ANIMATION

Te Progression of animation
over the years.
Vibe productions
Stop Motion
Persistence of vision
Stop Frame
Frame Rates
Movement Of Models
Pioneers
Developers
Contemporary work
Persistence of vision is a theory which
states that the human eye retains
an image for a fraction of a second,
which creates a subtle illusion of what
is happening now and what happened
a fraction of a second ago.
Persistence of vision
Tis theory states that its not as simple
as light passing through a lens, the actual
brain has to put together the visual data and
construct a picture which is the end product
you see.
Stop Frame Animation
Stop frame animation is an animation that is taken one frame at a time, and
utilizes physical movement to move between each frame. When you play the
sequence in rapid succession it creates a sequence of images which create a stop
frame animation.
Te basic instructions for making this animation is taking a photograph of the
object and moving or changing it slightly so that when you put all
the images together it creates a short sequence.
Different types of Stop Frame Animation
Claymation
A Claymation is a form of stop animation that
uses clay to create models and backgrounds and
when the fnishing product is fnished it will
end up looking like this.
Puppet Animation
Puppet animation is a technique that
uses puppets to create an animation.
Tis technique has many similarities to
a Claymation but instead of making the
characters while you shoot the characters
Cut-Out Animation
Cut out animation is a technique of producing
animations using characters made of paper,
cardboard or using photographs.
Pixilation
Pixilation is the most difcult style to produce, it
features live actors who change their movement
in each frame, and they have to be good at doing
fuent movement and be able to hold facial
expression while multiple frames are being taken.
Frame Rates
When flming movies and motion
pictures they are normally formed of
still images photographed every second.
Trough doing this movies create a sense
of illusion by having them play in rapid
succession to make them appear as if
they are moving.
Frame rate is measured in (FPS) which
stands for frames per second and having
more frames taken per second makes the
motion more accurate and look more
professional.
Movement of models
When using a sculpture utilizing armatures
can help make the sculptures stay in
shape because they are made of a heavy
aluminium wire which is stif but can
be shaped and bent without much force.
Te main fgure is fxed to a base which
is normally made of wood. Te reason
why this is used mainly in stop motion
animation is because the fgures can hold
poses for a longer period of time which can
help with if you leave the fgure for a period
of time you know that it will keep its shape.
Pioneers
Eadward Muybridge was an English photographer who was very
skilled in the category of moving images where he would take still images
and piece them together to make a short flm. He was known for making
the flm based on a bet to see whether when a racehorse is running does
it have a point where all four of its legs are of the ground, so he set up a
series of cameras that where connected to tripwire so that when the horse
triggered the tripwire the cameras would go of. What Muybridge did was
borrow the animated illusion from moving image toys and combined it with
the capacity of projection from the magic lantern. He then adapted pictures
from his motion photography and created a device which for the frst time
could project sequences of rapid movement in formed by the camera onto
the screen. Te Zoepraxiscope therefore represents a moment in the history
of moving image a fxes the missing link between slide projection and
cinema.
EadwardMuybridge
Te Lumiere brothers Auguste and Louis were two brothers from
Lyon in France. Tey worked in their fathers factory which specialised in
photography, afer having some inspiration from fellow photographers they
created a camera of their own called a cinematographe, which was a machine that
had features of the magic lantern so being able to display pictures.
Tey produced a flm that was 50 seconds long using a camera attached to
a tripod, in the flm it showed all of the workers in the factory leaving and
maybe being picked up in a wagon or walking. By early 1895, the brothers had
invented their own device which combined a camera with a printer and a projector
and called it the Cinematographe. Te cinematographe was much smaller than
Edisons kinetograph and had to be hand cranked for it to work. Te Lumiere
brothers used a frame speed of 16 frames per second, much slower than Edisons
48 Frames per second this meant that less flm was used and also the clatter
and grinding associated with Edisons device was reduced.
Developers
The Lumiere Brothers
Willis OBrien
Willis OBrien was an artist whos speciality was special efects. he
pioneered a technique of stop motion animation and was the man behind
the 1993 classic Movie King Kong. OBrien was a former newspaper
cartoonist and sculptor before and made many short flms in 1914. He
also animated dinosaurs in Arthur Conan Doyles Movie Te Lost World
(1925) and his work for King Kong was considered as a classic example
of stop motion photography. He was awarded the frst-ever Oscar for
his skills in special efects for his animation in the 1949 Film Mighty Joe
Young. Other classic flms were Te Last Days In Pompeii (1935) and Te
Black Scorpion (1957).
Jan vankmajer
Jan vankmajer was an internationally acclaimed Animator from the
zech Rpublic. his work was described as surreal because he made use of
diferent types of animation. Tings like live action, cut out animaton, stop
motion, claymation and also puppet animation. Troughout his career he
has made short flms but also full length flms aswell.
Te work he has produced stays within his Czech traditions which
includes fairy tales and puppet theatres. His work was ofen described as
strange, dark and disturbing but also has a drak sense of humour so its not
so serious. However the government banned him from creating flms in
1972 from making flms and the rest of his flms were surpressed because
of their content.
His best known flm was Alice (1988) which became a Cult Classic.
Contemporary work
Tim Burton
Tim Burton is known as one of the most famous and well
respected men in the flming industry. From a young age he
attender the California Institute of the arts, studying animation
and was later partnered with Disney. although he had to follow
Disneys guidelines he was also given some freedom and made
his own personal projects such as his six minute blackand white
flm Vincent (1982) and then later his 27 minute Frankenweenie
(1984) which was described as unsuitable for children.
Aardman Animations
Aardman Animations also known as Aardman Studios is a British
Animation studio which is based in the UK. the studio is well know
for creating flms using Stop motion and claymation techniques. Some
of their greatest creation are characters like Morph and Wallace and
Gromit.
Aardman Nimations was founded in 1972 by David Sproxton and Peter
Lord, in 1976 they created one of their most popular clay character
Morph who was made entirely of clay and later was made into a 26 part
fve minute series named Te Amazing Adventures of Morph which
was screened in 1981.
TV Animation
A Classic example of TV animation are shows like
Spongebob Squarepants, Looney Tunes and also Te
Simpsons.
Channel idents
A Channel ident is an advert that is specifc to
that channel so that when you see it before a
tv show starts you can immediately tell what
channel you are on.
Cinema
Cinema animation are animated flms that are
specifacally released in cinema. Walt disney
was the frst to come about of making cinema
animations for children classic example would
be Robin Hood and later on american flm
producers such as willis OBrien Started using
cinema animation such as his award winning
flm king kong which was made for adult
audiences Giving Cinema animation an wider
type of target audience. Now Cinema Animatio
is massive and now incorporates both and
adult and child age range.
Advertising
Te Cravendale adverts would be a prime
example for animation advertisement as the
stop motion for most of their adverts which
gives it a comedy efect.
Music Video
A classic example of music animation was made by
white stripes which isnamed about a girl.