2

SENSATION AND
PERCEPTION
UNIT 4
SENSATION
AND PERCEPTION
Sensation
input about
the physical world
Perception
Interpretation and
organization of input
Conscious
experience
FORM PERCEPTION
& FEATURE ANALYSIS
Top-Down Processing
Based upon
higher-order
information
(e.g., prior knowledge &
context)
Process this way when
we have prior
knowledge, start at top
and work to process
details
Bottom-Up Processing
Based upon properties
of the stimulus
(e.g., patterns of light &
dark areas)
Process this way when
we have NO prior
knowledge, start at
bottom and work our
way up
Analysis of the stimulus begins with
the sense receptors and works up to the
level of the brain and mind.
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
Letter A is really a black blotch broken
down into features by the brain that we
perceive as an A.
Information processing guided by higher-
level mental processes as we construct
perceptions, drawing on our experience
and expectations.
15
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
THE CHT
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is
taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you
can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is
bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
Have conceptualized
by what you expect
to see and not by
visual data alone!
EXPECTATION-of
what you will see
Light switch, bed,
door, etc.
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
ACTIVE MIND
Figure 4.26 Bottom-up versus top-down processing
The Forest has Eyes Bev Dool i ttl e
BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN
The Forest has Eyes Bev Doolittle
BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN
HUMAN HEADPHONES
Di choti c Li stening
We focus on a very limited aspect of what we
experience and ignore the rest
Like a flashlight beam!
27
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
The ability to attend selectively to one voice
among many UNTIL you hear your name
or the name of someone close to you
SELECTIVE INATTENTION
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is
directed elsewhere
We are blind to all but a tiny sliver of the immense
array of visual stimuli constantly before us
Psychologists estimate our 5 senses take in 11,000,000 bits
of information/second!
We CONCIOUSLY process about 40 bits
We UNCONCIOUSLY process remaining 10,999,960 bits
Change blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment
Magicians exploit our change blindness by riveting our attention on
one hands dramatic act with inattention to the change
accomplished by the other hand
EXAMINE THE CT SCAN
OF A LUNG WHAT DO
YOU SEE?
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
I nattentional Bl i ndness: Failure to perceive a parti cular
sti mulus i n the vi sual fi el d because attention i s focused
somewhere el se.
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Change Bl i ndness: Fai lure to perceive a di f ference (change)
i n a parti cular sti mulus af ter a di sruption i n the vi sual fi el d.
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
SYNESTHESIA
Unusual condi tion i n whi ch sti mulus of one type, such as
sound al so gi ves ri se to another experience such as col or
Col ored Hearing most common
Synesthesia i s di f ferent for di f ferent people
May argue vi gorously wi th each other about col or of Tuesday
or taste of Beatl es musi c
TESTING
SYNESTHESIA
As qui ckly as possi ble, fi nd the 2 s
TESTING SYNESTHESIA
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HOW DO WE STUDY SENSATION?
Psychophysics
Study of the relationship b/t a
physical stimulus and your
perception of it.
Concerned mostly with
physical attributes of the
stimulus (e.g., amp &
loudness).
OLDEST FORM OF PSYCH
(sometimes asked on AP
Test)- goes back to ancient
Greeks
Gustav Fechner
Father of Psychophysics
(and a lot of fun at parties)
PSYCHOPHYSICS
A study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and our
psychological experience with them.
Physical World
Psychological
World
Light Brightness
Sound Volume
Pressure Weight
Sugar Sweet
52
DETECTION
53
No
Intensity
Absolute
Threshold
Detected
Yes Yes No No
Observers Response
Tell when you (the observer) detect the light.
Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulation
needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of
the time.
54
THRESHOLDS
P
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0
.
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.
5
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1
.
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Stimulus Intensity (lumens)
Vision: A single candle flame from 30 miles on
a dark, clear night
Hearing: The tick of a watch from 20 feet in
total quiet
Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room
apartment
Taste: 1 teaspoon sugar in 2 gallons of water
Touch: The wing of a bee on your cheek,
dropped from 1 cm
Measuring Sensory Experience
Absolute Sensory Thresholds
56
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY (SDT)
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a
faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other
stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single
absolute threshold and detection depends on:
Persons experience
Expectations
Motivation
Level of fatigue
SUBLIMINAL THRESHOLD
Subliminal Threshold:
When stimuli are below
ones absolute threshold
for conscious awareness.
57
SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION (???)
Can we process information
without being aware of it?
Study More For
the next test!??
Priming: the unconscious activation of certain
associations which predisposes memories,
thoughts or responses
SO WHAT?
Is this person
happy or sad?
Most subjects will
answer HAPPY!
Difference Threshold: Minimum difference
between two stimuli required for detection
50% of the time, also called just noticeable
difference ( JND).
60
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
Difference
Threshold
Tell when you (observer) detect a difference in the light.
No
Observers Response
No Yes
What is the minimum
difference between two
stimuli that a person can
detect 50% of the time?
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS ( JND)
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS ( JND)
(Ernst) Webers Law
Regardless of magnitude, two stimuli must
differ by a constant proportion for the
difference to be noticeable.
*Obese person
would need to lose
more weight than a
thin person for us to
notice.
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of
constant stimulation.
64
SENSORY ADAPTATION
Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile
you dont sense it.
NOVAs How the Brain Works Clips
Magicians/Person Swap
67
VISION
Light Enter through the Cornea Through
the pupil (hole-dilates) controlled by the
colored muscle (IRIS) Light hits LENS which
bends (accommodates) to FOCUS image
Lens focuses image onto RETINA within
retina, rods & cones, process info, sending to
bipolar and ganglion cells, where
transduction occurs now a neural impulse,
the info is sent out of the eye via Optic Nerve
to Thalamus to Visual Cortex
PROCESS OF VISION
In sensation, the transformation of
stimulus energy into neural impulses.
Phototransduction:
Conversion of light energy into neural
impulses that the brain can understand.
*We see with our brain!
Eyes receive light energy that is
transduced to neural messages that
our brain process so we can see!
TRANSDUCTION
70
THE STIMULUS INPUT:
LIGHT ENERGY
Visible
Spectrum
B
o
t
h

P
h
o
t
o
s
:

T
h
o
m
a
s

E
i
s
n
e
r
1. Wavelength determines hue/color
2. Intensity (brightness)
3. Saturation (purity)
LIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Wavelength
is the distance
from the peak of
one wave to the
peak of the next.
Hue (color)
is the dimension of
color determined
by the wavelength
of the light.
72
WAVELENGTH (HUE)
73
WAVELENGTH (HUE)
Different wavelengths of light result
in different colors.
400 nm
700 nm
Long wavelengths
Short wavelengths
Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Intensity
Amount of
energy in a wave
determined by
the amplitude. It
is related to
perceived
brightness.
74
INTENSITY (BRIGHTNESS)
75
INTENSITY (BRIGHTNESS)
Blue color with varying levels of intensity.
As intensity increases or decreases, blue color
looks more washed out or darkened.
76
PURITY (SATURATION)
Monochromatic light added to green and red
makes them less saturated.
Saturated
Saturated
Vitreous
Humor
Retina
Optic Nerve
Lens Pupil
Cornea
Iris
79
THE EYE
1. Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters
the eye.(bubble on outsidecovers iris & pupil)
2. Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to
change the size of the opening (pupil) for light.
(colored muscle, controls light intake)
3. Pupil: the circular, black area in the center of
the eye that gets larger and smaller and lets in
light. (Pupil big, to let light in; Pupil small, has
enough light controlled by Iris)
4. Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina.
5. *Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process
visual information and sends it to the brain.
PARTS OF THE EYE
Lens: Transparent
structure behind the
pupil that changes
shape to focus images
on the retina.
*Expands and contracts
changes size and
thickness
Accommodation:
The process by which
the eyes lens changes
shape to help focus
near or far objects on
the retina.
81
THE LENS
Bigger &
thinner
Smaller &
thicker
Nearsightedness:
NEAR IS CLEAR!
A condition in which
nearby objects are seen
more clearly than
distant objects.
Farsightedness:
FAR IS CLEAR!
A condition in which
faraway objects are seen
more clearly than near
objects.
THE LENS
Focus in FRONT of
Retina
Focus in BACK
of Retina
84
THE AMAZING RETINA!
MOST IMPORTANT!
Believed that it is a
piece of brain that
goes from womb to
the eye during the
3
rd
trimester of
development!
Little piece of brain
to the eye!
Retina:
The light-
sensitive inner
surface of the
eye, containing
receptor rods and
cones in addition
to layers of other
neurons (bipolar,
ganglion cells)
that process
visual
information.
85
RETINA
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Fovea
Optic Nerve
Lens
Accommodations
Wavelength & hue
Phototrandsduction
Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Blind spots
Rods
Cones
Vitreous
Humor
Retina
Optic Nerve
Lens Pupil
Cornea
Iris
89
THE EYE
90
THE EYE
How the Human Eye Sees
Light waves pass through the ______________( ),
____________ ( ) and )___________
( ).
The__________ (______________) controls the amount of light
entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil.
The ___________ changes shape (_______________) to focus
the incoming light onto the ___________.
As the light strikes the _____________, the light energy activates
the ________ and ________ (_______________), the central
area where they ______and ________ cluster is the _________.
Signals from the_________ and _________ and collected by the
____________, which transmit the information to ____________.
The ________________ axons are bundled together to form the
______________, which transmits information to the
______________ and then ___________in the brain.
The _____________ leaves the eye, creating a ___________
because no receptor cells are located there.
cornea protects eye
pupil
adjustable opening
lens
transparent structure behind pupil
iris
colored muscle
lens
accommodates
retina
retina
rods
cones
photoreceptors
rods cones
fovea
rods cones
bipolar cells ganglion cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve
thalamus visual cortex
optic nerve blind spot
93
OPTIC NERVE, BLIND SPOT &
FOVEA
Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the
eye to the brain.
Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves
the eye because there are no receptor cells
located there. This creates a blind spot.
(No nerves to help see, leaving that area)
Fovea: Central point in the retina around
which the eyes cones cluster.
94
PHOTORECEPTORS
E.R. Lewis, Y.Y. Zeevi, F.S Werblin, 1969
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chvi
sion.html
THE BLIND SPOT
Here is another image to show your blind spot. Close your
right eye. With your left eye, look at the +. You should see
the red dot in your peripheral vision. Keep looking at the +
with your left eye. The red dot will move from the left to the
right and disappear and reappear as the dot moves into
and out of your blind spot.
BIPOLAR & GANGLION CELLS
Bipolar cells receive messages from
photoreceptors and transmit them to
ganglion cells, which converge to form the
optic nerve.
**in terms of order, think PBGlike a PBJ
Cones
Color and detail
Rods
Sensitive in dim light
First make you aware of an objects presence
Black, white, and gray
Nocturnal animals have more rods
99
RODS AND CONES
100
VISUAL INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Optic nerves connect to the thalamus
in the middle of the brain, and the
thalamus connects to the visual cortex.
105
FEATURE DETECTION
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to
specific features, such as edges, angles,
and movement.
Some cells in the visual cortex respond only
to certain types of visual information, for
example, a diagonal line moving up and
down.
These cells are called feature detectors.
Vision
Hubel & Wiesels Experiment
107
SHAPE DETECTION
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur
as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses.
108
PERCEPTION IN BRAIN
Our perceptions are a combination of sensory
(bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes.
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus
simultaneously is called parallel processing. The
brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such
as color, depth, form and movement etc.
109
VISUAL INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Mrs. M.
Cannot perceive movement
People suddenly appear and disappear
Pouring liquid into cupsliquid seems frozen
Blindsight
When presented with objects in their blind visual
field, they say they saw nothing
But when asked a detail about the object they get it
right because their brain was able to process
110
PARALLEL PROCESSING
STROKE VICTIMS
112
FROM SENSATION TO
RECOGNITION
COLOR VISION
Do objects possess color?
Is a lemon yellow?
Is a chili pepper red?
NO!
Light has no color
TRICHROMATIC
THEORY OF COLOR VISION
Helmholtz 1852
Human eye has 3 types of cone
receptors sensitive to different
wavelengths of light.
Short Medium Long
People see colors because the
eye does its own color mixing
by varying ratio of cone
neural activity
Young-Helmholtz Theory
OPPONENT PROCESS
THEORY
Hering proposed that we process four
primary colors combined in pairs of red-
green, blue-yellow, and black-white.
115
Cones
Retinal
Ganglion
Cells
116
OPPONENT COLORS
Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30
Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot
and report
whether or not you see Britain's flag.
COLOR BLINDNESS
Genetic disorder in which people are blind to
green or red colors. This supports the
Trichromatic theory. Guys more often color
blind
117
Ishihara Test
Deficiencies in color receptors (cones), ganglia, optic
nerve, or occipital lobe may result in color blindness.
PBG
OTV
Parallel Processing
(CMFD),
Feature Detectors,
Hubel & Wiesel,
Shape Detectors,
Blindsight
Trichromatic Theory of
Color Vision;
Opponent Process
Theory;
Color blindness
Quiz pg. 116-133 (Monday, 9/30)
Quiz - pg. 141-158 (Monday, 10/7)
Unit #4 Note Cards (Wednesday, 10/9)
Perception Webquest (Wed., 10/16)
Exam Friday, 10/18
Checks for Understanding
Study Guide Due
CALENDAR FOR UNIT #4
Organize paragraphs use them!!
Dont use bullets! Take
The way it is set up is the way to
write it. Keep it in the context. Need
to write the way question is set up.
Outline should be DONE!
Define & apply to situation!
ESSAY ISSUES
121
HEARING
Sound waves are compressing
and expanding air molecules.
We detect the smallest change
in air pressure changes due to
these sound waves compressing
and expanding air molecules.
Vibrating air is changed into
neural impulses.
HEARING
THE STIMULUS INPUT: SOUND WAVES
1. Frequency (pitch)
o What sounds do we hear the best?
2. Intensity (loudness)
SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency
(pitch): The
dimension of
frequency
determined by
the wavelength
of sound.
Wavelength: The
distance from the
peak of one wave
to the peak of the
next.
125
FREQUENCY (PITCH)
Intensity
(Loudness):
Amount of
energy in a wave,
determined by
the amplitude,
relates to the
perceived
loudness.
126
INTENSITY (LOUDNESS)
127
LOUDNESS OF SOUND
70dB
120dB
Mosquito Ringtones
http://www.freemosquitori
ngtones.org/hearing_test/
129
THE EAR
Outer Ear: Collects and sends sounds
from the auditory canal to the eardrum
that vibrates with the waves.
Middle Ear: Chamber between
eardrum and cochlea containing three
tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
that concentrate the vibrations of the
eardrum on the cochleas membrane
(oval window) jostling the cochlear
fluid.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear,
containing the cochlea, semicircular
canals, and vestibular sacs.
130
THE EAR
131
132
PARTS OF THE EAR SOUND WAVES
AUDITORY CANAL
The opening through which sound
waves travel as they move into the ear
for processing
Ends at the Tympanic Membrane
(Eardrum)
PARTS OF THE EAR
AUDITORY CANAL
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
(EARDRUM)
The tissue barrier
that transfers sound
vibration from the
air to the tiny bones
of the middle ear
Can be damaged by
objects in the ear or
exceptionally loud
noises
PARTS OF THE EAR
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EARDRUM)
OSSICLES
Three tiny bones
that transfer sound
waves from the
Eardrum to the
Cochlea
Hammer, anvil &
stirrup
PARTS OF THE EAR - OCCICLES
COCHLEA
The major organ of hearing
Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear that transforms (transduction)
sound vibrations to auditory signals
PARTS OF THE EAR - COCHLEA
OVAL WINDOW
The point on the surface of the cochlea which
receives the sound vibration from the ossicles.
As the oval window vibrates, the fluid in the
cochlea vibrates.
Rippling of the oval window fluid causes
the basilar membrane to ripple hair
cells (cilia) that line the surface of the
basilar membrane bend.
Each hair cell has a corresponding nerve
cell which is triggered by the movement.
Axons of all of these nerve cells form the
auditory nerve that sends messages to the
auditory cortex. (recognition of sound)
PARTS OF THE EAR OVAL WINDOW
HAIR CELLS (CILIA)
The receptor cells for hearing
Located in the cochlea
Responsible for changing sound vibrations
into neural impulses
Similar to the rods and cones within the
eye (Does transduction!)
Each hair cell is an AXONs!
Loud sound causes it to fire!
AUDITORY NERVE
The nerve that carries sound information
from the ears to the temporal lobes of the
brain.
PARTS OF THE EAR
AUDITORY NERVE
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Organs in the inner ear used in
sensing body orientation and balance
(vestibular sense)
Relies on fluid in the canals
Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid
PARTS OF THE EAR
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
151
152
AUDITORY PATHWAY
Outer ear funnels sound waves to eardrum
The bones (HAS) of the middle ear amplify and relay
the eardrums vibrations through the oval window
into the fluid-filled cochlea
The resulting pressure changes in the cochlear fluid
cause the basilar membrane to ripple, bending the
hair cells (cilia) on the surface
Hair cell (cilia) movements trigger impulses at the
base of the nerve cells, whose fibers converge to form
the auditory nerve, which sends neural message to
the thalamus and on to the auditory cortex.
outter ear
eardrum
bones (HAS)
middle ear
oval window
fluid-filled cochlea
cochlea fluid
basil membrane
hair cells (cilia)
hair cells (cilia)
impulses
auditory nerve
Neural messages
thalamus
auditory cortex
___________funnels sound waves to ________
The _______________of the _________amplify and
relay the eardrums vibrations through the
____________into the ____________________
The resulting pressure changes in the ___________
cause the _______________ to ripple, bending the
_______________on the surface
______________movements trigger ___________at
the base of the nerve cells, whose fibers converge to
form the ___________, which sends _____________
to the ____________ and on to the _____________.
Outter Ear eardrum
bones (HAS) middle ear
oval window fluid-filled cochlea
cochlea fluid
basil membrane
hair cells (cilia)
hair cells (cilia)
impulses
auditory nerve
Neural messages
thalamus
auditory cortex
How the Human Ear Works Clip
PERCEIVING PITCH
Georg von Bksy
1899-1972 (T.W. Theory)
Place Theory - pitch determined by
point of maximum vibration (place) on
basilar membrane.
Helps explain how
we hear HIGH pitch sounds
Frequency Theory - pitch determined by the rate
at which the hair cells fire.
Helps explain how we hear LOW pitch sounds
How do we distinguish low frequency and high-frequency sounds? The place theory holds that
the brain distinguishes low frequency from high-frequency sounds by noting the place on the
basilar membrane at which the greatest stimulation is occurring. For high-frequency sounds, this
is the base of the basilar membrane; for low-frequency sounds, it is the membrane's opposite
end. Another theory of pitch discrimination is the frequency theory . According to this theory, the
frequency of vibrations on the basilar membrane as a whole is translated into an equivalent
frequency of nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The frequency theory, with its
associated volley principle , can account for pitch detection up to frequencies of about 4,000
hertz. Above that, the place theory seems to provide a better explanation.
LOCALIZATION OF SOUNDS
Because we have two ears, sounds that
reach one ear faster than the other ear
cause us to localize the sound.
161
1. Intensity differences
2. Time differences
Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of
a second can cause us to localize sound.
The head acts as a shadow or partial
sound barrier.
162
LOCALIZATION OF SOUND
Conduction Hearing Loss
Caused by damage to
the eardrum or bones in
the middle ear.
Issue leading up to
cochlea
Sound wave cant be
conducted
Hearing Disabilities
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Caused by damage to structures of the inner
ear.
Nerve deafness (damaged hair cell receptors)
*More common
As we age hair cells harden
Hearing Disabilities
The perception of sound within the human ear in the
absence of corresponding external sound. (Hear something
nope!)
Causes: neurological damage (multiple sclerosis), ear
infections, foreign objects in the ear, nasal allergies that
prevent (or induce) fluid drain, wax build-up; exposure to
loud sounds.
In-ear earphones, whose sound enters directly into the ear
canal without any opportunity to be deflected or absorbed
elsewhere, are a common cause of tinnitus when volume is
set beyond moderate levels.
Ti nnitus may be an accompani ment of sensorineural heari ng
l oss or congenital heari ng l oss (present at bi rth), or i t may be
observed as a si de effect of certai n medi cati ons. The most
common cause i s noi se-induced hearing l oss.
TINNITUS
Ben Underwood
The sense of touch is a mix of four
distinct skin sensespressure, warmth,
cold, and pain.
Premature baby development stimulated
by touch.
168
TOUCH
Only pressure has identifiable receptors.
All other skin sensations are variations of
pressure, warmth, cold and pain.
170
SKIN SENSES
Burning hot
BODY POSITION AND
MOVEMENT
The sense of our individual body parts position
and movement is called kinesthesis.
The vestibular sense monitors the head (and
bodys) position by sending messages to the
cerebellum enabling us to maintain balance.
Kinesthesis Vestibular Sense
Is pain good or bad?
Where do you feel most pain?
Have you ever AVOIDED feeling pain?
Phantom pain?
Pain is adaptive to help us survive!
Complicated and is GOOD!
Pain tells the body that something has gone
wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the
skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in
which the afflicted person feels no pain.
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GATE-CONTROL THEORY
Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our
spinal cord contains neurological gates that
either block pain (block pain) or allow it to be
sensed (small fibers, open).
I injure my toe small fibers activate
and open the gate and you feel pain.
Rub the area around your stubbed toe
and its a competing stimulation and
will block (large fibers) some pain
messages.
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PAIN CONTROL
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies
including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise,
hypnosis, and even thought distraction.
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Brain Games: Episode Selection
Watch This Clip
Fake Arm & Pain ~19 min. in
178
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
INFLUENCES
179
TASTE
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet,
salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for
a fifth taste have been discovered called Umami.
Sour Salty Bitter Umami
(Fresh
Chicken)
Sweet
SENSORY INTERACTION
When one sense affects another sense, sensory
interaction takes place.
So.the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell
and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
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SMELL
Like taste, smell is a
chemical sense. Odorants
enter the nasal cavity to
stimulate 5 million
receptors to sense smell.
Unlike taste, there are
many different forms of
smell.
SMELL AND MEMORIES
The brain region for
smell (in red) is closely
connected with the brain
regions involved with
memory (hippocampus)
and emotions
(amygdala). That is why
strong memories are
made through the sense
of smell.
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SUMMARY OF THE SENSES
Cyber Senses Clip