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Edexcel National Certificate Unit 28 - Further Mathematics For Technicians Outcome 4 - Calculus Tutorial 2 - Integration

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Edexcel National Certificate Unit 28 - Further Mathematics For Technicians Outcome 4 - Calculus Tutorial 2 - Integration

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Edexcel National Certificate Unit 28 - Further Mathematics For Technicians Outcome 4 - Calculus Tutorial 2 - Integration

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EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE UNIT 28 - FURTHER MATHEMATICS FOR TECHNICIANS OUTCOME 4 - CALCULUS TUTORIAL 2 - INTEGRATION CONTENTS 4 Be able to apply calculus Differentiation: review of standard derivatives, differentiation of a sum, function of a function, product and quotient rules, numerical values of differential coefficients, second derivatives, turing points (maximum and minimum) e.g. volume of a rectangular box Integration: review of standard integrals, indefinite integrals, definite integrals e.g. area under a curve, mean and RMS values; numerical e.g. trapezoidal, mid-ordinate and Simpson’s rule It is assumed that the student has completed the module MATHEMATICS FOR TECHNICIANS. In this tutorial you will learn how to differentiate more complicated expressions. ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk Il 1. REVISION You should have covered integration in the core unit where you leamed that integration is the reverse of differentiation, The standard integrals are: Joa =* mec n+l Jxtdx-Inx+ 1 Je dx= e+ 1 =cosx+C a Jsin ax di 1 Joos ax dx = using integration, the mid-ordinate rule and the trapezoidal rule with steps of 1 p=2InV Nim? (Answers around 8.09 Nm or Joules) ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk 8 2. INTEGRATING POLYNOMIALS ‘The rule for integrating a single polynomial is: Note that no power shown against a variable (e.g. x), means x! and that this integrates as x7/2. Anything raised to the power of zero is 1 so a number on its own integrates e.g. 2 could be written as 2x" and this integrates to 2x'/1 = 2x. If the polynomial a sum each term integrates separately. wor! 7 Evaluate F(x) = f 2x? ~3x)dx 2 a 4 F(x) = f (2x? -3xydx “ps aig |(o4 vo f(o¥ F(x) = [(128- 24)- (8-6)] F(x) = 104-2=102 LI AS ‘T EXERCISE No. 3 1. Integrate the following expressions. x 712 x2 y= Evaluate the following 4 Joex?-3ydx_ (Answer 18,67) a 2)dx (Answer 500) 5 Jae 1 ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk 9 2, INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS The standard integrals are given in the table and used in the following examples. WORKED EXAMPLE No. 5 Evaluate A= [sin x dx a SOLUTION From the list of standard integrals we see Jsin x = - cos x so: Ax [cos xJf = [00s n]-[-c0s 0] = WORKED EXAMPLE No. 6 nd Evaluate A SOLUTION From the list of standard integrals we see Jsin” x = 2 x — 4 sin2x so: a sew Aw fsin’xaxe[3-2824] {e d 2 4 4) 4 A-=[(0.785-0)- (0-0)]= 0.785 SELF Solve the following integrals. All angles are in radian. 02 1. W=220[v"'dv (Answer 152.49) oa A=2[sin(8)d8_ (Answer 4) 0 15 A= foos(8)d8- (Answer 0.518) os 1 4. Aq Jsin?(@ydx (Answer 0.273) 0 ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk 0 INTEGRATING LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONEN’ ‘IAL EXPRESSIONS The standard integrals are given in the table and used in the following examples. WORKED EXAMPLE No.7 3 Evaluate A= fe? dx a 2x0 i ]-273-05-268 2 WORKED EXAMPLE No. 8 rr Evaluate I= [In(x dx 0 SOLUTION Using the standard integral I = [x{in(x) - }}} = 4{in(4)-1}-0 = 1.545 WORKED EXAMPLE No. 9 it 2 Evaluate T= f {000 ~ 2 hax ‘ LUTION Using the standard integrals [fam -2 fe = [4xfingo - 1} 2Iney F 0 x [12finc3) - 1}- 2n(3) - [4 {inc - 1}- 2in(1)]= [1.183- 2.197]-[- 4-0] 1.01388+ 4 = 2.986 1 I= SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 5 0 LT f fine) -e* fx (22012) a I= J $inoo = In(x) }dx (2.03) 0 3. t= fe —2Inco fax (11000) 4. 1= J fin2(9 -Inoo ix (1.803) ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk un 4. AVERAGE VALUES OF FUNCTIONS ‘The mean value of a function can be defined accurately as the area under the graph divided by the base length of the graph. Consider a simple sine function such as used to describe a sinusoidal voltage. The function is v= V sin(8) where @ is the angle in radians and V the amplitude The plot is simply as shown. v Let's find the mean value of V over the range 8=0 to 6=1 { Area = [/'Vsin(@ ) de a Area = [+ Veos( 8 )f} = -V[cos( m)— cos(0)]= -V(-1- 1) = 2V Base length = Mean = 2V/n Repeat for the range 0 to 2m E Veos( 8)" =-V[cos(2 2) cos(0)]; as expected for a full cycle. Area Mean V-1)=0 WORKED EXAMPLE No. 10 Find the mean value of the function y = 2x’ over the range x = 0 to x =4 SOLUTION A= f'oxtax =|? 5 3 Mean = 42.667/4 5. ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUES (rms) This is mainly used in electrical engineering as a way of expressing alternating current and voltage as a meaningful quantity. Basically r.m.s. values are the equivalent D.C. values that will give correct power dissipation into a resistive load. The mean values of sinusoidal voltages and currents are zero and cannot be used to calculate electric power. The power formula is P=? R or V7/R or VI so if we used the mean values of I? or V? then the power formula will work. To get these we first find the mean value of the \ function for ’ or V, For a sinusoidal voltage this would be done as follow: v=Vsin®) v= V sin) ps Over one cycle the plot is as shown, Note that all values, of v’ are positive. The area under the graph for one complete cycle from = 0 to 6=2ris Area = [*V?sin?(8) a8 Area= V-|~1cos(6)sin(a)+ 2 cos(2m) sin(20) +2 |- v2] 1 cos¢0) sin(oy + 2 ~ 2 2. 207 2 2 2. hy Area = v[o« = |-(o- mV? The mean value is nV7/2=0.5V?_ remember V is the amplitude. ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk R If we did the same for current we would find the mean of the We could use this value to find the mean power using the P= FR or V/R If we take the square root of these values we have the r.m.s. value. 1 Vms=V0.5V? = 0.707 V or =0.707 Lor L v2 If we use the r.m.s. value we could calculate the power with the formula P = Vans Ins Amplitude aT Sometimes we have alternating quantities other than sinusoidal so the same basic process should be used. The mid ordinate rule, trapezoidal or Simpson’ rule could be used to find the mean ofa function. Tims = V0.5 For all sinusoidal quantities the r.m.s. are always given by SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.6 An alternating voltage has a saw tooth form as shown, Calculate the r.m.s. value. The following is not stated as a requirement in the syllabus but students would do well to have a go atit. ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk B 6. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION A complex equation may be simplified with a substitution but it takes experience to recognise these c WORKED EXAMPLE No. 11 Tx Evaluate I= dx vex? +4 SOLUTION xdx 5 ai A suitable substitution is z= V8x" +4 Differentiate to get ix Substitute back into the original equation I= f 7a Substitute for z WORKED EXAMPLE No. 12 The voltage V< across a capacitor when it discharges through a resistance is given by (Vs- Ve) Find the equation relating V< with time t. 1X where T isa time constant and V, is the voltage at t = 0. SOLUTION Let Vs—Ve Differentiate and since Vs is a constant we find -dVc = dx ‘The equation becomes x= Rearranging Integrating -afat Rearrange ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk “4 WORKED EXAMPLE No. 13 Find I= [x(3 - 2x)* dx LI |ON Substitute z Differentiate to get dz = -2dx and substitute dx = -dz/2 Substitute to get rid of all the x terms B-2) 4 — 2) T= [x24 dx 8 Dey ye ye 32a! 24 20 WORKED EXAMPLE No. 14 Find I fsin®@)cos(@)d8 SOLUTION dx, Substitute sin(8) 3 and noting that cos(@) hence cos(8) dé sin(8)cos(@)d8 = fxcax 4 4 x ow sinte 4 +C SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 7 Solve the following integrals. sin?(8)cos(8)d8 2xdx Foes 2x6 In(x +3) +C ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk 15 7. INTEGRATION BY PART ‘The rule is without explanation j udv = uv- f vdu and best shown with an example. WORKED EXAMPLE No. 15 Find I= fxe* dx SOLUTION Let x = uand let e’ dv du=dx and v=fe* =e" Judy = uv-j vdu = xe* - fe%dx =xe*-e* + Ca e%(x-1)4C WORKED EXAMPLE No. 16 du = 2xdx and - 2 x7e™ _ pon — JePxdx du = dx fora 2 4 Now put the two parts together including the constant of integration. MOO fe®xdx+c=* 2 -|¥—-F ce 2 2 4 “{e-4.the SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 8 Solve the following integrals. 1. T= fx? Ingy dx I jgltinw-tec T= fx? sin@x) dx S829) Lo 3. I= [e*cos(x) dx 1 Finca + cos0y)+ 1 a (3cos(3x) + 2sin(3x))+C ©DJ.Dunn wow freestudy.couk 16

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