Electronconfiguration 1
Electronconfiguration 1
Electronconfiguration 1
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Date: 11-5-14
3.
Select the ELECTRON CONFIGURATION tab. Click twice in the 1s box at upper left and
once in the 2s box. Observe the atom model on the right.
A. What do you see? _ I see 2 electrons in the first shell and 1 in the second
orbiting the nucleus
Introduction: Electrons are arranged in orbitals, subshells, and shells. These levels of
organization are shown by the boxes of the Gizmo. Each box represents an orbital. The
subshells are labeled with letters (s, p, d, and f) and the shells are labeled with numbers.
Question: How are electrons arranged in elements with atomic numbers 1 through 10?
1. Infer: Based on its atomic number, how many electrons does a hydrogen atom have? _1
2. Arrange: The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest-energy orbital. Click
once in the 1s box to add an electron to the only orbital in the s subshell of the first shell.
Click Check. What is the electron configuration of hydrogen? 1s1
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3. Arrange: Click Next element to select helium. Add another electron to the 1s orbital. The
arrows represent the spin of the electron. What do you notice about the arrows?
_ the first arrow points up the second points
down_____________________________________________________________________
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The Pauli exclusion principle states that electrons sharing an orbital have opposite spins.
4. Check your work: Click Check. What is the electron configuration of helium?
_____1s2_______
5. Arrange: Click Next element and create electron configurations for lithium, beryllium, and
boron. Click Check to check your work, and then list each configuration below:
Lithium: 1s2 2s1 _______________
7. Rearrange: Hunds rule states that electrons will occupy an empty orbital when it is
available in that subshell. Rearrange the electrons within the 2p subshell and click Check.
Is the configuration correct now? _____Yes_________
1s
2s
2p
2s
2p
2s
2p
2s
2p
2s
2p
1s
Oxygen configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p4__________________
1s
Fluorine configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p5__________________
1s
Neon configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6___________________
10. Apply: Atoms are most stable when their outermost shell is full. If their outermost shell is not
full, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until the shell fills up. While doing this,
atoms react and form chemical bonds with other atoms.
Based on this, what can you infer about the reactivity of helium and neon? Full outer shells
______________
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11. Think and discuss: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab, and look at the second row, or period,
of the table. How does this row reflect the subshells of the second shell?
_Second row contains two elements on the left filling of 2s, 6 elements on the right filling of
2p
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Activity B:
Atomic radii
Question: How do the radii of atoms change across a period of the periodic table?
1.
Predict: Positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom are attracted to negatively
charged electrons.
How do you think the atomic radii will change as electrons are added to a shell?
They will vary
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2.
Arrange: Create a proper electron configuration for sodium. After clicking Check, note
the Electron configuration and the Atomic radius now listed at right.
Sodium electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1_______________
picometers ________________
3.
Compare: Click Next element, and then add an electron to the magnesium atom. Click
check, and record the electron configuration and atomic radius below.
Magnesium electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2_______________
_145 picometers ________________
4.
5.
Atomic radius:
Gather data: Create electron configurations for the next six elements. Record the
electron configuration and atomic radius of each. (Note: The symbol for picometer is pm.)
Element
Number of
electrons
Electron
configuration
Atomic radius
(pm)
Aluminum
13
118
Silicon
14
111
Phosphorus
15
98
Sulfur
16
88
Chlorine
17
79
Argon
18
71
Analyze: How does the atomic radius change across a period of the periodic table?
Decreases across a period of the periodic table
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(Activity B continued on next page)
Interpret: Select the ATOMIC RADIUS tab. What do you notice? It starts with a large
atom then the atoms get smaller across the period.______________________
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7.
Predict: On the ATOMIC RADIUS tab click Clear. Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab.
Elements in the same column of the periodic table are called chemical families, or groups.
How do you think the size of atoms will change from top to bottom within a chemical family?
Vary______________________________________________________________________
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8.
Test: Hydrogen, lithium, and sodium are all in the same chemical family. Use the Gizmo
to find the atomic radius of each, and list them below.
Hydrogen radius: ____53pm____
radius: ____190pm____
9.
Sodium
Analyze: How does the atomic radius change as you go from the top to the bottom of a
chemical family? Increases from top to bottom
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10.
Challenge: Think about the factors that control atomic radius and the patterns youve
seen.
A. Why does the atomic radius decrease as electrons are added to a shell? Electrons
are attracted to protons, as more electrons are added the force electrons
increases._________
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B. Why does the atomic radius increase as you go from the top to the bottom of a
chemical family? As you move down each element has one more shell
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11.
Think and discuss: Compare the electron configurations of hydrogen, lithium, and
sodium. Why do you think these elements are grouped in the same family?
One electron in the outermost subshell
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Introduction: Beyond argon, it is a bit tricky to determine which subshell gets filled next. There
are several rules that scientists use to determine the electron configurations of larger atoms.
Question: How are the electron configurations of elements beyond argon determined?
1. Arrange: Create the correct electron configuration for argon. Then, click Next element to get
to potassium (K). Click once in the first 3d orbital, and then click Check.
What feedback is given? Not placed in correct energy level
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2. Rearrange: As it happens, the 4s subshell is a lower-energy subshell than 3d, so it is filled
first. Remove the electron from the 3d orbital and place it in the 4s orbital. Click Check.
(Note: For simplicity, all but the outer shell electrons will disappear on the Bohr Model.)
Is this configuration correct? _Yes____ What is the configuration? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
4s1 ___________________
3. Arrange: Click Next element and add an electron for calcium. Click Check.
What is the electron configuration for calcium? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
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4. Arrange: Click Next element and add an electron for scandium. Try different orbitals until
you find the right one.
What is the electron configuration for scandium? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
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5. Observe: Scandium is the first element to contain electrons in the d subshell. How many
orbitals does the d subshell have, and how many electrons can fit in the d subshell?
D subshell has 5 orbitals that can fit 10 electrons
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6. Infer: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab. The middle section of the table is a chemical family
called the transition metals. Why do you think this section is ten columns wide?
The fillings of the d subshells
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(Activity C continued on next page)
Atomic number
Electron configuration
Cobalt (Co)
27
Germanium (Ge)
32
Yttrium (Y)
39
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2
Neodymium (Nd)
60
Gold (Au)
5d10 6s1
79
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6
9. Infer: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab. Earlier you saw that the transition metals represent
the filling of the d subshells. Now locate the purple lanthanides and actinides on the bottom
rows of the periodic table.
A. How many elements are in the in the lanthanides series? ________14 elements
_____________
B. Which subshell is represented by the lanthanides family? 4f
D. In general, how is the shape of the periodic table related to electron configurations?
(If necessary, continue your answer on another sheet of paper.)
It represents the filling of a particular subshell
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