Public speaking;

A concise overview for the twenty-first century

Chapter 1: Public Speaking and communication in the real world.
Taking a public speaking could make us critical listeners. It should be prepared but
although spontaneous. There is a great variety in the way in which we speak depending
on the receiver. Inn formal speaking the public speaker is involved in the process not
like in a normal conversation and there are turns to talk.
Rhetoric is the art, practice and study of the human communication. To talk in public we
need to find supporting materials, organize and re-organize it and then present it
effectively.
If a person cannot use words to move an idea from a point to another his education is
incomplete.
The only way for motivate people is to communicate with them. In business word
knowing how to talk would make all the difference if you have great ideas but dont
know how to explain them you lose all your credibility because they will get that you
are under pressure.

Chapter 2: What is communication?

Communicators who realize that although we may be speaking to a group of people, we
are still interacting with one person at a term they are successful in achieving their
purpose and objectives. Anyone can make an announcement but not everyone can
communicate or share information effectively.
A media personality becomes popular if develops the relationship with the audience. We
must use inclusive language.
Sender: person who initiates the communication.
Receiver: person whom the sender has mediated the communication.
Channel: verbal and nonverbal communication.
Even the audience may not speak back, theyre sending symbols.
Communication breakdowns cannot exist but there are barriers to effective
communication. Semantic noise occurs when the sender and the receiver dont share
meanings.
You should make the topic interesting by yourself.
Laswell who focused on the effect of the communication message, stated:
Who
What
In which channel
To whom
With what effect
Also suggested communication serves three vital functions:
-To survey the environment.
-To correlate responses.
-To transmit social inheritance.
Ethics decide what its wrong and what its right.

Chapter 3: The fear factor: dealing with communication anxiety

Many times the difference between success and failure in public speaking is confidence.
Even a self-confident person may feel shy when giving a speech. A state of anxiety
appears when were concerned before a specific event.
The message is the important thing. We must focus on our words.
For overcome anxiety is useful to imagine that the public are in underwear, focus on a
quiet place or in a person and be prepared.

Chapter 4: The interrelated elements of purpose, topic and audience.

General purpose: depending on whom one asks.
Specific purpose: takes the form of an infinitive fraise and a full sentence, statement or
single idea.
To find and select speech topics we should try to come up with one that is of the
internet both to speaker and to the audience.
1. Brainstorming
2. Bounce your ideas
3. Come up with a topic from your own background.
The central idea of proposition keeps the effective speaker from wondering or typing to
cover too much ground.
A good title can get the attention of the audience before they even arrive to hear the
speech.
The speech contents two messages, the one send by the speaker and the received by the
audience.

Chapter 5: Beginning and ending speeches.

Although you may know your subject the audience is coming in cold so start lay telling
them what you are going to tell. All speeches are organized into three points.
Introduction: Its important to build a repport on common ground with the audience
from the get-go.
Openings: gain the attention of the audience. Make the connection. Catch the subjects
attention, can be a central idea, purpose statement, etc.
Transitions: To move the listeners from at point of the speech to another transitions on
links must be employed they are like guideposts.

Chapter 6: Organizing the body of the speeches

Then body is the center of the speech where the main points will be addressed,
developed and supported. A good public speaking needs supporting materials. Its
advisable to not have more from five main points.
Without organization its easy to get off of track and one idea or thought can easily lead
to others. It should look like:
-Point one+ supporting material.
-Point two+ supporting material.

-Etc
You can use different patterns:
-Chronological
-Spatial
-Process
-Topical
-Causal
-Elimination
-Journalistic
-Problem/solution

Chapter 7: Gathering and implementing supporting materials

It doesnt matter what the speakers say if their assertions and opinions cannot be
supported. To be an effective communicator, one needs to develop skills for acquiring
and using information, and conduct thought and effective research. Ones knowledge
and experience can be useful. Much of the information that we found through the
internet is reliable but there is also a lot of inaccurate material in cyberspace. Once the
information is gathered, it should be organized as sub points under the main points.
There are several categories of supporting materials that we will consider such as
illustration and narration, association, explanation, expert power, quotation, definition,
description, personal experience, reinforcement and visual aids.
It doesnt matter what you say if you cant back it up. Its important to be mindful that
supporting materials can be boring. An illustration can take the form of an example or a
story and may be used to make something clear to the audience. Frequently the best way
someone can learn something new is to be available to make a comparison or
association with something they already now.
An explanation is another way of making an idea clear or understandable. Statistics can
be effective in gaining attention in the introduction of your speech.
It can be very beneficial to offer the authentically through the words or testimony of
experts or authorities. Many audience members may not understand what some words
mean so it will be helpful to tell what they mean. The speaker can emphasize something
by using repetition. Visual aids reinforce clarify and drive home points.
Kinds of visual aids:
-Computers
-Overhead projectors
-Document cameras
-Objects
-Videotapes
-Whiteboards

Chapter 8: Effective delivery style: Voice and appearance

One speech is more than ideas. Indeed is sound and performance. There are four
methods of delivery: impromptu, read from a prepared manuscript, memorize and
spontaneous speaking. Ones physical and non-verbal communication is extremely
important because the factors of the speakers psyche relate to his speaking proves.

Your speaking voice can also create barriers and it depends about:
-Pitch: ones vocal frequency range. The relative haughty or depth of a tone.
-Loudness: the dynamic level of the voice.
-Pace: the speech at which someone speaks.
-Enunciation: Study of vowels, diphthongs and consonants.
-Inflection: Combination of variations in emphasis, pace, dynamics and pitch.
-Conversational quality: Can be applied to public speaking may be formal and sound
conversational.
-Physical appearance: How we look, gesturing, body communication.

Chapter 9: Informative speeches: the foundation of public speaking

All the speeches are designed to inform even when they are occasional or persuasive.
One of the major purposes in public speaking is to inform an audience through use of
facts about something they might not already know. Information speeches can be
divided into four general categories:
-Description speeches: can be considered the base from of informative speaking as
demonstration, definition and exposition speeches all describe something.
-Demonstration speeches: show how to do something.
-Definition speeches: literal or abstract in nature is a concise explanation or
clarification of the meaning of words phrases or symbols.
-Exposition speeches: makes things clear. Used for analysis or to dissect a problem.

Chapter 10: Persuasive speeches: engineering consent

Persuasion is important for two basic reasons:
-We need to learn how to persuade effectively to meet our own objectives.
-To can understand the persuasive tactics that others use on us.
Persuasion is to move action to plead with.
It might be considered painfully presumptuous anyone who knows that the real meaning
of a word is unique to given individual at a given time in a given set of circumstances.
The act of persuading or process or an instance of persuading might be a persuading
argument and the ability of persuade.
Classical rhetoric and persuasive speaking construction of persuasive speeches in five
steps:
1. Invention.
2. Arrangement.
3. Expression of style.
4. Memory.
5. Action.

Chapter 11: occasional speeches: sincerity, originality and brevity

Occasional or ceremonial speaking situations can run a wide gamut and can be
informative, persuasive, entertain or combine any of all. We are merely seeking to be
social. Occasional speeches merely provide a bit more of a formal way to be nice with
others. The occasion affects the expectations or reactions of the listeners. The occasional
speaker must have something to offer to the audience and meet the demands of the
particular situation. The characteristics that must to be considered are:
-Atmosphere: context. Where the speech takes place. Change the reaction.

-Content: if the occasion is a solemn one the speech must be to and use formal
language.
-Organization: introduces the body. Conclusion.
-Length: Time limitations should be considered in all speeches and most especially for
occasional speeches.
-Presentation style: its always helpful to know ahead of time when the speaker will be
called upon, to know in what kind of venue or facility the speech will be given and to
know whether the group being addressed has specific expectations that could impact
what will be said and how it will be delivered. Its affected by the occasion.
Types of occasional speeches:
-For sociality and courtesy: introducing someone, making an announcement,
presenting a gift or award or accepting them, welcoming or responding to welcome,
making or responding to a toast
-For commemoration: to eulogize, to bid farewell, to dedicate something, to recognize
an anniversary of someone or something.
-Four counseling: inaugural addresses, nominations, declarations, commencement
addresses, sermons.