Reading Power

TEACHERS GUIDE with ANSWER KEY
Beatrice S. Mikulecky
Linda Jeffries
Advanced Reading Power:
Extensive Reading, Vocabulary Building, Comprehension Skills, Reading Faster
Teachers Guide with Answer Key
Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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Text composition: Rainbow Graphics
Text font: 10/14 Stone Serif
13-Digit ISBN: 978-0-13-199028-9
10-Digit ISBN: 0-13-199028-4
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Answer Key 29
Answer Key
Part 1: Extensive Reading
UNIT 3: Reading and Discussing
Fiction
Exercise 2, page 18
Main characters:
Margot: a thin, pale, quiet girl, who feels
different from the other children and
does not play with them
William: the class bully, who resents Margot
and mistreats her because she is different
The teacher: not clearly characterized, but
distant and not very involved in the class
or concerned about the children
The other children: typical nine-year-olds,
easily persuaded by William to gang up
against Margot
Setting (time): in the future
Setting (place): at a school on the planet
Venus
Exercise 3, page 19
a. 11 g. 4
b. 2 h. 6
c. 10 i. 8
d. 1 j. 9
e. 3 k. 7
f. 5
Exercise 4, pages 1920
A.
There can be more than one interpretation to
a story like this, so alternative answers are
possible. Answers based on two
interpretations are shown below. Other
answers are possible if students can justify
them. The students do not have to use all of
items ak
Interpretation Interpretation
#1 #2
Exposition b, d b, d, h, i, j, k
Complicating
action e, g e, g, f
Climax f c
Resolution a, c a
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)
A.
(Other answers are also possible.)
1. b. thousands upon thousands of days
compounded and filled from one end
to the other with rain
c. a thousand forests had been crushed
under the rain and grown up a
thousand times to be crushed again
d. It was the color of rubber and ash, this
jungle, from the many years without
the sun.
2. b. the rain had washed out the blue from
her eyes and the red from her mouth
and the yellow from her hair
c. an old photograph dusted from an
album, whitened away
d. if she spoke at all her voice would be a
ghost
3. b. the children pressed to each other like
so many roses, so many weeds
c. they turned on themselves like a
feverish wheel, all tumbling spokes
d. wildly, like animals escaped from their
caves, they ran and ran in shouting
circles
4. b. He gave her a shove.
c. he seized her roughly
d. The boy gave her another push.
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5. b. a gold or a yellow crayon or a coin
large enough to buy the world with
c. a warmness, like a blushing in the face
d. the sun on their cheeks like a warm iron
6. b. the sweet crystal fall of showers
c. the concussion of storms so heavy they
were tidal waves come over the islands
d. the tatting drum, the endless shaking
down of clear bead necklaces upon the
roof
7. b. blazing blue tile color
c. amazing blueness
d. darkened into midnight
Part 2: Vocabulary Building
UNIT 1: Strategies for Building
a Powerful Vocabulary
Exercises 1, 2, pages 2627
(Answers will vary.)
Exercise 3, page 28
1. three
2. adjective
3. You probably are worried that your
teacher will find something wrong.
4. a piece of paper
5. Answers will vary.
6. on the first syllable
7. scrubbed
Exercise 4, page 30
UNIT 2: Learning New Words
from Your Reading
Example, pages 3132
A.
3. F 4. T
A.
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F
(Answers will vary for parts BD.)
A.
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F
(Answers will vary for parts BD.)
UNIT 3: Inferring Meaning from
Context
Exercise 1, page 37
A.
B.
drenched: completely wet
thrust: to push someone or something
somewhere with a sudden or violent
movement
A.
B.
tamper: to change something without
permission, especially in order to
damage it
forlorn: sad and lonely
Exercise 3, page 38
A.
B.
woes: the problems and troubles affecting
someone
abducted: taken away illegally and by force;
kidnapped
Exercise 4, page 40
A.
a. Part of speech: noun
Definition: 2
b. Part of speech: verb
Definition: 1
B.
a. the idea of something that is low and
empty (with high sides)
b. the idea of doing something very
thoroughly over a period of time
30 Answer Key
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A.
a. 1
b. 4
c. 3
d. 6
B.
the idea of something that is level and then
changes to a new position, literally or
figuratively
Exercise 6, page 41
A.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 2
d. 1
B.
the idea of movement or change
A.
1. a. verb
b. they tried to zep all the guns; the
Germans zepped radios as well
c. seize, take away
2. a. verb
b. electronic signs along roads that zop
drivers about dangers or problems
ahead; drivers are zopped about the
condition of the road; Do these systems
work better to zop drivers
c. warn
Exercise 8, page 43
A.
1. a. noun
b. there were large dreels that went back
and forth; when the dreel arrived;
jumped into the dreel as it pulled out
c. ferryboat
2. a. noun
b. where they could be a zeem for
enemies on the roofs; a sharpshooter
might decide it was time for zeem
practiceand they rarely missed their
zeem
c. target
Exercise 9, page 45
A.
1. verb
2. it could be so thoroughly substantiated
that there would be no room to doubt its
validity
3. no room to doubt its validity, proof of my
contention, imperative for me to prove
B.
C.
proven
Exercise 10, page 46
A.
B.
1. set of beliefs
2. tools, instruments
3. was very popular and well-developed
UNIT 4: Word Parts
(Students definitions will vary.)
A.
1. Word: manual Root: manus
Dictionary definition: involving the use of
the hands
2. Word: reverse Root: versum
Dictionary definition: to go backwards, in
the opposite direction
3. Word: located Root: locatum
Dictionary definition: to be in a particular
place
4. Word: predict Root: dictus
Dictionary definition: to say that
something will happen before it happens
5. Word: annual Root: annus
Dictionary definition: happening once
a year
Answer Key 31
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6. Word: dictator Root: dictus
Dictionary definition: a ruler who has
complete power over a country
B.
(Students definitions will vary.)
A.
1. Word: pathetic Root: pathos
Dictionary definition: making you feel
pity or sympathy
2. Word: gender Root: genos
Dictionary definition: the fact of being
male or female
3. Word: biologists Root: bios
Dictionary definition: person who
scientifically studies living things
4. Word: logical Root: logos
Dictionary definition: seeming reasonable
and sensible
5. Word: geography Root: geo
Dictionary definition: the study of the
countries, oceans, rivers, mountains, etc.,
of the earth
6. Word: chronological Root: chronos
Definition: arranged according to when
something happened
Word from Related Definition of
part A word related word
reverse revert to go back to a previous
condition or habit
vision visualize to form a picture of
something in your mind
manual manipulate to make someone do
what you want by
deceiving or influencing
them
annual anniversary a date on which
something special or
important happened in a
previous year
dictator dictation the act of saying words
for someone to write
down
located local connected with a
particular place or area
7. Word: meter Root: metron
Dictionary definition: a machine that
measures and shows the amount of
something you have used
B.
A.
1. uncle
2. normal
3. inspire
4. diskette
A.
1. unimportant
2. biology
3. trial
Word from Related Definition of
part A word related word
pathetic sympathy the feeling of being
sorry for someone
who is in a bad
situation
geography geocentric having the Earth as
the central point
chronological chronicle a written record of
events, especially
historical events,
written in the order
in which they
happened
logical dialogue a conversation in a
book, play, or movie
gender gene a small part of a cell
that controls the
development of
qualities that have
been passed on to a
living thing from its
parents
meter metric using or relating to
the metric system of
weights and
measures
biologist biodegradable capable of being
broken down by
biological agents,
especially bacteria
32 Answer Key
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4. quality
5. central
6. money
7. durable
A.
1. pretty
2. reason
3. poster
4. primrose
A.
1. comma
2. interest
3. syringe
4. exercise
5. subject
6. teller
7. superb
8. contract
1. endurance; the ability to suffer difficulties
or pain with strength and patience
2. competence; the ability and skill to do
what is needed
3. organizer; someone who makes the
necessary arrangements so that an activity
can happen
4. conqueror; someone who takes control of
a land or country by attacking people or
fighting a war
5. discussion; the act of talking about
something with someone or a group in
order to exchange ideas or decide
something
6. deletion; the act or process of removing
something from a piece of writing or from
a computer
7. mysticism; the belief that there is a
hidden meaning in life or that each
human being can unite with God
8. commitment; a promise to do something
or to behave in a particular way
9. effectiveness; the extent to which an
intended result is produced
10. restriction; something that limits or
controls what you can do or what is
allowed to happen
1. conceivable; able to be believed or
imagined
2. seasonal; happening or needed only at a
particular time of year
3. bountiful; generous
4. angelic; seemingly good, kind, and gentle,
or behaving in this way
5. monotonous; boring because there is no
variety
6. devious; using tricks or lies to get what
you want
7. suggestive; reminding you of something
8. panicky; very nervous or anxious
9. strategic; done as part of a plan
10. lawless; not obeying the law, or not
controlled by the law
Exercise 9, page 59
1. validate; to prove that something is
true or correct, or to make a document
official
2. justify; to give an acceptable explanation
or reason for something
3. customize; to change something to make
it more appropriate for you
4. equate; to consider that one thing is the
same as something else
5. quantify; to measure something and
express it as a number
6. economize; to reduce the amount of
money, time, goods, etc., that you use
Answer Key 33
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1. harmonize; verb; to make two things work
well or look well together
2. environmental; adjective; concerning or
affecting the air, land, or water on Earth
3. differentiate; verb; to recognize or express
the difference between things or people
4. ethnic; adjective; relating to a particular
race, nation, or tribe and their customs
and traditions
5. qualitative; adjective; relating to the
quality or standard of something, rather
than amount or number
6. optional; adjective; if something is
optional, you do not have to do it or use
it
7. negate; verb; to state that something does
not exist or is not true
8. identical; adjective; exactly the same
9. precedence; noun; the condition of being
more important than other things
10. investigative; adjective; work or activities
that involve investigating something
(There may be more than one word to
analyze in some senteces.)
1. Word: revise
Parts: re + vise
Definition: to change your opinions,
plans, etc., because of new information or
ideas
2. Word: telepathy
Parts: tele + pathy
Definition: the communication of
thoughts directly from one persons mind
to someone elses mind without speaking
or writing
3. Word: generate
Parts: gene + rate
Definition: to produce or make something
4. Word: dominance
Parts: domin + ance
Definition: the fact of being more
powerful, more important, or more
noticeable than other people or things
5. Word: unconventional
Parts: un + convention + al
Definition: doing things ones own way or
having different opinions from most
other people
6. Word: insensitive
Parts: in + sensi + tive
Definition: not noticing other peoples
feelings
7. Word: heroically
Parts: hero + ic + ally
Definition: with extreme bravery, like a
hero
8. Word: synchronized
Parts: syn + chron + ized
Definition: to make two or more watches
or clocks show exactly the same time
9. Word: universe
Parts: uni + verse
Definition: the whole of space, including
all the stars and planets
UNIT 5: Collocations
Exercise 1, page 63
(Answers may vary.)
1. roughly doubled
2. in the last few years
3. a series of studies
4. research group
5. startling findings
Exercise 2, page 64
(Answers may vary.)
1. statistically less important
2. to stay in instant touch
3. around the world
4. reduced to a minimum
5. rely the most on e-mail
34 Answer Key
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Exercise 3, page 65
1. unreasonable assumption; started from
the assumption; rests on the further
assumption; depends on the assumption;
the shared assumption; dared to question
the assumption; the general assumption;
depends on the assumption; to question
the assumption; the fundamental
assumption
3. assumption made by; the assumption of;
the assumption that; the assumption was
that
4. Assumption is often followed by a phrase
starting with that.
Exercise 4, page 66
1. adopt a development strategy; that any
strategy; the only rational strategy; tended
to adopt a strategy; is the truly best
strategy; Its new strategy; a successful
strategy; do not fit in the long-term
strategy; plan a date and a strategy; The
winning strategy; this is a reasonable
strategy; According to the regional
strategy
2. Certain verbs are used such as adopt, fit
in, plan. Adjectives are used to describe
the strategy: development, rational, truly
best, successful, long-term, reasonable,
regional.
3. strategy away from dependence; strategy
could achieve; strategy for either of us;
strategy for sampling the stimuli; strategy
in a more general; strategy is called;
strategy is one that; strategy of the group;
strategy for the return; strategy
remarkably, was the simplest; strategy
since it tends to cut down energy; strategy
the government aims to
4. Strategy is often followed by a preposition:
away from, for, in. It can be followed by a
verb: achieve, is, was. It can also be
followed by a comma and a new clause.
Exercise 5, page 67
1. a relatively simple process; the most
ancient process; the political process;
not a single process; not been a smooth
process; the historical process; The
main process; enjoy the process; extend
the process; involved in the process; it is
this process; is part of the process; been
a gradual process
2. Process is often preceded by an adjective:
relatively simple, most ancient, political,
single, smooth, historical, main, gradual.
Process can be preceded by certain verbs:
enjoy, extend, involved in.
3. process and divides the egg; process and
one which continues; process and
understand what this; process as we
know; process. During the preceding fifty;
process has been very widely discussed;
process is competition; process of change;
process of dying through the use; process
of production; process of revision; process
of understanding and; process. Various
stories lend
4. Process can be followed by a comma or
period and a new clause or sentence. It
can be followed by a prepositional phrase
with of. It can be followed by certain
verbs: be discussed, is.
Exercise 6, page 68
1. understand what sense-perception;
motion and sense perception; the
problem of visual perception; beyond
direct perception; and that where this
perception; whose theories of perception;
not just a matter of my own perception;
influence upon the popular perception;
relationship between their perception;
depends on the publics perception; there
is a widespread perception; based on the
general perception
Answer Key 35
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2. Perception is often part of a prepositional
phrase: the problem of, beyond, theories of, a
matter of, influence upon, relationship
between. It can also be preceded by a
phrasal verb: depends on, based on. It is
often preceded by an adjective: sense,
visual, direct, this, own, popular, publics,
widespread, general.
3. perception actually is; perception and is
laid out; perception as a particular
difficulty; perception. But he is not;
perception is lacking; perception involved
both material things; perception. It was
definitely; perception of Islam; perception
of the good of the state; perception of
what life imprisonment; perception
recorded in the surveys of; perception
that pre-1939 aviation was
4. Perception is sometimes followed by a
prepositional phrase with of. It can be
followed by a comma or period and a new
clause or sentence. Certain verbs can be
used after it: involved, recorded.
Exercise 7, page 69
(Answers may vary.)
1. unreasonable, further, shared,
fundamental
2. rational, successful, long-term, winning,
regional
3. political, single, smooth, historical, main,
gradual
4. visual, direct, popular, publics,
widespread, general
(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)
1. general, fundamental, popular
2. fundamental, publics, widespread
3. regional, long-term, winning, successful
4. gradual, smooth
5. visual
6. smooth
7. historical, fundamental, basic
8. long-term, regional
Exercise 9, page 70
1. make the, start from the, rest on the,
depend on the, question the
2. adopt a, fit in a, plan a
3. cause a, extend a, be involved in a
4. deal with the, depend on the, based on
the
1. depends on, is based on
2. starts, is part of, is included in
3. develop, adopt
4. make, question
5. was based on, rested on
6. developed, adopted
7. be involved in, be part of, be included in
8. made, questioned
Part 3: Comprehension
Skills
UNIT 1: Previewing
1. how dictionaries are written
2. explanation
3. from lots of examples of real use of the
word
4. A dictionary writer is a collector (of
examples) and a recorder (of meanings).
5. No, the meanings of words can change.
6. (Answers will vary.)
Exercise 2, page 77
1. 16
4. Glossary, Name Index, Subject Index
Exercise 3, page 78
1. Socialization
(Answers will vary for questions 25.)
36 Answer Key
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6. Summary, Key Concepts, Critical-
Thinking Questions
1. It tells about a five-year-old girl who had
had almost no contact with people.
3. no
(Answers will vary for questions 45.)
1. Social Isolation
2. It is about the effects of social isolation on
monkeys and on children.
3. There are two parts: one about research
with monkeys and one about isolated
children.
4. Both the research with monkeys and the
cases of isolated children demonstrate the
harmful effects of social isolation.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
1. b 4. c 7. b 10. a 13. c 16. b
2. b 5. a 8. a 11. a 14. a
3. c 6. c 9. b 12. b 15. c
Exercise 8, page 86
1. period 9. incidentally
2. authority 10. apply
3. thus 11. influenced
4. occurrences 12. context
5. illustrative 13. credited
6. tasks 14. decades
7. original 15. principally
8. bound by 16. reveal
UNIT 2: Making Inferences
(In many of these exercises, the answers may
vary. Any answer is acceptable if it can be
justified by evidence or conclusions that arise
from the text.)
Exercise 1, page 89
3. They dont contain the chemical
compound.
4. Paul Breslin works at the Monell Chemical
Senses Center in Philadelphia. He and his
colleagues have discovered that extra
virgin olive oil contains a compound
called oleocanthal.
5. He is a scientist.
6. It is a scientific journal.
Exercise 2, page 90
1. Farmers in two states in India have
sprayed Coca-Cola on their fields instead
of chemical pesticides.
2. They are expensive.
Answer Key 37
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Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
authority authorize authoritative authoritatively
bind, binding bind bound
context contextualize contextual contextually
credit credit creditable creditably
illustration illustrate illustrative
incident, incidence incidental incidentally
influence influence influential
occurrence occur
origin originate original originally
period periodic periodically
principal principal principally
revelation reveal revealing, revelatory revealingly
3. Hundreds of farmers say they have
sprayed Coca-Cola on their fields.
According to the farmers, the insects on
cotton plants die when they are sprayed
with cola.
4. It must have something in it that kills
insects.
5. The Coca-Cola Company already has legal
problems in Andhra Pradesh because
farmers believe it is taking water away
from them for its bottling plants.
6. They are probably quite poor. Water for
farming is in short supply.
7. If there are bottling plants, it must mean
that Coca-Cola soft drinks sell quite well
in India. At the same time, if farmers are
suing the company over water use, there
is evidently some negative feeling about
the way the company operates in India.
1. The writer has inferred that the man is
scared, probably very disturbed, and
doesnt want his picture taken.
2. He has probably worked in a job that
requires formal clothes, such as a waiter
in a fancy restaurant or a concert
musician.
3. The fact that the labels had been cut out
seems to imply that he (or someone else)
did not want anyone to identify him.
4. It was clear to the police from the way he
looked or behaved that he needed
medical help.
5. They inferred that he was a pianist and
wanted to play the piano.
6. You can infer that he really liked playing
the piano and that when he was playing,
he could escape from the feelings or
thoughts that disturbed him.
7. They guessed that he must be from a
northern or central European country
(probably because he is blond).
8. You can infer that the doctors were
convinced that he was seriously in need
of psychiatric care.
1. You can infer that they were not small
and not one of the new species.
2. They inferred that it is a species of human
because it walked upright, even though
the skeleton is shaped more like that of a
chimpanzee and it had a smaller brain
than most humans.
3. Roberts has inferred that a volcanic
explosion eliminated both the pygmy
elephants and the Homo floresiensis
population of the island.
4. The writer infers that this discovery
means that other surprising discoveries
are possible, and that there may even be
other kinds of humans alive on the planet
today.
5. Animals on islands may evolve to become
much smaller or much larger than the
similar species on the mainland.
6. Inference
7. Small brain size usually belongs to a
chimpanzee, not a human.
8. He was surprised because he did not
expect a creature with such a small brain
size to be able to make fine tools.
9. Morwood inferred that the humans (Homo
erectus) who had made the tools had arrived
in boats on Flores from the mainland; that
they had not been able to leave; and that
they had then evolved into the smaller
species of humans (Homo floresiensis).
10. He suggests that Homo floresiensis may
have become small because resources were
scarce on the island.
11. You can infer that both types of humans
must have lived together on the island for
at least 20,000 years.
38 Answer Key
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2. Warren probably used to be active and
have friends, and he has been in a
wheelchair for many years. Arthurs ironic
and rather dark sense of humor about his
situation may be a way of coping with his
difficulties. Junie Moon had the bad luck
to meet up with a violent man, though
we dont know what her relationship was
with this man.
3. Since it says they had no place to go,
you can infer that all three patients have
no close family ties. They either dont
have families or they are not in contact
with their families (perhaps they do not
want to make contact).
4. It seems that that they dont have any
money except the small allowances
(pittances) they receive for their
disabilities.
5. Junie Moon and Arthur probably get
annoyed with Warren sometimes when he
tells them what to do.
6. They are used to his ways, and they care
about him and want to comfort him.
7. Since Arthur is probably thinking that
Warren represents the minority group of
disabled people, we can infer that Junie
Moon and Arthur must belong to other
ethnic or racial minorities (such as
African-Americans or Native Americans).
8. There seems to be some rivalry between
them and some resentment on Arthurs
part about Warren deciding things.
9. She may be more sensitive about her
deformities and perhaps more damaged
psychologically than she seems at first
from her rather tough way of speaking.
10. He doesnt easily become offended, hes
good at convincing people, and hes not
afraid to challenge authority (as with the
landlord and the nurse).
11. She does not like or trust them, and they
feel the same way about her.
12. It seems probable that one or both of the
men will fall in love with Junie Moon.
1. c 4. c 7. b 10. b 13. c 16. b
2. b 5. a 8. c 11. c 14. a
3. a 6. a 9. b 12. a 15. c
Answer Key 39
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alteration alter altered
appearance appear apparent apparently
capacity capacious
diversity diversify diverse diversely
evolution evolve evolutionary,
evolving
implication imply implicit implicitly
persistence persist persistent persistently
presumption presume presumable presumably
previous previously
proportion proportion proportional, proportionally,
proportionate proportionately
resource resourceful resourcefully
significance signify significant significantly
sole solely
survival, survivor survive survivable,
surviving
1. previous 9. wiped out
2. persistent 10. proportions
3. capacity 11. evolutionary
4. implication 12. presumably
5. altered 13. elsewhere
6. significance 14. resources
7. survived 15. apparently
8. sole 16. diversity
UNIT 3: Understanding Paragraphs
1. Topic: The causes of water shortages in
Mexico City
2. Topic: The history of Mexico Citys water
supplies
3. Topic: How Mexico City is sinking
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. f
5. e
Topic: Floodplains
Main idea: c
Supporting facts and ideas: Floodplains can
control flooding. They also help clean rivers
and streams.
1. Topic: Flooding in the Netherlands
Main idea: c
Supporting fact and ideas: The
Netherlands is more than 60 percent near
or below sea level. The greatest risk of
flooding comes from the North Sea.
Flooding can occur along the Rhine,
Maas, and Scheldt Rivers. When major
rivers meet at the North Sea, they form a
delta region.
2. Topic: The Dutch system of flood barriers
Main idea: b
Supporting fact and ideas: The Dutch
barriers are the strongest in the world.
The first line of defense is made up of
dikes, dams, and storm barriers. These are
aided by secondary defenses.
3. Topic: Climate change and Dutch water
protection strategies
Main idea: b
Supporting fact and ideas: According to
the study, higher rainfall and rising sea
levels would lead to increased risk of
flooding and hotter summers could lead
to weakening of the dikes. The new
approach will rely more on natural
protection. The government has begun
buying land along major waterways.
1. Topic: A description of Lake Baikal
Main idea: a
Supporting facts and ideas: It measures
395 miles by 50 miles and has 1,245 miles
of coastline. It is 1 mile deep. It is at least
25 million years old.
2. Topic: Lake Baikals ecosystem
Main idea: c
Supporting facts and ideas: More than
1,000 species exist nowhere else. Among
its unique fauna is the Baikal freshwater
seal. Another unique creature is a fish
called the omul.
3. Topic: The clear water of Lake Baikal
Main idea: a
Supporting facts and ideas: The lake
contained certain small zooplankton and
crustaceans. The water consisted of
rainwater and melted snow. Most of the
watershed has a rocky surface.
40 Answer Key
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Main idea: Although they are working
more, women are still responsible for most
household tasks and responsibilities.
The increase in paid employment for
women may have contributed to various
changes in social attitudes, but it has not
completely changed the role of women in the
home. Women who work outside the home
still usually end up playing the leading role
in managing the care of the house and
family. Husbands may contribute by taking
out the trash or mowing the lawn, but on
average they spend a lot less time doing these
and other household tasks than women do.
This is true even for women who are working
full-time and for those who can afford to pay
for help in the home. In fact, if a woman can
afford to pay for help, she is usually the one
who has to manage this help, hiring and
overseeing the babysitters, cleaners,
repairmen, and so on. She is also more likely
to attend school meetings, make
appointments with teachers, and in general,
attend to the needs of the children.
PronounsReferents:
itthe increase in paid employment for
women
whowomen working outside the home
theyhusbands
thesetaking out the trash and mowing the
lawn
Thisthe fact that men spend a lot less time
doing household tasks than women do
whowomen working full time
thosewomen who can afford to pay for
help
shea woman
whothe one (the woman) managing the
help
this help
Sheworking women
Example, page 117
Main idea: A transnational corporation is a
corporation that has investments in two or
more countries.
Exercise 7, 118119
1. Main idea: In order to be sure of having
enough rubber for his cars, Henry Ford
started his own rubber plantation in Brazil.
Transitions: However, at times, In fact,
But, Thus
PronounsReferents:
whoHenry Ford
heHenry Ford
hisHenry Ford
2. Main idea: Fords plantation began
producing rubber but then was closed due
to a number of difficulties.
Transitions: However, In fact, Before
long, Finally
PronounsReferents:
hisFord
heFord
Onefactor
Answer Key 41
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3. Main idea: Instead of trying to control
all phases of production, most companies
today order supplies just when they need
them.
Transitions: In fact, Whereas, For this
reason, However, For example
PronounsReferents:
thisbecause they are afraid of having
too many supplies
theycontemporary car makers
theycar makers
theycar makers
itwhat they need
thisbuying what they need when they
need it
itsApple Computer Company
itApple
Exercise 8 pages 121122
1. d
Main idea: Since ancient times, gold has
had special and lasting value.
2. b
Main idea: Gold is valuable because
people believe it is valuable and there is a
strong demand for it.
3. a
Main idea: The price of gold could be
pushed higher because of the high social
and environmental costs of mining it.
1. c
Main idea: Because Johnson & Johnson
acted quickly and decisively in the
Tylenol crisis, there were no serious
consequences for the company.
2. a
Main idea: Firestone lost sales and
millions of dollars because it did not
immediately recall defective tires.
3. d
Main idea: A company must react
immediately and decisively to a crisis in
order to keep the trust of customers.
1. c
Main idea: In the early twentieth
century, Andr Level started a fund that
invested in art and made a substantial
profit.
2. d
Main idea: People are investing in art
today in order to make a profit as Levels
investors did.
3. c
Main idea: Buying artwork may not be a
good investment for several reasons.
1. b
Main idea: In order to sell the plastic
containers he had invented, Earl Tupper
also invented a new marketing strategy
the home party.
2. a
Main idea: At home parties, products are
sold at someones home to friends and
acquaintances of the host.
3. d
Main idea: The Longaberger Company
has used the home party to market its
products successfully.
1. c 4. a 7. a 10. a 13. c
2. a 5. b 8. a 11. a 14. a
3. b 6. c 9. a 12. b 15. c
42 Answer Key
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only The first mission lasted
only a few hours.
however On the last mission, the
three men spent more
time on the Moon.
much further They could travel much
further from the landing
site.
wider They could collect a wider
range of samples.
2. Topic: The impact of the Apollo moon
landings
Main idea: The Apollo moon landings
had a significant impact on scientific and
technological development in the
twentieth century.
Key words in the main idea: a
significant impact
Pattern: Cause/Effect
Supporting facts and ideas:
Signal words Details
affected by Computer research was
affected by the moon
landings.
Answer Key 43
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consideration consider considerable considerably
consumption, consume consumable
consumer
contrast contrast contrasting
currency current currently
distribution distribute distributional
evidence evidence evident evidently
excess exceed excessive excessively
factor factor
inadequacy inadequate inadequately
location locate
phenomenon phenomenal phenomenally
recycling recycle recycled
supplement supplement supplemental
underlie underlying
1. contrasts 9. current
2. distribute 10. factors
3. evident 11. recycle
4. inadequate 12. locate
5. supplement 13. phenomenon
6. furthermore 14. exceeded
7. consumes 15. underlying
8. considerable
UNIT 4: Patterns of Organization
1. Topic: The landing of men on the Moon
Main idea: The first moon landing was
very different from the last one.
Key words in the main idea: very
different from
Pattern: Comparison/Contrast
But while The first landing was an
enormous achievement.
far more The last landing
contributed far more
scientific knowledge.
pushing The space program
pushed engineers to
develop personal
computers.
attributed to The invention of the
Internet could be
attributed to the Apollo
program.
motivation for Scientists and engineers
were motivated to look
for ways to communicate
from computer to
computer.
3. Topic: The lack of water on the Moon
Main idea: The lack of water on the
Moon limits exploration of the Moon.
Key words in the main idea: lack of
water, limits
Pattern: Problem/Solution
Problem: The lack of water is a serious
problem for future Moon exploration; for
this reason, scientists are looking for
evidence of water on the Moon.
Solution: Rockets are sent to crash into
the Moon so that scientists can analyze
the vapor and dust created by the crash to
see if there is water.
4. Topic: Lunar craters
Main idea: Lunar craters are circular
depressions that were created by the
impact of various objects on the surface
of the Moon.
Key words in the main idea: are
Pattern: Extended Definition
Explanation or description: Lunar
craters are deep holes visible from the
earth. There are millions of lunar craters.
Some are a few feet across; others are
many hundreds of kilometers across. They
can be surrounded by mountains. They
remain unchanged because the Moon has
no atmosphere.
Exercise 2, pges 144147
1. Topic: The first optical telescopes
Main idea: The first optical telescope
was invented in Holland in 1608, but was
not used successfully until Galileo
developed his version in 1610.
Key words in the main idea: first, 1608,
until, 1610
Pattern: Sequence
1600s The first optical telescope
was invented in a Dutch
optical shop
1608 Hans Lippershey tried to
sell his invention.
Also in 1608 Galileo made his version
of the device.
1610 Galileo used his telescope.
1611 He showed his device to
guests at a banquet.
2. Topic: Newtons invention of the
reflector telescope
Main idea: Newton invented the
reflector telescope because of problems
with the refractor telescope.
Key words in the main idea: problems
Pattern: Problem/Solution
Problem: Newton noticed that in
Galileos refraction telescope, a ring of
colors sometimes interfered with viewing.
Solution: Newton designed the reflector
telescope with a curved mirror that
concentrated light and reflected it to the
eyepiece.
3. Topic: Large modern optical telescopes
Main idea: Today, there are a number of
very large optical telescopes built on hills
or mountains in many parts of the world.
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Key words in the main idea: a number of
Pattern: Listing
For example the worlds largest
refracting telescope
Another reflecting telescope on
Mount Palomar in
California
an even larger reflecting telescope in the
Caucasus Mountains
A fourth the Keck Telescope in
Hawaii
4. Topic: Radio telescopes
Main idea: Radio telescopes are similar
to optical telescopes in some ways, but
they are different in important ways.
Key words in the main idea: similar,
different
very different Radio telescopes look
different from optical
telescopes.
instead They do not collect light
waves, but radio waves.
distinctive appearance
different They use different
methods to record
information.
while Radio telescopes use radio
receivers to record radio
waves, not cameras to
take photographs.
both For both kinds, the larger
the telescope, the better it
works.
1. Pattern: Sequence (S)
Missing sentence: b
2. Pattern: Problem/Solution (P/S)
Missing sentence: a
3. Pattern: Sequence (S)
Missing sentence: e
4. Pattern: Comparison/Contrast (C/C)
Missing sentence: c
1. a 4. a 7. b 10. a 13. a
2. c 5. c 8. b 11. a 14. c
3. b 6. a 9. c 12. b
Answer Key 45
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achievement achieve achievable
affect, affectation affect affected, affecting
analysis analyze analytical analytically
attribution, attribute attribute attributable, attributive attributively
availability avail available
conclusion conclude conclusive conclusively
conduct conduct
environment environmental environmentally
exposure expose exposed
impact impact
investigation investigate investigative
motivation motivate motivated
potential potential potentially
vehicle vehicular
1. exposed
2. motivate
3. availability
4. achievement
5. investigating
6. attribute (attributed)
7. potential
8. conducted
9. affected
10. environment
11. conclusive
12. vehicles
13. analyzed
14. impact
UNIT 5: Reading Longer Passages
Effectively
Topic: Human responses to disaster
Thesis statement: Psychologists have
theorized that responses to extreme natural
and human-caused disasters occur in five
stages.
Topic: Cultural universals in emotional
expression
Thesis statement: But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the
same thing in Minneapolis as it does in
Madagascar? Much research on emotional
expression has centered on such questions.
(In some of the following exercises, there
may be more than one correct answer for the
pattern.)
Thesis statement: Psychologists have
theorized that responses to extreme natural
and human-caused disasters occur in five
stages.
Pattern: Sequence
Supporting points (main ideas):
Paragraph 2: The first stage is psychological
numbness, shock, and confusion.
Paragraph 3: In the second stage, victims
continue to lack awareness.
Paragraph 4: In the third stage, victims turn
to each other.
Paragraph 5: The fourth stage brings
depression and letdown.
Paragraph 6: In the final stage, victims adapt
to the changes in their lives.
Thesis statement: But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the
same thing in Minneapolis as it does in
Madagascar? Much research on emotional
expression has centered on such questions.
Pattern: Comparison/Contrast OR Listing
Paragraph 2: All people speak and understand
substantially the same facial language.
Paragraph 3: People everywhere can recognize
at least seven basic emotions, but there are
cultural differences in the rules about
displaying emotion.
Paragraph 4: Young children show and
perceive emotions through facial expressions.
Paragraph 5: There is a biological basis to
emotional expression.
Paragraph 6: Culture can influence certain
emotional responses.
Thesis statement: Why are girls fighting
more and what can we do to stop them?
Pattern: Problem/Solution OR Cause/Effect
Paragraph 2: Recently the roles of men and
women have changed and tended to become
more equal.
Paragraph 3: Socializing girls like boys cause
girls to be more violent.
Paragraph 4: The entertainment media
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encourages girls to be more violent.
Paragraph 5: Factors such as gun availability,
poverty, and history of abuse have not
changed, so they are not responsible for the
increased violence.
Paragraph 6: Solutions used in schools in the
past on boys will not work with girls either.
Paragraph 7: To find a solution, we have to
examine the values of American society and
try to change it so it is less harmful to young
people.
Thesis statement: There are at least three
different, but equally effective paths that lead
to psychological maturity for women.
Pattern: Listing
Paragraphs 3 and 4: Conservers sought the
security of marriage, family life and
traditional female occupations.
Paragraphs 5 and 6: Achievers cherished
social recognition and career advancement.
Paragraph 7: Seekers valued
unconventional pursuits, creativity and self-
discovery.
1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b 13. a
2. a 5. c 8. c 11. c 14. c
3. a 6. b 9. a 12. a 15. b
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abandon, abandon
abandonment
adaptation, adapt adaptive, adaptable adaptively
adaptability
awareness aware
circumstance(s) circumstantial circumstantially
collaboration collaborate collaborative collaboratively
community commune communal communally
consequence(s) consequent, consequently,
consequential consequentially
coordinate, coordinate
coordination
ethic(s) ethical ethically
focus focus focused
function function functional functionally
involvement involve involved, involving
phase phase phased
volunteer volunteer volunteer, voluntary voluntarily
1. coordinate 9. ethics
2. circumstances 10. adapt to
3. function 11. aware
4. community 12. involved
5. undergone 13. collaborated
6. abandon 14. volunteer
7. phase 15. consequences
8. focuses (focused) on
UNIT 6: Skimming
2. positive
3. yes
4. The reviewer is most interested in the
message of the film about the
unhealthiness of McDonalds food and
about the poor eating habits of Americans
in general.
1. negative
2. no
3. The reviewer is most interested in the
directors point of view and his very
personal approach to the subject, which
the reviewer thinks is unscientific.
B.
1. yes
2. yes
3. The higher number of premature births;
the higher rates of infant mortality
among African-Americans and other
ethnic minorities.
4. yes
5. yes
6. Women receiving less prenatal care or
losing their jobs; cuts to nutrition
programs; climbing poverty rates; an
increase in premature births.
7. yes
8. yes
9. Disparities among racial and ethnic
groups. Among African Americans, causes
include congenital abnormalities, pre-
term/low birth weight, Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome, problems related to
complications of pregnancy, and
respiratory distress syndrome. Other
causes include: behaviors, lifestyles, and
conditions that affect birth outcomes
such as smoking, substance abuse, poor
nutrition, lack of prenatal care, medical
problems, and chronic illness.
(Answers will vary for parts C and D.)
1. c. 4. c 7. c 10. a
2. a 5. c 8. a
3. c 6. b 9. c
48 Answer Key
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comprehension comprehend comprehensive comprehensively
conviction convince convincing convincingly
elimination eliminate
feature feature
innovation innovate innovative innovatively
portion portion
promotion promote promotional promotionally
source source
statistic(s) statistical statistically
1. convince 6. innovate
2. source 7. comprehensive
3. statistics 8. promoter
4. portions 9. eliminated
5. feature 10. guidelines
UNIT 7: Study Reading
Example, pages 183184
Pattern: Sequence
Thesis statement: The pineapple has been
cultivated and enjoyed by humans for
thousands of years.
Paragraph 2: In the fifteenth century,
Europeans discovered the pineapple and fell
in love with it.
Paragraph 3: In the sixteenth century, they
brought pineapples from Central and South
America to other parts of the world.
Paragraph 4: Pineapples remained a luxury
food until the early twentieth century, when
they became more easily available.
A.
B.
Pattern: Sequence
Thesis statement: Before the 1950s, pizza
was a purely Italian food with a long history
in southern Italy.
Paragraph 2: Pizza may have originated in
Greece and then spread to Italy.
Paragraph 3: Early pizza had no tomatoes
because there were no tomatoes in Europe
until the sixteenth century.
Paragraph 4: The classic pizza we know now
was invented in 1889 in Naples.
Paragraph 5: Pizza remained a southern
Italian specialty until the 1950s and 60s,
when it became popular in other parts of
Italy.
Paragraph 6: Pizza is so common in so many
countries that its Italian origins are often
forgotten.
Exercises 25, pages 187191
Example, pages 191192
1. the Germans
2. the Russians
3. less than 5 percent
4. about 8 percent
1. Hispanic women
2. White men
3. African-American men
4. White women
1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b
2. a 5. a 8. c 11. a
3. c 6. b 9. a 12. c
Answer Key 49
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1. distinction 7. emerged
2. regulated 8. constructed
3. virtually 9. core
4. posed 10. adjacent
5. facilitate 11. collapsed
6. major 12. extract
UNIT 8: Summarizing
1. Main idea: Until recently, people have
considered wetlands to be land that was
wasted and could be put to better use.
Pattern: Sequence
Supporting facts and ideas: Wetlands
are areas of land covered by water all or
part of the year. Throughout history,
wetlands have been drained and filled.
Wetlands have been converted into land
that could be used for human activity.
Now people are realizing that wetlands
are valuable.
Summary sentence: Throughout
history, wetlands were considered to be
land that was wasted and could be put to
better use for human activity, but
recently, people have begun to realize that
wetlands are valuable.
2. Main idea: From a biological point of
view, wetlands are not wastelands at all,
but are among the most productive
ecosystems in the world.
Pattern: Extended Definition
Supporting facts and ideas: They
contain an immense variety of animal
and plant species. These species depend
on the habitat of the wetlands for
survival. Wetlands have a rich mixture of
water and organic materialdetritus. This
feeds many small animals, which attract
other, larger animals that feed on them.
Summary sentence: Wetlands are very
productive ecosystems, containing an
immense variety of animal and plant
species that depend on the detritus
(mixture of water and organic material) in
the wetland habitat.
3. Main idea: A comparison of the effects of
a flood in two cities has led city planners
and politicians to recognize that wetlands
are a valuable defense against flooding.
Supporting facts and ideas: In 2006, a
lot of rain fell on two cities in
Massachusetts, Haverhill, and
Newburyport. Haverhill suffered lots of
damage from flooding, but Newburyport
50 Answer Key
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collapse collapse collapsible
construction construct constructive constructively
core core
distinction distinguish distinct, distinctive, distinctively
distinguished,
dishtinguishable
distinguishing
emergence emerge emergent, emerging
extraction, extract extract extractive
facilitation facilitate facilitating
major, majority major major
position, pose pose
regulation regulate regulation, regulatory
virtual virtually
did not. Both cities are built along the
Merrimack River. In Haverhill, the area
along the river has been developed and
covered with buildings; in Newburyport,
the area along the river has remained
marshland (wetlands). Flood waters could
spread out in the wetlands. Wetland plants
and soil absorbed water. In Haverhill, the
water could not spread out so it rose over
the banks and flooded the city.
Summary sentence: Wetlands are a
valuable defense against flooding, as was
demonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006,
where the city of Haverhill flooded
because its wetlands had been developed,
but the city of Newburyport did not flood
because the floodwaters could spread out
and be absorbed by the wetlands.
Summary paragraph:
Throughout history, people have considered
wetlands to be land that was wasted and
could be put to better use for human activity.
However, in recent years, people have begun
to realize that wetlands are a valuable part of
the environment for two reasons. First,
wetlands are very productive ecosystems,
containing an immense variety of animal and
plant species that depend on the detritus
(mixture of water and organic material) in
the wetland habitat. Second, wetlands are a
valuable defense against flooding, as was
demonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006. The
city of Haverhill flooded because its wetlands
had been developed, but the city of
Newburyport did not flood because the
floodwaters could spread out and be absorbed
by the wetlands.
Thesis: How could a tiny mosquito thwart
the best efforts of a large group of well-
funded scientists?
Summary of paragraph 1: In the 1960s,
scientists and WHO made a huge effort to
eradicate mosquitoes and malaria, using a
pesticide called DDT, but the effort failed and
the plan was dropped.
Summary of paragraph 2: A new type of
pesticide usually gives positive results at first,
but then the insects become resistant to the
pesticide and it becomes less effective.
Summary of paragraph 3: Pesticide
resistance is an example of how organisms
adapt to their environment through the
process of natural selection and change over
time.
Summary paragraph:
In the 1960s, scientists and WHO made a big
effort to eradicate mosquitoes and malaria
using a pesticide called DDT, but the effort
failed and the plan was dropped. A new type
of pesticide usually gives positive results at
first, but then the insects become resistant to
the pesticide and it becomes less effective.
Pesticide resistance is an example of how
organisms adapt to their environments
through the process of natural selection and
change over time.
A.
Part 2: paragraphs 4 through 5
Part 3: paragraphs 6 through 8
Thesis: But what Spain has in abundance
compared with northern European nations
apart from more sunis what the researchers
in this study call social support structures.
Part 1Topic: A study of the prevalence of
depression in Europe
Summary sentence: One of the most
striking results of a study about the
prevalence of depression in Europe is the
geographical distribution and the fact that
Answer Key 51
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there is much less depression in Spain than in
northern Europe.
Part 2Topic: Spains social support
structures
Summary sentence: According to the study,
Spain has a lower rate of depression because it
has more social support structures; that is,
families tend to stay together and to help each
other through problems.
Part 3Topic: Examples of family solidarity
from the authors experience
Summary sentence: From his own
experiences living in Spain, the author has
learned about the importance of family ties in
Spanish daily life, and how they can help
overcome negative feelings like anger and
depression.
B.
Summary paragraph:
One of the most striking results of a study
about the prevalence of depression in Europe
is the geographical distribution and the fact
that there is much less depression in Spain
than in northern Europe. According to the
study, Spain has a lower rate of depression
because it has more social support structures;
that is, families tend to stay together and to
help each other through problems. From his
own experiences living in Spain, the author
has learned about the importance of family
ties in Spanish daily life, and how they can
help overcome negative feelings like anger and
depression.
(Textbook passages may contain complex
ideas that do not fit easily into a one-sentence
summary. Students should be as concise as
possible and aim for one sentence, but may
use two sentences if necessary.)
A.
Statement of purpose: We can identify
three periods in their history: the
preindustrial, industrial, and metropolitan-
megalopolitan stages.
B.
Part 1Topic: The preindustrial city
Pattern: Cause/Effect AND Sequence
Summary sentence(s): Because of
technological advances that allowed people
to begin farming, they settled into villages
about 10,000 years ago. Then, about 5,000
years ago, due to further technological
advances, the first cities emerged, though
these were small for various reasons.
Part 2Topic: The industrial city
Summary sentence(s): The Industrial
Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries led to an increase in population,
the displacement of people from rural to
urban areas, and the development of the
industrial city, which was larger, more
densely settled and more diverse than earlier
cities.
Part 3Topic: Metropolis and megalopolis
Pattern: Extended Definition AND Sequence
of Events
Summary sentence(s): In the twentieth
century, the automobile allowed wealthier
classes to move to the suburbs, so U.S. cities
began to spread outward. Today most
Americans live in a metropolis (a large urban
area that includes a city and its surrounding
suburbs), or even a megalopolis (an area in
which many metropolises merge).
C.
Summary paragraph:
Because of technological advances that
allowed farming about 10,000 years ago,
people began to settle in villages. Then, with
further advances about 5,000 years ago, the
first cities emerged, though these were
relatively small for various reasons. The
Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries led to an increase in
population, the displacement of people from
rural to urban areas and the development of
the industrial city, which was larger, more
densely settled and more diverse than earlier
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cities. In the twentieth century, the
automobile allowed wealthier classes to move
to the suburbs, so U.S. cities began to spread
outward. Today most Americans live in a
metropolis (a large urban area that includes a
city and its surrounding suburbs), or even a
megalopolis (an area in which many
metropolises merge).
A.
Part 1Topic: Research with infant
monkeys
Summary sentence(s): The Harlows
research on infant monkeys, whose behavior
is similar to humans, revealed that the
monkeys showed permanent negative effects
after six months of social isolation. They
suffered less developmental harm if they
received some physical contact (even
artificial) or if the period was shorter.
Part 2Topic: Isolated children
Pattern: Listing
Summary sentence(s): In two cases where
children grew up in isolation (Anna and
Genie), the children suffered similar damage
to their social and mental development, and
in spite of later socialization and care, the
damage was permanent. These cases
demonstrate the importance of social
experience in human development.
B.
Summary paragraph:
Since researchers cannot subject human
beings to experimental isolation, they have
studied monkeys and cases of isolated
children. Research on infant monkeys, whose
behavior is similar to humans, revealed that
the monkeys showed permanent negative
effects after six months of isolation. They
suffered less developmental harm if they
received some physical contact (even
artificial) or if the period was shorter. In two
cases where children grew up in isolation
(Anna and Genie), the children suffered
similar damage to their social and mental
development, and in spite of later
socialization and care, the damage was
permanent. These cases demonstrate the
importance of social experience in human
development.
1. a 4. b 7. a
2. c 5. b 8. c
3. b 6. a 9. a
Answer Key 53
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document, document documentary
documentation
dynamics dynamic dynamically
enabler enable enabling
estimate, estimation estimate estimated
fund, funding fund well-funded
predominance predominate predominant predominantly
subsequent subsequently
transmission, transmit transmittable
transmittal
1. transmitted 6. predominant
2. funds 7. dynamics
3. subsequent 8. document
4. goal 9. estimated
5. enabled
UNIT 9: Critical Reading
1. URL c. belongs to an individual because it
includes the name of a person Jonathan
James and it includes the word blog.
2. URL a. belongs to a newspaper called The
Mirror; URL b. belongs to the NHS, or
National Health Service (Great Britain) in
Kent and Medway; URL d. belongs to
CNN, the news organization.
3. URLs b. and d. probably provide reliable
information. The Mirror is the web site
for the Daily Mirror, a British tabloid
(sensationalist newspaper), so its
information may be less reliable.
4. URLs b., c., and d. all include piano
man in the web address, so they
probably include information about him.
Online article 1
1. Jonathan James probably wrote it.
2. No, it belongs to an individual because it
includes the name and the word blog.
3. Probably not, since it is someones point
of view.
5. Yes, it could give an idea of how this
person, and perhaps others, reacted to the
story.
Online article 2
1. Stephen Moyes and Jon Kaila
2. Yes, because it includes mirror.co. Co.
is an abbreviation for company.
3. You cant tell from this information. You
would need to look at the home page of
the web site and see whether it is a
tabloid or a newspaper that publishes
articles about serious news.
5. Yes. There may be useful information here
about the Piano Man, but since this
newspaper tends to emphasize the
sensational aspects of an event, you
would need to check the information
against other sources.
1. to persuade readers that performance-
enhancing drugs should be permitted
2. The language includes many phrases that
show the author is trying to convince
readers: perhaps we should, it might
be better, should be allowed, and
Maybe the answer is to . . .
1. to entertain the reader
2. The tone is informal, and the writer uses
language to catch your attention and
make you laugh, as for example, when he
says The stuff is like kudzu, or when he
uses exaggerated language like I find it
appalling to sometimes get responses
within a minute . . .
A.
1. to persuade readers to buy this coffee
2. to inform readers about Fair Trade
Certified coffee and indirectly to persuade
them to buy it
3. to inform readers about the health aspects
of caffeine
(Answers will vary for part B.)
54 Answer Key
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Paragraph 1
1. The writer is in favor of laws that ban
smoking in public places.
2. The writer uses phrases such as at last,
destructive habit, and positive effect.
Paragraph 2
1. The writer does not think that fast food is
responsible for Americans being
overweight.
2. The writer uses sentences such as . . . we
cant blame the restaurants, We should
blame ourselves, and No one forces us
to buy those hamburgers!
2. a. neutral
3. a. biased b. against it
Article 1
1. The writers purpose is to inform.
The article presents both sides, the tone
and language is neutral, and it ends with
a quotation that gives a neutral summary
of the issue.
2. It describes an event (Weycos firing of
four workers) and explains how this sets a
legal precedent that could raise important
issues.
3. The writer is mostly neutral since the
article presents both sides of the issue.
4. The writer may have some bias in favor of
the company policy because he/she
quotes the company president twice, but
never quotes the workers or anyone on
their side.
Article 2
1. The writers purpose is to inform and
persuade at the same time.
She presents both sides of the issue, but
she uses language that is clearly intended
to persuade readers.
2. It describes a trend (a number of
companies with bans against off-duty
smoking) and the issues connected with
it, emphasizing the fact that the smoking
bans may not be legally acceptable
because they violate workers rights.
3. She is against the smoking bans. The
language includes many non-neutral
words: extreme trend, troubling,
crackdown, zero-tolerance,
discriminating, class of unemployable
citizens, fear, control.
4. The writer seems biased against the
smoking bans. She presents more
information and quotations in support of
people who are against the smoking ban.
Article 3
1. The writers purpose is to persuade.
Through the tone and language, one can
tell the writer is against the ban and is
persuading the readers that its wrong.
2. It argues against the new WHO policy of
not hiring people who are smokers.
3. The writer is clearly against the policy.
The article includes strong negative
language: goes too far, in a worrisome
way, and raids by the lifestyle police.
4. The writer seems to be biased since he/she
only presents one side of the issue.
1. c 4. a 7. a 10. b
2. a 5. c 8. b 11. a
3. b 6. a 9. c 12. c
Answer Key 55
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1. site 7. issues
2. policy 8. random
3. precedent 9. discriminated
4. status 10. suspended
5. violation 11. confirmed
6. challenge 12. submit
Part 4:
Reading Faster
UNIT 1: Learning to Read Faster
(Answers may vary, but the phrases must be
meaningful.)
Archeologists have found / the earliest
known evidence / of a special connection /
between humans and cats. / Last month in
Cyprus / they discovered the grave / of a 30-
year-old villager / who died 9,500 years ago. /
With the body, / they found / jewelry,
seashells and other items. / Less than a meter
(3 feet) away, / in another grave / almost
certainly / made at the same time, / lay the
bones / of a young cat. /
Cat bones / have been found before / near
early human settlements, / but scientists
believe / they belonged to wild cats. / These
cats probably stayed / around human villages
/ to catch the mice and rats / attracted by /
the supplies of food. / The new find on
Cyprus, / however, / seems to indicate / that
the cats / in this village / were tamed / and
had some special role / to play / in human
activities / or a special relationship / with
certain individuals. / These bones / showed
no signs / of having been butchered / for
eating. / And since they were / in the right
places / in the skeleton, / the animal / must
have been buried / soon after death; /
otherwise, / the bones / would have been
taken / by other animals. /
Other animals / were tamed before cats. /
The first dogs / (actually a type of wolf) / are
known to have lived with humans / as early
as 15,000 years ago. / Their importance / in
early human settlements / is shown / by the
evidence / of dog graves / from 12,500 years
ago / in Israel. / The goat was probably / the
first animal / to produce milk for humans, /
around 10,000 years ago. / But until now, /
the first evidence / of household cats / came
from Egypt / only 4,000 years ago. / The
discovery / of the skeleton / of this cat, /
which had clearly / been handled with care, /
is very exciting / for archaeologists. /
A.
1. no
2. every year
3. children from the Park School in Roxbury
4. the marches
5. bouquets of flowers
(Answers will vary for part B.)
56 Answer Key
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.
challenge challenge challenging challengingly
confirmation confirm confirmed
discrimination discriminate discriminating,
discriminatory
issue issue
precedent precede preceding
randomization randomize random randomly
submission submit submissive submissively
suspension suspend suspended, suspenseful
violation violate
Timed Reading Example, pages 248251
C.
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. d
(Answers will vary for parts DF.)
UNIT 2: New Technology and Its
Impact Around the World
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 b a b d c a a c
2 c a d b a a b c
3 c a d a b a b d
4 a d b b d b a b
5 c d b a a d b b
6 d c b b d a b b
UNIT 3: People Who Have Made a
Difference
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 d c b a b a d a
2 c b d b c a a d
3 b a c a c d a a
4 d b a c a c b d
5 b d a a c c a a
6 a c d a a b d b
UNIT 4: Inventions That Are
Changing Our Lives
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 c a b a b a b c
2 a c b c d b a a
3 d b a b d b a c
4 c d c a a b b d
5 d a b b c b a b
6 b a b c d c b b
Answer Key 57
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7

b
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,

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g
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d

t
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p
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d
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f
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c
l
a
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s
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s
e
.

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