!

Operative Dentistry, 2012, 37-4, 333-339

Clinical Research

Comparison of Two
At-home Whitening
Products of Similar
Peroxide Concentration
and Different Delivery
Methods
JB da Costa ! R McPharlin ! T Hilton
JL Ferracane ! M Wang
Clinical Relevance
Tooth whitening products of similar peroxide concentrations provide similar whitening
effects when applied for the same amount of time regardless of the delivery method.

SUMMARY

*Juliana B da Costa, DDS, MS, Department of Restorative

Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Department
of Restorative Dentistry, Portland, OR, USA
Rosemary McPharlin, DDS, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
Thomas Hilton, EBM, DMD, MS, Department of Restorative
Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Jack L Ferracane, EBM, PhD, Department of Restorative
Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland,
OR, USA
Mansen Wang, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
*Corresponding author: 611 SW Campus Drive, Portland,
OR 97239-3097, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.2341/11-053-C

Purpose: This study compared the whitening

efficacy, side effects, and patients preferences/
perceptions of two whitening systems of similar peroxide concentration but different formulation and delivery methods.
Methods: The tooth color change of 24 participants was measured using a shade guide
(BSG) and a spectrophotometer (ES). Color
difference was calculated: DE* = [(DL*)2 +
(Da*)2 + (Db*)2]1/2. One whitening treatment
was randomly applied to the right or left
maxillary anterior teeth and the other was
applied to the contralateral teeth, at-home
with 35% carbamide peroxide in a tray (TW)
or with 14% hydrogen peroxide in strips (WS).
The tooth color was evaluated at baseline, 15
and 30 days (15 days postwhitening). Participants rated their tooth and soft tissue sensi-

Operative Dentistry

334

tivity (110 scale) and completed a questionnaire on their preferences. Results were analyzed by repeated measurement regression
analysis/Tukey and Mann-Whitney (p,0.05).
Results: At 15 days, the teeth treated with TW
and WS presented DE* = 7 and 6, respectively
(DBSG=3 for both), and at 30 days, they presented DE* = 7.5 and 6.5, respectively (DBSG=3
for both). There was no significant difference
in tooth and soft tissue sensitivity between
treatments. No participant reported tooth and
gingival sensitivity at the postwhitening appointment. Of the participants, 83% preferred
the TW over WS.
Conclusion: Both DE* and DBSG showed no
significant difference in tooth color change
between TW and SW at either time point. By
the end of the study no participants reported
tooth and gingival sensitivity. Participants
preferred TW over SW.
INTRODUCTION
The at-home whitening procedure was first published by Haywood and Heymann in 1989.1 The 10%
concentration of carbamide peroxide (CP) used in
trays overnight has been considered the gold
standard. This technique is still the most common
whitening procedure, and literature heavily supports the efficacy of this method.114 Despite the
great amount of research on at-home tray whitening
with 10% CP, some patients do not desire to wear
trays over a long period of time and still aspire to
have whiter teeth faster. In order to achieve a faster
whitening effect in a shorter period of time, dental
product manufacturers have increased the peroxide
concentration of the whitening products. Higherconcentration tooth whitening studies are scarce.
Two studies evaluated whether higher concentration
of peroxide, 20% CP vs 7.5% hydrogen peroxide
(HP)15 and 6% HP16 could be used safely and
effectively to reduce treatment time. Overall, these
studies demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of
these higher-concentration gels, with minor teeth
sensitivity and oral tissue irritation. Recently, a
manufacturer introduced to the market a new
whitening system, Opalescence PF 35% CP (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA). To date, there are no
studies that have evaluated the efficacy of this highconcentration peroxide gel.
In 2000, a trayless whitening system, Crest
Whitestrips (Procter & Gamble, Manson, OH, USA)
was introduced on the market, in which a measured

dose of HP gel was applied on the anterior teeth

using a flexible polyethylene strip instead of a
custom tray.16 Initially, the whitening strips presented 6% HP, equivalent to 20% CP, and the
manufacturer recommended applying them for 30
minutes twice daily. Several randomized controlled
clinical trials showed the efficacy of this product.13,1724 Originally the strips were available over
the counter. In 2004, the strips whitening gel
concentration was increased, and they were designed to be professionally dispensed.25 To date,
there is one study comparing different professionally
dispensed strips with 10% HP,26 and there are a few
studies that have evaluated the efficacy of higher
concentration of whitening strips, 14% HP, Crest
Whitestrips Supreme.25,27,28
The 14% HP Whitestrips Supreme, which corresponds to approximately 40% CP, is similar in
concentration to the Opalescence PF 35% CP. Both
products are dentist supervised and recommended to
be performed at home, twice a day, for 30 minutes
per each daily application. Unlike the strips, the 35%
CP whitening gel is applied via a whitening tray. To
the authors knowledge, there are no studies that
evaluated the efficacy of these high-concentration
peroxide gels using different dispensing methods.
The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the
whitening efficacy of two whitening systems of
similar peroxide concentration using visual and
instrumental shade matching methods, 2) to evaluate possible side effects such as gingival irritation
and tooth sensitivity, and 3) to evaluate patients
preferences for and perceptions of both systems. The
null hypotheses to be tested were that there is no
difference in whitening effect (as measured by
spectrophotometer and shade guide) and tooth and
tissue sensitivity (as measured by visual analog
scale) between Opalescence PF 35% CP and Crest
Whitestrips Supreme 14% HP whitening systems
over a 30-day evaluation period in maxillary anterior
incisors and canines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a randomized, single-blinded, split-mouth
design clinical study. One clinician gave instructions
on materials to the patients, and another clinician
evaluated the tooth color change. A total of 25
patients were selected for this study according to
specific inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1).
During the screening appointment, the participants signed the institutional review board authorization and consent form. The Loe and Silness

da Costa & Others: Comparison of At-home Whitening of Similar Peroxide Concentration

Table 1:

335

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Acceptance as Participants

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Be at least 18 years old

Willing to sign a consent form
Willing to return for postwhitening evaluation
Presence of all six maxillary teeth equal or darker than 1M2
VITA Bleachedguide in the value order
- Have no maxillary anterior teeth with more than one-sixth of
the facial surface covered with a restoration

- History of any medical disease that may interfere with the study or require
special consideration
- Presence of gross pathology
- Use of tobacco products during previous 30 days
- Current or previous use of whitening agent
- Loe and Silness29 gingival score greater than 1.0
- Pregnant or lactating women
- Tetracycline-stained teeth

gingival index29 of the upper anterior teeth was used

to ensure that participants did not have moderate to
severe periodontal tissue inflammation. One impression of the maxillary arch was taken. The model was
used for bleaching tray and positioning jig fabrication. A reservoir was placed on the stone teeth prior
to tray fabrication using a block-out resin (LC BlockOut Resin, Ultradent) and the trays were scalloped.
The positioning jig was fabricated in order to
position the tip of the spectrophotometer in the
same position at every color measurement. An
impression of the tip of the probe of the spectrophotometer was made and a cast was fabricated. The
spectrophotometer probe cast was used as a stamp
guide to mark the positioning jig. The facial middle
third of the maxillary teeth of the custom positioning
jig was marked with the spectrophotometer tip cast
using an ink pad. The facial marks were cut out of
the jig, leaving an opening for placement of the
spectrophotometer probe. Prior to color measurement, the custom jig was positioned in the patients
mouth, and the spectrophotometer probe was positioned into the jig opening. At the same appointment, the participants received a dental prophylaxis
to remove any extrinsic stains.

instructed to whiten half the arch with the 40% CP

strip and the other half with 35% CP in the
whitening tray at the same time for 30 minutes.
They were asked to whiten their teeth twice a day
and to separate the times they whiten by at least
three hours. They were instructed to whiten their
teeth for two weeks. Participants only received half
of the tray designated to be used with 35% CP gel,
thus there would be no confusion as to which should
be used with 35% CP. The tray was well adapted to
the teeth, and the patients were asked to wipe off
any excess material in order to prevent leakage to
the adjacent tooth and to avoid gingival sensitivity.
They were asked to adapt the strip to the teeth and
not to overlap the tray. The participants also
received a diary in which they indicated on a daily
basis the level of tooth and gingival sensitivity that
they experienced and the times they used the athome whitening systems. They were asked to rate
their tooth and soft tissue sensitivity experience
using a visual analog scale (VAS) in one of 10
categories. The VAS is designed to present to the
respondent a rating scale with minimum constraints. A 1 VAS corresponds to no pain and 10
VAS corresponds to severe pain.

At the baseline appointment, the participants

received a nonwhitening toothpaste (Crest Cavity
Protection, Procter & Gamble) and soft-bristled
manual toothbrush (Oral B, Iowa City, IA, USA)
and were asked to brush before and after the
whitening procedure in addition to their standard
home care regimen. The whitening treatments were
randomly assigned, by flip of a coin, to the right
(teeth nos. 68) or left (teeth nos. 9-11) maxillary
anterior teeth. The 35% CP Opalescence PF (TW;
Ultradent) was applied in a tray to the right or left
maxillary anterior teeth, and the contralateral
maxillary anterior teeth were treated with 14% HP
Crest Whitestrips Supreme (WS; Procter & Gamble),
which corresponds to 40% CP. The participants were

At the baseline appointment tooth color was

evaluated visually using the VITA Bleachedguide
3D-Master (BSG; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen,
Germany) by one independent experienced evaluator
and instrumentally using an intraoral spectrophotometer (ES; Vita Easyshade, Vident, Brea, CA,
USA). Shade matching with the BSG was performed
under a color-corrected light (Rite-Lite, Addent,
Danbury, CT, USA), having a correlated color
temperature of 5500 K that simulates northern-sky
daylight. The ES measures the color of the teeth
based on the CIELAB color notation system (Commission Internationale de lEclairage 2004), in which
L* denotes lightness (achromatic), whereas a* and
b* denote green-red and blue-yellow coordinates,

Operative Dentistry

336

Table 2:

Questions to and Answers (by %) From the

Study Participants

1) Which method of treatment do you prefer?

!

Tray whitening (83%)

Whitening strips (4%)

I have no preference (13%)

2) Which method is more comfortable for your teeth?

!

Tray whitening (75%)

Whitening strips (21%)

Equally comfortable (4%)

3) Which method is more comfortable for your gums?

!

Tray whitening (38%)

Whitening strips (58%)

Equally comfortable (4%)

4) Can you see a difference in tooth color between right and left
teeth?
!

Yes (25%)

No (75%)

5) Was it easy to do the procedure twice a day?

!

Yes (92%)

No (8%)

desired, they were given an upper whitening tray

and whitening gel, Opalescence 10% CP (Ultradent
Products), to keep whitening the upper teeth. The
participants who wished to have the lower teeth
whitened came back to have lower teeth impressions
made and to produce trays for delivering the
whitening gel.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The results were analyzed with computer software
(Sigmastat 3.1, Systat Software, Chicago, IL, USA)
and SAS v.9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). A t-test
(p,0.05) was used to compare the L*a*b* of the
right and left upper anterior teeth obtained with the
spectrophotometer at baseline. The Mann-Whitney
rank sum test (p,0.05) was used to evaluate the
BSG results of right and left upper anterior teeth at
baseline.
The individual DL*, Da*, Db*, and DE* were
computed by subtracting the baseline measurements
from the follow-up measurements. The results were
analyzed by repeated measurement regression analysis to evaluate color change over time for each
treatment. A compound symmetry covariance structure was used to evaluate the variability and
correlations between times and treatments. Data
were adjusted for multiple testing by applying the
Tukey test (p,0.05). The delta shade-guide rank
results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney rank sum
test. Both parametric and nonparametric tests
evaluated two factors: whitening system (TW and
SW) and time (baseline, 15 days, and 30 days).
The tooth and gingival sensitivity average score of
tooth whitening were compared using KruskalWallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks
(p,0.05) for each whitening system and time.
The responses to the questionnaire are reported in
percentages.
RESULTS

respectively. DE* is the total color difference or the

distance between two colors. The total color difference was calculated using this formula30: DE*ab =
[(DL*)2 (Da*)2 (Db*)2]1/2.
The color measurements were taken prior to tooth
whitening (baseline), 15 days after the whitening
treatment was started, and at 30 days (15 days
postwhitening) in order to evaluate tooth color
relapse.
At the last appointment the participants were
asked to complete a questionnaire (Table 2), and if

A total of 25 participants enrolled and 24 completed

the study. One participant did not present for the
last tooth-color evaluation. Of the participants, 12
were men and 12 were women, with an age range
from 21 to 75 years. There were no statistically
significance differences in the mean (ES) and median
(BSG) baseline shade of the right and left teeth.
Both treatments had significant mean color
change from baseline to after treatment (Table 3).
The teeth became lighter, less yellow, and less red.
There was no difference in DL*, Da*, Db*, DE*, and
BSG values between time for each treatment and

da Costa & Others: Comparison of At-home Whitening of Similar Peroxide Concentration

Table 3:

337

Spectrometric and Visual Results of Both Whitening Treatments at 15 and 30 Days (15 Days Postwhitening), Mean 6
Standard Deviation
Time, days

DL*

Da*

Db*

DE*

DBSG

TW

15

4.2 6 2.6

#1.7 6 1.2

#4.83 6 2.5

7.0 6 3

#3.0 6 1.5

TW

30

4.0 6 2.2

#1.7 6 1

#5.6 6 2.7

7.5 6 3

#3.0 6 1.4

WS

15

3.5 6 2

#1.4 6 1

#4.34 6 2.6

6.0 6 3

#3.0 6 1.6

WS

30

3.42 6 2

#1.5 6 1

#4.7 6 3

6.5 6 3

#3.0 6 1.6

Treatment

Abbreviations: TW, tray whitening; WS, whitening strips.

between treatments at each time evaluated (Table

3).
According to the participants diaries, five participants reported mild (13 in the VAS) tooth sensitivity and six participants reported mild soft tissue
sensitivity on the side that was whitened with the
TW. Four participants reported mild soft tissue and
tooth sensitivity on the side that was whitened with
the WS. There was no significant difference in tooth
and soft tissue sensitivity between the two treatments. No participant reported tooth and gingival
sensitivity at the postwhitening appointment.
Of the participants, 83% preferred the TW treatment; 75% found this type of treatment more
comfortable to the teeth, though only 38% found it
more comfortable to the soft tissue than WS (Table
2). Seventy-five percent of the participants could not
see a difference in tooth color between the right and
left upper incisors. The 25% of participants who
noted a color difference reported that it was on the
side that was whitened with the TW. Ninety-two
percent found it easy to do the procedure twice a day.
DISCUSSION
According to the ES and BSG results, the hypothesis
that both whitening treatments would provide
similar results was accepted. HP is different from
CP in composition (CP = HP plus urea), concentration (10% CP has 3.5% HP), and duration of activity.
HP products are active for 30 to 60 minutes,31 and
CP products are active for two to 10 hours.32 It was
previously believed that an HP whitening agent
would bring about faster results compared with a CP
whitening agent of similar concentration. These
claims were based on the fact that CP has to
chemically break down into HP and urea in order
to be effective.15 However, like the present study, a

previous study showed that CP and HP of similar

concentrations applied for the same amount of time
yielded similar whitening effects when evaluated
with a shade guide.15 The present study showed that
the methods of whitening gel delivery, tray vs strip,
did not influence the whitening effect. In addition to
concentration, the degree of whitening is directly
related to the amount of time that the agent is in
contact with the tooth.33
At two weeks postwhitening, the results were not
significantly different from immediately after whitening treatment was ceased for both methods,
therefore no color relapse was noted. According to
Matis and others,26 it appears that there is minimal
reversal in color when wraps and strips are used.
They commented that perhaps this is because the
teeths inherent lightness potential is not exceeded,
and therefore, no color reversal occurs.26 In their
study, they evaluated wraps and strips containing
8% and 10% HP, and the time of application was
similar to that used in this study. The common factor
between Matis and others and this study was that
the whitening gels were similar in concentration.
Therefore it can be extrapolated that a higher
concentration of whitening gels applied for several
shorter periods of time can retain color better than
low-concentration gels applied for several longer
periods of time (eg, 10% tray whitening used
overnight) or extremely high concentration applied
for a short period of time (eg, in-office whitening).
Noteworthy is the low incidence of side effects with
these products, especially in view of the relatively
high peroxide concentration. Both whitening systems yielded minimal side effects in the study
participants, with no differences between the methods. Of the participants, 21% reported mild tooth
sensitivity when they used TW, and no symptoms

Operative Dentistry

338

were reported at the last appointment. Also, 25% of

the participants reported mild gingival sensitivity
during TW use, and 16% reported mild transient
gingival sensitivity during WS use. None of the
participants reported gingival or tissue sensitivity
two weeks after treatment for both systems. A study
that evaluated the same strips reported that only
two of the 13 participants in the experimental group
reported mild tooth sensitivity, and only three
reported mild soft tissue irritation.27 The highconcentration CP products are relatively new on
the market, and there are no studies showing its
potential side effects.
The great majority of the participants preferred
the TW over the WS. Most of them found the TW
more comfortable on the teeth; nonetheless, 58% of
them found the WS more comfortable on the soft
tissue. Some participants commented that the strips
are difficult to place and keep in place. Despite that,
they were more gentle to the soft tissue, even though
the trays were scalloped and the participants were
instructed to wipe off any excess gel. A total of 92%
found it easy to do the procedure twice a day.
CONCLUSION
Twice-daily use of 14% HP or 35% CP for two weeks
resulted in significant improvement in tooth color
relative to baseline that was sustained two weeks
after treatment was finalized. There was no difference in effectiveness between treatments of similar
peroxide concentration and different delivery methods. The tooth and gingival sensitivity was mild and
transient for both groups. The great majority of the
participants preferred tray whitening over strip
whitening.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Ultradent Products Inc. The
shade guide was donated by Vita Zahnfabrik. The authors do
not have any financial interest in the companies whose
materials are included in this article.

nightguard vital bleaching technique Quintessence International 23(7) 471-488.

3. Myers ML, Dickson GL, Curtis JW, & Russel CM (1995)
Evaluating color change following vital tooth whitening
Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 7(6) 256-262.
4. Lenhard M (1996) Assessing tooth color change after
repeated bleachingIn vitro with a 10 percent carbamide
peroxide Journal of the American Dental Association
127(11) 1618-1624.
5. Leonard RH, Sharma A, & Haywood VB (1998) Use of
different concentrations of carbamide peroxide for bleaching teeth: An in vitro study Quintessence International
29(8) 503-507.
6. Matis BA, Cochran MA, Eckert G, & Carlson TJ (1998)
The efficacy and safety of a 10% carbamide peroxide
bleaching gel Quintessence International 29(9) 555-563.
7. Cibirka RM, Myers M, Downey MC, Nelson SK, Browning
WD, Hawkins IK, & Dickinson GL (1999) Clinical study of
tooth shade lightening from dentist-supervised, patientapplied treatment with two 10% carbamide peroxide gels
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 11(6)
325-331.
8. Jones AH, Diaz-Arnold AM, Vargas MV, & Cobb DS
(1999) Colorimetric assessment of laser and home bleaching techniques Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 11(2) 87-94.
9. Matis BA, Mousa HN, Cochran MA, & Eckert G (2000)
Clinical evaluation of whitening agents of different
concentrations Quintessence International 31(5) 303-310.
10. Nathoo SA, Santana E, Zhang YP, Lin N, Collins M,
Klimpel K, Devizio W, & Giniger M (2001) Comparative
seven-day clinical evaluation of two tooth whitening
products Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 22(7) 599-606.
11. Karpinia KA, Magnusson I, Sagel PA, Zhou X, & Gerlach
RW (2002) Vital bleaching with two at-home professional
systems American Journal of Dentistry 15(Special
Issue) 13A-18A.
12. Zekonis R, Matis BA, Cochran MA, Shetri SE, Eckert GJ,
& Carlson TJ (2003) Clinical evaluation of in-office and
at-home whitening treatments Operative Dentistry 28(2)
114-121.

Conflict of Interest Declaration

13. Auschill TM, Hellwig E, Schmidate S, Sculean A, &

Arweiler NB (2005) Efficacy, side-effects and patients
acceptance of different bleaching techniques (OTC, inoffice, at-home) Operative Dentistry 30(2) 156-163.

The authors of this manuscript certify that they have no

proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature
or kind in any product, service, and/or company that is
presented in this article.

14. Kihn PW, Barnes DM, Romberg E, & Peterson K (2000) A

clinical evaluation of 10 percent vs 15 percent carbamide
peroxide tooth whitening agents Journal of the American
Dental Association 131(10) 1478-1484.

(Accepted 3 October 2011)

REFERENCES
1. Haywood VB, & Heyman HO (1989) Nightguard vital
bleaching Quintessence International 20(3) 173-176.
2. Haywood VB (1992) History, safety, and effectiveness of
current bleaching techniques and applications of the

15. Mokhlis GR, Matis BA, Cochran MA, & Eckert GJ (2000)
A clinical evaluation of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen
peroxide whitening agents during daytime use Journal of
the American Dental Association 131(9) 1269-1277.
16. Mohan N, Westland S, Brunton P, Ellwood R, Pretty IA,
& Luo W (2008) A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of
a novel tray based tooth whitening system Journal of
Dentistry 36(1) 21-26.

da Costa & Others: Comparison of At-home Whitening of Similar Peroxide Concentration

17. Gerlach RW (2000) Shifting paradigms in whitening:

Introduction of a novel system for vital tooth bleaching
Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry
29(Supplement) 4S-9S.
18. Gerlach RW, Barker ML, & Sagel PA (2001) Comparative
efficacy and tolerability of two direct-to-consumer tooth
whitening systems American Journal of Dentistry 14(5)
267-272.
19. Gerlach RW, & Zhou X (2001) Vital bleaching with
whitening strips: Summary of clinical research on
effectiveness and tolerability Journal of Contemporary
Dental Practice 2(3) 1-16.
20. Gerlach RW, Gibb RD, & Sagel PA (2002) Initial color
change and color retention with hydrogen peroxide
bleaching strip American Journal of Dentistry 15(1) 3-7.
21. Gerlach RW, Barker ML, & Sagel PA (2002) Objective and
subjective whitening response of two self-directed bleaching systems American Journal of Dentistry 15(Special
Number) 7A-12A.
22. Donly KJ, & Gerlach RW (2002) Clinical trials on the use
of whitening strips in children and adolescents General
Dentistry 50(3) 242-245.
23. Gerlach RW, Barker ML, Karpinia K, et al (2009). Single
site meta-analysis of 6% hydrogen peroxide whitening
strip effectiveness and safety over 2 weeks Journal of
Dentistry 37(5) 360-365.
24. Swift EJ Jr, Heymann HO, Wilder AD, Barker M, &
Gerlach RW (2009) Effects of duration of whitening
strip treatment on tooth color: A randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trial Journal of Dentistry 37
(Supplement) 51e-56e.
25. Gerlach RW, & Sagel PA (2004) Vital bleaching with a
thin peroxide gel: the safety and efficacy of a professional-

339

strength hydrogen peroxide whitening strip. Journal of

the American Dental Association 135(2) 98-100.
26. Matis BA, Cochran MA, Wang G, Franco M, Eckert GJ,
Carlotti RJ, & Bryan C (2005) A clinical evaluation of
bleaching using whitening wraps and strips Operative
Dentistry 30(5) 588-592.
27. Swift EJ Jr, Miguez PA, Barker M, & Gerlach RW (2004)
Three-week clinical trial of a 14% hydrogen-peroxide,
strip-based bleaching system Compendium of Continuing
Education in Dentistry 25(8 Supplement 2) 27-32.
28. Garcia-Godoy F, Villalta P, Barker M, Gerlach RW (2004)
Placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical trial on the safety and
efficacy of a low-gel, 14% hydrogen-peroxide whitening
strip Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry
25(8 Supplement 2) 21-26.
29. Loe H, & Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in
pregnancy: Prevalence and severity Acta Odontologica
Scandinavica 21(December) 553-551.
30. Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) (2004)
Colorimetry CIE No. 15.2004 Vienna: Central Bureau of
the CIE Publication 3rd edition.
31. Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP),
European Commission (2005) Opinion on hydrogen
peroxide in tooth whitening products. Adopted 15 March
2005 (SCCP/0844/04). Retrieved online 02-12-2012 from:
http://ec.europa.ed/health/index_en.htm
32. Matis BA, Gaiao U, Blackman D, Schultz FA, & Eckert
GJ (1999) In vivo degradation of bleaching gel used in
whitening teeth Journal of the American Dental Association 130(2) 227-235.
33. Haywood VB, & Berry TG (2006) Natural tooth bleaching
In: Summitt JB, Robbins JW, Hilton T, Schwarts RS (eds)
Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry Quintessence, Chicago 437-462.