J.

Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 2009, 1: 205-213

205

doi:10.4236/jemaa.2009.14031 Published Online December 2009 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jemaa)

Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis

Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components
S. LEVA
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa, Milano, Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Received October 9th, 2009; revised November 3rd, 2009; accepted November 10th, 2009.

ABSTRACT
Although the application of Symmetrical Components to time-dependent variables was introduced by Lyon in 1954, for
many years its application was essentially restricted to electric machines. Recently, thanks to its advantages, the Lyon
transformation is also applied to power network calculation. In this paper, time-dependent symmetrical components are
used to study the dynamic analysis of asymmetrical faults in a power system. The Lyon approach allows the calculation
of the maximum values of overvoltages and overcurrents under transient conditions and to study network under
non-sinusoidal conditions. Finally, some examples with longitudinal asymmetrical faults are illustrated.
Keywords: Power System Fault Analysis, Asymmetrical Faults, Symmetrical Components, Lyon Transformation

1. Introduction
The general Fortescue Symmetrical Components Transformation (SCT) [1,2] is formalized in phasor terms. It can
only be used to study steady-state conditions that follow
the fault transient condition. The maximum values of
overvoltages and overcurrents can only be calculated in
an approximate way by means of corrective factors [3].
Recently, the space-vector transformation used in
machine vector control has been applied to power system analysis, too [4,5]. Currently, network theory and
complex transformation suggest that the study of asymmetrical faults can be carried out by means of instantaneous sequence components [69].
As a matter of fact, by using the same topological approach of the SCT, it is possible to directly analyze the
faulty network by differential equations that represent the
faults not only in steady-state conditions but also under
transient conditions.
As shown by W. Lyon [10,11], the formal aspects of
the procedure can be summarized by the following
points:
1) the phasors that represent phase- and sequencevariables, are substituted by time-dependent functions, so
that the concept of Fortescue sequences can be generalized to the concept of instantaneous sequences;
2) the Fortescue matrix [ S ] remains the same, and
hence the method confirms the SCT topological and modal-analysis approach [11,12];

Copyright 2009 SciRes

3) the phasor operator j is replaced by the derivative

operator p d / dt . Under this assumption, differential
analysis is required and depends on the Cauchy initial
conditions; and
4) the sequence impedances are converted form
Z ( j ) to generalized form z(p), maintaining the same
circuital and topological meaning.
This time-domain analysis is characterized by three
fundamental features. The first is an applicative one,
which regards the ability to calculate - without the use of
corrective coefficients the maximum values of overvoltages and overcurrents during the transient conditions.
This is very important for circuit-breaker sizing and the
evaluation of the electro-dynamic force between busbars
and in transformer windings. The second characteristic
concerns the possibility of studying not only sinusoidal,
but also non sinusoidal sources. The last characteristic
regards the formal and methodological aspects introduced by using the Lyon approach. By means of the Lyon
approach, the procedures of dynamic analysis of the
network can be unified. In addition, by substituting the
SCT with the Lyon approach, fault analysis can be carried out by using the state equations that can be integrated by classic procedures based on system analysis
and the graph approach. The state-equation solutions, can
be expressed in literal form by means of analytical formulations if the network is linear and time-invariant.
The relations between real and complex transformati-

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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

ons, steady-state phasors and well-known sequence networks are given and illustrated through the use of an
example with an asymmetrical fault in [6]. The use of
dynamic phasors together with space-vectors incorporating the frequency information in power system analysis is presented in [7] and [8]. To complete these studies
in the following, a systematic analysis of the asymmetrical faults is developed and deeper investigated both from
the theoretical and applicative points of view, giving
some important observations that are very useful to
achieve the numerical analysis and to better understand
the results obtained by using industrial software packages.
The Lyon approach to study transient and steady-state
conditions of transversal and longitudinal faults is developed in terms of the following scheme: in Section 2,
the Lyon Transformation is recalled and its link with
SCT is investigated. In Section 3, the application of the
Lyon method to the study of asymmetric transversal and
longitudinal faults is formalized and some remarks concerning the connection conditions and the use of
state-equation approach are put in evidence; furthermore
the equivalent model of each fault is calculated. Finally,
in Section 4, some numerical examples emphasize the
validity of the proposed approach by comparing the obtained results with those derived by the SCT method.

2. The Lyon Transformation

Considering an arbitrary time function three-phase set
{wa(t), wb(t), wc(t)}, the Lyon transformation gives the
following decomposition (where exp( j 2 / 3) ):
1 wo t
wa t
wo t
1 1

2
w t S w t (1)
wb t 3 1
wc t
w t
1 2 w t

from which it is possible to observe that the matrix

S is formally the same for both SCT and Lyon
transformation. On the other hand, the functions subjected to the Lyon Transformation assume a generic
time trend.
Taking into account that

S 1 S T
then:
1 wa t
w0 t
1 1

2
w t 3 1 wb t
w t
1 2 wc t

tive-sequence component w t is the complex conjugate of the positive sequence component w t .

Analyzing Equations (1) and (2) we can see that the
Lyon method suggests, time by time and referring to a
generic waveform in time domain, the same topological procedures just used with SCT. Moreover, the
Lyon transformation, applied to a generic sinusoidal
three-phase set, gives the same results provided by the
SCT.
Furthermore, the positive Lyon vector satisfies the
following identity:
w t 2 w t 2 wdq t e j t

(3)

and hence it is linked to both Clarke w (t ) and Park

wdq (t ) vectors, except for a trivial proportionality

factor.
The Lyon transformation, in the context of the modal
analysis procedure of the actual three-phase theory,
unifies all transformations normally used for dynamic
analysis of power networks. In particular as
w (t ) w (t ) the real and complex pair of time
functions w0 (t ) and w (t ) is totally representative
of the generic three-phase set of real time functions
{wa(t), wb(t), wc(t)}.
The instantaneous power, in terms of the Lyon component, is [13]:
p t vabc t iabc t
t

v0 t S S i0 t
t

(4)

3. Lyon Approach to the Study of

Asymmetrical Faults
Lyon decomposition in instantaneous sequence components allows the use of the SCT topological procedures for
studying asymmetrical faults that can occur in a power
network, by using the Substitution Theorem and the Superposition Principle as in SCT [12-14].
Some fundamental remarks about the application to
the fault analysis of the Lyon method rather than the SCT
are discussed in the following sections.

3.1 Fault Equivalent Networks

(2)

Therefore, it is possible to define, starting from a

generic three-phase set in time domain, the instantaneous symmetric components named, respectively.
Copyright 2009 SciRes

zero-, positive-, and negative-sequences. The zerosequence component w0 t is always real. The nega-

In aggreement with Fortescue SCT, the instantaneous

sequence networks connection corresponding to the
analysed fault configuration starting from the phase circult fault conditions calculation is necessary.
The Lyon transformed fault conditions show how to
handle both real- and complex- time functions, while this
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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

is not possible using Fortescue analysis. Consequently, it

is important to verify that the connection conditions obtained starting from the real conditions are coherent with
respect to the definition of an instantaneous sequence
components given by (2).
As an example, in the case of a single-phase-to-ground
fault, the following relationa are obtained:
i0 t i t i t

v0 t v t v t 3 z f p i0 t

(5)

v0 t v t v t 3 z f p i0 t
2 Re v t 3 z f p i0 t

power system is represented by the appropriate equivalent sequence networks. The corresponding Lyon state
variables (voltages across the capacitors and current
flowing in the inductors) are deduced and collected in the
Lyon state-vector [x].
Table 1. Instantaneous sequence networks connection
Faults

Instantaneous Sequence Networks Connection

i0

where zf (p) is the fault impedance. The first line of (5)

shows that the two current Lyon vectors, which are conjugates, have to be real in order to obtain the
zero-sequence current. Moreover, from the second line of
(5):
(6)

Equation (6) confirms that v0(t) is a real time function,

too. Similar observations can be applied to the other fault
conditions.
The equivalent sequence networks for each fault type
are reported in Table 1. Examination of Table 1 reveals
that the instantaneous sequence networks connections for
the different fault types are equal to that obtained by using Fortescue SCT. This is in agreement with the fact
that the Lyon and Fortescue transformations use the same
transformation matrix S . In the time-differential domain it is possible to use the same phasor expression
only by substituting the j factor with the p operator.

Single-Phaseto-ground

i+
v0

3z f (p)

i0

Two-Phase-toground

i+
v0

i0

Two-Phase

v0

v0

v+

v-

v+

v-

i+
+

v0

0A

+A

v0A

v+A

v-A

v0A

v+A
i-A

-A

v-

v0B

0B

v+B

+B

v-B

-B

i0B

i+A
+A

v+

i-B

i0A
0A

i-

i+B

i-A
-A

3z f (p)

1/3z f (p)
i0B

i+A

Two-phaseopening

i-

i-

i0A

Single-phaseopening

v-

i+

i0

Three-Phase

v+

i0

Two-Phase-toground

i-

i+

3.2 The State-Matrix Approach

Copyright 2009 SciRes

v-

3z f (p)

edance z p [15]. Nevertheless, the Lyon transformati-

The Lyon dynamic analysis of asymmetrical faults can

be performed by using the state-matrix approach. It is
divided into three distinct stages. In the first step the

i-

v+

The complex impedance Z ( j ) becomes the real impon is of greater generality than the Fortescue transformaation: Lyon acts on the time domain, not only in the
phasor domain. The SCT can be considered as a particular case of the more general instantaneous sequence
components approach.
The results shown in Table 1 and the listed remarks
complete the study presented in [6] and [8] analyzing in a
systematic way all the asymmetrical faults and presenting
the equivalent models of the faults.
Furthermore, Table 1 data together with the aforementioned remarks are very important not only from the
theoretical point of view, but, as a matter of fact, these
results can be very useful also to the power system analyst to verify the results obtained by using industrial
software packages.

207

v-A

v 0B

0B

i+B
v+B

+B

i-B
v-B

-B

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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

208

In the second step, by means of the system and topological procedures of network theory [14], the mathematical model of the dynamics of the fault is deduced.
Assuming the constitutive relations linear and time- invariant, it is a priori formalized as:
d
x A x B u
dt
y C x D u

(8)

t0

where the first term represents the solution with zero

inputs and the second term represents the zero state solution. This last term is calculated considering the general
sources [u(t)] expressed in the time domain. In the particular case of sinusoidal inputs, it corresponds to the
results also obtained in the phasor domain with SCT
when the transient is finished.
The dynamics of the fault depends on the state fault
matrix [A], and its elements depend on the sequence parameters related to the type of fault that occurs in the
considered power network, and on the initial conditions
[x(t0)] analyzed in the following paragraph. The eigenvalues of the fault matrix [A] depend on the type of fault
and characterize the dynamic of the power system during
the fault.
Finally, in the third stage of the study, the network
variables [y(t)] are calculated from the second line of (7).
The network variables are usually Lyon voltages [v(t)]
and currents [i(t)] expressed in the time domain. Equation (1) allows the derivation of the fault dynamics expressed in phase quantities.
Regarding the role of initial conditions, the zero-state
network represents the simpler case for a dynamic analysis. In fact, in this case, the inductances and the capacitances are in zero-state conditions.
If the fault occurs in a non-zero state network, the state
variables assume a non-zero initial state [x(t0)]=[x0]; in
this case, the voltage vC(t) across a capacitor C and the
current iL(t) flowing in an inductor L result to be:
t

1
vC t VC 0 iC d
C t0

t
i t I 1 v d

L0
L
L
L t0

Copyright 2009 SciRes

(9)

iL (t )
Lp

1
Cp

vC (t )

vL (t )
iL ( 0- ) = I L 0

vC ( 0- ) = VC 0

(7)

where the input [u(t)] and the network variables [y(t)]

Lyon vectors are present. The [y(t)] vector can be regarded as the output of the system.
The solution of (7) is well-known and can be obtained
in closed form. In fact, knowing the initial values of state
variables (at time t=t0), it is possible to assume the following expression [14-16]:

x(t ) e At t x(t0 ) e At B u ( ) d

iC (t )

iL (t )

iC (t )

1
Cp

vC ' (t )

Lp

vC (t )

VC 0

iL ' (t )
vL (t )

I L0
(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Method that can be used to include the initial

condition of the state variables in the proposed approach;
case of the capacitance (a) and of the inductance (b). It is
represented in the general case, and it is valid for all the
instantaneous sequence (+, and 0)

The reactive elements can be considered in the dynamic analysis with an initial zero state condition simply
by linking them with a generator that represents the initial conditions (see Figure 1).
In this way, the capacitor must be connected in series
with a voltage generator (equal to VC0) and the inductor
must be connected in parallel with a current generator
(equal to IL0). The new state variables are represented by
the voltage vC' t across the capacitor C and the current
iL' t flowing in the inductor L, respectively.

Equation (8) becomes:

t

x '(t ) e A 't B ' u '( ) d

(10)

t0

where [A], [B] and [u(t)] are calculated considering the

new network.
This method is particularly important and useful in the
analysis of power networks where some inductances
(capacitors) are connected in series (in parallel) with different initial conditions.

4. Applicative Case
The Lyon approach to studying power system faults presented in this paper is now applied to investigate the current fault in two different power systems. The first power
system is represented by a classic three-phase line considered by other Author [15]. This example can be
considered to validate the Lyon method. The second example regards the fault analysis in a real network used in
Italy.

4.1 Transient Fault Analysis of a Basic Power

System
The network shown in Figure 2 is composed of a generator A, a transformer T2 to elevate the voltage, a threeJEMAA

Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

phase line L, and a transformer T1. The system has no

load when the fault occurs. No information about the
grounding connection of the neutral conductor of the
generator and transformers is reported in [15], consequently only the three-phase and two-phase faults are analyzed because they are independent to the grounding
connection.
The corresponding positive- and negative- instantaneous sequence networks are reported in Figure 3; the
quantities indicated are deducted from the data reported
in Figure 2 [5]. The analysis of the previously indicated
fault types does not require the zero-sequence instantaneous network.
The Lyon quantities w0 t , w (t ), w (t ) are be expressed as follows:
w0 0

1
1

j0
2

w 0 S e 2 We

w 0

(11)

Three-phase fault analysis: in this case the positiveand negative- instantaneous sequence networks are
short-circuited at the point of the fault.
where 0 represents the a phase angle (respect to the
real axis) in which the fault occurs.
The corresponding state equations are:
T2

AG 60 MVA

AT 40 MVA

VnL 60 kV

AT 12 MVA

VnG 10.5 kV
xd 12 %

10.5/63 kV
uk 10 %

L 22 km
xL 0.4 /km

60/10.5 kV
uk 8 %

ur 0.4 %

rL 0.255 /km

ur 0.65 %

rT 2

lT 2

rL

lL

rT 1

2 l A lT 2 lL lT 1 pi t

lT 1

i+ (t )

v+ (t )
e+ (t )
lA

rT 2

lT 2

rL

lL

rT 1

lT 1

i-(t )

v-(t )
e-(t )

Figure 3. Positive- and negative- instantaneous sequence net

works for the analysis of three-phase and two-phase faults

Copyright 2009 SciRes

lex plane. By using a complex vector and its polar representation the vector magnitude can easily be depicted [5].
The initial magnitudes correspond to the initial condition
equal to zero. During the first fault transient instant the
current reaches its instantaneous maximum value. At the
end of the transient, under steady-state and symmetric
condition, the current i t describe a perfect circle.

e t e t 2 rT 2 rL rT 1 i t

Figure 2. Power system under analysis

lA

e t rT 2 rL rT 1 i t l A lT 2 lL lT 1 pi t

e t rT 2 rL rT 1 i t l A lT 2 lL lT 1 pi t
(12)
where r and l are the pu resistances and impedances respectively.
The line phase currents calculated during the fault are
shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows the transient movement considering 0=0 and 0=/4 respectively, where 0
represents the phase angle a in the fault instant.
The steady state (sinusoidal condition) values match
those calculated by using STC. The maximum value in
the steady state condition of the phase fault currents is
equal to 0.5208 pu. Under transient conditions the phase
currents calculated by using Lyon or STC are instead
different. The maximum value reached by the currents
during the entire transient depends on 0. In fact, during
the first period of the transient with 0 = 0, two phase
currents reach the value of 0.8 pu, while with 0 = /4 the
phase b reaches 0.83 pu.
In Figure 5, the vector i t is depicted in the comp-

Two-phase fault analysis: in this case the instantaneous sequence networks are connected in parallel. The corresponding state equation is:

T1

209

(13)

Figure 6 shows the line phase currents during the entire transient fault calculated with 0 0 and
0 4 respectively. The maximum value of the currents
at the end of the transient (sinusoidal steady-state condition) is 0.451 pu equal to that calculated by using SCT.
Whit 0 = 0, the b and c phase fault currents reach,
during the first period, a maximum value equal to
0.7317 pu. With 0 = /4, the maximum value is 0.64 pu.
In this case the real part of the current vector i t is
approximately zero. In accordance with (2), the vector
only moves along the imaginary axis of the complex
plane starting from 0.

4.2 Transient Fault Analysis of an Existing

Power System
The Lyon approach to study power system faults presented in this paper is now applied to perform transversal
fault analysis in an Italian exiting power network (Figure

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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

210

7). The network under analysis is constituted by a high

voltage external grid EG, a transformer T, a line L, and a
medium voltage load LD. The faults occur on the medium voltage busbars.

(a)

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Two phase fault: phase currents transient with (a)

0 = 0 and (b) 0 = /4
(b)

Figure. 4. Three-phase fault: phase currents transient with

(a) 0=0 and (b) 0=/4

EG

15 kV LD

10 km
132 kV

0.6
0.5

Figure 7. One line diagram

0.4
0.3

Im

0.2

i t

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

Re

Figure 5. Three-phase fault: Lyon time vector i t with

0 4

Copyright 2009 SciRes

To set up the network circuit, the line L is represented

by a cell, while the transverse parameters of the transformer T are neglected. Furthermore, the transformer is
shell core type, which means that the zero-sequence flux
component flows in the low reluctance core. Consquently,
the zero-sequence impedance is very high. The load is
represented by a simple set of impedances. The neutral
condition of the external high voltage grid EG isgrounded, while the medium voltage side is not grounded.
The network data are reported in Table 2.
Sequence networks and initial conditions. The instantaneous sequence networks are shown in Figure 8,
where the quantities indicated are the pu parameters

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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

Elements

Data

Nominal voltage

Vn 132 kV

Short-circuit current (HV side)

I kHV 3 12 kA

Short-circuit power factor

cos k 0.1

Connection

Y0 y

Nominal power

An 25 MVA

Nominal voltage (HV side)

VnHV 132 kV

Nominal voltage (MV side)

VnMV 15 kV

Short-circuit voltage

vsc 15.5 %

Short-circuit power

Psc 35 kW

Line

Transformer

EG

Table 2. Numerical parameters of the network in Figure 7

i0 1%

No-load power

P0 26 kW

Nominal voltage

Vn 15 kV

Length

L 10 km

Resistance

r1 0.226 /km

Inductance

x1 0.35 /km

Capacitance

c1 9.65 nF/km

Zero-sequence resistance

r0 0.371 /km

Zero-sequence inductance

x0 1.536 /km

Zero-sequence capacitance

c0 4.51 nF/km

Nominal voltage

Vn 15 kV

Active power

Pc 9 MW

Reactive power

Qc 3.5 MVAr

Load

iT +,-

No-load current

rT

lT

rL

rLD

lL

i+,-(t )

rEG

cL

vC +,-

e+,-(t )

v+,-(t )

network is composed only by the line zero-sequence parameters.

The computation of the initial condition is performed
considering the network under the sinusoidal condition
before the fault occurs. The state quantities result:
I EG IT 0.165 j 0.0921 pu
I L I LD 0.1649 j 0.0923 pu

iLD +,-

(14)

V C 0.5619 j 0.02685 pu

Single-phase-to-ground fault. The sequence networks

are connected in series. The fault does not change the
line current values very much: no more than a very small
transient in the first instants of the fault transient is present. The fault current (see Figure 9) instead presents in
the first instant high frequency oscillations superimposed
to the fundamental network frequency (50 Hz). These
oscillations with high amplitude decay very rapidly.
Nevertheless, the fault current is very low because the
network is not grounded: the unique path to the ground is
represented by the line capacitors.
Table 3 shows the maximum value of the line currents
and voltages calculate by using Fortescue SCT and Lyon
ISCT, which are at the end of the transient - sinusoidal
and equal.
Two-phase fault. In this case, the positive- and negative-instantaneous sequence networks are connected in
parallel, the zero-instantaneous sequence network is open
Table 3. Comparison between maximum value evaluated by
SCT and ISCT

lLD

iL +,-

lEG

211

Fortescue [pu]

Lyon [pu]

max iL

0.2673

0.2673

max va

0.1236

0.1236

max vb

1.2543

1.2545

max vc

1.3219

max iF

2.64810

1.322
-4

9.82710-3

iEG +,c0

rL 0

lL 0

i0
v0

Figure 8. Positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence instantaneneous sequence networks for the transversal fault analysis
of the network depicted in Figure 7

calculated starting from the data reported in Table 2.

Based on the hypothesis about the type of load and the
neutral point connection, the instantaneous zero-sequence
Copyright 2009 SciRes

Figure. 9. Fault current in the first instant of the fault

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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

212

as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the line current

movement during the fault transient calculated considering 0 = 0. A high peak in the considered quantities can
be observed. In particular, the phases b and c show a
peak in the first instants equal to 1.5141 pu and 1.3826
rT

lT

rL i
L+

lL

lEG

i+ (t )

0.5

Im

iT +

iL t
1

lLD
-0.5

rEG

cL

v+ (t )

rLD

vC +

-1
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Re
e+ (t )
iEG +

iT -

rT

Figure 12. Two phase fault: Lyon time vector iL t with

iLD +

lT

0 = 18
rL i
L-

lL

lEG

i-(t )

lLD

rEG

cL

v-(t )

rLD

vC -

e-(t )

iLD -

iEG c0

rL 0

lL 0

i0
v0

Figure. 10. Instantaneous sequence networks connection for

the analysis of two-phase fault

Table 4. Current maximum values as a function of 0

0

max iLa ,b ,c t pu

max iLa ,b ,c t / I LMax

-90
-80
-60
-40
-20
-10
0
10
20
40
60
80

1.2859
1.3126
1.372
1.4323
1.4841
1.5027
1.5141
1.5168
1.5094
1.4577
1.3505
1.2619

4.8109
4.9108
5.1331
5.3587
5.5525
5.6221
5.6647
5.6748
5.6471
5.4537
5.0526
4.7212

Table 5. Current maximum value as a function of 0

0

max iLa ,b ,c t pu

max iLa ,b ,c t / I LMax

-80
-60
-40
-20
-10
0
10
30
50
70
90

1.6685
1.6365
1.6515
1.6685
1.6597
1.6365
1.6290
1.6654
1.6597
1.6290
1.6654

1.2429
1.2191
1.2303
1.2429
1.2364
1.2191
1.2135
1.2406
1.2364
1.2135
1.2406

pu respectively: these peak values cannot be calculated

by using Fortescue analysis.
In this kind of fault, the line currents assume large values
in the first instant of the fault. The maximum value depends on the phase angle 0. In Table IV the maximum values reached by the line phase currents ( max iLa ,b ,c t )
Figure 11. Two phase fault: line phase currents transient
calculated with 0=0

Copyright 2009 SciRes

and the ratio between this value and the maximum value
under the pre-fault sinusoidal condition ( I LMax 2 I L )
calculated for different phase angles 0 are reported. The
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Power Network Asymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components

maximum value is reached for 0=18: the ratio

( max iLa ,b ,c t / I LMax ) is close to 5.70.

213

REFERENCES
[1]

C. L. Fortescue, Method of symmetrical coordinates

applied to the solution of polyphase networks, AIEE
Trans., pt. II, Vol. 37, pp. 10271140, 1918.

[2]

C. F. Wagner and R. D. Evans, Symmetrical components,

Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1933.

[3]

H. Edelman, ThEorie Et Calcul Des REseaux De

Transport DEnergie Electrique, Dunod, Paris, 1966.

[4]

L. O. Chua, C. A. Desoer, and E. S. Ku, Linear and non

linear circuits, McGraw-Hill Inc, New York, 1994.

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S. Leva and A. P. Morando, Analysis of physically

symmetrical lossy three-phase transmission lines in term
of space vectors, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
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G. C. Paap, Symmetrical components in the time domain

and their applications to power networks calculations,
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522528, 2000.

ent phase angles 0 . In this case, the peak value

achieved in the first instants is 1.24 times the maximum
value of the current in the final steady-state condition.

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A. M. Stankovi and T. Aydin, Analysis of asymmetrical faults in power systems using dynamic phasors,
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5. Conclusions

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S. Huang, R. Song, and X. Zhou, Analysis of balanced and

unbalanced faults in power systems using dynamic
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Pag, and J. A. Restrepo, Space vectors applications in
power systems, IEEE proceedings of Third International
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pp. 78/178/6, 2000.

Figure 12 shows the Lyon vector iL t in the complex plane. During the first fault transient instant the
current reaches its instantaneous maximum value. At the
end of the transient, in steady-state but in asymmetric
condition, the current iL t describes an ellipse.
The two-phase-to-ground fault analysis leads to very
similar results. It depends on an ungrounded network that
has a very high neutral to ground impedance.
Three-phase fault. In this case the instantaneous sequence networks are short-circuited at the point where
the fault occurs. As for the two-phase fault case, Table V
shows the maximum values reached by the line phase
currents ( max iLa ,b ,c t ) and the ratio between this
value and the maximum value under the pre-fault sinusoidal condition ( I LMax 2 I L ) calculated for differ-

The use, in the time-domain analysis, of Lyon transformation of asymmetric transversal faults is shown. The
proposed approach allows the derivation of the Lyon
state model of the faulted network and of the transient
and steady state voltages and currents of interest.
Thanks to the Lyon approach, the peak values reached
in the first instants of the fault by the network voltages
and currents can be calculated. Furthermore, the complex
vectors allow the use of the state equations approach to
perform the network dynamic analysis and provide simple relations to steady-state phasors and their rms values.
The Lyon approach can also be used for derivation of
equivalent circuits that characterize the different faults
and thanks to the state-matrix approach its eigenvalues. These information can be very useful to the power
system analysts before starting their analysis by software
package simulations.
The SCT, traditionally employed for fault analysis, can
be considered as a particular case of the more general
instantaneous sequence components approach proposed
by Lyon.
Finally, the examples here presented confirm that the
use of time-dependent symmetrical component in network calculations has several advantages with respect to
the SCT and simulation software: the Lyon transformation allows transient calculations; the simple relation
with their steady-state phasors facilitates the interpretation of the results by the well-known steady-state phasor
theory and by using complex plane diagrams.
Finally, it is important to underline that network component data are usually available in these coordinates.
Copyright 2009 SciRes

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