Facility Management Education

AGENDA

LIGHTING / PRINCIPLE OF ILLUMINATION

Principles of Illumination

PRINCIPLES OF
ILLUMINATION

6-1 INTRODUCTION

Illumination is defined as the intensity of light per unit area. When we talk of
illumination, or simply lighting, we are referring to man made lighting. Daylight
being excellent is not included, thus, we assume a night time condition.

Electric Illumination is the production of light by means of electricity and its

application to provide efficient, comfortable and safe vision. Specifically, when one
speaks of lighting design, he refers to only two things.

1. The quantity of light

2. The quality of light

Quality of Light – refers to the amount of illumination or luminous flux per

unit
area. Quantity of light ca be measured and easily handled because it deals with the
number of light fixtures required for a certain area.

Quality of Light – refers to the distribution of brightness in the lighting

installation. It deals with the essential nature of characteristics of light. In short,
quality of light is the mixture of all items related to illumination other then the quality
of light which includes several elements such as:

1. Brightness 5. Brightness ratio or contrast

2. Glare 6. Diffuseness
3. Color 7. Aesthetics
4. Psychological reaction 8. Economics
to color and fixtures

Perfect Diffusion is an equal intensities of light chasing from all direction

producing no shows. A single lamp will cast sharp and deep shadows. A luminous
ceiling provides a satisfactory diffuse illumination and less shadows.
The color of lighting and the corresponding color of the object within a space
is an important consideration in producing a quality of light.

There are three characteristics that define a particular coloration. They are:

a. Hue – is the quality attribute by which we recognize and describe colors as

red, blue, yellow, green, violet and so on.
b. Brilliance or Value – is the difference between the resultant colors of the
same hue, such as : white is the most brilliant of the neutral colors while black
is the least.
c. Saturation or Chroma – is the difference from the purity of the colors.
Colors of high saturation must used in well lit spaces.

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6-2 ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS

In many respect, it is more important to know luminance measurements than

illumination because the eye is more sensitive to brightness than simple
illumination. However, it is more difficult to measure luminance than
illumination.

There are three types of illumination meter, namely:

1. The Comparator type requires the operator to make a brightness

equivalent judgment between the target and the background.
2. The direct Reading type is basically an illumination meter equipped
with a hooded cell arranged to block oblique light.
3. The Accurate Laboratory Instrument which is unsuitable for the
filed work.

The quality of light or level of illumination can be easily measured or

calculated with the aid of a portable foot-candle meter.

Footcandle (fc) is the amount of light flux density. It is the unit of

measure used when describing the amount of light in a roo and is
expressed in lumens per square foot.

Footlambert (fl) is defined as “the luminance of a surface reflecting,

transmitting or emitting one lumen (lm) of illumination per square foot of area
in the direction being viewed or the conventional unit of brightness or
luminance. In the same manner, the lumens (lm) is the light output generated
continuously by a standard wax candle.

In our study of light, we are interested in the amount of light that falls on
the area we want to illuminate. We also want to know the lumens per square
foot or square meter in a space. This quantity called Light Flux Density is the
common term Foot-candle (fc) represented by the formula:

Footcandle = Lumens
Area

ILLUSTRATION 6-1
A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 centimeters long produces 3,200
lumens of light in a room having a general dimensions of 10 x 20 ft. Find the
illumination on the floor.

SOLUTION

1. Footcandle (fc) = Lumens

Area

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Principles of Illumination

fc = 3,200 lm. = 16 footcandle

10 x 20 ft.
The footcandle is an important unit of measure in calculating the
desired illumination and layout of fixtures. In the absence of Tables of
equivalent footcandles for a particular fixture, a rule of thumb of 10-30-50
illumination level is here presented.

10 - footcandle is adequate for halls and corridors

30 - footcandle is s sufficient for areas between work stations such as
in
offices other than desk areas
50 – footcandle is satisfactory on spaces where office work is done.

However, providing an adequate quantity of light alone is not a

guarantee for an efficient and comfortable vision. In fact, the quality of light is
very important especially where difficult visual needs are required. The
luminance or brightness of a diffusely reflecting surface is equal to the product
of the illumination and the reflectance. Thus;

Luminance = Illumination x reflectance factor or

Footlambert = Footcandle x Reflectance factor

ILLUSTRATION 6-2

From illustration 5-1, find the luminance if the reflectance factor of the wall is
40%.

SOLUTION

1) Footlambert = Footcandle x reflectance factor

= 16 x 40% = 6.4

Metric Lighting Units

In English System of measure, the distance is expressed in feet and the area is
in square feet. Under the Metric System (SI) the distance and area are expressed in
meters and square meters respectively.

Meanwhile, Lumens flux remains in Lumens but illumination of light flux is

expressed in Lux. Thus:

Lux = Lumens
Area (sq.m.)

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TABLE 6-1 APPROXIMATE REFLECTANCE FACTOR

Medium Value Color Percent

White 80-85
Light gray 45-70
Dark gray 20-25
Ivory white 70-85
Ivory 60-70
Pearl gray 70-75
Buff 40-70
Tan 30-50
Brown 20-40
Green 25-50
Olive 20-30
Azure blue 35-40
Sky blue 35-40
Pink 50-70
Cardinal red 20-25
Red 20-40

In the metric system, Luminance or Brightness is expressed in

Lambert which is defined as “the Luminance or brightness of a surface
reflecting, transmitting or emitting one lumens per square centimeter.
Millilambert is more conveniently used than the lambert because the value of
lambers is greater than what is usually encountered.

TABLE 6-2 TABLE OF COMPARISON

English Metric (SI)

Length Feet Meter
Area Square foot Square meter
Luminous Flux Lumens Lumens
Illumination Flux Density Footcandles Lux
Luminance Footlamberts Lambert or Milli-Lamberts

ILLUSTRATION 6-3

A 40 watts x 120 centimeters long fluorescent lamp produces 3,200

lumens of light in a room having a general dimension of 10 ft x 20 ft.
Compute the illumination on the floor comparing the English and the Metric
units.

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SOLUTION by Comparison

English Metric (SI)

Light = 3,200 lm . . . . . . . . 3,220 lm.

Area = 10’x 20’ . . . . . . . . 10 x 20

10.76

= 200 sq. ft. . . . . . . . 18.59 sq.m.

Illumination = 3,200 lm . . . . . . . . 3,200 lm.

200 sq. ft. 18,59 sq.m

Another SOLUTION

Convert : 10 feet to meter = 3.048 m.

20 . . . . . . . . . . = 6.097 m.

Lux = 3,200 = 172.19 Lux

3.048 x 6.097

ILLUSTRATION 6-4

Compute for the brightness of a fixture with a 1’ x 4’ plastic diffuser

having a transmittance of .6 and illuminated by 2 pieces 3,200 lm. Lamp
assuming 100% use of light Flux.

SOLUTION

1. Luminance = Total lumens x transmission factor

Area of diffuser

= 2 pcs. X 3,200 x .6
1’ x 4’

= 960 footlambert

2. To obtain the metric equivalent , multiply:

Millilambert = Footlambert x 1.076

= 960 x 1.076

= 1,032.96 millilambert

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Principles of Illumination

The Watts per Square Meter

Another methods used in determining the illumination is the watts per

square meter wherein the floor area is computed from the outside dimensions
of the building excluding open porches.
Depending upon the size of the room, colors of wall and ceiling, types
of lighting unit and methods of lighting used, the watts per square meter
methods may produce 50 to 100 lux which is approximately 5 to 10
footcabdles.

1. Twenty watts (20) per square meter will provide an illumination of 100 to
150 lux which is approximately 10 to 15 fc in industrial area.

2. For commercial areas, two watts *2) per square foot or 22 watts per square
meter will provide from 80 to 120 lux when used with standard quality
equipment.

3. Forty watts (40) per square meter provides about 200 lux which is
approximately 20 fc wherein greater illumination is required.

4. Sixty watts (60) per square meter will provide about 300 lux or
approximately 30 fc which is recommended for many conventional,
industrials and commercial requirements.

5. Eighty (80) watts per square meter will provide from 300 to 350 lux and
excess of 350 lux supplementary lighting is necessary.

6-3 COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION AND

MAINTENANCE FACTOR

The usable Initial footcandle or lux is equal to the footcandle produced by the
coefficient of utilization (cu).
Initial was emphasized because the output of a light fixture is reduced with
time as the lamp fixture becomes old and dirty. Lamp output normally drops and is
termed as Maintenance Factor (mf).And to find the average maintained illumination,
we reduce the initial illumination by the maintenance factor.

The efficiency of a light fixture is equal the ratio of fixture output lumens to
lamp output lumens. What we need is to determine a number indicating the efficiency
of the fixture room combination, or how a particular light fixture lights a particular
room. This number is normally expressed in decimal value called coefficient of
utilization represented by letter (cu).

The usable initial footcandle is equal to the footcandle produced by the

coefficient of utilization (cu).

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a) Initial footcandle = footcandle x cu.

Area

b) Maintenance illumination = Lamp lumens x cu x mf

Area

* Lamp lumen therefore is simply the rated output of the lamp.

TABLE 6-3 COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

Fixture Description cu
Efficient fixture, large unit colored room 0.45
Average fixture, medium size room 0.35
Inefficient fixture, small or dak room 0.25

TABLE 6-4 MAINTENANCE FACTOR

Enclosed fixture, clean room 0.80

Average conditions 0.70
Open ixture or dirty room 0.60

ILLUSTRATION 6-5

A school classroom with a general dimensions o 24 x 30 ft. is lighted

with 10 fluorescent of 4f 40 to T12 WW rapid start lamp. Calculate the initial
and maintained illumination in footcandles (English) and Lux (Metric)
assuming that (cu) is 0.35 and (mf) is 0.70.

SOLUTION – 1 ( English Measure )

1. Refer to Table 5-3. An F 40 T12 WW watts fluorescent lamp has 3,200 lm.
output. Multiply:

Lamp lumens = 10 fixtures

x 4 lamps per fixture
x 3,200 lumens per lamp
= 128,000 lumens

Initial footcandle = 128,000 x 0.35

24 x 30 ft.

= 62.22 fc x 0.70 mf

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Principles of Illumination

= 43.55 footcandle

SOLUTION – 2 By Metric Measure (SI)

Convert feet to meter: 24 ft = 7.32 m.

30 ft. = 9.14 m.

Lux = Lumens x cu x mf
Area

= 10 x 4 x 3,200 x 0.35 x 0.70

7.32 m. x 9.14 m.

= 468.75 lux

Check the answer:

One lux = .09294

468.75 x .09294 = 43.56 fc.

Sometimes when the size of the room and the foorcandle are given, the
problem is how to find the number of lamps required in each fixture. The
following example is offered.

ILLUSTRATION 6-6

An office room having a general dimension of 8 x 20 meters is to be

lighted at an average maintained footcandle of 50 fc. How many 3-lamp
fixture of 120 centimeters long F40 T12 WW rapid start fluorescent lamps are
required assuming the cu is 0.38 and the mf is 0.75?

SOLUTION

1. Lamp lumens = maintained footcandle x area

cu x mf

= 50 fc x (8m. x 20m.)
0.38 x 0.75

= 28,070 lumens

2. Each 40 watt fluorescent lamp has an output of 3,200 lumens, the number
of lamps will be:

Number of lamps = 28,070

3,200

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= 8.77 lamps

3. Since there are 3 lamps for each fixture, divide:

8.77 = 2.93 say 3 lamps in each fixture.

3

Calculation involving a wide area is more confusing than by

computing the number of lamp fixtures per bay or per row which is more
meaningful and interesting.
This could be done easily by using the following formula:

Number of fixtures = Illumination x area .

Lamp per fixture x lumens x cu x mf

This means that the area lighted by a single fixture is:

Area per fixture = lamp per fixture x lumens per lamp x cu x mf

Illumination

TABLE 6-6 EFFICACY OF VARIOUS LAMPS

Source Lumens per watt

Candle 0.10
Oil lamp 0.30
Original Edison lamp 1.4
1910 Edison lamp 4.5
Modem Incadescent Lamp 14-50
Tungsten Halogen Lamp 16-20
Fluorescent lamp (including ballast losses) 50-80
Mercury lamp (including ballast losses) 40-70
Metal Halide lamp (including ballast losses) 60-80
High Pressure Sodium Lamp 90-100

ILLUSTRATION 6-7

An entire office floor is lighted at an average maintained 538 lux or 50

fc. The floor measures 20 meters by 50 meters and is divided into bays
measuring 4 m. x 5 m. Using 2-lamp of F40 T12 CW rapid start preheat lamp,
find the number of fixtures required. Assume an economy grade fixture with a
low cu of 0.35 and mf of 0.70.

SOLUTION - 1

1. Solve for the number of fixtures per bay.

Refer to Table 5-3 for F40 T12 CW = 3,150lm.

No. of Fixture = Illumination x Area

Lamp per fixture x lumens x cu x mf

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Fixtures = 538 lux x (4m. x 5m.)

2-lamps x 3,150 lm. X 0.35 x 0.70

= 10,760 = 6.9 fixtures

1,543

Accept 6 pieces per bay to make it symmetrical.

6-5 UNIFORMITY OF LIGHT

The purpose of footcandle lighting calculation is to determine the

average illumination in a room to a working level. This working level
refers to a height of about 75 centimeters above the floor being the
approximate height of the table. The average illumination at the working
level is directly related to the maximum spacing of the light to the
mounting height ratio represented by the formula;

S
Mh

Where:
S = Spacing of light fixture
M = mounting height

Normally, the manufacturers provide data on spacing and mounting

ratio. In the event that the manufacturers failed to provide these data, Table
5-8 is presented showing the mounting height ratio for a particular lighting
conditions.

TABLE 6-7 SPACING AND MOUNTING HEIGHT RATIO

SYSTEM S/mh RATIO

Direct Concentrating 0.40
Direct Spreading g 1.20
Direct Indirect Diffusing 1.30
Semi-direct-Indirect 1.50

ILLUSTARTION 6-8

A room with a ceiling height of 3 meters is to be lighted with directly

concentrating fluorescent toffers. What is the maximum fixture spacing?

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SOLUTION
TABLE 6-7 SPACING AND MOUNTING HEAIGHT RELATIONSHIP
OF LUMINAIRES FOR ILLUMINATION UNIFORMALITY

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION

Semicon-
Semi- General Direct- Concentrati
Indirect centrating
indirect Diffusing Indirect ng Direct
Direct

Maximum Mounting Maximum Maximum Maximum

Celing Distance Distance
Spacing of Height of Spacing of Spacing of Spacing of
Height from wall from wall
Luminaires Luminaires Luminaries Luminaries Luminaries

2.40 0.60 2.70 2.40 0.60 2.25 1.65 0.75

2.70 0.60 3.15 2.70 0.60 2.70 1.80 0.90
3.00 0.75 3.75 3.00 0.75 3.15 2.10 1.20
3.30 0.75 4.00 3.30 0.75 3.60 2.40 1.35
3.60 0.90 4.50 3.60 0.90 4.00 2.70 4.50
3.90 1.20 5.10 3.90 1.20 4.50 3.00 1.65
4.20 1.50 5.70 4.20 1.50 4.95 3.30 1.80
4.50 1.50 6.00 4.50 0.50 5.40 3.60 1.95
4.80 1.80 6.60 4.80 1.80 6.00 3.90 2.10
5.40 1.80 7.20 5.40 1.80 6.60 4.65 2.40

a. All dimension in meters.

b. These spacing apply where desks and benches are next to wall, otherwise, one
third the spacing between units is satisfactory.
c. The actual spacing of luminaries is usually less than the maximum spacing to
suit bay or room dimensions.
d. For mounting height of general diffusing and direct-indirect fixtures

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Principles of Illumination

Amount of light in a room. It is not enough to know how calculate the

illumination level but it is also equally important to know how to measure
them in enclosed space. In measuring illumination level, the footcandle meter
is held horizontally with its sensitive surface at least 30 centimeters from the
body of the person holding the meter. The meter could be placed on a table
and read from a distance to avoid obstruction the light.
In conducting a general illumination check inside a room, the meter is held
about 80 centimeters above the floor. Reading is undertaken throughout the
room and the results are recorded on the plan of the room.

Meter base on wall Meter base on wall

incident light reading at a distance of 5 cm.
say 70 Reflected light reading say 25

Reflectance of wall = 25 = 35% (approx.)

70

Meter is 5 cm. Away from the sample Meter 5 cm. Away from wall
Meter reading with 900% RF sample Meter reading with sample
Say 40 removed say 60

Reflectance of unknown surface = 40 x 90 = 60% (approx.)

60
Source: Building Technology (2)

FIGURE 6-2 MEASURING REFLECTANCE

SOLUTION –2

1. From the following Formula, substitute value

Area per Fixture = lamp per fixture x lumen/lamp x cu x mf

Illumination

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Principles of Illumination

Area per fixture = 2 – lamps x 3,150 lm. X 0.35 x 0.70

538 lux

= 1,543.5 = 2.87 sq. m. per fixture

538

2. Therefore, the number of fixtures per bay is:

4 m. x 5m. = 6.9 say 6 pieces per bay.

2.87 for symmetry.

6-4 MEASURING FOOTCANDLE

The unit measure of illumination is the foorcandle or lux in the Metric

System which is frequently used when describing the

1. Refer to Table 6-7, the mounting height ratio of a direct

concentrating light is 0.40. Therefore:

S = 0.40
mh

2. Substituting given values, wherein mh is the ceiling height,

S = 0.40
3.00 m.

S = 0.40 x 3.00
Spacing = 120 m. maximum side to side distance of the
fixtures.

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Principles of Illumination

ILLUSTRATION 6-9

A warehouse will install pendant dome incandescent lamps at a

mounting height ratio of 1.50 meters. The lamp will be mounted on a grid
measuring 5.00 x 5.00 meters. What is the minimum mounting height of the
lamps.

SOLUTION

Mounting height mh = spacing

Ratio

mh = 5.00 m.
1.50

mh = 3.30 meters

6-6 CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

Lighting system is classified into four types, namely:

1. Direct lighting
2. Semi-direct lighting
3. Semi-indirect-lighting
4. Indirect lighting

Direct Lighting – when the light on an illuminated area is focused

downward coming directly from the lighting fixture.

DIRECT LIGHT CONCENTRATING DIRECT LIGHT SPREADING

FIGURE 6-3

Semi-Direct Lighting – when the predominant light on the illuminated

area is fed directly from the lighting units wherein the greater amount of light
is obtained from the ceiling through reflection.

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SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING

FIGURE 6-4

Semi-Indirect Lighting – a lighting arrangement wherein 5% to 25%

of the light is directed downward with more than half o the light focused
upward and reflected from the ceiling.

INDIRECT LIGHTING

Indirect Lighting – when the light is diffused and reflected from a

wide ceiling area. This kind of lighting produces a soft and subdued effect due
to low brightness and absence of sharp shadows,

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TABLE 6-8 LIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS TYPES

OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

Percent of Distribution
Types of Ilumination
Upward Downward
Direct 1-10 90-100
Semi-direct 10-40 60-90
General diffusing 40-60 40-60
Semi-Indirect 60-90 10-40
Indirect 90-100 1-10

FIGURE 6-6

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Principles of Illumination

CHART ESTIMATING LIGHTING LOAD AND ILLUMINATION LEVEL

CALCULATED FOR A FAIRLY LARGE ROOM

6-7 STREET LIGHTING

The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers instituted guidelines for

adequate and acceptable illumination of the streets in order to promote safety. This
concept was brought about by the continuously safety. This concept was brought
about by the continuously increasing number and speed of motor vehicles using the
roads.

The Philippine Electrical Code Committee prepared the guidelines for a

standard practice on design of street lighting installation recommending the proper
quantity and quality of light for traffic routes.

Definition of Terms

Lighting Installation – is defined as the whole of the equipment provided for

lighting the roadway comprising the lamps, luminaries, means of support and
electrical installations including other auxiliaries.

Lighting System – refers to an array of luminaries having a characteristics of

light distribution.

Luminaries – is a housing for one or more lamps comprising a body and any
refractors, diffuser or enclose associated with the lamps.

Road width – is the distance between the edges of the road curbs measured at
right angles to the length of the roadway.

Outreach – is the distance measured horizontally between the outer of the

column or wall face or lamp post and the center of the luminaries.

Overhang – is the horizontal distance between the center the center of the
luminaire and the surface of the roadway.

Spacing - is the distance between the successive luminaries in an installation.

Maximum Light Utilization – In order to attain the maximum utilization of

light from the fixtures, the luminaries should be mounted under the following
specifications.

Roadwidth Outreach
1.50 to 3.00 meters .60m.
3.00 to 9.15 meters 1.60 m.
9.15 to 15.25 meters 3.00 m.

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FIGURE 6-7

STREET LIGHTING

o = Overhang d = Distance spacing

c = Clearance w = Width of the roadway
h = Mounting height or = Outreach

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FIGURE 6-8
STREET LIGHT AVERAGE SPACING DISTANCE

Working Voltage

Luminaires are properly selected and mounted on a location most

feasible and effective with minimum cost. For a 230 volts system, a voltage
drop of 50% is allowed although in extreme cases 15% voltage drop is
sometimes tolerated.
For street illumination, the following formula is adopted.

E = Al x (cu x mf)
wxd

Al = Exwxd
Cu x mf

Where:
E = The illumination in Lux
Al = Average lumens with a typical value of
20500 lumens for 400 watts
11500 lumens for 250 watts
5400 lumens for 125 watts

The value of Al varies depending upon the type of lamp specified.

mf – is the maintenance factor which depends on the following:

a) Maintenance practice of the company
b) Operation of light sources at rate current and voltage
c) Regular replacement of depreciated lamps
d) Periodic cleaning o the luminaries 0.8-0.9

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Principles of Illumination

w = Width of the roadway

d = Distance between luminaries
cu = Coefficient of utilization which is dependent on the type of fixture,
mounting
height, width of roadway and the length of mast arm of outreach.

TABLE 6-9 RECOMMENDED AVERAGE HORIZONTAL

ILLUMINATION LEVEL, LUX

Vehicular traffic Classification

Pedestrian Very light Light Medium Heavy to Heaviest

Traffic (Under 150) (150-500) (500-1200) (1200 up)

Heavy 9.68 12.91 16.14 12.52
Medium 6.46 8.61 10.26 12.91
Light 2.15 4.30 6.46 9.68

The values given are based on favorable reflectances for as-phalt road,
the recommended illumination should be increased by 50%. For concrete road,
the recommended value could be decreased by 25%.
In designing street illumination, consider the modern lighting today
that will not be obsolete tomorrow when the minimum light levels are raised.
The increasing motor vehicle speed and the increasing congestions on the
street requires higher level of highway lighting. Therefore, future needs for
light should be considered in the design.

ILLUSTATION 6-10
Considering the data as presented on Figure 6-7 when the night
pedestrian traffic is estimated to be light and the night vehicular traffic is to be
medium, determine the required lumens if the road is concrete pavement.

SOLUTION

1. Referring to Table 6-10, E = 6.46 for light pedestrian medium traffic

classifications. For concrete road, the reflected will be higher but let us
accept the value of 6.46 lumens.

2. Determine the average pole distance

E = 6.46 lumens per sq. m.

w = 7.00 meters
d = 50 meters
mf = 0.9
cu = 0.29 (type A fixture)

Al = E x w x d
cu x mf

Al = 6.46 x 7.00 x 50 m.
0.29 x 0.9

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Al = 8662.83 Average lumens

The mean lamp lumens of a 250 watts lamp is 11,500 lm. This is the
nearest value to 8662.83 lumens. Therefore, a 250 watts lamp is
acceptable.

Computing for the new actual illumination E

E = Al x cu x mf
wxd

E = 11,500 x 0.29 x 0.9

7.00 x 50

E = 8.57 lumens per sq.m.

This is higher than the 6.46 recommended in Table 6-10 The road is
considered as adequately lighted.

Axial Arrangement

FIGURE 6-9

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BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLIC LIGHTING

TABLE 6-10 ROADWAY CLASSIFICATIONS

Number of Vehicles per Hour

Classification Number
Maximum Night Hour Both Direction
Very light traffic Under 150
Light traffic 150 500
Medium traffic 500 1200
Heavy traffic 1200 2400
Very heavy traffic 2400 4000
Heavy traffic over 4000

Classification of Pedestrian Traffic

a. Light or No Pedestrian Traffic street in residential or warehouse
areas on express or elevated depressed roadways.

b. Medium Pedestrian Traffic on a secondary business streets and

some industrial roads.

c. Heavy Pedestrian Traffic as on business streets.

EVEN SPACING

UNEVEN SPACING
FIGURE 6-10

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STREET LIGHTS MOUNTING ARRANGEMENTS

EVEN MOUNTING HEIGHT

UNEVEN MOUNTING HEIGHT

FIGURE 6-11

STREET LIGHT MOUNTING ARRANGEMENT

TABLE 6-11 COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

Average Coefficient of Utilization

Fixture
Roadwidth 3.00 to 9.15 m. Roadwidth 9.15 to 15.25 m.
C 33.0% 35.0%
A 29.0% 34.6%
B 38.9% 44.0%

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TABLE 6-12 LIGHT DISTRIBUTION DATA

Street Desired Lamp Type of Coefficient of Arrangement of Spacing M.

class light level wattage w fixture Utilization Luminaire nominal

10.76 250 A 36.30% Oposite 46

Staggered 23
10.76 250 B 45.50% Oposite 58
Staggered 29
10.76 250 A 31.60% Oposite 67
Staggered 34
10.76 250 B 42.50% Oposite 88
Staggered 44
5.38 125 A 31.60% Oposite 61
Staggered 30
5.38 125 B 42.50% Oposite 84
Staggered 41
5.38 125 C 36.20% Oposite 72
Staggered 35
5.38 250 A 31.60% One side 67
5.38 250 B 42.50% One side 90
5.38 125 A 31.60% One side 30
5.38 125 B 42.50% One side 43
5.38 125 C 36.20% One side 35
3.23 125 A 26.20% One side 64
3.23 125 B 35.60% One side 88
3.23 125 C 29.70% One side 73

Source: Philippine Electrical Code Part 2.

Residential (Roadwidth 3 to 9m.) Traffic (Roadwidth 9 to 15 m.)

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TABLE 6-13 LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION FOR VARIOUS

TYPES OF APPLIANCE

TYPE OF OCCUPANCY LUX

A. RESIDENTIAL
1. Living rooms
General lighting 150
Locally (reading, writing etc.) 500-1000
2. Bedrooms
General lighting 150
Locally (mirrors, dressing tables, bed lighting) 250-500
3. Kitchen
General lighting 150
Locally (stove, dresser, table, ) 250-500
4. Hallway. Staircases, Lofts, Garages
General lighting 150
Locally (workbenches, hobby tables) 250-500

B. SCHOOL
1. Nursery schools 150
2. Classrooms
General (Elementary, High School, Lecture room) 250-500
Workshop, science room 250-500
Drawing rooms 500-1,000
3. Gymnasiums, Assembly Halls, Canteen, Corridors 150
4. Offices, Library etc. 250-500

C. HOSPITAL
1. Doctors room
General lighting 150
Work table 500-1,000
2. Dispensary
General lighting 150
Dispensing table 500-1,00.
Store room 150
3. First Aid Department
General lighting 500-1,000
Locally 10,000-20,000
4. Laboratory
Research room 250-500
Work table 500-1,000
5. Diagnostic lighting
General lighting 250-500
Diagnostic table 500-1,000
6. Surgical Department Sterilizing room, operating theater
General lighting 500-1,000
Operating Table 20,000-40,000
7. Maternity Department
Delivery bed 5,000-10,000
Delivery room general 250-500
Nursery 150
8. Dental Department
Dental room, general 250-500
Patient’s chair 5,000-10,000
Laboratory 150
9. Private Rooms for Patients
General 150

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Bed lighting 250-500

10. Kitchen, Library 250-500
11. Assembly halls, Waiting room, Corridors
Hallways and bathroom 150
D. COMMERCIAL BUILDING
1. Shops and store
Large town shopping centers
Shop windows, general 1,000-2,000
Supplementary spot lighting 5,000-10,000
2. Others, general
Supplementary spot lighting 2,500-5,000
3. Shop interior large town shopping center 500-1,000
4. Other places 250-500
5. Railways and Bus Station
Waiting rooms, platform, lavatories and refreshment 150
Tickets halls and office 500-1,000
Luggage depot 250-500
6. Hotels and Restaurants 150
Restaurant, lounge, bar, hallways, staircases
Larger rooms
Conference room 150
Platform, exhibition and demonstration 250-500
Kitchen 250-500
Hotel bedrooms, general 150
Bed lighting, writing desk, dressing table 250-500
7. Offices
Managers room, conference room 250-500
Typical pools, records and account bookkeeping 500-1,000
Drawing offices, land registry offices, cartography over 2,000
Designing, Architectural and Engineering offices 1,000-2,000
Decorative drawing and sketching 500-1,000
Canteen, parlor, filling rooms 150
8. Storage
General stores (used frequently) 150
Factory (used frequently) 150
Bulk storage, small items 150
Very small items 250-500
E. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
1. Milk factory
Sterilizing rooms, storage, cooling halls pasteurization
Cream preparation, weighing room 150
Sorting of bottles 250-500
Bottle washing machines, inspection, filling, lab. 500-1,000
2. Food processing Plants and Canneries
Cleaning and washing 250-500
Color sorting 1,000-2,000
Canning general 250-500
Inspection of filled cans 1,000-2,000
Sealing of cans 250-500
Packing in cartons 150
3. Garment Factories
Inspection of materials
Lighting fabrics 500-1,000
Dark fabrics 1,000-2,000
Cutting and pressing
Light fabric 500-1,000
Dark Fabrics 1,000-2,000
Sewing and Trimming
Light fabric 1,000-2,000
Dark Fabrics over 2,000

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4. Soap Factories
Boiling, cutting, manufacture of powder and flakes 150
Stamping, wrapping and packing 250-500
5. Textile Plants
Cotton
Bale breaking, mixing sorting, carding, drawing
Sizing, spool winding, spinning 250-500
Weaving 500-1,000

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