Physiology and Transducers

PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS
1. Discuss in detail about action potential and resting potential.

2. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and conducting system of heart. Also
discuss cardio
vascular circulating system with block diagram.
3. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and physiology of central nervous and
peripheral
nervous system.
4. Explain the process of propagation of electrical pulses along the axon with
relevant diagrams.
5. Draw diagrams illustrating the process of respiration and circulation. States
the purpose
served by these two systems and explain the processes involved in the operation
of these
two system.
6. What are the requirements of a good physiological transducer and explain the
operation
of any two types of physiological transducers with relevant sketches?
7. Draw the structure of a living cell of a body and explain its constituents.
UNIT II
ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
1. Explain the various types of amplifiers listed below, with a neat circuit
diagram.
i) differential amplifier
ii) chopper amplifier
iii) isolation amplifier
2. Draw equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface. Discuss in detail
about
various types of biopotential electrodes.
3. Describe in detail about unipolar and bipolar limb lead system used for
measuring ECG
signal.
4. Explain about a typical single channel ECG recorder with proper justification
for the
inclusion of each block of the system and give the normal ECG wave pattern.
5. Explain the working principle of a ECG machine with a neat block diagram.
6. State the basic elements of electro cardiograph and explain the working of
each of these.
What are the different ways in which ECG helps in providing medical care to
patients?
7. Design a simple medical preamplifier circuit and explain its action. Also derive
its
voltage gain.
8. Write a short notes on
i) Micro electrodes
ii) Needle electrodes
iii) Surface electrodes
9. With a neat block diagram, explain the working principle of EEG machine.
10. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of EMG.
11. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of ERG.
12. Name three basic types of biopotential electrodes and explain their
applications.
UNIT III
NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS
1. i) Explain the working principle of a electromagnetic type blood flow meter.
ii) Define cardiac output. Discuss a technique to determine cardiac output.
2. Explain, a complete blood gas analyzer designed to measure pH, pCO2,pO2
from a
sample of whole blood.
3. Explain how the various Physiological parameters listed below could be
measured.
i) To measure the B.P ( any technique)
ii) To measure the blood flow by electromagnetic blood flow meter.
.
.
4th YEAR/ 7th SEMESTER
iii) To measure the respiratory measurement.
4. i) Explain the principle of operation of an ultrasonic blood flow meter.
ii) How will you measure blood pressure using sphygmomanometer?
5. Draw schematic diagram showing the essential components of U-V recorder.

Explain the
operation of this recorder and state the applications of this device.
6. Explain with neat sketch a typical blood flow meter. Discuss working of digital
pH
meter.
7. i) Explain the origin of different heart sounds.
ii) Explain the working principle of Plethysmography.
8. i) What is GSR and ESR?
ii) Describe the method to determine the concentration of Oxygen in expired gas.
(12)
UNIT IV
MEDICAL IMAGING AND PMS
1. i) Discuss in detail about the basic components of a multichannel biotelemetry
system.
ii) Explain various modulation techniques used in a telemetry system.
2. i) Explain the working principle of single channel telemetry system with a neat
block
diagram.
ii) Write short notes on endoscopes.
3. i) Draw an X-ray tube and explain generation of X-rays.
ii) List out the properties of X-rays.
4. Discuss the working principle of an infrared thermographic equipment.
Mention
applications of thermography.
5. Explain the working of a thermographic unit with a neat block diagram.
6. i) Write down the application of Bio Telemetry.
ii) What are the Physiological parameters adaptable to Bio Telemetry.
iii) Draw a block diagram of a typical Bio Telemetry Transmitter
7. With reference to Electrical Safety. Write about
i) Grounding
ii) Double Insulation
iii) Protection by low voltage
iv) Ground Fault circuit Interrupter
v) Shock hazards from electrical equipment.

8. How is magnetic resonance imaging system, useful in the medical field?
Explain the operation of this system with relevant sketches.
9. What is the role of computed tomography in diagonising a disease? Give
examples.
Describe the technique of obtaining tomography with relevant diagrams.
10. Describe with neat sketch construction and working of various components in
X-ray
machine.
11. i) Explain the working of Radiography and Fluoroscopy in detail.
ii) Distinguish between TDM and FDM.
12. i) Draw a telemetry circuit to transmit ECG signals in a reliable manner.
ii) Explain with block diagram the patient monitoring system using telemetry.
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.
55
EE2024 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
UNIT V- ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS
1. Explain the basic principle of operation of an ultrasonic diathermy unit. List out
its
applications.
2. Explain the working of a DC defibrillator with a neat block diagram.
3. What is dialysis? Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser machine with a
neat
block diagram.
4. Explain the working of Heart Lung machine.
5. Write short notes on:
i) Short wave diathermy
ii) Microwave diathermy.
6. Explain the working principle of surgical diathermy unit with a neat block
diagram.
7. Discuss different types of defibrillators with a neat sketch.
8. Describe with diagram of peritoneal dialysis. Also discuss with block diagram
of
electrosurgical diathermy unit.

9. Explain the process of dialysis with diagrams. How does this technique play a
useful role
in medical field? Give a few examples and state the limitations of this technique.
10. i) Explain in detail about the instrumentation aspects of defibrillators.
ii) Draw the typical waveforms of DC defibrillator discharge waveform dual
peak monophasic defibrillator discharge waveform truncated defibrillator
discharge
waveform.
11. i) What are Internal Pace Maker, External Pace Maker, Competitive and
Non
Competitive Pacing modes, Demand mode, Standby mode.
ii) Draw the block diagram of a typical Internal pacemaker.
12. What is a Synchronised defibrillator? Draw a block diagram of it and explain
its
working.
14. i) Explain the principle of working of Ventilators.
ii) Explain about audiometers in bio-medical instrumentation.

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PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS

1. Discuss in detail about action potential and resting potential.

5. Draw schematic diagram showing the essential components of U-V recorder.

v) Shock hazards from electrical equipment.

electrosurgical diathermy unit.

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