Low Proficiency

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Factor

Sex

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Explanation
Lower expectations are often
held for older girls particularly
in scientific and technical areas
because of sex role stereotyping
Teachers sometimes hold lower
expectations of students from
lower SES backgrounds.

Race / ethnicity

Students from minority


races or ethnic groups are
sometimes viewed as less
capable than majority races
or ethnic groups students.

Type of school

Students from either inner


city schools or rural schools
are sometimes presumed to
be less capable than
students from suburban
schools.

Appearance

The expense or style of


students' clothes and
students' grooming habits
can influence teachers'
expectations.

Oral language patterns

The presence of any


nonstandard English
speaking pattern can
sometimes lead teachers to
hold lower expectations.

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