Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
Dimensioning
Before an object can be built, complete

information about both the size and shape
of the object must be available. The exact
shape of an object is communicated
through orthographic drawings, which are
developed following standard drawing
practices. The process of adding size
information to a drawing is known as
dimensioning the drawing.
Dimensioning
Geometrics is the science of specifying

and tolerancing the shapes and locations of
features on objects. Once the shape of a
part is defined with an orthographic
drawings, the size information is added also
in the form of dimensions.
Dimensioning a drawing also identifies the
tolerance (or accuracy) required for each
dimension.
Dimensioning
If a part is dimensioned properly, then
the intent of the designer is clear to
both the person making the part and
the inspector checking the part.
A fully defined part has three
elements: graphics, dimensions, and
words (notes).
Size and Location

Dimensions
A well dimensioned part will communicate

the size and location requirements for each
feature. Communications is the fundamental
purpose of dimensions.
Parts are dimensioned based on two
criteria:
Basic size and locations of the features.

Details of a part's construction and for
manufacturing.
Unit of measure
On a drawing used in American industry, all

dimensions are in inches, unless otherwise
stated.
Most countries outside of the United States
use the metric system of measure, or the
international system of units (SI), which is
based on the meter.
The SI system is being used more in the
United States because of global trade and
multinational company affiliations
Unit of measure
Occasionally, a company will used
dual dimensioning, that is, both metric
and English measurements on a
drawing.
Angular dimensions are shown either
in decimal degrees or in degrees,
minutes, and seconds.
Terminology
Dimension is the numerical value that

defines the size or geometric characteristic
of a feature.
Basic dimension is the numerical value
defining the theoretically exact size of a
feature.
Reference dimension is the numerical
value enclosed in parentheses provided for
information only and is not used in the
fabrication of the part.
Terminology
Dimension line is the thin solid line which

shows the extent and direction of a
dimension.
Arrows are placed at the ends of dimension
lines to show the limits of the dimension.
Extension line is the thin solid line
perpendicular to a dimension line indicating
which feature is associated with the
dimension.
Terminology
Leader line is the thin solid line used to

indicate the feature with which a dimension,
note, or symbol is associated.
Tolerance is the amount a particular
dimension is allowed to vary.
Plus and minus dimensioning is the
allowable positive and negative variance
from the dimension specified.
Terminology
Limits of size is the largest

acceptable size and the minimum
acceptable size of a feature.
The largest acceptable size is
expressed as the maximum material
condition (MMC)
The smallest acceptable size is
expressed as the least material
condition (LMC).
Terminology
Diameter symbol is the symbol which is

placed preceding a numerical value
indicating that the associated dimension
shows the diameter of a circle. The symbol
used is the Greek letter phi.
Radius symbol is the symbol which is
placed preceding a numerical value
indicating that the associated dimension
shows the radius of a circle. The radius
symbol used is the capital letter R.
Terminology
Datum is the theoretically exact point

used as a reference for tabular
dimensioning.
Basic Concepts
Dimensions are used to describe the

size and location of features on parts
for manufacture. The basic criterion is,
"What information is necessary to
make the object?" Dimensions should
not be excessive, either through
duplication or dimensioning a feature
more than one way.
Basic Concepts
Size dimension
might be the overall
width of the part or
the diameter of a
drilled hole.
Location dimension
might be length
from the edge of
the object to the
center of the drilled
hole.
Basic Concepts
Size dimensions
Horizontal
Vertical
Diameter
Radius
Location and
Orientation
Horizontal
Vertical
Angle
Basic Concepts
Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, a

base line (or datum line) is established for
each coordinate direction, and all
dimensions specified with respect to these
baselines. This is also known as datum
dimensioning, or baseline dimensioning.
All dimensions are calculated as X and Y
distances from an origin point, usually
placed at the lower left corner of the part.
Standard PracticesPlacement
Dimension
placement depends
on the space
available between
extension lines.
When space
permits,
dimensions and
arrows are placed
between the
extension lines.
Standard Practices- Spacing
The minimum distance

from the object to the first
dimension is 10mm (3/8
inch). The minimum
spacing between
dimensions is 6mm (1/4
inch).
There should be a visible
gap between an
extension line and the
feature to which it refers.
Extension lines should
extend about 1mm (1/32
inch) beyond the last
dimension line.
Standard PracticesGrouping
Dimensions should be grouped for uniform

appearance as shown.
Standard PracticesStaggering
Where there are

several parallel
dimensions, the
values should be
staggered.
Standard PracticesExtension lines
Extension lines are

used to refer a
dimension to a
particular feature and
are usually drawn
perpendicular to the
associated dimension
line. Where space is
limited, extension lines
may be drawn at an
angle.
Extension lines should

not cross dimension
lines, and should avoid
crossing other extension
lines whenever possible.
When extension lines
cross object lines or other
extension lines, they are
not broken.
When extension lines
cross or are close to
arrowheads, they are
broken for the
arrowhead.
When the location of

the center of a feature
is being dimensioned,
the center line of the
feature is used as an
extension line.
When a point is being
located by extension
lines only, the
extensions lines must
pass through the point.
Standard Practices- Limited

length or areas
When it is necessary to define a limited length

or area that is to receive additional treatment
(such as the knurled portion of a shaft), the
extent of the limits may be shown by a chain
line. The chain line is drawn parallel to the
surface being defined.
Standard Practices- Reading

Direction
All dimension and note text must be oriented to be read

from the bottom of the drawing (relative to the drawing
format).
Placement of all text to be read from the bottom of the
drawing is called unidirectional dimensioning.
Aligned dimensions have text placed parallel to the
dimension line with vertical dimensions read from the
right of the drawing sheet.
Standard Practices- View

Dimensioning
Dimensions are to be kept outside of the

boundaries of views of objects wherever
practical.
Dimensions may be place within the boundaries
of objects in cases where extension or leader
lines would be too long, or where clarity would
be improved.
Standard Practices- Out-ofScale Dimensions
If it is necessary to include a
dimension which is out of scale, the
out of scale dimension text must be
underlined.
Standard PracticesRepetitive Features
The symbol X is
used to indicate
the number of
times a feature is
to be repeated.
The number of
repetitions,
followed by the
symbol X and a
space precedes
the dimension
text.
Detail Dimensions
Holes
Diameters must be
dimensioned with the
diameter symbol
preceding the
numerical value.
When holes are
dimensioned with a
leader line, the line
must be radial. A
radial line is one that
passes through the
center of a circle or
arc if extended.
Chamfers
Slotted holes
Keyseat and
Keyway
Summary
Concentric
circles
Arcs
Screw Threads
Grooves
Manufacturers
gage
Dimension
Techniques
Contour
Dimensioning
contours or shapes of
the object are
dimensioned in their
most descriptive view.
For example, the
radius of a arc would
be dimensioned
where it appears as
an arc and not as a
hidden feature.
Dimension
Techniques
Geometric
Breakdown
a part is to break
the part into its
geometric
configurations.
Dimension Process
Dimension Guidelines
The primary guideline is that of clarity

and whenever two guidelines appear to
conflict, the method which most clearly
communicates the size information shall
prevail.
Every dimension must have an associated

tolerance, and that tolerance must be clearly
shown on the drawing.
Avoid over-dimensioning a part. Double
dimensioning of a feature is not permitted.
Dimensions should be placed in the view
which most clearly describes the feature
being dimensioned.
A minimum spacing between the object and

dimensions and between dimensions must
be maintained.
A visible gap shall be placed between the
end of extension lines and the feature to
which they refer.
Manufacturing methods should not be
specified as part of the dimension unless no
other method of manufacturing is
acceptable.
Placing dimensions within the boundaries of
a view should be avoided whenever
practicable.
Dimensions for materials typically

manufactured to gages or code numbers
shall be specified by numerical values.
Unless otherwise specified, angles shown on
drawings are assumed to be 90 degrees.
Dimensioning to hidden lines should be
avoided whenever possible. Hidden lines are
less clear than visible lines.
The depth of blind, counterbored, or
countersunk holes may be specified in a
note along with the diameter.
Diameters, radii, squares, counterbores,

spotfaces, countersinks, and depth should
be specified with the appropriate symbol
preceding the numerical value.
Leader lines for diameters and radii should
be radial lines.
Tolerancing
Tolerance is the total amount a dimension

may vary and is the difference between the
upper (maximum) and lower (minimum)
limits.
Tolerances are used to control the amount
of variation inherent in all manufactured
parts. In particular, tolerances are assigned
to mating parts in an assembly.
Tolerancing
One of the great advantages of using
tolerances is that it allows for
interchangeable parts, thus
permitting the replacement of
individual parts.
Tolerances are used in production
drawings to control the manufacturing
process more accurately and control
the variation between parts.
Tolerancing
Tolerance
representation
Direct limits or as
tolerance values
applied directly to
a dimension.
Geometric
tolerances
Notes referring to
specific condition.
Tolerancing
Tolerance
representation
Plus/Minus
Tolerancing
Important terms
Nominal size a dimension used to
describe the general size usually
expressed in common fractions.
Basic size the theoretical size used
as a starting point for the application
of tolerances.
Actual size the measured size of the
finished part after machining.
Tolerancing
Important terms
Limits the maximum and minimum sizes

shown by the toleranced dimension.
Allowance is the minimum clearance or
maximum interference between parts.
Tolerance is the total variance in a
dimension which is the difference between
the upper and lower limits. The tolerance of
the slot in Figure 14.50 is .004" and the
tolerance of the mating part is .002".
Tolerancing
Important terms
Maximum material condition (MMC)

is the condition of a part when it
contains the most amount of material.
The MMC of an external feature such
as a shaft is the upper limit. The MMC
of an internal feature such as a hole is
the lower limit.
Tolerancing
Important terms
Least material condition (LMC) is

the condition of a part when it contains
the least amount of material possible.
The LMC of an external feature is the
lower limit of the part. The LMC of an
internal feature is the upper limit of the
part.
Tolerancing
Tolerancing
Fit types
Clearance fit occurs when two toleranced

mating parts will always leave a space or
clearance when assembled.
Interference fit occurs when two toleranced
mating parts will always interfere when
assembled.
Transition fit occurs when two toleranced
mating parts will sometimes be an
interference fit and sometimes be a
clearance fit when assembled.
Tolerancing
Tolerancing
Tolerancing
Metric Limits and

Fits
Basic size
Deviation
Upper Deviation
Lower Deviation
Fundamental
Deviation
Tolerancing
Tolerance
Tolerance zone
International
tolerance grade
Hole basis
Shaft basis
Tolerancing
Symbols and
Definitions
Methods
Tolerancing
Standard Hole basis table; limits
Tolerancing
Hole basis system; fits
Tolerancing
Shaft basis system; fits
Tolerancing
Standard Precision Fit; English Units
Running and Sliding (RC)

Clearance Locational (LC)
Transition Locational (LT)
Interference Locational (LN)
Force and Shrinks (FN)
Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing
GDT
is a method of defining
parts based on how they
function, using standard
ASME/ANSI symbols.
and Tolerancing
Within the last 15 years there has been

considerable interest in GDT, in part
because of the increased popularity of
statistical process control. This control
process, when combined with GDT, helps
reduce or eliminate inspection of features
on the manufactured object. The flipside is
that the part must be toleranced very
efficiently; this is where GDT comes in.
and Tolerancing
Another reason for the increased

popularity of GDT is the rise of
worldwide standards, such as ISO
9000, which require universally
understood and accepted methods of
documentation.
GDT-Symbols
GDT
Feature control frames
GDT
MMC/LMC
Datums
Geometric Controls
Form
Orientation
Position
GDT
Forms
Straightness
Line element
Axis
GDT
Forms
Circularity
GDT
Forms
Flatness
GDT
Forms
Cylindricity
GDT
Orientation
Parallelism
GDT
Orientation
Perpendicularity
GDT
Orientation
Angularity
GDT
Orientation
Line profile
GDT
Orientation
Surface profile
GDT
Location
Concentricity
GDT
Location
Runout
GDT
Location
Position
GDT
Location
Position
GDT
Tolerance Calculation
Floating fastener tolerancing is used to

confirm that loose bolts, screws or other
fasteners have the standard clearance in
their holes.
Fixed fastener tolerancing is measured the
same as with floating fasteners except that
the fastener is already fixed/located on one
of the mating parts and the tolerance is now
divided between the parts.
GDT
Tolerance Calculation
Hole diameter tolerancing is used to

calculate the MMC of the hole.
GDT
Design Application
Five-Step
Isolate and define the functions of the
features/part.
Prioritize the functions.
Identify the datum reference frame based
on functional priorities.
Select the proper control(s).
Calculate the tolerance values.

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dimensioning and

Before an object can be built, complete

Geometrics is the science of specifying

Size and Location

A well dimensioned part will communicate

Basic size and locations of the features.

On a drawing used in American industry, all

Dimension is the numerical value that

Dimension line is the thin solid line which

Leader line is the thin solid line used to

Limits of size is the largest

Diameter symbol is the symbol which is

Datum is the theoretically exact point

Dimensions are used to describe the

Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, a

Standard Practices- Spacing

The minimum distance

Dimensions should be grouped for uniform

Where there are

Standard PracticesExtension lines

Extension lines are

Standard PracticesExtension lines

Extension lines should

Standard PracticesExtension lines

When the location of

Standard Practices- Limited

When it is necessary to define a limited length

Standard Practices- Reading

All dimension and note text must be oriented to be read

Standard Practices- View

Dimensions are to be kept outside of the

Standard Practices- Out-ofScale Dimensions

Standard PracticesRepetitive Features

The primary guideline is that of clarity

Every dimension must have an associated

A minimum spacing between the object and

Dimensions for materials typically

Diameters, radii, squares, counterbores,

Tolerance is the total amount a dimension

Limits the maximum and minimum sizes

Maximum material condition (MMC)

Least material condition (LMC) is

Clearance fit occurs when two toleranced

Metric Limits and

Standard Hole basis table; limits

Hole basis system; fits

Shaft basis system; fits

Standard Precision Fit; English Units

Running and Sliding (RC)

Within the last 15 years there has been

Another reason for the increased

Feature control frames

Floating fastener tolerancing is used to

Hole diameter tolerancing is used to

You might also like