History of Chinese Thought
History of Chinese Thought
History of Chinese Thought
A bibliography
Diana Lin
Most of the books listed here should be available through general interlibrary loan. More
titles should be added as time goes on. Please also check the IUCAT !here there is a
large collection of !orks on Chinese intellectual thought before "#$$ and most of the
titles there are not listed here. If you file for a book through interlibrary loan via the IU%
library you should get it !ithin a !eek. After the list of books there is an annotated list
of articles from Philosophy East and West do!nloadable from any school com&uter. If
you !ant to search the 'ournal directly go to Pro'ect Muse under (lectronic )esources
on the library*s !eb &age. I have also included some book revie!s from Philosophy East
and West. +ou may bro!se through the revie!s and go to the books revie!ed if you find
them relevant to your to&ic.
,esides Philoso&hy (ast and -est t!o other 'ournals may also be relevant for your
&a&er. /ournal of Chinese )eligions 0Inde1 &age2 and /ournal of Chinese Philoso&hy
0List of Issues2. If you !ant an article from these 'ournals you can file for it through
interlibrary loan and get it in one !eek. Again the articles in Philoso&hy (ast and -est
belo! are directly do!nloadable from school com&uters.
,alkin /ack. The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life. )andom
3ouse 04chocken2 5$$5
An in-depth, comprehensive introduction to the I Ching the first !oo" to consider all aspects
#history, philosophy, interpretation, and practical application#of this classic, ancient te$t%
Cam&any )obert 6ord. To Live as Long as Heaven and &arth: A Translation and
'tudy of (e Hong)s Traditions of *ivine Transcendents. University of California Press,
2002.
In late classical and early medieval China ascetics strove to become transcendents7deathless
beings !ith su&ernormal &o!ers. Practitioners develo&ed dietetic alchemical meditative
gymnstic se1ual and medicinal disci&lines 0some of !hich are still &racticed today2 to &erfect
themselves and thus transcend death. 8e 3ong 059:;:<: A.D.2 collected and &reserved many of
their stories in his Tradition of Divine Transcendents. )obert 6ord Cam&any*s &ath;breaking and
carefully researched te1t offers the first com&lete critical translation and commentary for this
im&ortant Chinese religious !ork.
De Bary, W Theodore. The Trouble with Confucianism. Harvard University Press,
1996.
De Bary, W Theodore. Self and Society in Ming Thought. New York: Columbia University
Press, 1970.
De Bary, W Theodore. The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. Columbia University Press, 1975.
Fingarette, Herbert. Confuciusthe Secular as Sacred. Harper Torchbooks, 1972.
"
Hymes, Robert. Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and Models of Divinity in Sung
and Modern China. University of California Press, 2002.
(1tensive translations of &oetry ghost stories and canonical sources make it &ossible for the first
time to glim&se the richness of life in a Taoist community in the distant &ast.
Little, Stephen. Taoism and the Arts of China. University of California Press, 2000.
A visually stunning and te1tually informative introduction to Chinese Taoism.
Munro, Donald J. The Concept of Man in Early China. Stanford University Press, 1969.
Munro, Donald J. Individualism and holism : studies in Confucian and Taoist values. Ann
Arbor : Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1985.
Nylan, Michael. The fve "Confucian" classics. New Haven : Yale University Press, c2001.
)eid T.)% Confucius Lives +e$t *oor: ,hat Living in the &ast Teaches -s A!out
Living in the ,est. )andom 3ouse "===.
)oberts Moss. *ao *e .ing: The /oo" of the ,ay 0Lao >i2. University of California
Press 5$$".
)oberts has achieved a translation that re&licates as closely as &ossible the literary merit of the
original.
The following articles are from the 0ournal Philosophy &ast and ,est% The lin"s are
accessi!le from a campus computer%
Philosophy East and West: ?olume @# %umber " /anuary 5$$#
Lai, Karyn, Li in the Analects: Training in Moral Competence and the Question of
Flexibility. [Access article in PDF]
Abstract:
It is proposed here that the Confucian li, nors of appropriate !eha"ior, !e
understood as part of the dynaic process of oral self#culti"ation$ Within this
frae%or& li are ultidiensional, as they ha"e different functions at different
sta'es in the culti"ation process$ (his no"el interpretation refocuses the issue
re'ardin' the fle)i!ility of li, a topic that is still !ein' de!ated !y scholars$ (he
si'nificance of this proposal is not restricted to a ne% understandin' of li$ Key
features of the "arious sta'es of oral de"elopent in Confucian thou'ht are
also articulated$ (his account presents the picture of a Confucian paradi'atic
person as critically self#a%are and ethically sensiti"e$
*uan, +inei$ The Role of Time in the Structure of Chinese ogic
[Access article in PDF]
Abstract:
Ancient Chinese lo'icians presupposed no fi)ed order in the %orld$ (hin's are
chan'in' all the tie$ (ie, then, plays a crucial role in the structure of Chinese
lo'ic$ (his article uses the concept of ,su!-ecti"e tie, and the Lei!ni.ian
concept of ,possi!le %orlds, to analy.e the structure of lo'ic in the Later /ohist
5
Canon and in the lo'ical reasonin' of other early Chinese philosophers$ (he
author ar'ues that Chinese lo'ic is structured in the tie of the no%$ (his tie is
su!-ecti"e and ,spreads out, to ore than one possi!le %orld$ Chinese lo'icians
had to deal %ith relationships in not only a sin'le %orld !ut also ore than one
,possi!le %orld$, (he ai of Chinese lo'ical reasonin' is not to represent any
uni"ersal truth !ut to point out 0.hi 1 a particular#%orld#related truth, or, in other
%ords, the harony of relations aon' particulars in a particular field at a sin'le
oent$ (herefore, a "alid Chinese lo'ical ar'uent represents only the !eauty
of harony aon' possi!le %orlds at a 'i"en oent$ (he harony represented
!y Chinese lo'ic !rin's to li'ht a hi'h le"el of aesthetic order in a %orld that is
al%ays chan'in'$
Philoso&hy (ast and -est ?olume @@ %umber < Actober 5$$@
2on', Deshen'$ Three anguage!related Methods in "arly Chinese Chan #uddhism
[Access article in PDF]
Abstract:
It is an assertion routinely ade that the rise of Chan represents a ne% sta'e in
the de"elopent of Chinese 3uddhis$ 3ut there can !e no philosophical
!rea&throu'h %ithout the disco"ery of ne% conceptual tools or perspecti"es$ (he
histories and philosophical eanin's of three lan'ua'e#related Chan ethods
are e)plored here4 it is sho%n that not only are the ethods "ital to our
understandin' of Chan 3uddhis !ut also they e)plain %hy Chan is so different
fro anythin' Chinese philosophy had seen up until the rise of Chan$
5uan', *on'$
A Copper Rule $ersus the %olden Rule: A &aoist!Confucian 'roposal for %lobal "thics
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6olden rule$
o 2huan'.i$ 7a hua -in'$
o /encius$
Abstract:
5ere a oral principle called the ,Copper 8ule, is de"eloped and defended as an
alternati"e to the 6olden 8ule$ First, the article focuses on t%o pro!les %ith the 6olden
8ule9s traditional forulation of ,Do 0or don9t do1 unto others %hat you %ould 0or %ould
not1 ha"e the do unto you,: it assues 0:1 the unifority of huan needs and
preferences and 0;1 that %hate"er is uni"ersally desired is 'ood$ <econd, it e)aines
three attepts to reforulate the 6olden 8ule=/arcus <in'er9s 'eneral interpretation,
Allan 6e%irth9s rationali.ation, and 8$ /$ 5are9s ia'inati"e role re"ersal= to sho% %hy
they all fail to sa"e the 6olden 8ule fro difficulty$(hird, the rich resources of the Chinese
Confucian#Daoist philosophical traditions are appropriated to de"elop a ,Copper 8ule, as
an alternati"e oral principle: ,Do 0or don9t do1 unto others as they %ould 0or %ould not1
ha"e us do unto the$, (his oral principle not only a"oids the t%o pro!les, !ut also
has additional ad"anta'es$Finally, the ,Copper 8ule, is defended a'ainst three o!-ections
or counterar'uents: %hat if people as& you 0fore)aple1 0:1 to &ill soeone else, 0;1 to
&ill the, or 0>1 to &ill yourself? (he appropriate response is erely to trace the
iplications of the ,Copper 8ule, rather than add any ad hoc ar'uents$
Alt, Wayne$
:
Ritual and the Social Construction of Sacred Artifacts: An Analysis of Analects ).*+
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
Abstract:
<oe %ell#&no%n translations of the %ords attri!uted to the /aster in Analects @$;A, ,gu
bu gu gu ,ai gu ,ai,, are analy.ed and sorted out$ It is ar'ued that this passa'e can !e
'i"en a consistent readin' and an interpretation that coheres %ith a a-or thee of the
te)t, naely that the ontolo'ical status of a thin', li&e that of a person, is relati"e to the
practice of constituti"e rules and con"entions$
An'le, <tephen C$, Ritual and Re$erence in Ancient China and Today
[Access article in PDF]
6ran'e, +oseph, -n 'raise of #landness: 'roceeding from Chinese Thought and
Aesthetics 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Philoso&hy (ast and -est ?olume @@ %umber 5 A&ril 5$$@
Wan', 8o!in$ &ong .hongshu/s Transformation of *in#*an' Theory and Contesting of
%ender -dentity
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Don', 2hon'shu, ;nd cent$ 3$C$
o *in#yan'$
o 6ender identity$
Abstract:
Don' 2hon'shu 0(un' Chun'#shu1 0:BCD:EF 3$C$E$1 %as the first proinent
Confucian to inte'rate yin!yang theory into Confucianis$ 5is constructi"e effort
not only 'enerates a ne% perspecti"e on yin and yang, it also in"ol"es
iplications !eyond its e)plicit contents$ First, Don' chan'es the natural
harony of yin and yang to an iposed unity <econd, he identifies
yang %ith huan nature 0xing1 and !ene"olence 0ren1, and yin %ith eotion
00ing1 and 'reed 0tan1$ (a&en to'ether, these t%o no"elties 'rant a philosophical
!asis for the theory and practice of 'ender ineGuality in their specifically Chinese
anifestations$ An analysis of Don'9s %or& sho%s that the ere copleentarity
of yin and yang does not 'uarantee 'ender eGuality4 they are not fi)ed
cate'ories, !ut to'ether for a transforati"e dynaic harony$
Loy, Da"id 8$ 'sychoanalysis and #uddhism: An 1nfolding &ialogue 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Little-ohn, 8onnie, Recent 2or3s on Confucius and the Analects
[Access article in PDF]
<
Philosophy East and West
Volume 54, Number 4, October 2004
(illan, 5oyt Cle"eland$
.hu 4i/s 'rayers to the Spirit of Confucius and Claim to the Transmission of the 2ay
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 2hu, Hi, ::>E#:;EE$
o 2hu, Hi, ::>E#:;EE ## 8eli'ion$
o Confucianis ## 8ituals$
o 6enealo'y ## 8eli'ious aspects ## Confucianis$
Abstract:
What philosophical and historical insi'hts i'ht !e 'ained !y -u)taposin' and
lin&in' t%o distinct areas of 2hu Hi9s coents, those on guishen 0con"entionally
'lossed as 'hosts or spirits1 and those on the transission and succession of the
Way 0daotong1? (here is considera!le e"idence that he re'arded canonical rites
for ancestors and teachers as insufficiently satisfyin', and thus he sou'ht
enhanced counion %ith the dead$ 5is stateents a!out spirits and especially
his prayers to Confucius9 spirit ser"ed to enhance his confidence that he had
'ained the transission of Confucius9 dao and that nothin' !ein' passed do%n to
hi had !een lost$ In the rituals and prayers to Confucius, 2hu Hi also pro-ected
hiself as ediator !et%een his students and Confucius9 spirit$ After hearin'
such prayers and participatin' in the ritual sacrifices, 2hu9s students %ould
!ecoe ore con"inced of his special status in the transission of the Way$ (his
inGuiry into these spiritual and philosophical issues ultiately deonstrates the
copellin' iportance of 2hu9s practical concerns$
Hu, Weihe$
The Confucian 'olitics of Appearance !! and -ts -mpact on Chinese 5umor
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucianis ## Custos and practices$
o Chinese %it and huor$
o Appearance 0Philosophy1
Abstract:
It is ar'ued here that ancient Chinese con"ictions#that appearances and truth,
the outer and the inner, and e"erythin' else in the uni"erse are correlated4 that
the outer can chan'e the inner4 and that the cosos and huan society are
inherently hierarchical#'a"e rise to the Confucian politici.ation of appearance,
and this culinated in the rites9 strin'ent reGuireents of re"erence and 'ra"ity
fro the traditional Chinese (un,i 0the orally and often socially superior an1
durin' pu!lic appearances, there!y causin' his huor to fade and "anish in
pu!lic, than&s to an apparently natural antithesis !et%een re"erenceI'ra"ity and
lau'hterIhuor$
7icholson, A$ +$
The Cult of 6othingness: The 'hilosophers and the #uddha 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
@
o Droit, 8o'er#Pol$ Cult of nothin'ness: the philosophers and the 3uddha$
o <trei'ht, Da"id, tr$
o Johnson, Paela, tr$
o 3uddhis ## <tudy and teachin' ## Europe ## 5istory ## :Cth century$
Kopf, 6ereon$
A #uddhist 5istory of the 2est: Studies in ac3 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Loy, Da"id, :CFB# 3uddhist history of the West: studies in lac&$
o Ci"ili.ation, Western ## Psycholo'ical aspects$
Philosophy East and West
Jolue AF, 7u!er >, +uly ;EEF
Kl!erdin', Ay$
The Consummation of Sorro7: An Analysis of Confucius/ %rief for 8an 5ui
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
o 6rief$
Abstract:
(hrou'hout the Analects, Confucius descri!es the capacity for 'rief as an
ethically "alua!le trait$ 5ere his o%n display of 'rief at the preature death of his
!elo"ed student *an 5ui is in"esti'ated as a odel of the eanin' and
si'nificance of 'rief in a flourishin' life$ (his display, it is ar'ued, pro"ides a
"alua!le portrait, in situ, of the specific species of 'rief that Confucius sanctions
and encoura'es$ It li&e%ise a&es clear the role played !y "ulnera!ility to in-ury
in the articulation of %ell#!ein' and "alue$
<lin'erland, Ed%ard 6$ 0Ed%ard 6ilan1
Conceptions of the Self in the 2huan'.i: Conceptual Metaphor Analysis and Comparati$e
Thought
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 2huan'.i$ 7anhua -in'$
o <elf 0Philosophy1
Abstract:
(he purpose here is to e)plore etaphorical conceptions of the self in a fourth
century 3$C$E$ Chinese te)t, the .huang,i, fro the perspecti"e of co'niti"e
lin'uistics and the conteporary theory of etaphor$ It is ar'ued that the
conteporary theory of etaphor pro"ides scholars %ith an e)citin' ne%
theoretical 'roundin' for the study of coparati"e thou'ht, as %ell as a concrete
ethodolo'y for underta&in' the coparati"e pro-ect$ What is seen %hen the
.huang,i is e)ained fro the perspecti"e of etaphor theory is that
conceptions of the self portrayed in this te)t are !ased on a relati"ely sall set of
interrelated conceptual etaphors, and that the etaphysics !uilt into the
.huang,i/s classical Chinese etaphors resonates stron'ly %ith the 0ostly
unconscious1 etaphysical assuptions !uilt into the etaphors of odern
Aerican En'lish$ (his should not !e surprisin', considerin' the clais of
#
conteporary co'niti"e lin'uists that the etaphoric scheas a&in' up the
foundation of huan a!stract conceptual life are not ar!itrarily created ex nihilo,
!ut rather eer'e fro coon e!odied e)perience and are conceptual,
rather than erely lin'uistic, in nature$
Won', 3en-ain$
Loy, 5ui#Chieh$
2ar and %hosts in Mo,i/s 'olitical 'hilosophy
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o /o, Di, fl$ FEE 3$C$
o Political science ## Philosophy$
o War 0Philosophy1
Abstract:
It is ar'ued here that /o.i9s critiGue of %arfare in the chapter ,A'ainst Kffensi"e
War, 0,Fei 'on',1 cannot !e fully understood %ithout the ar'uents presented in
the chapter ,E)plainin' 6hosts, 0,/in' 'ui,1$ For /o.i, the pro!le of %ar can
only !e resol"ed if the e)istence of pro"idential 'hosts can !e pro"en$ 3ut he
indicates in his ar'uents concernin' the e)istence of 'hosts that it is dou!tful
%hether such a condition can !e et$ ConseGuently, despite the apparently
optiistic tenor of chapters such as ,Iperial Lo"e, 0,+ian ai,1, /o.i9s political
thou'ht re"eals an iplicit understandin' of the rational liits of resol"in'
fundaental pro!les of in-ustice in the %orld$
Little-ohn, 8onnie, :CFC#
Rationality and Religious "xperience: The Continuing Rele$ance of the 2orld/s Spiritual
Traditions 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 8oseont, 5enry, :C>F# 8ationality and reli'ious e)perience: the continuin'
rele"ance of the %orld9s spiritual traditions$
o 8eli'ions$
Philosophy East and West
Jolue AF, 7u!er ;, April ;EEF
6eaney, +ane$
%uarding Moral #oundaries: Shame in "arly Confucianism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o <hae ## 8eli'ious aspects ## Confucianis$
o <hae ## China ## 5istory ## Warrin' <tates, FE>#;;: 3$C$
Abstract:
In response to alle'ations that China is a ,shae culture,, scholars of Confucian
ethics ha"e ade use of ne% studies in psycholo'y, anthropolo'y, and
philosophy that present shae in a ore fa"ora!le li'ht$ (hese studies contend
that shae in"ol"es internali.ation of social oral codes$ 3y adaptin' these ne%
internal odels of shae, Confucian ethicists ha"e attepted to reha!ilitate the
ephasis on shae in early Confucianis, !ut in doin' so they ha"e
B
inad"ertently hi'hli'hted the stri&in' a!sence in early Confucian te)ts of such
proinent shae etaphors as !ein' seen, particularly %ith 'enitals e)posed$
(his essay analy.es these "isual etaphors for shae, in contrast to contact
etaphors, and considers the iplications for Confucian ethics that they i'ht
!e t%o different types of shae$
/ou, 3o, :CA@#
A Reexamination of the Structure and Content of Confucius/ 9ersion of the %olden Rule
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
o 6olden rule$
o Confucian ethics$
Abstract:
For the purposes of interpretation and constructi"e en'a'eent, the structure
and content of Confucius9 "ersion of the 6olden 8ule 0C681 is e)ained !y
ela!oratin' its three diensions as su''ested in the Analects$ It is ar'ued that
the C68, %hich consists of t%o intert%ined central ideas in Confucius9 ethics,
shu and ,hong, in"ol"es three interdependent and copleentary diensions:
0:1 the ethodolo'ical 0i$e$, the ethodolo'ical aspect of shu1, %hich consists of
the principles of re"ersi!ility and e)tensi!ility4 0;1 the internal startin' point 0i$e$,
the su!stantial aspect of shu1, %hich soeho% points to the fundaental "irtue
ren and constitutes the internal startin' point for applyin' the ethodolo'ical
principles of the C684 and 0>1 the e)ternal startin' point 0i$e$, ,hong as one9s
sincere and de"oted coitent to those esta!lished social constituents
specified !y the li: re'ardless of the in"ol"ed oral recipient9s social status1,
%hich constitutes the e)ternal startin' point for applyin' the ethodolo'ical
principles of the C68$
I"anhoe, P$ +$
-nterpreting the /en'.i
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Chan, Alan Ka#leun', :CA@#, ed$ /encius: conte)ts and interpretations$
o /encius$ /en'.i$
Philosophy East and West
Volume 54, Number 1, January 2004
(an, <or#hoon, :C@A#
From Cannibalism to "mpo7erment: An Analects!-nspired Attempt to #alance
Community and iberty
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
o Confucianis ## 8ituals$
o Li!erty ## 8eli'ious aspects ## Confucianis$
Abstract:
9
De"eloped here is a Confucian !alance !et%een t%o &ey deocratic ideals,
li!erty and counity, !y focusin' on the Confucian notion of li 0ritual1, %hich
has often !een considered hostile to li!erty$ 3y adoptin' a seiotic approach to li
and relatin' it to recent studies of ritual in "arious Western disciplines, li/s
contri!ution to counication and its aesthetic diension are e)plored to sho%
ho% ephasi.in' harony %ithout sacrificin' reflecti"e e)perience and personal
fulfillent renders li a concept of oral epo%erent of free indi"iduals in
counity$
I"anhoe, P$ +$
Shifting Contours of the Confucian Tradition
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Cho%, Kai#%in', :CA:#, ed$ Ia'inin' !oundaries: chan'in' Confucian doctrines,
te)ts, and hereneutics$
o 7', Kn Cho, ed$
o 5enderson, +ohn 3$, :CFL#, ed$
o Confucianis$
Loy, Da"id 8$
"$il and;or;as The %ood: <mnicentrism: -ntersub(ecti$ity: and 9alue 'aradox in Tiantai
#uddhist Thought 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 2iporyn, 3roo& Anthony$ E"il andIorIas the 'ood: onicentris, intersu!-ecti"ity,
and "alue parado) in (iantai 3uddhist thou'ht$
o (iantai 3uddhis ## Doctrines ## 5istory$
Philosophy East and West
Jolue A>, 7u!er F, Kcto!er ;EE>
<oloon, 8o!ert C$
<n Fate and Fatalism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Fate and fatalis$
Abstract:
Fate and fatalis ha"e !een po%erful notions in any societies, fro 5oer9s
-liad, the 6ree& moira, the <outh Asian 3arma, and the Chinese ming in the
ancient %orld to the odern concept of ,destiny$, 3ut fate and fatalis are no%
treated %ith philosophical disdain or as a clearly inferior "ersion of %hat is !etter
considered as ,deterinis$, (he concepts of fate and fatalis are defended
here, and fatalis is clearly distin'uished fro deterinis$ 8eference is ade
to the ancient 6ree& and Chinese "ersions to e)plore the "arious diensions of
these ideas$
5err, 8an-oo <eodu$
-s Confucianism Compatible 7ith Care "thics= A Criti0ue
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucian ethics$
o Carin' ## /oral and ethical aspects$
=
Abstract:
(his essay critically e)aines a su''estion proposed !y soe Confucianists that
Confucianis and Care Ethics share stri&in' siilarities and that feinis in
Confucian societies i'ht ta&e ,a ne% for of Confucianis$, Aspects of
Confucianis and Care Ethics that alle'edly con"er'e are e)ained, includin'
the ephasis on huan relationships, and it is ar'ued that %hile these t%o
perspecti"es share certain surface siilarities, oral in-unctions entailed !y their
respecti"e ideals of ren and carin' are not erely distincti"e !ut in fact
incopati!le$
6u, /in' Don'$
Aesthetic Suggesti$eness in Chinese Thought: A Symphony of Metaphysics and
Aesthetics
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Aesthetics, Chinese$
Abstract:
<u''esti"eness is a a-or theoretical cate'ory in Chinese aesthetic thou'ht$
Within the !roader conte)t of Chinese tradition, it is a product of the
interpenetration of and e)chan'es !et%een philosophical and artistic discourses$
Despite its pre"alence in Chinese aesthetic thou'ht, su''esti"eness has ne"er
!een e)ained as an aesthetic cate'ory in its o%n ri'ht, nor ha"e its iplications
!een e)plored in relation to conteporary theories$ (his essay ree)aines
su''esti"eness and its seinal ideas as an aesthetic cate'ory in Chinese
tradition, e)plorin' their relation to philosophical thou'ht and reconceptuali.in'
their iplications in ters of the postodern idea of literary openness$ As a
preliinary attept to pioneer an approach to Chinese aesthetic theory that ay
eancipate it fro intellectual sta'nation and at the sae tie preser"e its
characteristic features, this essay also intends to inGuire %hether insi'hts of
Chinese aesthetics, often characteri.ed as 'es of ,Kriental ysticis,, can !e
understood in ters of reflecti"e analysis and ha"e a eanin'ful dialo'ue %ith
conteporary Western literary thou'ht$
8aphals, Lisa Ann, :CA:#
Fate: Fortune: Chance: and uc3 in Chinese and %ree3: A Comparati$e Semantic 5istory
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Fate and fatalis$
Abstract:
(he seantic fields and root etaphors of ,fate, in Classical 6reece and pre#
3uddhist China are sur"eyed here$ (he Chinese aterial focuses on the Warrin'
<tates, the 5an, and the rein"ention of the earlier le)icon in conteporary
Chinese ters for such concepts as ris&, randoness, and 0statistical1 chance$
(he 6ree& study focuses on 5oer, Parenides, the pro!le of fate and
necessity, Platonic daimons, and the ,Kn Fate, topos in 5ellenistic 6reece$ (he
study ends %ith a !rief coparati"e etaphorolo'y of etaphors for the action of
fate includin' coand, di"ision or allotent, and %heel or cycles of chan'e$
"$
Philosophy East and West
Jolue A>, 7u!er >, +uly ;EE>
Le%is, /ar& Ed%ard, :CAF#
Custom and 5uman 6ature in "arly China
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Philosophical anthropolo'y ## China$
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$ Hun.i$
o /encius$ /en'.i$
o LM shi chun Giu$
o +ia, *i, ;EE#:@L 3$C$
Abstract:
5ere it is deonstrated ho%, in the early ru philosophical discussions of huan
nature and the pi"otal role of education, the concept of ,custo, cae to play a
crucial role$ (his concept !ecae the standard ru!ric for all defecti"e education
or up!rin'in'$ Custo %as defecti"e !ecause it %as partial, tied to the character
of place, and doinated !y the attraction of aterial o!-ects$ (his contrasted %ith
the ,classicist, education of the ru that %as all#encopassin', 'rounded in the
refined culture of the 2hou literary and usical herita'e, and detached fro the
desire for aterial 'oods$
<carpari, /auri.io$
The &ebate on 5uman 6ature in "arly Confucian iterature
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Philosophical anthropolo'y ## China$
o Confucius$ LunyM$
o /encius$ /en'.i$
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$ Hun.i$
Abstract:
(he doctrines on huan nature and oral de"elopent aintained in ancient
China !y 6ao.i, /encius, and Hun.i, respecti"ely, ha"e !een interpreted ostly
as a contradiction %ithin the Confucian school$ It is ar'ued here that they
represent distinct, yet possi!le and con'ruous, odes of interpretin' and re#
ela!oratin' Confucius9 teachin's, t%o opposin' yet lar'ely copleentary
currents that ha"e de"eloped %ithin the Confucian school$
Chandler, /arthe A$
/eno and /encius: T7o 'hilosophical &ramas
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Plato$ /eno$
o /encius$ /en'.i$
Abstract:
(he con"ersations !et%een /eno and <ocrates and !et%een /encius and Kin'
Huan are philosophical draas %hose ,plots, are intellectual ar'uents$
""
Althou'h !oth te)ts present historical characters at particular ties in their li"es,
the te)ts %ere %ritten soe years after the e"ents they descri!e !y disciples of
<ocrates and /encius$ (he authors had a nu!er of oti"es: they %anted to
represent %hat the characters thou'ht and said, to e)plain the philosophical
theories underlyin' the draatic plots, and to -ustify the failure of their entors to
teach soethin' "ery iportant$ /eno did not learn ho% to li"e a 'ood life$ Huan
did not !ecoe a sa'e &in'$ It is ar'ued here that %hile !oth draas end in
failure, <ocrates lea"es the con"ersation confidently optiistic a!out the future$
(he con"ersation !et%een /encius and Huan, on the other hand, has deeply
tra'ic o"ertones$
<han&an, <te"en, :CFB#
Durrant, <tephen W$, :CFF#
Response to &a$id %lidden/s Re$ie7 of (he <iren and the <a'e
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6lidden, Da"id$ <iren and the sa'e: &no%led'e and %isdo in ancient 6reece
and China 0re"ie%1
o <han&an, <te"en, :CFB# <iren and the sa'e: &no%led'e and %isdo in ancient
6reece and China$
o Durrant, <tephen W$, :CFF#
o 6ree& literature ## 5istory and criticis$
Jan 7orden, 3ryan W$ 03ryan Willia1
#oston Confucianism: 'ortable Tradition in the ate!Modern 2orld 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 7e"ille, 8o!ert C$ 3oston Confucianis: porta!le tradition in the late#odern
%orld$
o Confucianis$
7e"ille, 8o!ert C$
Response to #ryan 2. 9an 6orden/s Re$ie7 of 3oston Confucianis
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Jan 7orden, 3ryan W$ 03ryan Willia1 3oston Confucianis: porta!le tradition in
the late#odern %orld 0re"ie%1
o 7e"ille, 8o!ert C$ 3oston Confucianis: porta!le tradition in the late#odern
%orld$
o Confucianis$
Jan 7orden, 3ryan W$ 03ryan Willia1
Reply to Robert 6e$ille
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 7e"ille, 8o!ert C$ 8esponse to 3ryan W$ Jan 7orden9s re"ie% of 3oston
Confucianis
Lee, Li#5sian'$
Moral Measures: An -ntroduction to "thics 2est and "ast 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o (iles, +$ E$ /oral easures: an introduction to ethics West and East$
"5
o Ethics$
Philosophy East and West
Jolue A>, 7u!er ;, April ;EE>
Cua, A$ <$ 0Antonio <$1, :C>;#
The "thical Significance of Shame: -nsights of Aristotle and 4un,i
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$
o Aristotle$
o <hae ## /oral and ethical aspects$
Abstract:
A constructi"e interpretation of the Confucian conception of shae is offered
here$ Hun.i9s discussion is considered the locus classicus of the Confucian
conception of shae as contrasted %ith honor$ In order to sho% his conception
as an articulation and de"elopent of the ore inchoate attitudes of Confucius
and /encius, an e)cursion is ade into the unyu and the Meng,i. Aristotle9s
conception of shae is used as a sort of catalyst, an openin' for appreciatin'
Hun.i9s copleentary insi'hts$
Chon', Ki Chon'$
4un,i/s Systematic Criti0ue of Mencius
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$
o /encius$
o Philosophical anthropolo'y$
Abstract:
<oe coentators hold that Hun.i9s criticis of /encius9 thesis that huan
nature is 'ood depends ore on Hun.i9s definition of xing or nature than on
su!stanti"e ar'uent$ <oe also clai that Hun.i is coitted to acceptin'
/encius9 thesis$ A ore precise account of Hun.i9s critiGue is offered here, !ased
on an ela!oration of his distinction in the ,Hin' e pian, !et%een 3e yi 0capacity1
and neng 0a!ility1$ Kthers ha"e noted this distinction, !ut no one has sufficiently
appreciated its role in a&in' Hun.i9s critiGue ore systeatic and su!stanti"e
than it is usually thou'ht to !e$
Liu, Nin'pin'$
Filiality $ersus Sociality and -ndi$iduality: <n Confucianism as >Consanguinitism>
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
o /encius$ /en'.i$
o Ethics ## China$
Abstract:
":
Confucianis is often "alued as a doctrine that hi'hli'hts !oth the indi"idual and
social diensions of the ideal person, for it indeed puts special ephasis on
such lofty 'oals as lo"in' all huanity and culti"atin' the self$ (hrou'h a close
and critical analysis of the te)ts of the Analects and the Mencius: ho%e"er, it is
attepted to deonstrate that !ecause Confucius and /encius al%ays ta&e filial
piety, or, ore 'enerally, consan'uineous affection, as not only the foundation
!ut also the supree principle of huan life, the indi"idual and social diensions
are ine"ita!ly su!ordinated to and su!stantially ne'ated !y the filial precisely
%ithin the Confucian frae%or&, %ith the result that Confucianis in essence is
neither collecti"is nor indi"idualis, !ut ,consan'uinitis$,
5ershoc&, Peter D$
Renegade "motion: #uddhist 'recedents for Returning Rationality to the 5eart
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 8eason$
o Eotions$
o Philosophy, 3uddhist$
Abstract:
3y dra%in' out the critical iplications of a 3uddhist understandin' of persons
and eotions, it is su''ested here that %e see eotions as relational
transforations throu'h %hich the direction and Gualitati"e intensities of our
interdependence are situationally ne'otiated, enhanced, and re"ised$ 5istorical
and critical precedents are then offered for reassessin' the association of
reasonin' %ith the practices of definition and ar'uent, and the conseGuent
association of the operational structure of rationality %ith that of reality$ 8eason is
!etter seen as an emotion that has lon' !een rene'ade and that##especially as
institutionali.ed in the for of 'lo!al, control#!iased technolo'ical de"elopent##
can reain so only at considera!le social, cultural, and spiritual ris&$
(an', *i-ie$
3ruya, 3rian, :C@@#, tr$
Wen, 5ai#in', tr$
"motion in 're!Qin Ruist Moral Theory: An "xplanation of >Dao #egins in Nin'>
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Eotions$
o Philosophy, Chinese ## (o ;;: 3$C$
Abstract:
(here is a "ie% that 8uists ne"er put uch ephasis on 0ing and e"en sa% it in
a ne'ati"e li'ht$ (his is perhaps a isunderstandin', especially in re'ard to pre#
Nin 8uis$ In the 6uodian 4ing ,i ming chu: the passa'e ,dao !e'ins in 0ing,
0dao shi yu 0ing1 plays an iportant role in our understandin' of the pre#Nin
notion of 0ing. (his article concentrates on the ,theory of 0ing, in !oth pre#Nin
8uis and Daois and attepts a philosophical interpretation of ,dao !e'ins in
0ing:, and in the process offers philosophical interpretations of a nu!er of
iportant notions$
"<
Philosophy East and West
Jolue A>, 7u!er :, +anuary ;EE>
K9D%yer, <haun$
&emocracy and Confucian 9alues
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Deocracy ## East Asia$
o Confucian ethics$
Abstract:
(his essay considers a nu!er of proposals for li!eral political deocracy in
East Asian societies, and soe of the critical responses such proposals ha"e
attracted fro political philosophers and fro East Asian intellectuals and
leaders$ (hese proposals ay %ell !e ill#suited to the distincti"e traditional "alues
of societies claiin' a Confucian inheritance$ Kffered here instead is a
pra'atist# and Confucian#inspired "ision of participatory deocracy in ci"ic life
that is possi!ly !etter a!le to address the pro!le of conser"in' and continuin'
these traditional "alues throu'h ties of econoic and social chan'e$
8i!as, Al!ert$
eibni,/ Discourse on the 7atural (heolo'y of the Chinese and the eibni,!Clar3e
Contro$ersy
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Lei!ni., 6ottfried Wilhel, Freiherr "on, :@F@#:B:@$ Discours sur la thOolo'ie
naturelle des Chinois$
o Clar&e, <auel, :@BA#:B;C$
o 7atural theolo'y$
Abstract:
Lei!ni. %as %ritin' his Discourse on the 7atural (heolo'y of the Chinese as the
Lei!ni.#Clar&e Contro"ersy de"eloped$ 3oth %ere terinated !y his death$ (hese
t%o fronts sho% interestin' doctrinal correlations$ (he first is Lei!ni.9 concern for
the 99decadence of natural reli'ion$99 (he dispute %ith Clar&e !e'an %ith it, and
the Discourse is a defense of Chinese natural reli'ion in order to sho% its
a'reeent %ith Christian natural reli'ion$ (he Contro"ersy can !e sued up as
99cloc&a&er 6od "ersus idle 6od$99 Lei!ni. %ants to escape fro the per"erse
conseGuences that all criticis of di"ine "oluntaris sees to cause$ (hus, his
ela!oration is directed at a distinct concept of a 6od that rules %ithout
interposin', a supraundane intelli'ence$ And the Lei!ni.ian interpretation of the
natural theolo'y of the Chinese can !e "ie%ed the sae %ay: it ephasi.es a
First Principle, Li, %hich rules %ithout interposin'$
<talna&er, Aaron$
Aspects of 4un,i/s "ngagement 7ith "arly &aoism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$ ## Kno%led'e ## (aois$
o 2huan'.i$ 7anhua -in'$
o 6uan, 2hon', d$ @FA 3$C$ 6uan.i$
"@
o Philosophy of ind ## China$
Abstract:
Hun.i !orro%s se"eral si'nificant ideas ori'inatin' in the 2huan'.i and the
997eiye99 chapter of the 6uan.i, adaptin' the to sol"e pro!les in his o%n
theories of ind and self#culti"ation$ (his re%or&in' occurs in three ain areas$
First, he uses soe of the psycho#physical terinolo'y of the 997eiye99 !ut alters
its cosolo'ical !ac&'round and thus its iplications for selfculti"ation$ <econd,
lar'ely for rhetorical effect he adopts the lan'ua'e of shen and shenin' fro
!oth te)ts, !ut uses the to ar'ue for the potency of the Confucian Way rather
than soe ineffa!le cosic Dao$ (hird, and ost si'nificantly, he ta&es and
transfors the terinolo'y of eptiness, unity, and tranGuility, usin' the in ne%
%ays %ithin his o%n Confucian "ision to sol"e iportant philosophical pro!les
'enerated !y his o%n positions$
eature !e"ie#
/oeller, 5ans#6eor'$
<tan, Leo$
<n .huang,i and ?ier3egaard
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Carr, Karen Leslie$ <ense of anti#rationalis: the reli'ious thou'ht of 2huan'.i
and Kier&e'aard$
o I"anhoe, P$ +$
o 8ationalis ## Coparati"e studies$
$oo% !e"ie#s
D9Aato, /ario$
"mpty 2ords: #uddhist 'hilosophy and Cross!Cultural -nterpretation 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6arfield, +ay L$, :CAA# Epty %ords: 3uddhist philosophy and cross#cultural
interpretation$
o /adhyai&a 03uddhis1
Philosophy East and West A;$F, Kcto!er ;EE;
Coutinho, <te"e$
The Abduction of 9agueness: -nterpreting the Lao.i
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Lao.i$ Dao de -in'$
o Ja'ueness 0Philosophy1
Abstract:
(he role of "a'ueness in the Lao.i is e)plored !y in"esti'atin' its connection
%ith ,process$, First, a hereneutic ethodolo'y is de"eloped and adopted,
deri"ed fro Peirce9s notion of ,a!duction$, <econd, this notion is analy.ed, and
se"eral distincti"e characteristics, or ,traces,, of "a'ueness are identified$ (hird,
e"idence of these traces in the te)t of the ao,i is collected, %ith coents on
their si'nificance in the Daoist conte)t$
"#
*an', 6uoron', :CAB#
Transforming ?no7ledge into 2isdom: A Contemporary Chinese 'hilosopher/s
-n$estigation
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Fen', Ni, :C:A#
o Kno%led'e, (heory of ## China$
Abstract:
Fen' Ni is %idely ac&no%led'ed in ainland China as one of the fe%
consuate and ost ori'inal thin&ers to ha"e eer'ed there since :CFC$ (he
essence of Fen'9s thou'ht is to pro"ide a solution to the tie#honored pro!le of
the confrontation !et%een fact and "alue, !et%een a positi"isticI scientific
approach and a huanisticIetaphysical approach$ Fen' tries to sol"e this
conflict !y constructin' %hat he calls ,episteolo'y in a !roader sense,, at the
core of %hich is his theory of the ,transforation of &no%led'e into %isdo$,
$oo% !e"ie#s
3ird%histell, +oanne D$
Rituals of the 2ay: The 'hilosophy of 4un,i 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6oldin, Paul 8a&ita, :CB;# 8ituals of the %ay: the philosophy of Hun.i$
o Hun.i, >FE#;FA 3$C$ Hun.i$
Philosophy East and West A;$>, +uly ;EE;
Chan, +oseph$
Moral Autonomy: Ci$il iberties: and Confucianism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucian ethics$
o Autonoy 0Philosophy1
o Ci"il ri'hts$
3urton, Da"id 0Da"id F$1
?no7ledge and iberation: 'hilosophical Ruminations on a #uddhist Conundrum
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Kno%led'e, (heory of 03uddhis1
Fan, 8uipin'$
Reconsidering Surrogate &ecision Ma3ing: Aristotelianism and Confucianism on -deal
5uman Relations
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Decision a&in' ## /oral and ethical aspects$
o Aristotle ## Jie%s on friendship$
o Confucian ethics$
Philosophy East and West A;$;, April ;EE;
"B
Dallayr, Fred 8$ 0Fred 8einhard1, :C;L#
>Asian 9alues> and %lobal 5uman Rights
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 5uan ri'hts$
o Confucianis$
o Jalues ## Asia$
8edin', +ean#Paul, :CAE#
%ongsun ong on 2hat -s 6ot: Steps to7ard the &eciphering of the 2hi%ulun
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6on'sun, Lon', >rd cent$ 3$C$ 6on'sun Lon'.i$
o Philosophy, Chinese ## (o ;;: 3$C$
o 7e'ati"ity 0Philosophy1
6lidden, Da"id$
The Siren and the Sage: ?no7ledge and 2isdom in Ancient %reece and China 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o <han&an, <te"en, :CFB# <iren and the sa'e: &no%led'e and %isdo in ancient
6reece and China$
o Durrant, <tephen W$, :CFF#
o 6ree& literature ## 5istory and criticis$
Philosophy East and West A;$:, +anuary ;EE;
Fan', 2hao#hui$
<chiller, Da"id 8$, ed$
A Critical Reflection on the Systematics of Traditional Chinese earning
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Learnin' and scholarship ## China$
Liu, Hiushen'$
Mencius: 5ume: and Sensibility Theory
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o /encius$
o 5ue, Da"id, :B::#:BB@$
o Ethics$
(ian, Chenshan$
(on'!ian in the Chinese Reading of &ialectical Materialism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Philosophy, /ar)ist ## China$
o Dialectical aterialis$
o Ai, <iGi, :C:E#:C@@$
Philosophy East P West A:$F, Kcto!er ;EE:
(iles, /ary$
"9
a pens@e Chinoise et l/abstraction 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 6hi'lione, Anna$ PensOe chinoise et l9a!straction$
o Philosophy, Chinese ## (o ;;: 3$C
Philosophy East P West A:$>, +uly ;EE:
5a, Chae#!on'$
Confucian Rituals and the Technology of the Self: A Foucaultian -nterpretation
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucianis ## Custos and practices$
o Foucault, /ichel$
o Li!erty$
6ran'e, +oseph, :CFE#
&ao: Technology: and American 6aturalism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Lao.i$ Dao de -in'$
o De%ey, +ohn, :LAC#:CA;$ Art as e)perience$
Defoort, Carine, :C@:#
-s There Such a Thing as Chinese 'hilosophy= Arguments of an -mplicit &ebate
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Philosophy, Chinese$
3arnhart, /ichael 6$
Rein$enting the 2heel: A #uddhist Response to the -nformation Age 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 5ershoc&, Peter D$ 8ein"entin' the %heel: a 3uddhist response to the
inforation a'e$
o Inforation technolo'y ## 8eli'ious aspects ## 3uddhis$
Philosophy East P West A:$:, +anuary ;EE:
Wan', *ouru$
iberating <neself from the Absoluti,ed #oundary of anguage: A iminological
Approach to the -nterplay of Speech and Silence in Chan #uddhism
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 2en 3uddhis$
o Lan'ua'e and lan'ua'es ## Philosophy$
o Liinality$
<oloon, 8o!ert C$
>2hat is 'hilosophy=> The Status of 6on!2estern 'hilosophy in the 'rofession
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
"=
o Philosophy$
Philosophy East P West AE$F, Kcto!er ;EEE
Chan, <in *ee$
Can <hu #e the <ne 2ord that Ser$es as the %uiding 'rinciple of Caring Actions=
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Confucius$ Lun yu$
o Confucian ethics$
o Fin'arette, 5er!ert$ Follo%in' the 9one thread9 of the Analects$
2iporyn, 3roo& Anthony$
Setup: 'unch ine: and the Mind!#ody 'roblem: A 6eo!Tiantai Approach
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o /ind and !ody$
o (iantai 3uddhis ## Doctrines$
<"ensson, /artin$
Authorial Authority in Ancient China
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Le%is, /ar& Ed%ard, :CAF# Writin' and authority in early China$
o Chinese literature ## (o ;;: 3$C$ ## 5istory and criticis ## (heory
5eran, +onathan 8$, :CAB#
ao!t,u and the Tao!te!ching 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Kohn, Li"ia, :CA@#, ed$ Lao#t.u and the (ao#te#chin'$
o LaFar'ue, /ichael, ed$
o Lao#t.u$ (ao te chin'$
Kinney, Anne 3ehn&e$
-n Search of 'ersonal 2elfare: A 9ie7 of Ancient Chinese Religion 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Poo, /u#chou$ In search of personal %elfare: a "ie% of ancient Chinese reli'ion$
o China ## 8eli'ion$
Koller, +ohn /$
"thics in "arly #uddhism 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o Kalupahana, Da"id +$, :C>># Ethics in early 3uddhis$
o 3uddhist ethics$
Lai, Whalen$
'hilosophical Meditations on .en #uddhism 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
5$
o Wri'ht, Dale <$ Philosophical editations on 2en 3uddhis$
o 5uan'#po, d$ LAE$
7ylan, /ichael$
Transformations of the Confucian 2ay: and: 5istoire de la pens@e chinoise 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 3erthron', +ohn 5$, :CF@# (ransforations of the Confucian %ay$
o Chen', Anne$ 5istoire de la pensOe chinoise$
o Philosophy, Confucian ## 5istory$
o Philosophy, Chinese ## 5istory$
<hrader, Dou'las W$
Abhidhamma Studies: #uddhist "xplorations of Consciousness and Time 0re"ie%1
[Access article in PDF]
Sub(ects:
o 7yanaponi&a, (hera, :CE:# A!hidhaa studies: 3uddhist e)plorations of
consciousness and tie$
o 3odhi, 3hi&&hu, ed$
o A!hidhara$
5"