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    Lec 1 A+ ss1 Proteins

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    This lecture discusses the chemistry of life and organic molecules. It notes that organic molecules can range in size from small molecules like methane to large, complex molecules. The lecture summarizes how Stanley Miller demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds under conditions simulating early Earth. It then discusses the key characteristics of organic compounds like containing carbon and hydrogen, as well as important functional groups that impact properties. The lecture concludes by describing the four main types of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - with a focus on protein structure and function.

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    Lec 1 A+ ss1 Proteins

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    83 views30 pages
    This lecture discusses the chemistry of life and organic molecules. It notes that organic molecules can range in size from small molecules like methane to large, complex molecules. The lecture summarizes how Stanley Miller demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds under conditions simulating early Earth. It then discusses the key characteristics of organic compounds like containing carbon and hydrogen, as well as important functional groups that impact properties. The lecture concludes by describing the four main types of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - with a focus on protein structure and function.

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    This lecture discusses the chemistry of life and organic molecules. It notes that organic molecules can range in size from small molecules like methane to large, complex molecules. The lecture summarizes how Stanley Miller demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds under conditions simulating early Earth. It then discusses the key characteristics of organic compounds like containing carbon and hydrogen, as well as important functional groups that impact properties. The lecture concludes by describing the four main types of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - with a focus on protein structure and function.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views30 pages

    Lec 1 A+ ss1 Proteins

    Uploaded by

    api-287606445
    This lecture discusses the chemistry of life and organic molecules. It notes that organic molecules can range in size from small molecules like methane to large, complex molecules. The lecture summarizes how Stanley Miller demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds under conditions simulating early Earth. It then discusses the key characteristics of organic compounds like containing carbon and hydrogen, as well as important functional groups that impact properties. The lecture concludes by describing the four main types of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - with a focus on protein structure and function.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30

    Summer Session Lecture 1

    Mr. Kurt Kristensen

    Chemistry of Life
    Organic molecules can

    range from small,


    simple molecules such
    as methane (CH4 ) to
    huge, structurally
    complex molecules.

    In 1953, Stanley Miller at the


    University of Chicago was
    able to simulate chemical
    conditions
    on the primitive Earth to
    demonstrate the spontaneous
    synthesis of organic
    compounds.

    All organic compounds contain carbon plus


    one or more additional elements covalently
    bonded to each other
    Not all carbon containing compounds are
    organic carbon dioxide, graphite, etc
    Carbon (atomic # = 6) has four valence
    electrons and can therefore form four
    covalent bonds

    Tetravalent (4 valence e-) carbon molecule is


    a great building block can form straight
    chains, branched chains, ring structures and
    have single or double bonds
    Organic molecules that contain only carbon
    and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons,
    and are energy rich hence they make
    excellent fuels

    Functional groups change


    properties of molecules by
    changing molecule shape, charge,
    polarity, etc.

    Most chemical reactions involve


    the transfer of intact functional
    groups from one molecule to
    another.
    Most organic compounds have
    two or more functional groups.

    The basic structure of testosterone (male hormone) and


    estradiol (female hormone) is identical.
    Both are steroids with four fused carbon rings, but they differ in
    the functional groups attached to the rings.

    A carboxyl group (-COOH) consists of a carbon atom with a


    double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxyl
    group.
    Compounds with carboxyl groups are carboxylic acids.
    A carboxyl group acts as an acid because it readily gives up the H due to the
    combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms the
    dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+).

    An amino group (-NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom attached


    to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.
    Organic compounds with amino groups are amines.
    The amino group acts as a base because ammonia can pick up a
    hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution.
    Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have amino and carboxyl
    groups.

    A sulfhydryl group (-SH) consists of a sulfur atom


    bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone.
    This group resembles a hydroxyl group in shape.
    Sulfhydryl groups help stabilize the structure of proteins.

    A phosphate group (-OPO32-) consists of phosphorus


    bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds
    and one with a double bond).
    A phosphate group connects to the carbon backbone via one
    of its oxygen atoms.
    One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy
    between organic molecules.

    Most macromolecules are polymers


    Immense variety of polymers can be built from a
    small set of monomers
    Classes of biological macromolecules differ in the
    nature of their monomers, but chemical
    mechanisms used to make and break polymers are
    essentially the same

    Making and breaking macromolecules


    involves the removal or addition of water

    Dehydration Synthesis or condensation


    reaction links molecules together and
    generally requires an input of energy
    (anabolic, endergonic reaction)
    Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart and
    releases energy (a catabolic,
    exergonic reaction)
    Enzymes (proteins) catalyze these
    reactions

    Each cell has thousands of different


    macromolecules.
    Diversity comes from various combinations of the
    40-50 common monomers and other rarer ones.
    Analogy:
    These monomers can be connected in various
    combinations like the 26 letters in the alphabet can be
    used to create a great diversity of words.
    Biological molecules are even more diverse.

    There are four categories of biological


    molecules
    Carbohydrates
    Lipids
    Protein
    Nucleic Acids

    Proteins are very diverse in structure and function


    Humans have tens of 1000s of different proteins
    Proteins can be grouped according to their function
    Metabolism
    - Enzymes
    Defense
    - Immunoglobulins
    Cell recognition
    Markers
    Structure
    - Fibers (collagen, keratin)
    Motion
    - Muscle (actin/myosin)
    Regulation
    - Hormones (insulin)
    Transport
    - Hemoglobin

    Proteins most structurally complex


    molecules
    Structure determines function!!!
    A protein is a polymer containing a
    combination of up to 20 amino acids
    All living organisms use the same 20
    amino acids to build proteins

    Amino Acids are the Building Blocks of Proteins


    Side group

    Amino
    group

    Basic amino acid


    structure

    Carboxyl
    group

    Kinky

    Methionine
    Cysteine
    Proline

    Variable R group responsible for


    physical and chemical nature of an
    amino acid
    Three groups

    Asparagine

    Hydrophobic amino acids (nonpolar)


    Glycine

    Hydrophilic amino acids (polar)

    Charged or ionized amino acids


    valine

    HYDROPHOBIC -

    HYDROPHILLIC -

    Four Levels of
    Protein Structure:
    Primary
    Secondary
    Tertiary

    Quaternary

    Proteins function
    depends on its
    specific structure

    Sequence of amino acids is


    the sole determinant of a
    proteins tertiary structure

    Changes in temperature, pH
    and, salt concentration can
    all denature a protein

    Most enzymes function


    within a narrow range of
    these parameters

    What determines a proteins


    primary structure?

    Proteins are most


    stable within a narrow
    temperature & pH
    range
    Increase temperature
    loss of 3o and 2o
    structure
    http://www.sumanasinc.com/we
    bcontent/animations/content/pr
    oteinstructure.html

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