UNIT - 1

Q- Explain object oriented development life cycle?

or
Q-1. Explain object oriented methodology ?
Ans: We live in a world of objects. These objects exist in nature, in man-made entities, in business, and
in the products that we use. They can be categorized, described, organized, combined, manipulated and
created. Therefore, an object-oriented view has come into picture for creation of computer software. An
object-oriented approach to the development of software was proposed in late 1960s.
Object-Oriented development requires that object-oriented techniques be used during the analysis, and
implementation of the system. This methodology asks the analyst to determine what the objects of the
system are, how they behave over time or in response to events, and what responsibilities and
relationships an object has to other objects. Object-oriented analysis has the analyst look at all the
objects in a system, their commonalties, difference, and how the system needs to manipulate the
objects.
OOM is a new system development approach encouraging and facilitating re-use of software
components. With this methodology, a computer system can be developed on a component basis which
enables the effective re-use of existing components and facilitates the sharing of its components by
other systems. Through the adoption of OOM, higher productivity, lower maintenance cost and better
quality can be achieved.
Object Oriented Process
The Object Oriented Methodology of Building Systems takes the objects as the basis. For this, first the
system to be developed is observed and analyzed and the requirements are defined as in any other
method of system development. Once this is done, the objects in the required system are identified. For
example in case of a Banking System, a customer is an object, a chequebook is an object, and even an
account is an object.

The object model of a bank . The boxes represent classes and the filled triangle represents
specialization. Association B/w Account and transaction is one to many; since one account have many
transaction, the filled circle many (zero or more). The relationship b/w Client and Account class is one to
one: A Client can have only one account and account can belong to only one person.
In simple terms, Object Modeling is based on identifying the objects in a system and their
interrelationships. Once this is done, the coding of the system is done. Object Modeling is somewhat
similar to the traditional approach of system designing, in that it also follows a sequential process of
system designing but with a different approach. The basic steps of system designing using Object
Modeling may be listed as:
System Analysis
System Design
Object Design
Implementation
System Analysis
As in any other system development model, system analysis is the first phase of development in case of
Object Modeling too. In this phase, the developer interacts with the user of the system to find out the
user requirements and analyses the system to understand the functioning.
Based on this system study, the analyst prepares a model of the desired system. This model is purely
based on what the system is required to do. At this stage the implementation details are not taken care
of. Only the model of the system is prepared based on the idea that the system is made up of a set of
interacting objects. The important elements of the system are emphasized.
System Design
System Design is the next development stage where the overall architecture of the desired system is
decided. The system is organized as a set of sub systems interacting with each other. While designing

the system as a set of interacting subsystems, the analyst takes care of specifications as observed in
system analysis as well as what is required out of the new system by the end user.
As the basic philosophy of Object-Oriented method of system analysis is to perceive the system as a set
of interacting objects, a bigger system may also be seen as a set of interacting smaller subsystems that
in turn are composed of a set of interacting objects. While designing the system, the stress lies on the
objects comprising the system and not on the processes being carried out in the system as in the case of
traditional Waterfall Model where the processes form the important part of the system.
Object Design
In this phase, the details of the system analysis and system design are implemented. The Objects
identified in the system design phase are designed. Here the implementation of these objects is decided
as the data structures get defined and also the interrelationships between the objects are defined.
Let us here deviate slightly from the design process and understand first a few important terms used in
the Object-Oriented Modeling.
As already discussed, Object Oriented Philosophy is very much similar to real world and hence is gaining
popularity as the systems here are seen as a set of interacting objects as in the real world. To implement
this concept, the process-based structural programming is not used; instead objects are created using
data structures. Just as every programming language provides various data types and various variables
of that type can be created, similarly, in case of objects certain data types are predefined.
For example, we can define a data type called pen and then create and use several objects of this data
type. This concept is known as creating a class.
Class: A class is a collection of similar objects. It is a template where certain basic characteristics of a
set of objects are defined. The class defines the basic attributes and the operations of the objects of that
type. Defining a class does not define any object, but it only creates a template. For objects to be
actually created instances of the class are created as per the requirement of the case.
Abstraction: Classes are built on the basis of abstraction, where a set of similar objects are observed
and their common characteristics are listed. Of all these, the characteristics of concern to the system
under observation are picked up and the class definition is made. The attributes of no concern to the
system are left out. This is known as abstraction.
The abstraction of an object varies according to its application. For instance, while defining a pen class
for a stationery shop, the attributes of concern might be the pen color, ink color, pen type etc., whereas
a pen class for a manufacturing firm would be containing the other dimensions of the pen like its
diameter, its shape and size etc.
Inheritance: Inheritance is another important concept in this regard. This concept is used to apply the
idea of reusability of the objects. A new type of class can be defined using a similar existing class with a
few new features. For instance, a class vehicle can be defined with the basic functionality of any vehicle

and a new class called car can be derived out of it with a few modifications. This would save the
developers time and effort as the classes already existing are reused without much change.
Coming back to our development process, in the Object Designing phase of the Development process,
the designer decides onto the classes in the system based on these concepts. The designer also decides
on whether the classes need to be created from scratch or any existing classes can be used as it is or
new classes can be inherited from them.
Implementation
During this phase, the class objects and the interrelationships of these classes are translated and
actually coded using the programming language decided upon. The databases are made and the
complete system is given a functional shape.
The complete OO methodology revolves around the objects identified in the system. When observed
closely, every object exhibits some characteristics and behavior. The objects recognize and respond to
certain events. For example, considering a Window on the screen as an object, the size of the window
gets changed when resize button of the window is clicked.
Here the clicking of the button is an event to which the window responds by changing its state from the
old size to the new size. While developing systems based on this approach, the analyst makes use of
certain models to analyze and depict these objects. The methodology supports and uses three basic
Models:
Object Model - This model describes the objects in a system and their interrelationships. This model
observes all the objects as static and does not pay any attention to their dynamic nature.
Dynamic Model - This model depicts the dynamic aspects of the system. It portrays the changes
occurring in the states of various objects with the events that might occur in the system.
Functional Model - This model basically describes the data transformations of the system. This
describes the flow of data and the changes that occur to the data throughout the system.
While the Object Model is most important of all as it describes the basic element of the system, the
objects, all the three models together describe the complete functional system.
As compared to the conventional system development techniques, OO modeling provides many
benefits. Among other benefits, there are all the benefits of using the Object Orientation. Some of these
are:
Reusability - The classes once defined can easily be used by other applications. This is achieved by
defining classes and putting them into a library of classes where all the classes are maintained for future
use. Whenever a new class is needed the programmer looks into the library of classes and if it is
available, it can be picked up directly from there.

Inheritance - The concept of inheritance helps the programmer use the existing code in another way,
where making small additions to the existing classes can quickly create new classes.
Programmer has to spend less time and effort and can concentrate on other aspects of the system due
to the reusability feature of the methodology.
Data Hiding - Encapsulation is a technique that allows the programmer to hide the internal functioning
of the objects from the users of the objects. Encapsulation separates the internal functioning of the
object from the external functioning thus providing the user flexibility to change the external behaviour
of the object making the programmer code safe against the changes made by the user.
The systems designed using this approach are closer to the real world as the real world functioning of
the system is directly mapped into the system designed using this approach.

Advantages of Object Oriented Methodology

Object Oriented Methodology closely represents the problem domain. Because of this, it is easier to
produce and understand designs.
The objects in the system are immune to requirement changes. Therefore, allows changes more easily.
Object Oriented Methodology designs encourage more re-use. New applications can use the existing
modules, thereby reduces the development cost and cycle time.
Object Oriented Methodology approach is more natural. It provides nice structures for thinking and
abstracting and leads to modular design.

Q-2. Explain the limitation of procedural programming. Also show these

are overcome by object oriented programming with example.
Ans: Procedural programming is a standard approach used in traditional computer language such as C,
Pascal, FORTRAN & BASIC. The basic idea is to have a program specify the sequence of steps that
implements a particular algorithm. Procedural programming is a term used to denote the way in which a
computer programming writes a program.
This method of developing software, which also is called an application, resolves around keeping code as
concise as possible. It also focuses on a very specific end result to be achieved. Procedural programming
creates a step by step program that guides the application through a sequence of instructions. Each
instruction is executed in order.
Procedural programming focuses on processes. In procedural programming data and functions are
stored in separate memory location, while in oop data and functions are stored in same memory
location.

Advantages of procedural programming1-Its relative simplicity, and ease of implementation of compilers and interpreters .
2- The ability to re-use the same code at different places in the program without copying it.
3-An easier way to keep track of program flow.
4-The ability to be strongly modular or structured.
5-Needs only less memory.

Disadvantages of procedural programming1234-

Data is exposes to whole program, so no security for data .

Difficult to relate with real world objects.
Difficult to create new data types reduces extensibility.
Importance is given to the operation on data rather than the data.

Example procedural programmingAdding two numbersint add (int a, int b);

int main()
{
int N1 = 6;
int N2 = 15;
int sum;
sum = add(N1,N2);
printf(sum= ,sum);
return 0;
}
int add(int a,int b)
{
int result;
result = a+b;
return result;
}

In a procedural-based programming language, a programmer writes out instructions that are followed
by a computer from start to finish. This kind of programming had its own advantages, but an OOP makes
programming more clearer and easier to understand as. Object-oriented programming is all about using
objects.
An object actually contains code (member functions) and data (data members) where the code and data
have been kept apart. For example, in the C language, units of code are called functions, while units of
data are called structures. Functions and structures are not formally connected in C. A C function can
operate on more than one type of structure, and more than one function can operate on the same
structure.
The main difference of OOP with procedural language are:
a) Object Orientation Languages objective is to develop an application based on real time while
Procedural Programming Languages(PPL) are more concerned with the processing of procedures or
functions.
b) In OOP, more emphasis is given on data rather than procedures, while the programs are divided into
objects and the data is encapsulated (i.e. hidden) from the external environment, providing more
security to data which is not generaly applicable or rather possible in PPL like C.
c) In OOP, Objects communicate with each other via functions ,while there is no explicit communication
in PPL rather its simply a passing values to the arguments to the functions.
d) OOP follows bottom up approach of program execution while in PPL its top down approach.
e) OOPs concepts includes Inheritance, Encapsulation and Data Abstraction, Polymorphism,
Multithreading, and Message Passing while PPL is simply a programming in a traditional way of calling
functions and returning values.PPL does not suport it.

C++ programming code (C++ program to add two numbers.)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout << "Enter two numbers to add\n";
cin >> a >> b;
c = a + b;
cout <<"Sum of entered numbers = " << c << endl;
}

return 0;

C++ addition program using class

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Mathematics {
int x, y;
public:
void input() {
cout << "Input two inetegers\n";
cin >> x >> y;
}
void add() {
cout << "Result = " << x + y;
}
};
int main()
{
Mathematics m; // Creating object of class
m.input();
m.add();
return 0;
}

Q- Differentiate between procedural programming and object oriented

programming. List and explain the components of OOP ?
Ans- Difference Between Procedure Oriented Programming (POP) & Object
Oriented Programming (OOP)

Divided Into

Procedure Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming

In POP, program is divided into small parts

In OOP, program is divided into parts called objects.

calledfunctions.
Importance

In POP,Importance is not given to data but to

In OOP, Importance is given to the data rather than

functions as well as sequence of actions to be

procedures or functions because it works as a real

done.

world.

Approach
Access

POP follows Top Down approach.

OOP follows Bottom Up approach.

POP does not have any access specifier.

OOP has access specifiers named Public, Private,

Protected, etc.

Specifiers
Data Moving

Expansion

Data Access

Data Hiding

Overloading

In POP, Data can move freely from function to

In OOP, objects can move and communicate with

function in the system.

each other through member functions.

To add new data and function in POP is not so

OOP provides an easy way to add new data and

easy.

function.

In POP, Most function uses Global data for sharing

In OOP, data can not move easily from function to

that can be accessed freely from function to

function,it can be kept public or private so we can

function in the system.

control the access of data.

POP does not have any proper way for hiding data

OOP provides Data Hiding so provides more

so it is less secure.

security.

In POP, Overloading is not possible.

In OOP, overloading is possible in the form of

Function Overloading and Operator Overloading.

Examples

Example of POP are : C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal.

Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA, VB.NET,

C#.NET.

Q-What do you understand by multiple inheritance ? Describe with

suitable example.
Ans- Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in
which an object or class can inherit characteristics and features from more than one parent object
or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one
particular object or class.
Multiple inheritance has been a sensitive issue for many years, with opponents pointing to its increased
complexity and ambiguity in situations such as the "diamond problem", where it may be ambiguous as
to which parent class a particular feature is inherited from if more than one parent class implements
said feature. This can be addressed in various ways, including using virtual inheritance.
In object-oriented programming (OOPs), inheritance describes a relationship between two classes in
which one class (the child class) subclasses the parent class. The child inherits methods and attributes of
the parent, allowing for shared functionality.

Types of Inheritance
In C++, we have 5 different types of Inheritance. Namely,

Single Inheritance
Multiple Inheritances
Hierarchical Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance (also known as Virtual Inheritance)

Single Inheritance
In this type of inheritance one derived class inherits from only one base class. It is the most simplest
form of Inheritance.

Multiple Inheritance
In this type of inheritance a single derived class may inherit from two or more than two base classes.

Hierarchical Inheritance
In this type of inheritance, multiple derived classes inherits from a single base class.

Multilevel Inheritance
In this type of inheritance the derived class inherits from a class, which in turn inherits from some other
class. The Super class for one, is sub class for the other.

Hybrid (Virtual) Inheritance

Hybrid Inheritance is combination of Hierarchical and Mutilevel Inheritance.

Example- Implementation of Inheritance in C++ Programming

class Rectangle
{ ... .. ...
};
class Area : public Rectangle
{
... .. ...
};
class Perimeter : public Rectangle
{
.... .. ...
};

Q- Give a suitable code segment to demonstrate the use of Inheritance in

C+ +.
C++ Program to calculate the area and perimeter of rectangles using
concept of inheritance.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle
{

protected:
float length, breadth;
public:
Rectangle(): length(0.0), breadth(0.0)
{
cout<<"Enter length: ";
cin>>length;
cout<<"Enter breadth: ";
cin>>breadth;
}
};
/* Area class is derived from base class Rectangle. */
class Area : public Rectangle
{
public:
float calc()
{
return length*breadth;
}
};
/* Perimeter class is derived from base class Rectangle. */
class Perimeter : public Rectangle
{
public:
float calc()
{
return 2*(length+breadth);
}
};
int main()
{
cout<<"Enter data for first rectangle to find area.\n";
Area a;
cout<<"Area = "<<a.calc()<<" square meter\n\n";
cout<<"Enter data for second rectangle to find perimeter.\n";
Perimeter p;
cout<<"\nPerimeter = "<<p.calc()<<" meter";
return 0;
}