curved surface of Earth.
B. results in a straight line.
C. spirals out indefinitely.
D. None of the above.

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Circular Satellite Orbits

CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When you toss a projectile sideways, it curves as it falls. It
will be an Earth satellite if the curve it makes
A. matches the curved surface of Earth.
B. results in a straight line.
C. spirals out indefinitely.
D. None of the above.
Explanation:
For an 8-km tangent, Earth curves downward 5 m.
Therefore, a projectile traveling horizontally at 8 km/s will
fall 5 m in that time, and follow the curve of Earth.
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Circular Satellite Orbits

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When a satellite travels at a constant speed, the
shape of its path is
A. a circle.
B. an ellipse.
C. an oval that is almost elliptical.
D. a circle with a square corner, as seen
throughout your book.

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Circular Satellite Orbits

CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When a satellite travels at a constant speed, the
shape of its path is
A. a circle.
B. an ellipse.
C. an oval that is almost elliptical.
D. a circle with a square corner, as seen
throughout your book.

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Circular Satellite Orbits

A payload into orbit requires control over
direction of rocket.
Initially, rocket is fired vertically, then tipped.
Once above the atmosphere, the rocket is aimed horizontally.

speed of rocket
Payload is given a final thrust to orbital speed of 8 km/s to fall
around Earth and become an Earth satellite.

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Elliptical Orbits
A projectile just above the atmosphere will follow
an elliptical path if given a horizontal speed
greater than 8 km/s.
Ellipse
specific curve, an oval path
Example: A circle is a special
case of an ellipse when its two
foci coincide.

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Elliptical Orbits
Elliptical orbit
Speed of satellite varies.
Initially, if speed is greater than needed for circular
orbit, satellite overshoots a circular path and moves
away from Earth.
Satellite loses speed and then regains it as it falls
back toward Earth.
It rejoins its original path
with the same speed it
had initially.
Procedure is repeated.
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Elliptical Orbits
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit
A. varies.
B. remains constant.
C. acts at right angles to its motion.
D. All of the above.

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Elliptical Orbits
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
The speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit
A. varies.
B. remains constant.
C. acts at right angles to its motion.
D. All of the above.
Comment :
A satellite in an elliptical orbit half the time recedes
from Earth and loses speed and half the time
approaches Earth and gains speed.
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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler was assistant to the famous astronomer
Brahe, who directed the world's first observatory.
He used data his mentor Brahe had collected on
planetary motion to figure out the motion of
planets.
He found that the motion of planets was not
circular; rather, it was elliptical.

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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

1st Law: The path of each planet
around the Sun is an ellipse with
the Sun at one focus.
2nd Law: The line from the Sun to
any planet sweeps out equal areas
of space in equal time intervals.
3rd Law: The square of the orbital
period of a planet is directly
proportional to the cube of the average distance
of the planet from the Sun (for all planets).
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Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion

Recall the following:
Object in motion possesses KE due to its
motion.
Object above Earth's surface possesses PE
by virtue of its position.
Satellite in orbit possesses KE and PE.
Sum of KE and PE is constant at all points in the
orbit.

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Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion

PE, KE, and speed in circular orbit:
Unchanged.
distance between the
satellite and center of
the attracting body
does not changePE is
the same everywhere.
no component of force acts
along the direction of motionno change in
speed and KE.
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Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion

Elliptical Orbit Varies.
PE is greatest when the satellite
is farthest away (apogee).
PE is least when the satellite
is closest (perigee).
KE is least when PE is the
most and vice versa.
At every point in the orbit,
sum of KE and PE is the same.
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Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion

When satellite gains altitude and moves against
gravitational force, its speed and KE decrease
and decrease continues to the apogee.
Past the apogee, satellite moves
in the same direction as the force
component and speed and KE
increase. Increase continues
until past the perigee and cycle
repeats.
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Escape Speed
First probe to escape the solar system was
Pioneer 10, launched from Earth in 1972.
Accomplished by directing the probe into the
path of oncoming Jupiter

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Escape Speed
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When a projectile achieves escape speed from
Earth, it
A. forever leaves Earth's gravitational field.
B. outruns the influence of Earth's gravity, but
is never beyond it.
C. comes to an eventual stop, returning to Earth at
some future time.
D. All of the above.

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Escape Speed
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When a projectile achieves escape speed from
Earth, it
A. forever leaves Earth's gravitational field.
B. outruns the influence of Earth's gravity, but
is never beyond it.
C. comes to an eventual stop, returning to Earth at
some future time.
D. All of the above.

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Escape Speed
Voyages to the Moon, Mars, and beyond begin
with launches that exceed escape speed from
Earth.

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