MagPropSolids
MagPropSolids
MagPropSolids
Diamagnetism
Associated with the tendency of electrical charges partially to shield
the interior of a body from an applied magnetic field
Lenz's law states that the emf induced in an electric circuit always
acts
in such a direction that the current it drives around a closed circuit
produces a magnetic field which opposes the change in magnetic flux.
In other words, the magnetic field of the induced current is opposite of
the applied field, leading to a diamagnetic moment.
All materials exhibit diamagnetic behavior.
cd is fairly weak, but measurable
and temperature independent
Examples:
quartz (-0.62 x 10-8 m3/kg) and
calcite (-0.48 x 10-8 m3/kg)
eB
Larmors frequency
2m
Application of B will cause finite average current around the nucleus which
is equivalent to a magnetic moment with direction opposite to that of B
0 M
B
0 N
B
0 NZe 2
6m
r2
1 eB
2 2m
Ze 2 B 2
r
4m
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is the partial alignment of permanent atomic magnetic
moments in the direction of an applied field B.
Substances with odd #s of electrons, metals, and atoms with partially filled
inner shells (transition elements) normally exhibit paramagnetism.
Thermal disorder resists the tendency of the field to orient the moments.
Magnetization in thermal equilibrium is given by Langevin equation
M N L ( x ),
1
where x B / kBT , and the Langevin function L( x ) is L ( x ) ctnh x .
x
N 2B
For x 1, we have L ( x ) x /3 M
3kBT
C
B
T
Curie Law
N 2
where the Curie constant C
.
3kB
N 2 B C
M
B,
3k BT T
0 N
B
0 NZe2
6m
Paramagnetism
M NL(x)
N 2 B C
M
B,
3k BT T
r2
J ( J 1) S (S 1) L ( L 1)
For a free e with L, g 1
.
2 J ( J 1)
-
e
The Bohr magneton B
.
2m
Case L = 0
1
mJ , and g 2
2
C
If x
B,
kBT T
N1
ex
x
N e e x
M ( N1 N 2 )
For x 1, tanh x x
E mJ g B B B B
and
e x e x
N x
e e x
N2
e x
x
.
x
N e e
N tanh x.
B
M N
k
T
B
Curie Law
N 2 B
M
k BT
General Case
M NgJ B BJ ( x),
( x gJ B B / k BT )
ctnh
.
2J
2J
2J
2J
1 x x3
For x 1, ctnh x ,
x 3 45
BJ
M Ng 2 ( J 1) B2 Np 2 B2 C
.
B
3k BT
3k BT
T
M Np 2 B2 C
B
3k BT
T
L is quenched
3d shell experiences intense inhomogeneous electric field (Crystal field)
produced by neighbouring ions.
LS coupling is broken & sublevels split due to crystal field
Ferromagnetism
Curie Temperature
TC
M decreases rapidly
with H
Beyond the Curie
temperature it behaves
like a paramagnetic
substance
Examples : iron, cobalt,
nickel
Antiferromagnetism
like paramagnets above
a critical temperature
TN called Nel
temperature.
Below TN c is small &
T-dependence is
different from
paramagnets.
Example : Cobalt
Ferrimagnetism
Like ferromagnets, but
the effect tends to be
smaller.
The 1/c curve is very
close to zero below a
critical temperature,
also called Nel
temperature.
Examples : magnetite
(Fe3O4) and spinel
ferrites
Novel Magnetism
SPIN GLASS : A random orientation of frozen spins.
CLUSTER GLASS : spins make small clusters with
magnetic order but no order between clusters
METAMAGNET: Field induced magnetic transition
from a low magnetization state to a relatively much
higher magnetization state
SUPERPARAMAGNET when the size of the
magnetic particle is very small domains are not
formed . Each magnetic particle behaves a giant
paramagnetic ion.