2009 GHG Compendium PDF

C O MP E N D I U M O F G R E E N H O U S E G A S
E MI S S I O N S ME T H O D O L O G I E S F O R T H E
O I L A N D N AT U R A L G A S I N D U S T RY
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
I N T R O D U C T I O N
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Compendium of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Estimation Methodologies for
the Oil and Natural Gas Industry

Complete Table of Contents

August 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This compendium was prepared by:

Theresa M. Shires
Christopher J. Loughran
Stephanie Jones
Emily Hopkins

URS Corporation
9400 Amberglen Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78729

Developed for:

American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street NW
Washington, DC 20005

This work was sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API), with leadership
and direction by Karin Ritter, Regulatory and Scientific Affairs Department. The work
was supervised by API's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodologies Working Group,
chaired by James Keating of BP, with participation from representatives of Chevron,
ConocoPhillips, Devon, Dominion, Encana, ExxonMobil, Kinder Morgan, Magellan,
Marathon Oil Company, Murphy Oil, Occidental Petroleum, Shell, Sunoco, and
Williams.

The authors would like to acknowledge the API member companies and their
representatives on the work group who have contributed valuable time and resources
over the past ten years. We are particularly indebted to the companies that shared their
internal company practices and information, and facilitated the continued enhancement
of the Compendium. A special thanks is also extended to Miriam Lev-On of The
LEVON Group LLC.

2009 American Petroleum Institute
This document and all of its contents are protected copyrights pursuant to U.S. and
international law. API grants users permission to download and use this document
provided that: (1) the user includes APIs copyright notice on all copies, (2) the
document is not used in any misleading or inappropriate purpose, (3) the user does not
modify or change the document in any manner, and (4) whenever the Compendium is
used to calculate an emission number(s), the user cites the Compendium as reference.

ii August 2009
PREFACE
The API Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and
Natural Gas Industry (referred to as the API Compendium) was initially distributed in June
2001 as a Pilot Test version. Since the initial release, API has reached out to governmental,
non-governmental, and industry associations to ensure broad peer review. In addition, API
initiated a study to evaluate and compare other greenhouse gas estimation protocols and
methodologies. These activities were conducted to better harmonize greenhouse gas emission
estimation techniques and enable improved global comparability of emission estimates.
This document represents the third release of the API Compendium. The emission factors and
methodologies presented here represent the latest information available at the time this document
was published. Note, however, that estimating greenhouse gas emissions is an evolving process.
As such, the API Compendium is intended to also evolve. There is a process for ongoing review
and updates, and revisions will be made at regular intervals to incorporate new information. In
the interim, users are encouraged to check the documents referenced within the API
Compendium for updates.
API welcomes a continuing exchange of information and broad discussion of greenhouse gas
emission estimation methodologies from users of the API Compendium and other interested
parties. Please direct comments to Karin Ritter, Regulatory and Scientific Affairs Department, at
API.

iii August 2009
Table of Contents

PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... II
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................. 1-2
1.2 Document Overview................................................................................ 1-3
1.3 Organization ........................................................................................... 1-4
1.4 References ............................................................................................. 1-7
2.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Industry Segment Descriptions ............................................................... 2-4
2.2.1 Conventional Exploration and Production .................................... 2-4
2.2.2 Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Upgrading ............................................. 2-7
2.2.3 Coal Bed Methane Production ................................................... 2-10
2.2.4 Gas Processing .......................................................................... 2-11
2.2.5 Carbon Capture and Geological Storage ................................... 2-13
2.2.6 Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations ................................. 2-15
2.2.7 Transportation and Distribution .................................................. 2-18
2.2.8 Refining ...................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.9 Petrochemical Manufacturing ..................................................... 2-23
2.2.10 Minerals and Mining Operations................................................. 2-25
2.2.11 Retail and Marketing .................................................................. 2-26
2.2.12 Energy Generation ..................................................................... 2-27
2.3 References ........................................................................................... 2-28
3.0 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Emission Sources ................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Combustion .................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.2 Process Emissions and Vented Sources ..................................... 3-2

iv August 2009
Table of Contents, continued

3.2.3 Fugitive Sources .......................................................................... 3-3
3.2.4 Indirect Sources ........................................................................... 3-3
3.3 Greenhouse Gases ................................................................................. 3-4
3.3.1 Global Warming Potentials ........................................................... 3-5
3.3.2 Emissions Summaries .................................................................. 3-7
3.4 Data Requirements ................................................................................. 3-9
3.5 Data Assumptions ................................................................................. 3-11
3.6 Conversions, Numeric Format, and Fuel Properties ............................. 3-14
3.6.1 General Units Conversions ........................................................ 3-14
3.6.2 Numeric Format ......................................................................... 3-17
3.6.3 Fuel Properties ........................................................................... 3-17
3.6.4 Fuel Mixture Conversions .......................................................... 3-22
3.7 Emission Estimation Quality ................................................................. 3-29
3.7.1 General Statistical Approach to Calculating Uncertainty ............ 3-30
3.7.2 Confidence Intervals from GRI/EPA Study ................................. 3-34
3.7.3 Quality Ratings ........................................................................... 3-36
3.8 References ........................................................................................... 3-37
4.0 COMBUSTION EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS ..................................... 4-1
4.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption Data from Energy Output or
Volumetric Flow ...................................................................................... 4-5
4.1.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption from Equipment Data .................... 4-5
4.1.2 Conversion from Volumetric Flow Rate to Energy Input ............. 4-10
4.2 Conversion Between Gross and Net Heating Value ............................. 4-10
4.3 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated from Fuel Composition and
Usage .................................................................................................. 4-12
4.4 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated on a Fuel Basis for
Stationary Sources ............................................................................... 4-16
4.4.1 Emission Estimation Using Default Average Fuel
Composition ............................................................................... 4-16
4.4.2 Carbon Oxidation Values ........................................................... 4-16

v August 2009

4.5 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated on an Equipment Basis for
Stationary Sources ............................................................................... 4-24
4.5.1 External Combustion Units ......................................................... 4-25
4.5.2 Internal Combustion Units .......................................................... 4-32
4.6 Flare Emissions .................................................................................... 4-37
4.7 Incinerators, Oxidizers, and Vapor Combustion Units .......................... 4-52
4.8 Mobile/Transportation Combustion Sources ......................................... 4-53
4.8.1 Fuel Consumption Basis ............................................................ 4-55
4.8.2 Operational Basis ....................................................................... 4-63
4.9 Other Miscellaneous Combustion Source Emissions ........................... 4-64
4.10 References ........................................................................................... 4-64
5.0 PROCESS AND VENTED EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS .................... 5-1
5.1 Gas Treatment Processes ...................................................................... 5-2
5.1.1 Glycol Dehydrator Emissions ....................................................... 5-2
5.1.2 Glycol Pumps ............................................................................... 5-7
5.1.3 Desiccant Dehydrators ............................................................... 5-10
5.1.4 Other Glycol Dehydrator Alternatives ......................................... 5-11
5.1.5 Acid Gas Removal/Sulfur Recovery Units .................................. 5-12
5.2 Refinery Processes Vents ..................................................................... 5-17
5.2.1 Catalytic Cracking Regenerator ................................................. 5-17
5.2.2 Refinery Hydrogen Plant ............................................................ 5-23
5.2.3 Cokers ........................................................................................ 5-31
5.2.4 Other Catalyst Regeneration ...................................................... 5-32
5.2.5 Asphalt Blowing .......................................................................... 5-34
5.2.6 Other Refinery Process Vents .................................................... 5-36
5.3 Cold Process Vents .............................................................................. 5-37
5.4 Storage Tank Emissions ....................................................................... 5-40
5.4.1 Crude Flashing Losses .............................................................. 5-40
5.4.2 Tanks Working/Standing Losses ................................................ 5-55

vi August 2009

5.4.3 Produced Water Tank Emissions ............................................... 5-56
5.4.4 Natural Gas Blanketed Tank Emissions ..................................... 5-58
5.5 Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Emissions .................................. 5-60
5.5.1 Loading Loss Emissions ............................................................ 5-62
5.5.2 Ballasting Emissions .................................................................. 5-63
5.5.3 Transit Loss Emissions .............................................................. 5-65
5.6 Other Venting Sources.......................................................................... 5-66
5.6.1 Gas Driven Pneumatic Devices .................................................. 5-66
5.6.2 Gas Driven Chemical Injection Pumps ....................................... 5-71
5.6.3 Mud Degassing .......................................................................... 5-74
5.6.4 Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vents ...................... 5-76
5.6.5 Low Pressure Gas Well Casing Vents ....................................... 5-79
5.6.6 Coal Seam Exploratory Drilling and Well Testing ....................... 5-80
5.6.7 Coal Mining ................................................................................ 5-82
5.6.8 Chemical Production .................................................................. 5-85
5.7 Non-Routine Activities........................................................................... 5-86
5.7.1 Engineering Calculation Approach ............................................. 5-88
5.7.2 Production Related Non-Routine Emissions .............................. 5-90
5.7.3 Gas Processing Related Non-Routine Emissions ...................... 5-99
5.7.4 Transmission Related Non-Routine Emissions ........................ 5-101
5.7.5 Distribution Related Non-Routine Emissions ........................... 5-104
5.7.6 Refining Related Non-Routine Emissions ................................ 5-106
5.8 Fire Suppressant Emissions ............................................................... 5-107
5.9 References ......................................................................................... 5-107
6.0 FUGITIVE EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS ............................................... 6-1
6.1 Equipment Leaks .................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.1 Facility-Level Average Emission Factors Approach ..................... 6-5
6.1.2 Equipment-Level Average Emission Factors Approach ............. 6-13
6.1.3 Component-Level Average Emission Factors Approach ............ 6-27

vii August 2009

6.1.4 Emissions from CO
2
Transport ................................................... 6-38
6.1.5 Time Basis of Fugitive Equipment Leaks ................................... 6-38
6.2 Other Fugitive Emissions ...................................................................... 6-38
6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment ............................................................... 6-39
6.2.2 Biotreaters .................................................................................. 6-45
6.3 Fluorinated Fugitive Emissions ............................................................. 6-46
6.3.1 Emissions from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Equipment .................................................................................. 6-46
6.3.2 Electrical Equipment .................................................................. 6-50
6.3.3 SF
6
Emissions from Pipeline Operations.................................... 6-52
6.4 References ........................................................................................... 6-53
7.0 INDIRECT EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS ............................................. 7-1
7.1 Emissions Associated with Purchased or Imported Energy .................... 7-1
7.1.1 Electricity from a Known Generator .............................................. 7-1
7.1.2 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator State or
Regional Basis ............................................................................. 7-5
7.1.3 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator
National Basis ............................................................................ 7-10
7.1.4 Renewable Energy ..................................................................... 7-16
7.1.5 Steam/Heat Utility Emissions ..................................................... 7-17
7.1.6 District Cooling Water Emissions ............................................... 7-20
7.2 Allocation of Emissions Among Energy Streams .................................. 7-21
7.2.1 Cogeneration of Electricity and Steam ....................................... 7-21
7.2.2 Cogeneration Within An Entity ................................................... 7-39
7.2.3 Cogeneration of Product Streams and Heat .............................. 7-39
7.3 References ........................................................................................... 7-40
8.0 EMISSION INVENTORY EXAMPLES ................................................................. 8-1
8.1 Exploration and Production ..................................................................... 8-2

viii August 2009

8.1.1 Onshore Oil Field with High CO
2
Content .................................... 8-2
8.1.2 Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform..................... 8-28
8.1.3 Natural Gas Processing Plant .................................................... 8-56
8.1.4 Production Gathering Compressor Station ................................. 8-79
8.2 Transportation ....................................................................................... 8-95
8.2.1 Transmission/Distribution ........................................................... 8-95
8.2.2 Marketing Terminal .................................................................. 8-105
8.3 Refining ............................................................................................... 8-124
8.3.1 Refinery .................................................................................... 8-124
8.4 Retail ................................................................................................ 8-146
8.4.1 Retail ........................................................................................ 8-146
APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL COMBUSTION CALCULATION INFORMATION ....... A-1
A.1 Methodology for Converting Between LHV and HHV Bases ................... A-1
A.1.1 Solid Fuels ................................................................................... A-1
A.1.2 Liquid Fuels .................................................................................. A-2
A.1.3 Gases ........................................................................................... A-4
A.2 Additional Stationary Combustion Emission Factors .............................. A-4
A.2.1 Combustion Emissions Factor Comparison for Industrial
Equipment .................................................................................... A-4
A.2.2 Combustion Emissions Based on Equipment Manufacturer
Data (Canadian) ........................................................................... A-8
A.3 Mobile Source Combustion Emissions - Operational Basis .................. A-11
A.3.1 Automobiles/Passenger Vehicles ............................................... A-11
A.3.2 Marine Vessels ........................................................................... A-22
A.4 References ........................................................................................... A-27
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL VENTING CALCULATION INFORMATION ............... B-1
B.1 Derivation of Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors ..................................... B-1
B.2 Catalytic Cracking Regenerator K
1
, K
2
, K
3
Approach ........................... B-3

ix August 2009

B.3 Derivation of Simplified Tank Flashing Emission Factor ......................... B-6
B.3.1 Crude Oil Flashing Losses ........................................................... B-6
B.3.2 Condensate Flashing Losses ....................................................... B-7
B.4 Additional Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Methodology ............... B-8
B.4.1 Loading Loss Emissions .............................................................. B-8
B.4.2 Ballasting Emissions .................................................................. B-19
B.4.3 Transit Loss Emissions .............................................................. B-21
B.5 Production Sector High-/Low-Bleed Pneumatic Devices Emission
Factor Development ............................................................................. B-26
B.6 Additional Coal Mining Data .................................................................. B-28
B.7 Additional Vented Volume Calculation Methodologies .......................... B-31
B.7.1 Calculating Pressure Vessel Volume ......................................... B-31
B.7.2 Calculating Well Unloading Emissions ....................................... B-33
B.7.3 Calculating Pressure Relief Valve Release Volumes ................. B-34
B.8 Derivation of Vented Emission Factors ................................................. B-35
B.8.1 Derivation of Transmission Pipeline and Compressor Station
Blowdown Emission Factor ........................................................ B-35
B.8.2 Derivation of Pipeline Blowdowns Emission Factor .................... B-36
B.9 References ........................................................................................... B-37
APPENDIX C. ADDITIONAL FUGITIVE CALCULATION INFORMATION ............... C-1
C.1 Additional Equipment Leak Emission Calculation Methodologies .......... C-1
C.1.1 Screening Range Factor Approach ............................................. C-1
C.1.2 Correlation Approach .................................................................. C-7
C.1.3 Unit-Specific Correlations .......................................................... C-11
C.1.4 Methane-Specific Data for Emission Rate Calculations ............ C-11
C.1.5 Generic Component Counts ...................................................... C-15
C.2 Refinery Fugitive Emissions ................................................................. C-19
C.3 Derivation of Fugitive Emission Factors ............................................... C-21
C.3.1 Onshore Oil Production Fugitive Emission Factor ..................... C-21

x August 2009

C.3.2 Onshore Gas Production Fugitive Emission Factors ................. C-22
C.3.3 Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors ............................... C-27
C.3.4 Natural Gas Storage Station Fugitive Emission Factor ............. C-29
C.3.5 Gas Transmission Fugitive Emission Factors ........................... C-30
C.3.6 Gas Distribution Fugitive Emission Factors ............................... C-35
C.3.7 Plastic Pipeline Fugitive Emission Leak Factors ....................... C-46
C.3.8 CO
2
Pipeline Fugutive Emissions .............................................. C-47
C.4 References .......................................................................................... C-48
APPENDIX D. ADDITIONAL INDIRECT CALCULATION INFORMATION .............. D-1
D.1 Development of International Electricity Grid Emission Factors ............. D-1
D.2 Historical Electric Grid Emission Factors ............................................. D-12
D.3 References .......................................................................................... D-16
APPENDIX E. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ............................................................ E-1
E.1 Weathered Crude and Other Petroleum Product Vented CH
4
and
CO
2
Emissions ........................................................................................ E-1
E.2 Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions ............... E-6
E.3 Atmospheric Oxidation of Emissions....................................................... E-7
E.4 Non-GHG Emission Sources .................................................................. E-8
E.5 References ............................................................................................. E-9
APPENDIX F. REFINERY METHANE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS STUDY ...................... F-1
F.1 Overview ................................................................................................. F-1
F.2 Study Summary ...................................................................................... F-1
F.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................ F-3
F.4 References ............................................................................................. F-3

xi August 2009
Table of Contents
Tables

Table 11. Proposed Source Classification Approach ....................................... 1-5

Table 21. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector:
Conventional Exploration and Production ............................................... 2-6
Table 22. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Oil
Sands and Heavy Oil Upgrading ............................................................. 2-8
Table 23. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Coal
Bed Methane Production ...................................................................... 2-10
Processing ............................................................................................ 2-12
Carbon Capture and Geological Storage .............................................. 2-14
Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations ........................................... 2-16
Table 27. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Liquid
Transportation and Distribution ............................................................. 2-19
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution ........................................... 2-20
Refining ................................................................................................. 2-22
Petrochemical Manufacturing ............................................................... 2-23
Minerals and Mining Operations ........................................................... 2-25
Retail and Marketing ............................................................................. 2-27
Electricity and Heat/Steam Generation ................................................. 2-28

xii August 2009
Tables

Table 31. Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming Potentials ........................... 3-6
Table 32. Emission Estimation Approaches General Considerations ........... 3-9
Table 33. Commonly Used Molar Volume Conversions ................................. 3-12
Table 34. Conversion Factors ........................................................................ 3-14
Table 35. Temperature Conversions .............................................................. 3-16
Table 36. Unit Prefixes ................................................................................... 3-17
Table 37. Hydrocarbon Molecular Weights and Gross Heating Values ......... 3-19
Table 38. Densities, Higher Heating Values, and Carbon Contents for
Various Fuels ........................................................................................ 3-20
Table 39. Natural Gas Carbon Contents by Heating Value ............................ 3-22

Table 41. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source Specific
Considerations for Combustion Sources ................................................. 4-2
Table 42. Energy Conversions by Generator Type .......................................... 4-7
Table 43. CO
2
Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Common
Industry Fuel Types .............................................................................. 4-17
Table 44. CO
2
Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Specialized
Fuel Types ............................................................................................ 4-20
Table 45. CH
4
and N
2
O Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for
Common Industry Fuel Types ............................................................... 4-21
Table 46. CH
4
and N
2
O Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for
Specialized Fuel Types ......................................................................... 4-22
Table 47. Equipment-Specific Combustion Emission Factors for Boilers
and Furnaces (Gas and Liquid Fuels) ................................................... 4-26
Table 48. Equipment-Specific Combustion Emission Factors for Boilers
and Furnaces (Solid Fuels) ................................................................... 4-30
Table 49. Engines and Turbines Emission Factors ........................................ 4-33
Table 410. Generic Upstream Gas Composition ......................................... 4-39
Table 411. GHG Emission Factors for Gas Flares in Developed Countries ... 4-42

xiii August 2009
Tables

Table 412. GHG Emission Factors for Gas Flares in Developing
Countries and Countries with Economies in Transition ......................... 4-44
Table 413. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Different Types of Mobile
Sources ................................................................................................. 4-57
Table 414. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Diesel Freight Mobile
Sources ................................................................................................. 4-57
Table 415. Default Fuel Consumption for Marine Vessels ............................. 4-58
Table 416. Default Fuel Consumption by Engine Type .................................. 4-58
Table 417. Mobile Source Combustion Emission Factors .............................. 4-59

Considerations for Vented Sources ........................................................ 5-1
Table 52. Segment Specific Uncontrolled Gas Dehydration CH
4
Emission
Factors 5-4
Table 53. GLYCalc
TM
Generated Dehydration Methane Emission Factors ...... 5-5
Table 54. GRI/EPA Kimray Pump CH
4
Emission Factors ................................ 5-8
Table 55. Uncontrolled AGR CH
4
Emission Factor ........................................ 5-14
Table 56. Composition of U.S. Pipeline-Quality Natural Gas ......................... 5-29
Table 57. Default Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors ..................................... 5-34
Table 58. Methane Flashing Loss Emission Factors for Crude Oil Storage
Tanks 5-52
Table 59. Summary of Production Tank Flashing Losses Using Different
Correlation Equation Approaches ......................................................... 5-54
Table 510. Produced Salt Water Tank Methane Flashing Emission
Factors 5-57
Table 511. Methane Emission Factors from Produced Water from
Shallow Gas Wells .............................................................................. 5-57
Table 512. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Loading Losses ................. 5-62
Table 513. Average TOC Emission Factors for Crude Oil Ballasting
Operations ............................................................................................ 5-64

xiv August 2009
Tables

Table 514. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses ....... 5-65
Table 515. Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device CH
4
Emission Factors ................. 5-68
Table 516. Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pump CH
4
Emission Factors ...... 5-73
Table 517. Mud Degassing Vented CH
4
Emission Factors ............................ 5-75
Table 518. Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vented CH
4

Emission Factors Throughput Basis .................................................. 5-77
Table 519. Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vented CH
4

Emission Factors Well Basis .............................................................. 5-77
Table 520. Average U.S. Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors ........................ 5-83
Table 521. Australian Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors ............................. 5-84
Table 522. Chemical Production Emission Factors ........................................ 5-86
Table 523. Production Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Maintenance
and Turnaround Activities ..................................................................... 5-91
Table 524. Production Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Other Non-
Routine Releases ................................................................................. 5-98
Table 525. Gas Processing Segment CH
4
Emission Factor for Non-
Routine Activities ................................................................................ 5-100
Table 526. Transmission Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Non-
Table 527. Gas Distribution Segment CH
4

Considerations for Fugitive Sources ....................................................... 6-1
Table 62. Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission Factors ............................ 6-8
Table 63. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Crude Production
Equipment ............................................................................................. 6-15
Table 64. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Natural Gas Production
Equipment ............................................................................................. 6-16
Table 65. Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Processing
Equipment ............................................................................................. 6-17

xv August 2009

Tables

Table 66. Fugitive Emission Factors for Natural Gas Transmission and
Storage Equipment ............................................................................... 6-17
Table 67. Fugitive Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Equipment ............ 6-18
Table 68. Fugitive Emission Factors for Distribution M&R Stations ............... 6-19
Table 69. More Detailed Fugitive Emission Factors for Natural Gas
Transmission Equipment ...................................................................... 6-22
Distribution Equipment .......................................................................... 6-24
Table 611. Fugitive Emission Factor from Underground Plastic Pipelines
by Construction Year ............................................................................ 6-26
Table 612. EPA Average Oil and Natural Gas Production Emission
Factors .................................................................................................. 6-29
Table 613. API Average Offshore Fugitive Emission Factors ........................ 6-29
Table 614. API Oil and Natural Gas Production Average Emission
Factors .................................................................................................. 6-30
Table 615. Natural Gas Plant, Gathering Compressor Station, and Well
Site Average Emission Factors ............................................................. 6-31
Table 616. API natural Gas Plant Average Emission Factors ........................ 6-31
Table 617. Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Station Component
Emission Factors .................................................................................. 6-32
Table 618. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Average Emission
Factors .................................................................................................. 6-33
Table 619. Natural Gas Distribution Meter/Regulator Stations Average
Emission Factors .................................................................................. 6-34
Table 620. Natural Gas Distribution Commercial and Residential Sites
Average Emission Factors .................................................................... 6-34
Table 621. Additional Natural Gas Facility Average Emission Factors .......... 6-35
Table 622. Additional Oil Facility Average Emission Factors ......................... 6-36
Table 623. Default MCF Values for Aerobic Industrial Wastewater
Treatment ............................................................................................. 6-41
Table 624. Default MCF Values for Anaerobic Industrial Wastewater
Treatment ............................................................................................. 6-42

xvi August 2009
Tables

Table 625. Default Operating Emission Factors for Refrigeration / Air
Conditioning Equipment ........................................................................ 6-48
Table 626. Global Warming Potentials for Refrigeration Blends .................... 6-48
Table 627. Usage Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical
Equipment ............................................................................................. 6-50
Table 628. Distance-Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical
Transmission and Distribution ............................................................... 6-51

Table 71. Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Method of Generation .......... 7-3
Table 72. Average U.S. Electricity Usage Emission Factors by eGrid
Subregion - 2005 .................................................................................... 7-6
Table 73. Average Australian Electricity Usage Emission Factors ............... 7-8
Table 74. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by
Province (2006 data)............................................................................... 7-9
Table 75. OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission
Factors (Generation Basis) ................................................................... 7-11
Table 76. Non-OECD Member Country International Electric Grid
Emission Factors (Generation Basis) ................................................... 7-13
Table 77. Typical Chiller Coefficients of Performance ................................... 7-20

Table 81. Gas Composition for Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) ............ 8-2
Table 82. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Emissions Sources .............. 8-3
Table 83. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Fugitive Emission
Sources ................................................................................................... 8-5
Table 8-4. On-Shore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Fugitive Emission
Factors .................................................................................................. 8-22
Table 85. On-Shore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Fugitive Emissions ........... 8-23
Table 86. On-Shore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Emissions ........................ 8-26
Table 87. Gas Composition for Offshore Production Platform ....................... 8-28
Table 88. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Emissions
Sources ................................................................................................. 8-29

xvii August 2009
Tables

Table 89. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive
Emission Sources ................................................................................. 8-32
Liquid Weight Percents ......................................................................... 8-32
Emissions Factors ................................................................................ 8-51
Table 8-12. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive
Emissions ............................................................................................. 8-53
Table 8-13. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Emissions ...... 8-54
Table 8-14. Gas Composition for Natural Gas Processing Plant ..................... 8-56
Table 8-15. Natural Gas Processing Emission Sources .................................. 8-57
Table 8-16. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Sources ..................... 8-60
Table 8-17. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors ...................... 8-73
Table 8-18. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emissions ................................. 8-74
Table 8-19. Natural Gas Processing Emissions ............................................... 8-76
Table 8-20. Gas Composition for Production Gathering Compressor
Station .................................................................................................. 8-79
Table 8-21. Production Gathering Compressor Station Combustion and
Vented Sources .................................................................................... 8-80
Table 8-22. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive Emission
Sources ................................................................................................. 8-81
Factors .................................................................................................. 8-89
Table 8-24. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive Emissions ..... 8-90
Table 8-25. Production Gathering Compressor Station Emissions .................. 8-94
Table 8-26. Transmission/Distribution Emission Sources ................................ 8-96
Table 8-27. Transmission/Distribution Emissions .......................................... 8-104
Table 8-28. Marketing Terminal Emission Sources ........................................ 8-106
Table 8-29. Marketing Terminal Fugitive Emission Sources .......................... 8-107
Table 8-30. Marketing Terminal Emissions .................................................... 8-123
Table 8-31. Refinery Fuel Streams ................................................................ 8-124

xviii August 2009
Tables

Table 8-32. Refinery Emissions Sources ....................................................... 8-126
Table 8-33. Refinery Cogeneration Emission Summary WRI/WBCSD
Efficiency Allocation Approach ............................................................ 8-144
Table 8-34. Refinery Emissions ..................................................................... 8-145
Table 8-35. Retail Emissions Sources ........................................................... 8-147
Table 8-36. Retail Emissions ......................................................................... 8-151

Table A1. External Combustion Industrial Source Emission Factor
Comparison ............................................................................................ A-6
Table A2. Internal Combustion Industrial Source Emission Factor
Comparison ............................................................................................ A-7
Table A3. Waukesha Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission
Factors .................................................................................................... A-9
Table A4. CAT Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission Factors .......... A-10
Table A5. Default Distance Based CO
2
Mobile Source Emission Factors
for the United Kingdom ......................................................................... A-12
Table A-6. CH
4
and

N
2
O Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles by Model
Year .................................................................................................. A-12
Table A7. Default Distance Based CH
4
and N
2
O Mobile Source Emission
Factors for U.S. Vehicles ...................................................................... A-15
4
and N
2
Factors for European Vehicles .............................................................. A-16
4
and N
2
Factors for Alternative Fuel Vehicles .................................................... A-21
Table A10. Default Operational Based Emission Factors for Marine
Vessels ................................................................................................. A-24

Table B1. Default Asphalt Blowing Exhaust Composition ................................ B-1
Table B2. Coke Burn Rate Material Balance Conversion Factors ................... B-4
Table B3. Crude Oil Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor Development ......... B-6

xix August 2009
Tables

Table B4. Condensate Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor
Development .......................................................................................... B-7
Table B5. Average Arrival TOC Emission Factor, C
A
, for the Crude Oil
Marine Vessel Loading Emission Factor Equation ................................ B-10
Table B6. Properties of Select Petroleum Liquids .......................................... B-11
Table B7. Saturation, S, Factors for Estimating Loading Losses ................... B-14
Table B8. TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Loading at Marine
Terminals ............................................................................................. B-16
Table B9. TOC Emission Factors for Marine Loading of Additional
Petroleum Products .............................................................................. B-17
Table B10. TOC Emission Factors for Rail/Truck Loading Losses ................ B-17
Table B11. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Ballasting
Losses .................................................................................................. B-21
Table B12. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Rail/Truck Gasoline
Transit Losses ...................................................................................... B-23
Table B13. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses ....... B-24
Table B14. Production Sector Pneumatic Device High/Low-Bleed
Emission Factor Development ............................................................ B-26
Table B15. U.S. Total Coal Production, 2005 - 2007 ..................................... B-28
Table B16. U.S. CH
4
Emissions from Coal Mining Activities, 2005 - 2007 ..... B-29
Table B17. CH
4
Emission Factors for Coal Mining ......................................... B-29
Table B18. Coal Mining Emission Factors by Coal Supply Region ................ B-30
Table B19. Volume Per Meter of Pipeline Length .......................................... B-32
Table B20. Transmission Compressor Station Blowdown Emission Factor
Development ......................................................................................... B-35
Table B21. Transmission Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor
Development ......................................................................................... B-36
Table B22. Distribution Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor
Development ......................................................................................... B-37

xx August 2009
Tables

Table C1. EPA Oil and Natural Gas Production Screening Factors ................ C-3
Table C2. API Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing Screening
Factors ................................................................................................... C-4
Table C3. Petroleum Industry Leak Rate/Screening Value (SV)
Correlations ........................................................................................... C-8
Table C4. Default-Zero Values for the Petroleum Industry ............................. C-8
Table C5. Pegged Emission Rates for the Petroleum Industry ....................... C-9
Table C6. Generic Speciation Factors for Component Specific THC
Emissions Factors for Oil and Natural Gas Operations........................ C-12
Table C7. Generic Production (Canadian) Composition by Service ........... C-13
Table C8. Generic Fugitive Counts for Onshore Oil Production Facilities
(per Equipment/Process Type) ............................................................ C-16
Table C9. Generic Fugitive Counts for Gas Production, Gas Processing,
and Offshore Facilities (per Equipment/Process Type) ........................ C-17
Table C10. Summary of the Number of Vessels, Compressors, and
Pumps Associated with Various Gas Processes ................................. C-18
Table C11. EPA Average Refinery Emission Factors ................................... C-20
Table C12. Refinery Screening Factors ........................................................ C-21
Table C13. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission Factor
for Onshore Oil Production .................................................................. C-22
for Onshore Gas Production ................................................................ C-23
Table C15. Derivation of Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission Factors for
Gas Production .................................................................................... C-24
Table C16. Derivation of Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factors for Gas
Gathering Pipelines, by Pipe Material .................................................. C-25
Table C17. Derivation of Combined Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factor for
Natural Gas Gathering Pipelines ......................................................... C-26
Table C18. Derivation of Fugitive CO
2
Emission Factors for Natural Gas
Gathering Pipelines, by Pipe Material .................................................. C-26

xxi August 2009
Tables

Table C19. Derivation of Combined Fugitive CO
2
Emission Factors for
Gas Gathering Pipelines ...................................................................... C-27
Table C20. Derivation of Facility and Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission
Factors for Gas Processing ................................................................. C-28
Table C21. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Natural Gas Storage
Station Fugitive Emission Factor ......................................................... C-29
Table C22. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Fugitive CH
4
Emission
Factor for Gas Transmission Pipelines ................................................ C-30
Table C23. Derivation of Detailed Equipment-Level Fugitive CH
4

Emission Factors for Gas Transmission Pipelines, by Pipe Material ... C-31
Table C24. Derivation of Equipment-Level Gas Transmission Pipeline
Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factor .............................................................. C-32
2
Transmission Pipelines, by Pipe Material ............................................ C-32
Table C26. Derivation of Equipment-Level Average Fugitive CO
2

Emission Factors for Gas Transmission Pipelines ............................... C-33
Table C27. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Gas Transmission
Pipeline Fugitive CO
2
Leak Emission Factor ....................................... C-34
Table C28. Derivation of M&R Stations Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factor ......... C-35
4
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Pipelines.................................................... C-36
Table C30. Derivation of Equipment-Level Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factors
for Gas Distribution Mains, by Pipe Material ........................................ C-37
Table C31. Derivation of Equipment-Level Average Fugitive CH
4

Emission Factor for Gas Distribution Mains ......................................... C-38
2
Distribution Mains, by Pipe Material ..................................................... C-38
2

Emission Factor for Gas Distribution Mains ......................................... C-39
Table C34. Derivation of Detailed Fugitive CH
4
Distribution Services, by Pipe Material ................................................. C-40

xxii August 2009
Tables

4

Emission Factor for Gas Distribution Services ..................................... C-40
2
Distribution Services, by Pipe Material ................................................. C-41
2

Emission Factor for Gas Distribution Services ..................................... C-42
Table C38. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Fugitive CO
2
Emission
Factors for Gas Distribution Pipelines .................................................. C-43
4
Emission Factor
for Customer Meters ............................................................................ C-44
4
Emission Factor
for Distribution/Meter Reg. Stations ..................................................... C-45
Table C41. Derivation of Fugitive Emission Leak Factor from Plastic
Pipelines by Construction Year ............................................................ C-46

Table D1. Summary of Year 2006 Electricity Generation Information for
OECD Countries .................................................................................... D-2
Table D2. Summary of Year 2005 Electricity Generation Information for
Non-OECD Countries ............................................................................ D-7
Table D3. OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission
Factors, Average of 2000 2002 Data (Generation Basis) ................. D-13
Table D4. Non-OECD Member Country International Electric Grid
Emission Factors, Average of 2000 2001 Data (Generation Basis) .. D-14
Table D5. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by
Province (1999-2001 data) .................................................................. D-16

Table E1. Liquid Weathered Crude Speciation Data ..................................... E-1
Table E2. Average Liquid Compositions by Fuel Type .................................... E-2
Table E3. Vapor Phase Speciation Data .......................................................... E-4
Table E4. Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions ........ E-6

Table F1. Refinery Background Data ................................................................ F-1

xxiii August 2009
Tables

Table F2. Refinery A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ............................ F-2
Table F3. Refinery A Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary .................................. F-2
Table F4. Refinery B Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ............................ F-2
Table F5. Refinery A Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary .................................. F-3

xxiv August 2009
Table of Contents
Figures

Figure 21. Oil and Natural Gas Industry Schematic of GHG Emissions ........... 2-2

Figure 41. Calculating CO
2
Emissions from Stationary Combustion
Sources (Not Including Flares) ............................................................... 4-3
Figure 42. Calculation Approaches for Gas Flare Emissions ......................... 4-38
Figure 43. Calculation Approaches for Mobile Source CO
2
Emissions .......... 4-55

Figure 51. CH
4
Emissions from Glycol Dehydrators ........................................ 5-3
Figure 52. CH
4
Emissions from Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Units ................... 5-13
Figure 53. CO
2
Emissions from Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCU) ......... 5-19
Figure 54. CO
2
Emissions from a Refinery Hydrogen Plant ........................... 5-25
Figure 55. Decision Tree for Crude Oil Flashing Losses ................................ 5-42
Figure 56. Flashing Losses Chart .................................................................. 5-50
Figure 57. Decision Tree for Non-Routine Activities ...................................... 5-87

Figure 61. Emission Estimation Approaches for Fugitive Equipment
Leaks .................................................................................................... 6-3
Figure 62. Boundaries Between Crude and Natural Gas Production
Equipment ............................................................................................... 6-7
Figure 63. Wastewater Treatment .................................................................. 6-40
Figure 64. Refrigerant Emissions ................................................................... 6-47

Figure 71. Decision Tree for Purchased Electricity Emissions ......................... 7-2
Figure 72. eGRID Subregion Map.................................................................... 7-7

Figure 81. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Summary of Emissions .... 8-25
Figure 82. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform ....................... 8-53
Figure 83. Natural Gas Processing Summary of Emissions .......................... 8-75
Figure 84. Production Gathering Compressor Station Summary of
Emissions ............................................................................................. 8-93

xxv August 2009
Table of Contents
Figures

Figure 85. Transmission/Distribution Summary of Emissions ...................... 8-103
Figure 86. Marketing Terminal Summary of Emissions ................................ 8-122
Figure 87. Refinery Summary of Emissions ................................................. 8-144
Figure 88. Retail Summary of Emissions ..................................................... 8-150

Figure B1. Decision Tree for Crude Loading Losses ....................................... B-8
Figure B2. Decision Tree for Gasoline and Other Liquid Loading Losses ........ B-9
Figure B3. Decision Tree for Petroleum Liquid Ballasting Emissions ............. B-19

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 1
I N T R O D U C T I O N


Section 1 - Introduction

August 2009

1-ii August 2009
Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 1-2
1.2 Document Overview .................................................................................... 1-3
1.3 Organization ............................................................................................... 1-4
1.4 References ................................................................................................. 1-7

List of Tables

Table 1-1. Proposed Source Classification Approach .............................................................. 1-5

1-1 August 2009
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The American Petroleum Institute (API) and many of its member companies are implementing
action plans for addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns and policy issues. Concurrently,
local, regional, national and international bodies are developing or revising their guidance on
estimating, reporting, and verifying GHG emissions. This document is a compendium of currently
recognized methods and provides details for all oil and natural gas industry segments to enhance
consistency in emissions estimation.
This API Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and
Natural Gas Industry (referred to as the API Compendium) aims to accomplish the following
goals:
Assemble an expansive collection of relevant emission factors and methodologies for
estimating GHG emissions, based on currently available public documents;
Outline detailed procedures for conversions between different measurement unit systems,
with particular emphasis on implementation of oil and natural gas industry standards;
Provide descriptions of the multitude of oil and natural gas industry operationsin its
various segmentsand the associated GHG emissions sources that should be considered; and
Develop emission inventory examplesbased on selected facilities from various oil and
natural gas industry operationsto demonstrate the broad applicability of the methodologies.
The overall objective of this document is to promote the use of consistent, standardized
methodologies for estimating GHG emissions from oil and natural gas industry operations
1
. As a
result, this API Compendium recognizes calculation techniques and emission factors for estimating
GHG emissions for oil and natural gas industry operations. These techniques cover the calculation
or estimation of emissions from the full range of industry operations from exploration and
production through refining, to the marketing and distribution of products.
The API Compendium presents and illustrates the use of emission estimation methods for carbon
dioxide (CO
2
), methane (CH
4
), nitrous oxide (N
2
O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

1
Although the API Compendium was derived for oil and natural gas industry operations, the methodologies
presented in the API Compendium can be used by other industries, particularly those that utilize fossil fuels.
Introduction
1-2 August 2009
(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF
6
) for all common emission sources, including combustion,
vented, and fugitive. Decision trees are provided to guide the user in selecting a calculation or
estimation technique that is based on considerations of materiality, data availability, and accuracy.
METHODOLOGIES REQUIRED BY REGULATIONS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER
THE OPTIONS PROVIDED IN THE DECISION TREES.
1.1 Background
The API Compendium was first released in April 2001 (API, 2001). Its initial release as a road
test or Pilot Version document was geared toward testing its application to project, facility, or
corporate level GHG emission inventories. Since that time, comments on the API Compendium
have been received through a number of mechanisms, including industry conferences, workshops,
and focused outreach to other protocol development organizations, particularly those used by the
oil and natural gas industry in other regions of the world. Through collaboration with other
industry-related protocol development organizations, this version of the API Compendium
represents industry best practices for estimating GHG emissions.
Also following the release of the API Compendium Pilot Version, a parallel effort was initiated to
promote consistent, credible, and reliable GHG accounting and reporting practices for the oil and
natural gas industry. A team of oil and natural gas industry representatives led by the International
Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), the Association of Oil and
Gas Producers (OGP) and API, issued the Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (referred to as the Guidelines) in December 2003 (IPIECA, et al.,
2003). The Guidelines build upon other existing protocols for estimating GHG emissions by
providing information to address the unique operational arrangements of the oil and natural gas
industry.
In 2007, API launched an initiative to develop guidelines for quantifying uncertainty associated
with GHG emission inventories. API, Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
(CONCAWE), and IPIECA convened an international workshop on the topic on January 16, 2007,
in Brussels, Belgium, as the first step in the process of addressing inventory uncertainty and
accuracy issues (API and IPIECA, 2007). The document Addressing Uncertainty in Oil & Natural
Gas Industry Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Technical Considerations and Calculation Methods
(referred to here as the Uncertainty Document) was developed as a result, with the purpose of
Introduction
1-3 August 2009
augmenting existing industry guidance and providing technically valid approaches applicable for
use by the global oil and natural gas industry to improve GHG emissions estimation robustness and
data quality (API, CONCAWE, IPIECA, 2009).
The API Compendium, Guidelines, and Uncertainty Document are complementary; where the API
Compendium focuses on GHG emission estimation methodologies for industry sources (how to
calculate emissions), the Guidelines primarily address GHG accounting and reporting questions
faced by the industry (how to report emissions), and the Uncertainty Document addresses the
confidence intervals for the inventory results. Combined, the API Compendium, Guidelines, and
Uncertainty Document provide comprehensive guidance for the estimation, accounting, and
reporting of oil and natural gas industry GHG emissions.
In addition, API provides (free of charge) the SANGEA Emissions Estimating System, an
automated, electronic data management information system based on the emission estimation
methodologies described in the API Compendium. SANGEA was designed to assist oil and
natural gas companies with estimating, managing, and reporting GHG emissions, and can also be
used to track energy consumption and criteria pollutant emissions. SANGEA is available at
http://ghg.api.org.
1.2 Document Overview
The API Compendium is neither a standard nor a recommended practice for the development of
emissions inventories. Rather, as the name implies, it represents a compilation of commonly used
GHG emission estimation methodologies.
Methodologies outlined in this API Compendium can be used to guide the estimation of GHG
emissions for individual projects, entire facilities, or company-wide inventories. The purpose of
the GHG analysis, as well as the availability of data, will generally determine the level of detail
and the estimation approach to be selected. The methodologies presented here address the
estimation of all six GHG species or families of gases (CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
)
from oil and natural gas industry operations. This should not imply that emissions of all these
GHG compounds are necessarily significant for all emission sources or industry operations, as their
presence varies highly and depends on source design and operational practice. The emission
estimation approaches presented are believed to be practical for all segments of the oil and natural
Introduction
1-4 August 2009
gas industry. The operations and facilities addressed range from the well-head to retail outlets,
including exploration and production (E&P), refining, marine vessels, pipelines, bulk distribution,
other transportation, and retail marketing. The methods presented in this API Compendium pertain
only to emissions from operations and not those that might be attributable to product use. Industry
data provided throughout this document list the carbon content fraction for typical fuels in
commerce, but no attempt is made to account for hypothetical efficiencies associated with product
use.
Transparency is a key issue in developing GHG inventory estimates. It is strongly recommended
that any estimation approach used should be well annotated, with all input information recorded
and careful documentation of the underlying conditions and assumptions. The SANGEA
calculation tool provided by API may assist in facilitating such documentation. This level of detail
is necessary to track and compare GHG emission information over time and to allow for future
revisions as new information becomes available. Moreover, the dynamic nature of oil and natural
gas industry operations, along with changes in estimation procedures, necessitate good narrative
descriptions of included operations and equipment, in addition to careful calculations and
knowledge of operating procedures.
It is also important to note that emission results can differ, in some cases significantly, depending
on the specific approach(es) used to estimate emissions. The API Compendium, Guidelines, and
Uncertainty Document provide guidance for selecting appropriate estimation techniques based on
the intended use of the inventory data and the availability of required input data. Beyond
regulatory requirements, the use of the information presented in this document is left to the
discretion of the user.
1.3 Organization
Section 2 of this API Compendium provides a description of the various industry segments and
their interrelation. It sets out a common classification for all devices in the various segments and
includes listings of operations and sources that need to be assessed for their GHG emissions, with a
focus on CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions because these are the most relevant to oil and natural gas
industry operations. The equipment classification system described in Section 2 is summarized in
Table 1-1 and includes the major emission categories, with a representative list of devices that
might fall into each of these categories.
Introduction
1-5 August 2009
Indirect emissions are emissions that are a consequence of activities of the reporting company but
which result from sources owned or controlled by another party. All other sources identified in
Table 1-1 are considered direct emissions, which result from sources owned or controlled by the
reporting company. For transparency, if reported, indirect emissions should be reported separately
from direct emissions. More information on the differences and reporting of direct and indirect
emissions can be found in the Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (IPIECA, 2003).
Table 1-1. Proposed Source Classification Approach
a

Category Principal Sources Include:
Direct Emissions
Combustion Sources
Stationary Devices

Boilers, heaters, furnaces, reciprocating internal combustion engines and
turbines, flares, incinerators, and thermal/catalytic oxidizers
Mobile Sources Barges, ships, railcars, and trucks for material transport; planes/helicopters
and other company vehicles for personnel transport; forklifts, all terrain
vehicles, construction equipment, and other off-road mobile equipment
Process Emissions and Vented
Sources
b,c

Process Emissions

Hydrogen plants, amine units, glycol dehydrators, fluid catalytic cracking unit
and reformer regeneration, and flexi-coker coke burn
Other Venting Crude oil, condensate, and oil and natural gas product storage tanks, gas-
blanketed water and chemical tanks, underground drain tanks, gas-driven
pneumatic devices, gas samplers, chemical injection pumps, exploratory
drilling, loading/ballasting/transit, and loading racks
Maintenance/Turnaround Decoking of furnace tubes, well unloading, vessel and gas compressor
depressurizing, compressor starts, gas sampling, and pipeline blowdowns
Non-Routine Activities Pressure relief valves, PCVs, fuel supply unloading valves, and emergency
shut-down devices
Fugitive Sources
d

Fugitive Emissions

Valves, flanges, connectors, pumps, compressor seal leaks, and catadyne
heaters
Other Non-Point Sources Wastewater treatment and surface impoundments
Indirect Emissions
Electricity
Steam/Heat
District Cooling
Off-site generation of electricity for on-site power
Off-site generation of hot water and steam for on-site heat
Off-site gaseous pressurization (compression) for on-site cooling

a
Note that this API Compendium uses terms (e.g., routine, maintenance, point source) that may have both a commonplace, non-legal
meaning, and a specific, legal meaning. The API Compendium uses the commonplace, non-legal meanings for these terms and does not use them in
their legal sense.
b
Vented emissions are intentional or designed into the process or technology to occur during normal operations.
c
The above categories of emissions are broad listings intended to give an indication of the emission sources in the oil and natural gas industry. Note
that some regulatory and/or voluntary reporting programs classify the categories differently, including what sources are included under the vented,
process, and fugitive categories.
d
Fugitive emissions can be individually found and fixed to make the emissions near zero.
Introduction
1-6 August 2009
Section 3 presents detailed technical considerations and suggestions for developing a consistent
emissions estimate. To allow for global use of the estimation approaches, this section of the API
Compendium contains conversion factors, standard gas conditions, and fuel properties for fuels
typically found in the oil and natural gas industry. It also introduces key statistical calculation
methods for assessing uncertainty ranges for GHG emissions from applicable sources. A
discussion on emission factor quality and inventory accuracy is also provided in Section 3.
Sections 4, 5, and 6 provide the compiled calculation methodologies for direct emission sources:
combustion devices, process and operational venting, and fugitive emission sources, respectively.
Each section presents the details of various estimation approaches for each source, device, or
operation and also includes example calculations. The methods are organized around the general
classification of emission sources and equipment by category, as specified in Section 2. The
estimation approaches are therefore presented by either equipment or fuel type, and by operational
practices. These sections strive to balance the need to make the computational tasks as simple as
possible while retaining sufficient accuracy in the final inventory. To accomplish this, the
methodology provides options for relying on generic estimation methodsif applicablesuch that
specific knowledge of every equipment detail may not be essential. For example, many of the
combustion device estimation approaches will be the same regardless of the industry segment in
which they occur. However, most of the process vents are specific to an industry segment and
reflect a specific operational practice for that part of the oil and natural gas industry. Examples are
provided throughout the API Compendium to demonstrate calculation methodologies. Examples
may be used multiple times throughout the document, and are intended to be as realistic as
possible.
Section 7 presents methods that are applicable for estimating indirect GHG emissions from sources
that provide power, heat and steam, and cooling. In the case of indirect emissions from power
generating activities, the methods rely on average EFs based on national compilation, such as
eGrid
2
in the US and the International Energy Agency (IEA) for sources out of the US. The
section also describes different methods, recommended by diverse programs, for the allocation of
GHG emissions between the power and heat/steam generation aspects of Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) installations.

2
EPA maintains a database with information from power plants and electricity generators. The database is available
at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htm (accessed June 19, 2009).
Introduction
1-7 August 2009
Section 8 presents emission inventory examples for each industry segment. These examples are
used to demonstrate methodology and emissions tabulations to help the reader determine the key
emission sources for that type of facility. The examples constructed have an abundance of
different types of equipment and devices for illustrative purposes, but are not intended to be
representative of any specific facility or industry sector. The results presented also feature the
calculated uncertainty ranges in order to demonstrate the implementation of the statistical
calculation methods to a facility inventory.
A detailed glossary for the terminology used throughout this compendium is provided following
the main report sections. Appendices A, B, C, and D provide additional calculation methodologies
and further details for emission sources covered in Sections 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.
Appendix E provides fuel speciation details to support combustion and non-combustion emission
estimation. Appendix F contains an analysis of fugitive CH
4
emissions from refinery operations.
1.4 References
American Petroleum Institute (API). Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation
Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry, Pilot Test Version, April 2001.
http://www.api.org/ehs/climate/new/upload/2004_COMPENDIUM.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
[Mail Orders of the Compendium: API Publications c/o Global Engineering Documents, 15
Inverness Way East, Mail Stop C303B, Englewood CO 80112-5776]
Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry, April 2004.
Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry, Errata, February 2005.
http://ghg.api.org/documents/CompendiumErrata205.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
American Petroleum Institute (API), and International Petroleum Industry Environmental
Conservation Association (IPIECA). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation and Inventories
Addressing Uncertainty and Accuracy, Summary Report, An IPIECA / API Workshop, Brussels,
Belgium, January 16, 2007.
Introduction
1-8 August 2009
http://www.ipieca.org/activities/climate_change/downloads/publications/Uncertainty.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
API/CONCAWE/IPIECA, Addressing Uncertainty in Oil & Natural Gas Industry Greenhouse
Gas Inventories: Technical Considerations and Calculation Method, Pilot Version, release
expected June 2009.
American Petroleum Institute (API). SANGEA Energy and Emissions Estimating System.
http://ghg.api.org/nsoftware.asp, accessed May 1, 2009.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), International
Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and American Petroleum Institute (API). Petroleum
Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, December 2003.
http://www.ipieca.org/activities/climate_change/downloads/publications/ghg_guidelines.pdf,
accessed May 1, 2009.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 2
I N D U S T R Y D E S C R I P T I O N


Section 2 Industry Description

August 2009

2-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
2.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Industry Segment Descriptions ................................................................... 2-4
2.2.1 Conventional Exploration and Production ....................................... 2-4
2.2.2 Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Upgrading ............................................... 2-7
2.2.3 Coal Bed Methane Production ...................................................... 2-10
2.2.4 Gas Processing ............................................................................ 2-11
2.2.5 Carbon Capture and Geological Storage ...................................... 2-13
2.2.6 Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations ................................... 2-15
2.2.7 Transportation and Distribution ..................................................... 2-18
2.2.8 Refining......................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.9 Petrochemical Manufacturing ....................................................... 2-23
2.2.10 Minerals and Mining Operations ................................................... 2-25
2.2.11 Retail and Marketing ..................................................................... 2-26
2.2.12 Energy Generation ........................................................................ 2-27
2.3 References ............................................................................................... 2-28

2-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table 21. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Conventional
Exploration and Production .................................................................................... 2-5
Table 22. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Oil Sands and
Heavy Oil Upgrading .............................................................................................. 2-8
Table 23. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Coal Bed Methane
Production ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Table 24. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Processing .................. 2-12
Table 25. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Carbon Capture
and Geological Storage ........................................................................................ 2-14
Table 26. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Natural Gas
Storage and LNG Operations ............................................................................... 2-16
Transportation and Distribution ............................................................................ 2-19
Table 28. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Natural Gas
Transmission and Distribution .............................................................................. 2-20
Table 29. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Refining ..................... 2-22
Table 210. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Petrochemical
Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... 2-23
Table 211. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Minerals and
Mining Operations ............................................................................................... 2-25
Table 212. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: ................................... 2-27
Table 213. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Electricity and
Heat/Steam Generation ....................................................................................... 2-28

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Oil and Natural Gas Industry Schematic of GHG Emissions .................................. 2-2

2-1 August 2009
2.0
INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
This section presents a description of the oil and natural gas industry and its segments to give
some perspective on the potential sources of GHG emissions. Figure 2-1 presents a graphical
overview of the primary industry segments with a rudimentary indication of GHG emission
sources. The following subsections describe industry segments and specialty operations, and the
related GHG emission sources in more detail.
2.1 Overview
For the purposes of this document, the oil and natural gas industry includes all direct activities
related to producing, refining, transporting, and marketing crude oil and associated natural gas,
and refined products. Figure 2-1 shows a graphical overview of the industry. The key industry
segments include:
Exploration, production, and gas processing;
Transportation and distribution;
Refining; and
Retail and marketing.
These segments are the direct activities within the oil and natural gas industry that have the
potential to emit GHG. Integrated petroleum companies may also have operations associated
with energy generation (electricity, heat/steam generation, or cooling), mining and minerals,
petrochemical manufacturing, and/or carbon capture and geological storage.
Note: The relative scale of the primary GHGs of interest (CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O) are indicated in
Figure 2-1. Carbon dioxide and CH
4
(in bold font) represent the most significant emission
sources; CO
2
, N
2
O and CH
4
(in regular font) represent less significant emission sources. If none
are shown, emissions are believed to be negligible. The comparison is based on CO
2

equivalents.

Industry Description
2-2 August 2009

Figure 2-1. Oil and Natural Gas Industry Schematic of GHG Emissions
2-3 August 2009
In addition, petroleum processes may also purchase electric power or heat/steam. However, the
combustion emissions from these externally generated sources are considered an indirect
contributor of GHG emissions. Indirect GHG emissions from external power and heat/steam
generation are reported separately from the direct petroleum sector emissions. Additional
guidance on accounting for indirect emissions is provided in Sections 3.2.2 and Section 7 of the
Guidelines (IPIECA, et. al, 2003).
Tables 2-1 through 2-13 present expansive checklists of potential GHG emission sources in each
primary industry sector, as well as other specialty operations that may be part of a petroleum
companys portfolio. These tables also include an indication of whether each source is likely to
emit CO
2
, N
2
O, and/or CH
4
and reference sections of this document where further details on
emission factors and emission calculation methodologies are provided. The sources listed in
Tables 2-1 through 2-13 may potentially be located at a facility; however, individual facilities
vary and some sources listed in the tables may not be present at all facilities.
Tables 2-1 through 2-13 also indicate which specific sources of emissions were considered in
preparing this document. The X is used to designate which GHG species may be emitted from
the source identified, for which estimation methodologies are provided in the API Compendium.
An * is listed for some sources of CO
2
emissions in the production segment and CH
4
emissions
associated with CCS processes. This is used to note potential sources of CO
2
emissions for those
production streams rich in CO
2
, such as associated gas from enhanced oil recovery or where CH
4

may be present in gas streams associated with CCS. An approach is provided for these sources,
but the significance of CO
2
emissions depends on the CO
2
concentration and the source-specific
emission rate.
In addition, SF
6
, PFCs, and HFCs are also greenhouse gases with global warming potentials
several hundred to several thousand times larger than that of CO
2
. Sulfur hexafluoride may be
used by oil and natural gas companies that operate electric transmission equipment or as a tracer
gas to detect pipeline leaks. As a result of using substitutes for ozone-depleting substances
(ODSs), air conditioning (mobile and stationary), refrigeration, and fire suppression equipment
are potential sources of HFC and PFC emissions. Although the API Compendium provides
estimation methods for non-CO
2
emissions, this should not imply that these emissions are
necessarily significant.
The diversity of operations associated with the oil and natural gas industry presents a challenge
in determining the relative contribution of the many different emission sources. The Guidelines
document provides some considerations to help the reader use available time and resources
effectively (IPIECA, et. al., 2003). In addition, Figure 2-1 and Tables 2-1 through 2-13 present
some information on potential prioritization of emission sources.
2-4 August 2009
2.2 Industry Segment Descriptions
In this API Compendium, the oil and natural gas industry is divided into the following categories
for the purpose of describing applicable emission estimation methodologies:

Exploration and production;
Oil sands and heavy oil upgrading;
Coal bed methane production;
Gas processing;
Carbon capture and geological storage;
Natural gas storage and (liquified natural
gas) LNG operations;
Liquid transportation and distribution;
Natural gas transmission and distribution;
Refining;
Petrochemical manufacturing;
Minerals and mining operations;
Retail and marketing; and
Energy generation (including electricity,
heat/steam, and cooling).

For the purpose of this document, the scope of a companys inventory may include any or all of
these activities. The following subsections describe emission sources associated with each of
these categories of operations.
2.2.1 Conventional Exploration and Production
This segment includes the exploration for and extraction of petroleum from underground
reservoirs, located either onshore or offshore. Because oil and natural gas can be produced from
the same well, the production segment may include gas handling equipment and processing
operations. A checklist of emission sources for this industry segment is provided in Table 2-1.
Exploration primarily involves various geological and geophysical surveys and tests, followed by
exploratory drilling in likely areas. The primary emission sources from exploration are the
exhaust from internal combustion (IC) engines used in drilling operations; the venting or flaring
of gas associated with well testing or completions; and mobile source emissions associated with
equipment used at the well site and to transport personnel and equipment to/from the site.
If natural gas is available at sufficiently high pressures, it may be used as the motive force to drill
wells. In this case, CH
4
would be emitted to the atmosphere, similar to vented releases resulting
from diaphragm pumps. Natural gas may also be used to clean sediment that accumulates during
drilling, or to unload water from the well. For this use, compressed natural gas is forced down
the well bore to build up pressure, and then rapidly released to the surface through the well
2-5 August 2009
annulus. The released gas is most often directed to a flare (resulting primarily in CO
2

emissions), or alternatively vented to the atmosphere (releasing CH
4
).

Conventional Exploration and Production
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
COMBUSTION SOURCES Stationary Devices 4.0
Boilers/steam generators X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Dehydrator reboilers X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Heaters/treaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Internal combustion (IC) engine generators X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Reciprocating compressor drivers X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Turbine electric generators X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Turbine/centrifugal compressor drivers X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Well drilling X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Incinerators X X X 4.7
COMBUSTION SOURCES Mobile Sources 4.8
Mobile drilling equipment X X X 4.8
Other company vehicles X X X 4.8
Planes/helicopters X X X 4.8
Supply boats, barges X X X 4.8
Site preparation, construction, and excavation X X X 4.8
INDIRECT SOURCES 7.0
Electricity imports X X X 7.1
Process heat/steam imports X X X 7.1
Cogeneration X X X 7.2
VENTED SOURCES Process Vents 5.0
Dehydration processes X 5.1
Dehydrator Kimray pumps X 5.1
Gas sweetening processes X X 5.1

2-6 August 2009
Exploration and Production, continued

2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
VENTED SOURCES Other Venting 5.3-5.6
Storage tanks and drain vessels X (*) X 5.4
Exploratory drilling X (*) X 5.6
Well testing and completions X (*) X 5.6
Pneumatic devices X (*) X 5.6.1
Chemical injection pumps X (*) X 5.6.2
Gas sampling and analysis X (*) X 5.7.1
VENTED SOURCES Maintenance/Turnarounds 5.6-5.7
Mud degassing X (*) X 5.6.3
Low pressure gas well casing X (*) X 5.6.5
Compressor blowdowns X (*) X 5.7.2
Compressor starts X (*) X 5.7.2
Gathering pipeline blowdowns X (*) X 5.7.2
Vessel blowdown X (*) X 5.7.2
Well completions X (*) X 5.7.2
Well unloading and workovers X (*) X 5.7.2
VENTED SOURCES Non-routine Activities 5.7-5.8
Emergency shutdown (ESD)/ emergency safety
blowdown (ESB)
X (*) X 5.7.2
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X (*) X 5.7.2
Well blowouts (when not flared) X (*) X 5.7.2
Fire Suppression 5.8
FUGITIVE SOURCES 6.0
Equipment component leaks X (*) X 6.1
Wastewater treatment X X 6.2
Air Conditioning/Refrigeration 6.3
Footnotes:
meaning, and a specific, legal meaning. The API Compendium uses the commonplace, non-legal meanings for these terms and does not use them
in their legal sense.
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
O emissions may result from the source.
*Emission estimation approach is provided, but only applicable to CO
2
-rich production streams (e.g., CO
2
flood or enhanced oil recovery).
Significance of these sources depends on the CO
2
concentration and source-specific emission rate.
A well that reaches an economically viable oil and/or natural gas reservoir may then be
completed and put into production. A number of steps are potentially involved in production,
such as oil/gas separation, oil/water separation and collection, and storage. In addition, the
wellhead itself may have a vent to release casing head gas, which could be a source of both CH
4

and CO
2
.
The balance between CH
4
and CO
2
emissions from the wellhead and associated equipment leaks
can be quite variable. Most reservoir gas has less than 5% CO
2
(mole percent) and a CH
4

content greater than 80%; however, exceptions do exist. For example, in Canada, most wellhead
natural gas is below 90% CH
4
. Also, some enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques involve
2-7 August 2009
injection of CO
2
into the formation, potentially resulting in significantly larger CO
2
emissions
than CH
4
from equipment/process vents and fugitive leaks. Carbon dioxide injection, as part of a
carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) operation, is addressed in more detail in
Section 2.2.5.
Oil/gas separation and gas treatment operations may result in CH
4
losses from oilfield tank vents,
dehydrators, amine units, and pneumatic devices. Fugitive equipment leaks may also be a source
of CH
4
emissions. Combustion emissions result from reciprocating compressors or turbines used
to handle produced gas, where the produced gas may be collected for processing (dehydration
and/or sweetening), reinjected to boost reservoir pressure, or in some cases, flared. Flaring of
produced gas may occur in emergency situations when pressure must be relieved from process
vessels and equipment in order to avoid an unsafe condition or catastrophic failure, when there is
no infrastructure to process the gas, or when produced gas volumes are too low to be
economically collected and processed.
Offshore oil and natural gas production operations are similar to onshore operations. Equipment
and process configurations are typically the same, although vented and fugitive CH
4
emission
sources are generally smaller than for onshore operations due to tight space confinements on
platforms and increased emphasis on personnel safety and risk/loss prevention. Offshore
operations may include combustion emissions from equipment and personnel transport to and
from the platforms (supply boats and helicopters) that are not generally associated with onshore
operations. Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) systems, a subset of offshore
operations, may also have emissions from storage and offloading capabilities.
2.2.2 Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Upgrading
This segment includes the non-conventional extraction of heavy oil in the form of bitumen from
sand deposits, and the subsequent conversion of the bitumen to synthetic crude oil. Oil sands
(sometimes called tar sands) are naturally occurring mixtures of clay, sand, water, and bitumen.
Bitumen can be separated from the oil sands through multiple methods: surface mining and
extraction, or in-situ recovery. The bitumen is then upgraded, removing carbon and adding
hydrogen to produce synthetic crude oil.
Oil sands GHG emission sources vary by operation but can include mining activities (mobile
equipment), fine tailings ponds, combustion sources, hydrogen generation, sulfur recovery, and
equipment leak sources. A detailed overview of the oil sands and heavy oil upgrading process
can be found in the document CH
4
and VOC Emissions from the Canadian Upstream Oil and
Gas Industry Volume 3: Organic and Common-Pollutant Emissions by the Canadian Oilsands
Industry and from Heavy Oil Upgrading Facilities (CAPP, 1999).
2-8 August 2009
A checklist of emission sources for this industry segment is provided in Table 2-2.
Table 22. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Oil
Sands and Heavy Oil Upgrading
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Boilers/heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Turbines X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Mining equipment X X X 4.1-4.5
Flares X X X 4.6
Catalytic oxidizers X 4.7
Mining equipment X X X 4.8
Flue gas desulfurization process vents X 5.1.5
Sulfur recovery units X 5.1.5
Catalytic cracking X 5.2.1
Catalyst regeneration X 5.2.1, 5.2.4
Steam methane reforming (hydrogen plants) X 5.2.2
Delayed coking X 5.2.3
Flexi-coking X 5.2.3, 5.2.6
Catalytic reforming X 5.2.4
Thermal cracking X 5.2.6
Ventilation and degasification X 5.3
Ash processing unit X 5.3
Surface mining X NA
Storage tanks X 5.4
Water tanks X 5.4.3
Loading racks X 5.5
Sand-handling X 5.3
Pneumatic devices X 5.6.1
Casing gas vents X 5.6.4, 5.6.5

2-9 August 2009
Table 22. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Oil Sands and
Heavy Oil Upgrading, continued

2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
VENTED SOURCES Maintenance/Turnarounds 5.7
Compressor blowdowns X 5.7
Compressor starts X 5.7
Equipment/process blowdowns X 5.7
Heater/boiler tube decoking X 5.7
Vessel blowdown X 5.7
Emergency shut down (ESD) X 5.7
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X 5.7
Fire suppression 5.8
Equipment component leaks X X 6.1
Sludge/solids handling X 6.2
Wastewater collection and treating X 6.2
Air conditioning/refrigeration 6.3
Exposed mine faces X NA
Tailing ponds X NA
Footnotes:
meaning, and a specific, legal meaning. The API Compendium uses the commonplace, non-legal meanings for these terms and does not use
them in their legal sense.
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
NA indicates a souce specific GHG estimation methodology or emission factor is not currently available.
Emissions from oil sands mining operations result from the volatilization of CH
4
entrained in the
oil sands during mining and mine dewatering, from exposed mine faces, and during transport and
handling of the ore and oil sands. Unlike coal mining, for which emission factors are presented
in Section 5, oil sands mining activities currently do not have published emission factors. Site-
specific data should be used to account for these emissions.
The largest source of CH
4
emissions from oil sands operations are tailing ponds. The processes
resulting in emissions from tailing ponds are currently being studied; however, it appears that the
emissions are due to microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the tailings. As a result, the
emissions from tailings ponds are highly site specific. There currently are no emission factors
available for estimating emissions from tailings and therefore site specific data or measurements
should be used for estimating these emissions.
The processes involved in bitumen upgrading include coking and hydroprocessing; these
emission sources are discussed in more detail in Section 2.2.8 (Refining). Upgrading facilities
may also have cogeneration and utility plants for which emissions may need to be allocated
2-10 August 2009
using a methodology provided in Section 7. Sulfur recovery units or limestone-based flue gas
desulfurization plants may also be used to remove sulfur from process streams.
2.2.3 Coal Bed Methane Production
Coal bed methane (CBM) is another method of producing CH
4
(natural gas). The process of
coalification, in which swamp vegetation is converted to coal by geological and biological
forces, also captures CH
4
in the coal seams and the surrounding rock strata. At the high
pressures in the coal seams, the CH
4
either remains adsorbed on the coal surface or is trapped
within the coals porous structure. This CH
4
can be recovered for use or sale, just as associated
gas can be recovered from crude production wells.
The emission sources from CBM production are very similar to those from petroleum
exploration and production discussed in Section 2.2.1. A checklist of possible sources is
provided in Table 2-3.

Bed Methane Production

COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Internal combustion (IC) engines and generators X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Dehydrator Kimray pump X 5.1
Gas sweetening processes X X 5.1
Water handling, tanks X 5.4
Coal seam drilling and well testing X 5.6.6
Coal handling X 5.6.7
2-11 August 2009
Bed Methane Production, continued

COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Gas sampling and analysis X 5.7.1
Compressor starts and blowdowns X 5.7.2
Gathering pipeline blowdowns X 5.7.2
Vessel blowdowns X 5.7.2
Well workovers X 5.7.2
Gathering pipeline leaks X 5.7.2
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X 5.7.2
Well blowdowns (when not flared) X 5.7.2
Equipment component leaks X 6.1
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
In conventional CBM operations, several gas production wells are drilled from the surface to the
coal seam and the pressure in the coal beds is reduced, thereby releasing the CH
4
. GHG
emissions result from the engines used to drill the production wells. Flaring emissions are not
routine but may occur if the natural gas is flared prior to tying into a production facility or due to
process upsets.
Emission sources associated with producing CBM are largely the same as those associated with
conventional natural gas production. The recovered CBM is separated from other contaminants
(e.g., formation water, CO
2
) at the surface. Process equipment, such as separators, water tanks,
dehydrators, amine units, and/or pneumatic devices result in vented and fugitive emissions
through the same mechanisms as conventional natural gas production. Combustion emissions
result from compressors used to transport the recovered natural gas.
2.2.4 Gas Processing
This segment includes processing operations. The checklist of emission sources for this industry
segment is provided in Table 2-4.

2-12 August 2009
Processing
PROCESSING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Catalytic and thermal oxidizers X 4.7
Supply boats, barges X X X 4.8
Dehydration processes X (*) X 5.1
Dehydrator Kimray pumps X (*) X 5.1
Gas sweetening processes X (*) X 5.1
Storage tanks and drain vessels X (*) X 5.4
Pneumatic devices X (*) X 5.6.1
Chemical injection pumps X (*) X 5.6.2
Gas sampling and analysis X (*) X 5.7.1
Compressor blowdowns X (*) X 5.7.3
Compressor starts X (*) X 5.7.3
Vessel blowdown X (*) X 5.7.3
blowdown (ESB)
X (*) X 5.7.3
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X (*) X 5.7.3
Equipment component leaks X (*) X 6.1
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
*Emission estimation approach is provided, but only applicable to CO
2
-rich streams. Significance of these sources depends on the CO
2

2-13 August 2009
In gas processing, high value liquid products are recovered from the gas stream and/or the
produced gas is treated to meet pipeline specifications. Process vents from dehydration, gas
sweetening, pneumatic devices, and non-routine activities may result in CH
4
emissions. Fugitive
equipment leaks are also a source of CH
4
emissions. Combustion sources, such as boilers,
heaters, engines, and flares result in CO
2
emissions, as well as smaller quantities of N
2
O and CH
4

emissions.
Offshore operations may include oil and natural gas processing.
2.2.5 Carbon Capture and Geological Storage
Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage refers to the chain of processes used to collect or
capture a CO
2
gas stream, transport the CO
2
to a storage location, and inject the CO
2
into a
geological formation
1
for long-term isolation from the atmosphere.
In the capture step, CO
2
is separated from other gaseous products, compressed to facilitate
efficient transportation, and when necessary, conditioned for transport (e.g., by dehydration).
Captured CO
2
is then transported from the point of capture to the storage site. Pipelines are the
most common method for transporting CO
2
; however, bulk transport of CO
2
by ship, truck, and
rail occurs on a much smaller scale. Once at the storage site, the CO
2
may be additionally
compressed and then injected into the storage reservoir. Carbon dioxide is retained in geologic
structural and stratigraphic traps (e.g., depleted oil and natural gas reservoirs without enhanced
hydrocarbon recovery).
Emissions from CCS activities may occur during each of the CCS phases. The operations
associated with the capture phase require the use of energy (fossil fuel consumption and/or
purchased electricity), resulting in combustion and/or indirect emissions. Vented and fugitive
emissions may result from equipment used as part of the capture process. A small amount of
emissions may also be released in the form of residual (uncaptured) CO
2
and CH
4
.
Transportation-related process losses may occur either as fugitive equipment leaks or as
evaporative losses during maintenance, emergency releases, intermediate storage, and
loading/offloading. Combustion or indirect emissions will also occur from energy consumption
to compress and move the CO
2
between the capture and storage locations. Storage emissions
include vented, fugitive, combustion, and indirect emissions from equipment and associated
energy requirements at the injection site. In addition, emissions may result from physical leaks
from the storage site, uncaptured CO
2
co-produced with oil and/or gas, and enhanced
hydrocarbon recovery operations.

1
For the purpose of this API Compendium, geological storage reservoirs explicitly exclude ocean sequestration.
2-14 August 2009
Nitrous oxide and CH
4
emissions may also occur from the operation of combustion-driven
equipment and purchased electricity. Table 2-5 provides a checklist of emission sources
associated with CCS processes.

Table 25. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Carbon
Capture and Geological Storage

CCS CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Well drilling X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Marine, road or railroad tankers X X X 4.8
Dehydration processes X X (*) 5.1
Dehydrator Kimray pumps X X (*) 5.1
Gas sweetening processes X X (*) 5.1
Intermediate storage X X (*) 5.4
Storage tanks X X (*) 5.4
Loading/unloading/transit X X (*) 5.5
Pneumatic devices X X (*) 5.6.1
Chemical injection pumps X X (*) 5.6.2
Maintenance X X (*) 5.7
Gas sampling and analysis X X (*) 5.7.1
Compressor blowdowns X X (*) 5.7.2
Compressor starts X X (*) 5.7.2
Pipeline blowdowns X X (*) 5.7.2
Vessel blowdown X X (*) 5.7.2
Emergency releases X X (*) 5.7
2-15 August 2009
Table 25. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Carbon
Capture and Geological Storage, continued

CCS CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Well leakage X X (*) 6.1
Equipment and pipeline leaks X X (*) 6.1
Wastewater treatment X X (*) 6.2
Fugitive emissions from ships X X (*) NA
Physical leakage from geological formations X X (*) NA
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
* Significance of these sources depends on the CH
4

2.2.6 Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations
Natural gas storage facilities are used to store natural gas produced during off-peak times
(usually summer) so that gas can be delivered during peak demand. Storage facilities can be
below or above ground. Above ground facilities liquefy the gas by super cooling and then
storing the LNG in heavily insulated tanks. Below-ground facilities compress and store natural
gas in the vapor phase in one of several formations: 1) spent gas production fields, 2) aquifers,
or 3) salt caverns.
Of the approximate 113 active LNG facilities in the United States, 57 are peak-shaving facilities
(IELE, 2003). The other LNG facilities include marine terminals (eight import terminals and one
export terminal in the U.S.), storage facilities, and operations involved in niche markets such as
LNG vehicle fuel. Worldwide, there are 17 LNG export (liquefaction) terminals and 40 import
(regasification) terminals (IELE, 2003).
LNG is commonly transported long distances in double-hulled ships specifically designed to
handle the low temperature of LNG. These carriers are insulated to limit the amount of LNG
that boils off or evaporates. This boil-off gas is sometimes used to supplement fuel for the
carriers. Worldwide, 136 ships currently transport more than 120 million metric tons of LNG
every year. (IELE, 2003).
During ship unloading operations, a portion of the boil-off gas is returned to the ship to
compensate for the volume of liquid pumped out to maintain the ships tank pressure. Boil-off
gas that is not returned to the ship is compressed, condensed by direct contact with LNG, and
then combined with the send-out natural gas prior to being pumped up to pipeline pressure in the
send-out pumps.
When LNG is received at a terminal, it is transferred to double-walled, insulated storage tanks
that are built specifically to hold LNG. These tanks can be found above or below ground and
2-16 August 2009
keep the liquid at a low temperature to minimize the amount of evaporation. If tank LNG vapors
are not released, the pressure and temperature within the tank will continue to rise. LNG is
characterized as a cryogen, a liquefied gas kept in its liquid state at very low temperatures. The
temperature within the tank remains nearly constant if the pressure is kept constant by allowing
the boil off gas to escape from the tank. This is known as auto-refrigeration. The boil-off gas is
collected and used as a fuel source in the facility or on the tanker transporting/ unloading it.
When natural gas is needed, the LNG is warmed to a point where it converts back to its gaseous
state. This is accomplished using a regasification process involving heat exchangers.
Table 2-6 lists potential emission sources associated with natural gas storage and LNG
operations. Methane emission factors for LNG vents and fugitive sources are not well
developed. LNG systems are designed to avoid contact with the outside air, which would gasify
the LNG. Thus, great effort is taken to prevent vented and fugitive losses. Vapor recovery
systems are used to capture boil-off gas and re-route it for use as a fuel or to the send-out natural
gas pipeline. In an emergency, flares are available to burn the CH
4
rather than release it to the
atmosphere. Once the CH
4
is vaporized, emission factors applicable to natural gas storage or
pipeline operations apply.
Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations

Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Heaters and heat exchangers X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Pump engines X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Catalyst and thermal oxidizers X 4.7
Vapor combustion units (VCU) X 4.7

2-17 August 2009
Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations, continued

Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Marine vessels X X X 4.8
Gas treatment processes X X 5.1
Gas sampling and analysis X 5.3
LNG cold box X 5.3
Revaporization X 5.34
VENTED SOURCES Other Venting, continued 5.3-5.6
Storage tanks X 5.4
Loading/unloading/transit X 5.5
Chemical injection pumps X 5.6.2
Compressor blowdowns X 5.7.4
Compressor starts X 5.7.4
Pipeline blowdowns X 5.7.4
Vessel blowdown X 5.7.4
Compressor station venting X 5.7.4
Storage station venting X 5.7.4
blowdown (ESB)
X 5.7.4
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X 5.7.4
Pipeline leaks X 6.1
Process equipment leaks X 6.1
Storage wellheads X 6.1
Vapor handling system X 6.1
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

2-18 August 2009
2.2.7 Transportation and Distribution
The transportation and distribution segment consists of the movement of crude and associated
gas from the production segment to refineries. It also includes the movement of natural gas or
petroleum products to market or distribution centers. Emission sources for transportation and
distribution are shown in Tables 2-7 and 2-8 for liquid petroleum products and natural gas,
respectively. Emission sources include loading and unloading of tank trucks, rail cars, and
marine vessels; and transit losses from truck, marine, rail, and pipeline transportation.
Transportation and distribution emissions generally result from either losses of the material being
transported or from combustion emissions from the motive forces used to transport the material.
Product losses may occur either as fugitive equipment leaks or as evaporative losses during
loading, unloading, and storage operations. In terms of GHG emissions, only CH
4
emissions
result from product losses. The primary potential for CH
4
emissions is from handling live
crude oil (crude oil which has not yet reached atmospheric pressure), produced gas, and natural
gas. Transportation of live crude oil and produced gas should be accounted for through the use
of gathering pipelines, which are addressed in Section 2.2.1, Conventional Exploration and
Production. Table 2-7 addresses transportation of other liquid products. However, most refined
products and weathered crude oil do not contain CH
4
, as shown by the compositions presented
in Appendix E. Table 2-8 addresses the transportation of natural gas. Transportation of
liquefied natural gas is addressed in Section 2.2.6, Natural Gas Storage and LNG Operations.
Emissions of CO
2
and significantly smaller quantities of N
2
O occur in transportation and
distribution due to combustion of fuels in IC engines, steam boilers on marine vessels, and
turbines on gas compressors. It is also possible to have small amounts of unburned CH
4

emissions when natural gas is used to fire the IC engines or turbines.
In addition, SF
6
emissions may occur if SF
6
is used as a tracer gas to detect pipeline leaks. On a
CO
2
equivalent basis, these may be a large emission source for some pipeline operations.

2-19 August 2009
Transportation and Distribution

LIQUID TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
COMBUSTION SOURCES Stationary 4.0
Reciprocating compressor drivers X X X 4.1
Turbine electric generators X X X 4.1
Turbine/centrifugal compressor drivers X X X 4.1
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Catalyst and thermal oxidizers X X 4.7
Incinerators X X 4.7
Vapor combustion units X X X 4.7
Barges X X X 4.8
Marine, road, or railroad tankers X X X 4.8
Storage tanks X 5.4
VENTED SOURCES Maintenance/Turnarounds 5.7-5.8
Pump station maintenance X 5.7.4
VENTED SOURCES Non-Routine Activities 5.7-5.8
Breakout/surge tanks X 5.7.4
Leak detection (SF
6
Emissions) 6.3.3
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

2-20 August 2009
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Gas treatment processes X X 5.1
Storage tanks X 5.4
Compressor blowdowns X 5.7.4
Compressor starts X 5.7.4
Compressor station blowdowns X 5.7.4
Pig traps and drips X 5.7.4
Vessel blowdown X 5.7.4
Pipeline blowdowns X 5.7.4, 5.7.5
Metering and Pressure Regulating (M&R) station
upsets
X 5.7.4, 5.7.5
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) X 5.7.4, 5.7.5
Pipeline dig-ins X 5.7.5

2-21 August 2009
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution, continued

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Wastewater treatment X 6.2
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2
2.2.8 Refining
The refining segment consists of all refinery sites that take in crude and produce finished
products, such as gasoline. The refining process includes many distillation steps that separate
petroleum hydrocarbons into narrower boiling ranges. There are also a number of refining
processes that react the hydrocarbons, such as cracking, coking, reforming, alkylation, and
isomerization. Hydrogen is often manufactured to support increased hydroprocessing to remove
sulfur from petroleum products. Petrochemicals may be manufactured on the refinery site, some
by separation and concentration of naturally occurring chemicals in the petroleum and others by
reaction to form new materials. Refinery sites may also include manufacturing of lubricating
oils, specialty oils, and asphalt.
Table 2-9 provides a checklist of potential GHG emission sources for the refining segment.
Greenhouse gas emissions from refining occur primarily from combustion of fuels to provide the
energy needed for the refining processes. Carbon dioxide emissions from boilers, process
heaters, turbines, flares, and incinerators are the primary GHG emissions. Nitrous oxide
emissions also result from these sources, but in quantities much smaller than those of CO
2
.
When these combustion sources are fired with natural gas or refinery fuel gas, there may also be
trace quantities of unburned CH
4
emissions.
The natural gas system, and potentially the refinery fuel gas system, are the only process streams
within the refinery with potentially significant CH
4
concentrations. Fugitive CH
4
emissions may
result from the piping and components associated with these systems and the combustion
equipment fired by these fuels. Results from an API study on fugitive emissions from refinery
fuel gas systems indicate that these emissions appear to be negligible.
2
The results from this
study are presented in Appendix F.

2
Methane emissions data gathering and analyses were conducted for two refineries: a small simple refinery and a
larger, more complex refinery. The estimated CH
4
fugitive emissions represent about 0.11% of the total GHG
inventory for the small/simple refinery and about 0.19% of the GHG inventory for the large/complex refinery.
2-22 August 2009
A number of specialized process vents also may contribute GHG emissions. Some potential
process vents include the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) regenerator/CO boiler vent, cokers,
hydrogen plant vents, and other catalyst regeneration. The FCC vent is primarily a source of
CO
2
emissions, although there could be some unburned CH
4
if supplemental fuel is fired in a CO
boiler. The hydrogen plant vent is primarily a source of CO
2
emissions, as are other catalyst
regeneration vents.
Refining
REFINING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Coke calcining kilns X X X 4.7
Company vehicles X X X 4.8
Catalytic cracking X 5.2.1
Catalytic reforming X 5.2.1
Delayed coking X 5.2.3
Flexi-coking X 5.2.3
Asphalt production X 5.2.5
Thermal cracking X 5.2.6
Storage tanks 5.4
Loading racks 5.5
Pneumatic devices 5.6.1

2-23 August 2009
Table 29. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources by Sector: Refining,
continued
REFINING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Compressor starts 5.7.6
Equipment/process blowdowns 5.7.6
Heater/boiler tube decoking X 5.7.6
Emergency shut down (ESD) 5.7.6
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) 5.7.6
Fuel gas system leaks X 6.1
Other process equipment leaks 6.1
Sludge/solids handling 6.2.1
Wastewater collection and treating X X 6.2.1
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

2.2.9 Petrochemical Manufacturing
For some companies, operations to produce or manufacture chemicals derived from petroleum-
based products are separate from refining operations. The sources of GHG emissions from
petrochemical manufacturing, shown in Table 2-10, are similar to those of the refining segment.

Petrochemical Manufacturing
PETROCHEMICAL MANUFCTURING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
2-24 August 2009
Petrochemical Manufacturing, continued

PETROCHEMICAL MANUFCTURING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Chemical production X X X 5.6.8
Storage tanks X 5.4
Loading racks X 5.5.1
Pneumatic devices 5.6.1
Compressor starts 5.7.6
Equipment/process blowdowns 5.7.6
Heater/boiler tube decoking 5.7.6
Emergency shut down (ESD) 5.7.6
Pressure relief valves (PRVs) 5.7.6
Fuel gas system leaks X 6.1
Other process equipment leaks 6.1
Sludge/solids handling 6.2
Wastewater collection and treating X X 6.2
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

Fossil fuel combustion is the most significant source of GHG emissions from chemical
manufacturing, primarily resulting in CO
2
emissions. Trace quantities of N
2
O emissions may
also occur. Different operating conditions associated with specific petrochemical units, such as
the high operating temperatures of olefin units, may result in higher N
2
O combustion emissions
than observed at refinery processes. Trace quantities of CH
4
also might be released from
combustion equipment as a product of incomplete fuel combustion.
As in refineries, when natural gas or plant fuel gas is used to fuel the combustion devices, CH
4

emissions may result from fugitive sources associated with system piping or the combustion
equipment itself. Vented and fugitive emissions may also result where significant concentrations
of CH
4
are present in other process streams. In some circumstances, CH
4
may be used in
2-25 August 2009
petrochemical facilities for purposes other than combustion, such as tank and process vessel
blanketing.
Small amounts of GHGs are released during the production of some petrochemicals. This API
Compendium provides CH
4
emission factors associated with the production of five chemicals:
carbon black, ethylene, ethylene dichloride, styrene, and methanol, based on national GHG
inventory data (EPA, 2009). In addition, N
2
O emission factors are provided for nitric oxide
production and adipic acid production.
2.2.10 Minerals and Mining Operations
This segment includes the operation of mines and quarries primarily engaged in mining, mine
site development, and preparing metallic and nonmetallic minerals, including coal. The term
mining is used broadly to include ore extraction, quarrying, and beneficiating (e.g., crushing,
grinding, screening, washing, and separating) customarily done at the mine site.
While CBM operations, discussed in Section 2.2.3, are considered another method of producing
natural gas, this segment consists of minerals and mining operations where natural gas entrained
in the produced minerals or located in the surrounding strata is not recovered. Table 2-11
provides a checklist of emission sources associated with this specialized industry segment.
A significant source of GHG emissions from mining operations is combustion emissions (CO
2

and trace amounts of CH
4
and N
2
O). The operations associated with extraction and beneficiation
are primarily mechanical and require the use of energy, either generated onsite or imported.
Heat may also be required for some mining processes. Combustion emissions also result from
the fuel consumed to operate mobile mining equipment. These sources exist for any type of
mining operation.

Minerals and Mining Operations

MINERALS AND MINING OPERATIONS CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Fire pumps X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Internal combustion (IC) engines X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Turbines X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.2
Flares X X X 4.6
Catalytic oxidizers X 4.7

2-26 August 2009
Minerals and Mining Operations, continued

MINERALS AND MINING OPERATIONS CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
Surface mining X 5.6
Ventilation and degasification X 5.6
Water tanks X 5.4
Coal seam drilling and well testing X 5.6.6
Coal-handling X 5.6.6, 5.6.7
VENTED SOURCES Non-routine Activities 5.8
Equipment and pipeline leaks X X 6.1
Wastewater treatment X 6.2
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

For coal mining, three types of activities release CH
4
to the atmosphere: underground mining,
surface mining, and coal handling processes. Where mining gases are not recovered, CH
4

emissions from underground coal mines can be significant. Ventilation and degasification
systems are used in underground mining to reduce CH
4
concentrations to safe levels by
exhausting CH
4
to the atmosphere. Surface coal mining also releases CH
4
to the atmosphere as
the coal is exposed, though the emissions are generally much lower than from underground
mines. Finally, a portion of the CH
4
retained in the coal after mining may be released to the
atmosphere during processing, storage, and transport.
Methane emissions from non-coal mining and mineral operations can occur through the same
mechanics as those described for coal mining if CH
4
deposits are present.
2.2.11 Retail and Marketing
The retail and marketing segment includes company-owned retail operations and support to
customer fueling operations. A checklist of potential GHG emission sources is provided in
Table 2-12.
2-27 August 2009
Retail and Marketing
RETAIL AND MARKETING CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
COMBUSTION SOURCES - Stationary 4.0
Heaters X X X 4.1-4.4, 4.5.1
Thermal oxidizers X 4.76
Marine tankers X X X 4.8
Railroad tankers X X X 4.8
Road tankers X X X 4.8
Electricity usage X X X 7.1
VENTED SOURCES 5.0
Service station storage tanks 5.4
VENTED SOURCES Non-routine Activities 5.8
Process equipment leaks 6.1
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

Evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons may occur during fuel transfer or pumping activities, but
the concentration of CH
4
or other GHGs is negligible in the refined products as shown by the
compositions presented in Appendix E. Therefore, there generally are no significant GHG
emissions from these activities. Methane emissions may result from process equipment leaks
associated with LNG or compressed natural gas (CNG) marketing. Indirect emissions associated
with onsite electricity usage are a source of CO
2
, N
2
O, and CH
4
emissions.
2.2.12 Energy Generation
Oil and natural gas industry operations are energy intensive, requiring steady supplies of
electricity and often process heat, steam, or cooling. Steam is also used in enhanced oil recovery
or enhanced coal bed methane production. A petroleum company may own and operate energy
generation facilities to supply electricity and steam for these operations.
The sources of GHG emissions for energy generation operations are shown in Table 2-13.
Combustion emissions of CO
2
, and to a lesser extent N
2
O and CH
4
, result from the burning of
fossil fuels to operate turbines, boilers, or compressors. Where natural gas is used to generate
2-28 August 2009
energy, emissions of CH
4
may result from process vents and fugitive sources, though these
emissions are generally small compared to the combustion sources.

Electricity and Heat/Steam Generation
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT/STEAM GENERATION CO
2
N
2
O CH
4
Section
COMBUSTION SOURCES - Stationary 4.0
VENTED SOURCES 5.0
Natural gas venting (maintenance on fuel line to
natural gas fuel sources)
X X 5.7.1
Natural gas equipment leaks (natural gas fuel line) X X 6.1.3
Footnotes:
X Indicates if CO
2
, CH
4
, or N
2

As mentioned previously, SF
6
may be used as an insulator in electrical transmission and
distribution systems. Fugitive and process vent emissions of SF
6
can occur from leaks or service
activities on gas-insulated substations, circuit breakers, and other switchgear. Fugitive emissions
of SF
6
can escape from gas-insulated equipment through seals, especially from older equipment.
Sulfur hexafluoride can also be released during equipment manufacturing, installation, servicing,
and disposal. Despite the very high global warming potential of SF
6
, the quantities released as a
result of oil and natural gas industry operations generally are very small.

2.3 References
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). CH
4
and VOC Emissions from the
Canadian Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 3: Organic and Common-Pollutant
Emissions by the Canadian Oilsands Industry and from Heavy Oil Upgrading Facilities, July
1999. http://www.capp.ca/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=763&PubID=84182, accessed May 1, 2009.
2-29 August 2009
Institute for Energy Law and Enterprise (IELE). INTRODUCTION TO LNG, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, January 2003.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), and
American Petroleum Institute (API). Oil and Natural Gas Industry Guidelines for Greenhouse
Gas Reduction Projects, Part II: Carbon Capture and Geological Storage Emission Reduction
Family, June 2007.
http://www.ipieca.org/activities/climate_change/downloads/publications/CCS-
FINAL_merged.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA),
International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and American Petroleum Institute
(API). Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, December
2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2007. EPA 430-R-09-004, U.S. EPA, Washington DC, April 15, 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 3
T E C H N I C A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N S


Section 3 Technical Considerations

August 2009

3-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
3.0 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Emission Sources ....................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Combustion ..................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Process Emissions and Vented Sources ........................................ 3-2
3.2.3 Fugitive Sources ............................................................................. 3-3
3.2.4 Indirect Sources .............................................................................. 3-3
3.3 Greenhouse Gases ..................................................................................... 3-4
3.3.1 Global Warming Potentials ............................................................. 3-5
3.3.2 Emissions Summaries .................................................................... 3-7
3.4 Data Requirements ..................................................................................... 3-9
3.5 Data Assumptions ..................................................................................... 3-11
3.6 Conversions, Numeric Format, and Fuel Properties ................................. 3-14
3.6.1 General Units Conversions ........................................................... 3-14
3.6.2 Numeric Format ............................................................................ 3-17
3.6.3 Fuel Properties ............................................................................. 3-17
3.6.4 Fuel Mixture Conversions ............................................................. 3-22
3.7 Emission Estimation Quality ..................................................................... 3-29
3.7.1 General Statistical Approach to Calculating Uncertainty ............... 3-30
3.7.2 Confidence Intervals from GRI/EPA Study ................................... 3-34
3.7.3 Quality Ratings ............................................................................. 3-36
3.8 References ............................................................................................... 3-37

3-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table 3-1. Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming Potentials ................................................... 3-6
Table 3-2. Emission Estimation Approaches General Considerations .................................. 3-9
Table 3-3. Commonly Used Molar Volume Conversions ........................................................ 3-12
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors ................................................................................................ 3-14
Table 3-5. Temperature Conversions ..................................................................................... 3-16
Table 3-6. Unit Prefixes .......................................................................................................... 3-17
Table 3-7. Hydrocarbon Molecular Weights and Gross Heating Values ................................. 3-19
Table 3-8. Densities, Higher Heating Values, and Carbon Contents for Various Fuels .......... 3-20
Table 3-9. Natural Gas Carbon Contents by Heating Value ................................................... 3-22

3-1 August 2009
3.0
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 Overview
In general, emissions for a particular source are the product of the source-specific emission factor
(EF) and the activity factor (AF). An inventory is the sum of all of the emissions for a particular
facility or company:
# sources
1
Emission Inventory EF AF
i i
i =
=
(Equation 3-1)
where
Emissions Inventory = total emissions for a company or facility;
EF
i
= emission factor for source i; and
AF
i
= activity factor for source i.
Throughout this document it is important to note assumptions and conventions used in defining the
emission factors. The listing below highlights some of the key areas where error can be introduced
into the computation if conventions are not addressed properly.
Standard Gas ConditionsWhen converting from a volume basis to a mass basis for a gas
stream, the standard conditions used in this document are 14.7 pounds per square inch (psia)
and 60 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (equivalent to 101.325 kilo-Pascals absolute (kPaa) and 15.6
degrees Celsius (C) in metric units). This is equivalent to 379.3 standard cubic feet (scf)/lb-
mole (836.2 scf/kg-mole) or 23,685 cubic centimeters (cm
3
)/g-mole.
Heating Value SpecificationsWhen converting between fuel volume and energy, HHV or
gross calorific value is the preferred convention. However, LHV or net calorific values are
also reported.
UnitsThroughout this document, units are presented in the same convention used in the
referenced source. This enables the user to easily check for updates from the referenced
sources. Each emission factor is then also reported in terms of tonnes
1
per unit of activity,
where the unit of activity is expressed in both the International System of Units (SI units) and

1
Metric tonne = 1000 kg = 2204.62 lb.
Technical Considerations
3-2 August 2009
U.S. customary units (USC). Conversion factors are provided in Table 3-4 if other units are
desired.
Fuel CombustionFuel properties in terms of heating values and carbon content are
provided for a variety of fuels in commerce. Carbon dioxide emissions associated with the
combustion of fossil fuels or refined products are based on the conversion of 100% of the
fuel carbon to CO
2
.
These and other considerations are more thoroughly discussed in the subsections that follow.
3.2 Emission Sources
Emissions of GHG in the oil and natural gas industry typically occur from one of the following
general source classes: 1) combustion sources, including both stationary devices and mobile
equipment; 2) process emissions and vented sources; 3) fugitive sources; and 4) indirect sources.
Some pieces of equipment, such as compressors, may emit under multiple classes fugitive
emissions when pressurized, vented emissions when depressurized for maintenance, and
combustion emissions from the driver engines during normal operations. Tables 2-1 through 2-13,
shown in Section 2, provide a detailed list of the types of potential emission sources associated
with each of the general source classes discussed further in the following subsections.
3.2.1 Combustion
Combustion of carbon-containing fuels in stationary equipment such as engines, burners, heaters,
boilers, flares, and incinerators results in the formation of CO
2
due to the oxidation of carbon.
Emissions resulting from the combustion of fuel in transportation equipment (i.e., vessels, barges,
ships, railcars, and trucks) that are included in the inventory are also categorized as combustion
sources. Very small quantities of N
2
O may be formed during fuel combustion by reaction of
nitrogen and oxygen. Methane may also be released in exhaust gases as a result of incomplete fuel
combustion.
3.2.2 Process Emissions and Vented Sources
Vented sources occur as releases resulting from normal operations, maintenance and turnaround
activities, and emergency and other non-routine events. These include sources such as crude oil,
condensate, oil, and gas product storage tanks; blanket fuel gas from produced water or chemical
storage tanks; loading/ballasting/transit sources, and loading racks; as well as equipment such as
3-3 August 2009
chemical injection pumps and pneumatic devices that release GHGs (CH
4
and potentially CO
2
) as
part of their operation.
Process vents, a subcategory of vented sources, are defined as those sources that produce emissions
as a result of some form of chemical transformation or processing step. Examples of these sources
include dehydration, gas sweetening, hydrogen plants (often referred to as steam reformers),
naphtha reformers, catalytic cracking units, delayed cokers, coke calciners, and others. These
sources are generally specific to the particular industry segment.
Depressurizing equipment for maintenance or turnaround activities may result in vented emissions.
Similarly, GHG emissions may result from equipment startup activities or from purging equipment
prior to repressurization. Examples of other maintenance or turnaround activities classified as
venting sources are well workovers, compressor turn-arounds, pipeline pigging operations, and
heater/boiler tube decoking.
Other releases included as vented emission sources are non-routine releases from emergency or
pressure relieving equipment such as emergency shutdowns (ESD) or emergency safety
blowdowns (ESB), pressure relief valves (PRV), and breakout/surge tanks (described in
Section 5.7.4).
3.2.3 Fugitive Sources
Fugitive emissions are unintentional releases from piping components and equipment leaks at
sealed surfaces, as well as from underground pipeline leaks. Fugitive emissions are usually low-
volume leaks of process fluid (gas or liquid) from sealed surfaces, such as packing and gaskets,
resulting from the wear of mechanical joints, seals, and rotating surfaces over time. Specific
fugitive emission source types include various components and fittings such as valves, flanges,
pump seals, compressor seals, PRVs, or sampling connections. Fugitive emissions also include
non-point evaporative sources such as from wastewater treatment, pits, and impoundments.
3.2.4 Indirect Sources
Indirect emissions are emissions that are a consequence of activities of the reporting company but
which result from sources owned or controlled by another party (IPIECA, 2003). This category
includes emissions from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels to generate electricity, heat, steam,
or cooling, where this energy is imported or purchased.
3-4 August 2009
3.3 Greenhouse Gases
This document is focused on CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O GHG emissions because these are the most
prevalent GHGs emitted from oil and natural gas industry operations. However, while the API
Compendium provides emission estimation methods for all six internationally recognized GHGs or
classes of GHGs (CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, SF
6
, HFCs, and PFCs), this should not imply that all of the
GHGs are necessarily significant.
Carbon dioxide is primarily emitted from combustion sources, but may also be emitted from gas
production, processing, refining, and CCS operations through some vented and fugitive sources.
This is particularly important in operations using or processing CO
2
-rich field gas. For these non-
combustion sources, the potential for emitting CO
2
will depend on the CO
2
concentration
associated with the emission source, as well as design and operating practices at facilities. The
concentration of CO
2
in commercial natural gas is generally small (< 2% by pipeline
specifications), such that vented and fugitive emissions associated with its use are small compared
to emissions produced from combustion. However, vented and fugitive CO
2
emissions from CCS
operations may be more significant than those from natural gas systems, but still small compared to
CO
2
combustion emissions.
Methane emissions can result from any or all of the emission sources described in Section 3.2.
Methane is emitted when natural gas leaks from fugitive emission sources or when natural gas is
vented directly during maintenance or emergency procedures. Methane is also found in exhaust
gases as a result of incomplete fuel combustion.
Nitrous oxide is produced both naturally, through various biological reactions in the soil and in
water, and anthropogenically through industrial, waste management, and agricultural activities.
With respect to oil and natural gas industry operations, trace amounts of N
2
O may be formed from
reactions between nitrogen and oxygen that occur during stationary or mobile source combustion.
The quantity of N
2
O formed during combustion varies based on the fuel, equipment, and pollution
control device (e.g., catalytic converters installed to reduce motor vehicle emissions can increase
N
2
O emissions). Depending on the facility type (i.e. compressor station or gas plant) and the
proliferation (and model/type) of reciprocating engines at a particular upstream facility, N
2
O
emissions can be more than 2% of the total facility GHG emissions inventory, on a CO
2
e basis. As
indicated in Section 8, N
2
O emissions contribute less than 1% of a refinerys overall GHG
inventory (on a CO
2
e basis).
3-5 August 2009
Air conditioning (mobile and stationary), refrigeration (including large process equipment such as
chillers), and fire suppression equipment are potential sources of HFC and PFC emissions. Sulfur
hexafluoride is most often used for circuit breaker applications in the electric power industry, but
may also be used as a tracer gas for pipeline leak detection.
3.3.1 Global Warming Potentials
Greenhouse gas inventories are often reported in terms of Carbon Equivalents or Carbon Dioxide
Equivalents (CO
2
e), in which all of the GHGs are converted to an equivalent basis relative to their
global warming potential (GWP). The GWP is a measure of a compounds ability to trap heat
over a certain lifetime in the atmosphere, relative to the effects of the same mass of CO
2
released
over the same time period. Emissions expressed in equivalent terms highlight the contribution of
the various gases to the overall inventory. Therefore, GWP is a useful statistical weighting tool for
comparing the heat trapping potential of various gases.
Table 3-1 presents the currently accepted GWP values associated with various compounds
recognized as contributing to the greenhouse effect (United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate (UNFCCC), 2002). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), GWPs typically have an uncertainty of 35 percent (IPCC, 2007b). The time interval
associated with the GWP value is an area of debate between policy analysts and scientists. For
CH
4
and N
2
O, the time interval chosen can have a significant impact because there is a large
difference between the lifetime of CH
4
and N
2
O (approximately 12.2 years and 120 years,
respectively) and the effective lifetime of CO
2
(200-250 years). Currently, the parties to the
UNFCCC have agreed to base GWPs on a 100-year time horizon (IPCC, 2007).
2

The UNFCCC updates the GWP values periodically as new information becomes available. The
IPCC published the Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001 (IPCC, 2001), and the Fourth
Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 (IPCC, 2007b). Both reports present new GWP values for the
second commitment period (after 2012) based on improved calculations of the radiative forcing
and response function of CO
2
. Although the GWPs have been updated by IPCC, the values from
the Second Assessment Report (SAR) are applicable through the first commitment period
(2008-2012)
3
and are the values applied in the API Compendium, as shown in Table 3-1.

2
For example, using the recommended GWP and selecting a time period of 50 years, the CH
4
GWP would be
approximately 34, compared to a GWP of 6.5 for a 500-year integration interval.
3
This is consistent with UNFCCC reporting guidelines, which require reporting of GHG emissions and reductions
using 100-year GWP values that have been identified by IPCC and adopted by the Conference of Parties (COP)
(UNFCCC, 2002). As of COP12 in 2006, the UNFCCC COP has not adopted the revised GWPs from the TAR.
3-6 August 2009
For comparison, Table 3-1 also includes the GWPs presented in the AR4.

Table 3-1. Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming Potentials
Gas
Recommended GWP
(UNFCCC, 2002)
applicable through 2012
IPCC Revised GWP
(IPCC AR4, 2007)
applicable after 2012
CO
2
1 1
CH
4
a
21 25
N
2
O 310 298
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
HFC-23 11,700 14,800
HFC-32 650 675
HFC-41 150 97
b
HFC-125 2,800 3,500
HFC-134 1,000 1,100
b
HFC-134a 1,300 1,430
HFC-143 300 330
b
HFC-143a 3,800 4,470
HFC-152 43
b
HFC-152a 140 124
HFC-161 12
b
HFC-227ea 2,900 3,220
HFC-236cb 1,300
b
HFC-236ea 1,200
b
HFC-236fa 6,300 9,810
HFC-245ca 560 640
b
HFC-245fa 1,030
HFC-43-10mee 1,300 1,640
HFC-365mfc 794
Perfluorinated compounds
CF
4
6,500 7,390
C
2
F
6
9,200 12,200
C
3
F
8
7,000 8,830
c-C
4
F
8
8,700 10,300
C
4
F
10
7,000 8,860
C
5
F
12
7,500 9,160
C
6
F
14
7,400 9,300
C
10
F
18
>7,500
NF
3
17,200
SF
6
23,900 22,800
SF
5
CF
3
17,700
3-7 August 2009
Table 3-1. Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming Potentials, continued
Gas
Recommended GWP
(UNFCCC, 2002)
applicable through 2012
IPCC Revised GWP
(IPCC AR4, 2007)
applicable after 2012
Fluorinated ethers
HFE-125 14,900
HFE-134 6,320
HFE-143a 756
HCFE-235da2 350
HFE-245cb2 708
HFE-245fa2 659
HFE-254cb2 359
HFE-347mcc3 575
HFE-347pcf2 580
HFE-356pcc3 110
HFE-449sl (HFE-7100) 297
HFE-569sf2 (HFE-7200) 59
HFE-43-10pccc124
(H-Galden 1040x)
1,870
HFE-236ca12 (HG-10) 2,800
HFE-338pcc13 (HG-01) 1,500
Perfluoropolyethers
PFPMIE 10,300
Hydrocarbons and other compounds Direct Effects
Dimethylether 1
Methylene chloride 8.7
Methyl chloride 13
Footnotes and Sources:
a
The GWP of CH
4
includes the direct effects and those indirect effects due to the production of tropospheric ozone
and stratospheric water vapor. The indirect effect due to the production of CO
2
is not included.
b
GWP values are taken from the IPCC Third Assessment Report (IPCC TAR, 2001). Values were not provided for
these compounds in the Fourth Assessment Report.
3.3.2 Emissions Summaries
This document presents emission factors for CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
for emission
sources of interest to oil and natural gas industry operations. This section demonstrates how to use
the GWP values as a convenient means of aggregating the combined effect of multiple GHGs. In
developing emissions summaries, it is important to keep track of the actual mass emissions and
sources of all the GHG compounds emitted, and report them individually, in addition to the
weighted sum expressed as CO
2
e. Also, the inventory should note the GWP value used in the
aggregation and allow for revisions to the total emission estimate should the UNFCCC adopt
revised GWPs.
Using GWP values, GHG emission estimates are often expressed in terms of CO
2
e or Carbon
Equivalents for final summation. Although any units of mass may be used to convert GHG
3-8 August 2009
emissions to these equivalent bases, the most widely recognized units are tonnes and million metric
tonnes (MMT). The equations for calculating CO
2
e and Carbon Equivalents are provided below.
# Greenhouse Gas Species
2 i i
i 1
CO e, tonnes (tonnes GWP )
=
=
(Equation 3-2)
where
CO
2
e = carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (tonnes);
tonnes
i
= GHG emissions of pollutant i (tonnes); and
GWP
i
= global warming potential of pollutant i, presented in Table 3-1
(tonnes CO
2
e per tonne i).

(Equation 3-3)
where
MMTCE = Million Metric Tonnes of Carbon Equivalent, and
MW = molecular weight (MW Carbon = 12; MW CO
2
= 44).
Exhibit 3.1 demonstrates these calculations.

EXHIBIT 3.1: Sample Calculation for Carbon Equivalents

INPUT DATA:
A companys GHG inventory reported 8,800,000 tons/yr (i.e., short tons) of CO
2
emissions and
315,000 tons/yr of CH
4
emissions. What are the companys total CO
2
equivalent and carbon
equivalent emissions for the GHG inventory (
2
CO e
E and E
CE
)?

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY:
1. Calculate
2
CO e
E . Equation 3-2 is used to calculate emissions in terms of CO
2
e. As shown in
Table 3-1, the GWP for CH
4
is 21, and the GWP for CO
2
is 1. (Note that Table 3-4 provides the
tons to tonnes conversion factor.)

2
2
2 2 4 2
CO e
2 4
6
CO e 2
8,800,000 tons CO 1 ton CO e 315,000 tons CH 21 tons CO e
E = +
yr ton CO yr ton CH
tonnes

1.10231 tons
E =13.9810 tonnes CO e/yr

2 6
2
MW Carbon MMTCE
MMTCE CO e, tonnes
MW CO 10 tonnes Carbon
=
3-9 August 2009

EXHIBIT 3.1: Sample Calculation for Carbon Equivalents, continued

2. Calculate E
CE
. Equation 3-3 is used to convert CO
2
e emissions to carbon equivalents.

6
2
CE 6
2 2 2
CE
13.9810 tonnes CO e 12 tonnes C/mole C mole C MMTCE
E =
yr 44 tonnes CO e/mole CO e mole CO e 10 tonnes C
E = 3.81 MMTCE/yr

Note that in the calculation above, the term mole C/mole CO
2
e is shown to demonstrate the unit
conversion. However, this term is not shown in Equation 3-3 or elsewhere in this document, as the
term equates to 1.

3.4 Data Requirements
For many GHG emission sources, there are multiple options for determining the emissions, often
with different accuracies. Table 3-2 illustrates the range of available options for estimating GHG
emissions and associated considerations.

Table 3-2. Emission Estimation Approaches General Considerations
Types of Approaches General Considerations
Published emission factors
Accounts for average operations or conditions
Simple to apply
Requires understanding and proper application of measurement units and underlying
standard conditions
Accuracy depends on the representativeness of the factor relative to the actual
emission source
Accuracy can vary by GHG constituents (i.e., CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O)
Equipment manufacturer
emission factors
Tailored to equipment-specific parameters
Accuracy depends on the representativeness of testing conditions relative to actual
operating practices and conditions
Accuracy depends on adhering to manufacturers inspection, maintenance and
calibration procedures
Accuracy depends on adjustment to actual fuel composition used on-site
Addition of after-market equipment/controls will alter manufacturer emission factors
Engineering calculations
Accuracy depends on simplifying assumptions that may be contained within the
calculation methods
May require detailed data
3-10 August 2009
Table 3-2. Emission Estimation Approaches General Considerations,
continued
Types of Approaches General Considerations
Process simulation or other
computer modeling
Accuracy depends on simplifying assumptions that may be contained within the
computer model methods
May require detailed input data to properly characterize process conditions
May not be representative of emissions that are due to operations outside the range of
simulated conditions
Monitoring over a range of
conditions and deriving
emission factors
Accuracy depends on representativeness of operating and ambient conditions
monitored relative to actual emission sources
Care should be taken when correcting to represent the applicable standard conditions
Equipment, operating, and maintenance costs must be considered for monitoring
equipment
Periodic or continuous
a

monitoring of emissions or
parameters
b
for calculating
emissions
Accounts for operational and source specific conditions
Can provide high reliability if monitoring frequency is compatible with the temporal
variation of the activity parameters
Instrumentation not available for all GHGs or applicable to all sources
Equipment, operating, and maintenance costs must be considered for monitoring
equipment
a
Continuous emissions monitoring applies broadly to most types of air emissions, but may not be directly applicable nor highly reliable for GHG emissions.
b
Parameter monitoring may be conducted in lieu of emissions monitoring to indicate whether a source is operating properly. Examples of parameters that may
be monitored include temperature, pressure and load.
As presented throughout the API Compendium, published emission factors are available from a
variety of sources, including IPCC, EPA, Energy Information Administration (EIA), Gas Research
Institute (GRI) and other widely available sources.
Where possible, this manual provides multiple estimation approaches for each category of
emissions. Decision diagrams are provided to guide the user through the available options, where
the choice of one approach over another is often dictated by the available data. Additional
guidance on selecting estimation methods is provided in the Guidelines document (IPIECA, et. al,
2003). Ideally, the methodologies need to be consistent with the contribution of the particular
emission source to the overall inventory. However, methodologies required by regulations take
precedence over the options provided in the decision trees or the Guidelines document.
An emissions inventory is time dependent, reflecting conditions at the time the inventory is
conducted. As processes or operations change, emission factor values may also change over time.
A facility may change an equipments emission factor by implementing control mechanisms, or
may even eliminate a previous emission source through emission reduction activities. In addition,
a published data source, such as AP-42 (EPA, 1995 with supplements), may revise emission
factors based on new data. As an inventory is updated, emission factor approaches and sources
should be reviewed for relevant updates to ensure their validity.
3-11 August 2009
3.5 Data Assumptions
An emission factor represents an average emission rate for a given source, and is generally
expressed as a mass or volume of emissions per source type or measure of activity related to the
source. For example:
combusted diesel L
CO g
or
valve
/yr CH scf
2 4

This API Compendium compiles emission factors from many different data sources. To allow the
user to confirm or update an emission factor, detailed references are provided and the reported
emission factors are maintained in the units convention from the referenced source. However, to
simplify the use of these emission factors, the units convention adopted for this API Compendium
is to express emission factors in terms of metric tonnes of emissions in the numerator, and express
the denominator in terms of both U.S. customary units and SI units. Conversion factors are
provided in Section 3.6.
When converting from a volume basis to a mass basis for a gas stream, the standard conditions
used in this document are at 14.7 psia and 60F
4
(or 101.325 kPaa and 15.6C in metric). Using
the ideal gas law:
nRT PV = (Equation 3-4)
where
P = pressure (psia or atm);
V = volume (ft
3
, cm
3
, or m
3
);
n = number of moles;
R = gas constant = 10.73 psi ft
3
/lbmole degree Rankine (R),
= 0.73 atm ft
3
/lbmole R,
= 82.06 atm cm
3
/gmole Kelvin (K),
= 8.3145 Pa m
3
/gmole K; and
T = absolute temperature (R or K).

At standard conditions as defined for the API Compendium, 1 lbmole = 379.3 scf. In metric
units, 1 gmole = 23,685 cm
3
(23.685 m
3
/kg-mole) at these same conditions.

4
60F and 14.7 psia are also consistent with standard conditions in American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM) D3588-98 (1998, Reapproved 2003) and API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 14,
Section 5 (January 1991, Reaffirmed March 2002).
3-12 August 2009
Note that there are many different sets of standard or reference conditions, where standard often
depends on the application or the industry convention. For example, physical properties of gases
are often reported in terms of 0C and 760 mm Hg (CRC, 1984). Table 3-3 provides molar volume
conversions for commonly used gas conditions.
Table 3-3. Commonly Used Molar Volume Conversions
a

Temperature
Molar Volume Conversion
(scf/lb-mole) (scf/kg-mole) (m
3
/kg-mole)
0 C 359.0 791.5 22.41
15 C 378.8 835.0 23.64
20 C 385.3 849.5 24.06
25 C 391.9 864.0 24.47
60 F
b
379.3 836.2 23.68
68 F 385.3 849.5 24.06
70 F 386.8 852.7 24.15
a
All molar volume conversions at 1 atm (14.7 psia).
b
API Compendium standard conditions
To convert a volumetric rate from one set of standard conditions to another, the following equation
can be used. Note that absolute temperatures (R or K) are required for this equation.

) (T ) (P
) (T ) (P
V V
1 2
2 1
1 2
= (Equation 3-5)
where
Subscript 1 = initial conditions for variable V, P, or T, and
Subscript 2 = new set of standard conditions for variable V, P, or T.

This conversion is demonstrated in Exhibit 3.2.

EXHIBIT 3.2: Sample Calculation for Converting between Sets of Standard
Conditions

INPUT DATA:
The CH
4
emission factor for a pneumatic device was determined to be 345 scfd/device based on
the standard conditions of 14.7 psia and 60F. What is the emission factor at the EPA reference
conditions of 101.3 kPa and 293 K (68F), as shown in 40 CFR 60.1 and 63.1? What is the
emission factor at 0C and 760 mm Hg in both U.S. customary and SI units?

3-13 August 2009

Conditions, continued

1. Calculate the emission factor at 101.3 kPa and 293K. To convert the gas volumetric rate
between different temperature and pressure conditions, the ideal gas law derivation shown in
Equation 3-5 will be used. Because the ideal gas law requires absolute temperatures, the
standard condition of 60F must be converted to an absolute basis. In this case, the temperature
will be converted from F to K so it will be on the same basis as the new conditions. (Note that
temperature conversions are provided in Section 3.6.)

abs
abs
60F-32
T = +273.15
1.8
T = 288.7 K

The new emission factor is then calculated using Equation 3-5 for the new standard conditions:

scfd (14.7 psia)(293 K)
EF = 345
(14.696 psia)
device
(101.3 kPa) (288.7 K)
(101.325 kPa)
scfd
EF = 350.3 , at 101.3 kPa and 293 K
device

2. Calculate the emission factor at 760 mm Hg and 0C. As shown in calculation step 1 of this
exhibit, the new temperature must be on an absolute basis, and the units at the current and new
conditions must be the same for temperature and pressure, respectively. From Table 3-5, 0C
equals 273.15 K; from Table 3-4, 760 mm Hg equals 14.696 psia.

The new emission factor is calculated using Equation 3-5 for these new conditions.

US
o
US
scfd (14.7 psia) (273.15 K)
EF = 345
device (14.696 psia) (288.7 K)
scfd
EF = 326.51 , at 0 C and 760 mm Hg
device

3-14 August 2009

Conditions, continued

This result can be converted to SI units using the volumetric conversion factor provided in
Table 3-4:

3
SI 3
3
o
SI
scfd m
EF = 326.51
device 35.3147 ft
m
EF = 9.2456 , at 0 C and 760 mm Hg
day-device

3.6 Conversions, Numeric Format, and Fuel Properties
3.6.1 General Units Conversions
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 15 specifies API-preferred
units for quantities common to the oil and natural gas industry, and provides factors for converting
customary units to the API-preferred metric units (API, 2001). The API-preferred units are
consistent with metric practice, as defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures
and significant standards organizations (such as the American Society for Testing and Materials,
the American National Standards Institute, and related technical societies). MPMS Chapter 15
served as the basis for the common unit conversion factors provided in Tables 3-3 through 3-6.
In Table 3-4, most of the conversion factors are shown with up to seven significant digits. Those
shown to fewer than six significant figures are limited by the uncertainty of the measurement of the
physical property. An asterisk (*) indicates that the conversion factor is exact, and any succeeding
digits would be zeros.
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors
Common US Units
API-Preferred
SI Units Other Conversions
Mass 1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds (lb)
= 1000* grams (g)
= 0.001 metric tonnes (tonne)
1 pound (lb) = 0.4535924 kilograms = 453.5924 grams (g)
1 short ton (ton) = 907.1847 kilograms = 2000* pounds (lb)
1 metric tonne (tonne) = 1000* kilograms = 2204.62 pounds (lb)
= 1.10231 tons
3-15 August 2009
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors, continued
Common US Units
API-Preferred
SI Units Other Conversions
Volume 1 cubic meter (m
3
) = 1000 *liters (L)
= 35.3147 cubic feet (ft
3
)
= 264.172 gallons
1 cubic foot (ft
3
) = 0.02831685 cubic meters (m
3
) = 28.31685 liters (L)
= 7.4805 gallons
1 gallon (gal) 3.78541210
-3
cubic meters (m
3
) = 3.785412 liters (L)
1 barrel (bbl) = 0.1589873 cubic meters (m
3
) = 158.9873 liters (L)
= 42* gallons (gal)
Length 1 meter (m) = 3.28084 feet
= 6.21371210
-4
miles
1 inch (in) = 0.0254* meters (m) = 2.54* centimeters
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048* meters (m)
1 mile = 1609.344* meters (m) = 1.609344* kilometers
Power 1 Watt (W) = 1* joule (J)/second
= 9.4781710
-4
Btu/second
= 1.3410210
-3
horsepower (hp)
1 megawatt 10
6
Watts (W) = 10
6
* Joules/second
= 1000* kilowatts (10
3
W)
1 horsepower (hp) = 745.6999 Watts (W) = 0.7456999 kilowatts
= 0.706787 Btu/second
Energy 1 Joule (J) = 9.4781710
-4
Btu
0.001 kilo Joules (kJ) = 2.77810
-7
kilowatt-hour
= 0.737562 foot-pounds
force

1 horsepower-hour (hp-
hr)
= 2.6845210
6
Joules (J) = 2544.43 Btu
= 0.7456999 kilowatt-hour
1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6*10
6
Joules (J) = 3412.14 Btu
= 1.34102 horsepower-hours
= 3600* kilo-Joules
1 Btu = 1055.056 Joules (J) = 3.9301510
-4
horsepower-hours
= 2.9307110
-4
kilowatt-hours
1 million Btu (10
6
Btu) = 1.05505610
9
Joules (J) = 1.055056 giga-Joules (10
9
J)
= 293.071 kilowatt-hours
1 therm = 1.05505610
8
Joules (J) = 100,000 Btu
Pressure 1 kilo-Pascal (10
3
Pa) = 9.86923310
-3
atmosphere (atm)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 101.325* kilo-Pascals
(10
3
Pa)
= 14.696 pounds per square inch
(psi)
= 760 millimeters mercury
(mm Hg) @ 0C
1 pound per square inch
(psi)
= 6.894757 kilo-Pascals
(10
3
Pa)
= 0.06804596 atmosphere (atm)
3-16 August 2009
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors, continued

Common US
Units
API Preferred
SI Units
Other Conversions
Heating Value
Mass basis: 1 Btu/pound = 2326.000 Joules/kilogram (J/kg)
Volume basis: 1 Btu/cubic foot
(Btu/ft
3
)
= 37,258.95 Joules/cubic meter
(J/m
3
)
= 0.133681 Btu/gallon
Emission
Factor:
1 kilogram/giga-Joule
(kg/10
9
J)
= 2.32600 pound/million Btu
(lb/10
6
Btu)
1 pound/million Btu
(lb/10
6
Btu)
= 0.429923 kilograms/giga-Joule
(kg/10
9
J)
= 0.429923 tonnes/tera-Joule
(tonnes/10
12
J)
= 429.923 grams/giga-Joule
(g/10
9
J)
Barrels of Oil
Equivalent
(BOE)

All Fuel Types 1 BOE = 6.12x10
9
J = 5.8x10
6
Btu
= 2279.49 horsepower-hours
Natural Gas 1 BOE = 159.920 m
3
= 5,647.52 ft
3

Note: The BOE volume equivalent for natural gas was calculated by dividing the 5.8E+06 Btu/BOE by the
heating value of natural gas (pipeline quality) from Table 3-8 (1,027 Btu/scf).
Natural Gas
Liquids
1 BOE = 0.231327 m
3

= 1.455 bbl
= 231.327 L
= 61.11 gal
= 8.16992 ft
3

Footnotes:
* indicates the conversion factor is exact; any succeeding digits would be zeros.
psig = Gauge pressure.
psia = Absolute pressure (note psia = psig + atmospheric pressure).

Table 3-5. Temperature Conversions
Degrees Fahrenheit (F) = 1.8 (degrees C) + 32
Degrees Rankine (R) = degrees F + 459.7
Degrees Celsius (C) = (degrees F 32)/1.8
Kelvin (K) = degrees C + 273.15

As shown in Table 3-6, the symbol associated with a particular unit or prefix can have multiple
meanings depending on which system of units is used. The distinction between upper case and
lower case letters used for the symbol is also important. To minimize confusion, this document
expresses units numerically on a log
10
basis (i.e., 10
x
) or spells out the unit name.
3-17 August 2009
Table 3-6. Unit Prefixes
SI Units
U.S. Designation
Unit/Symbol Factor Unit/Symbol Factor
peta (P) 10
15
quadrillion (Q) 10
15

tera (T) 10
12
trillion (T) 10
12

giga (G) 10
9
billion (B) 10
9

mega (M) 10
6
million (MM) 10
6

kilo (k) 10
3
thousand (k or M) 10
3
hecto (h) 10
2

deka (da) 10
1
deci (d) 10
-1

centi (c) 10
-2

milli (m) 10
-3
micro () 10
-6
Nano (n) 10
-9
Pico (p) 10
-12
3.6.2 Numeric Format
This document does not maintain a fixed number of significant figures associated with the many
numeric values presented. Where emission factors are cited, the API Compendium provides the
same number of significant figures as reported in the emission factor source documents. This
enables the user to easily compare values directly with the referenced sources as a check for
updated emission factors. In general, a consistent number of significant figures is also reported for
the emission factors converted to the unit convention adopted for the API Compendium.
Numeric round-off, reflecting an appropriate number of significant digits, is considered acceptable
only at the final stage of creating an emissions inventory to prevent compounding inaccuracy
through the various calculation steps. This practice is reflected in the example calculations in
Section 8, where rounded-off results are presented in the summary tables.
3.6.3 Fuel Properties
Heating value describes the quantity of energy released when a fuel is completely combusted. The
heating value per unit volume of a fuel is calculated as the volume- or mass-weighted average of
the heat generated in the combustion of the individual components of the gas. While inert
compounds (e.g., nitrogen, CO
2
) have a zero heat of combustion, the heat of combustion of
3-18 August 2009
hydrocarbons per volume or mass increases with the addition of carbon atoms to the hydrocarbon
chain. For example, a fuel that is rich in ethane and heavier components will have a greater HHV
than a fuel that contains an increased amount of inert compounds and less ethane and heavier
components. While a change in HHV is an indicator of composition change, it may not always be
a sufficient index of combustion behavior since two fuels of the same heating values can have
different compositions and combustion characteristics. However, when using pipeline quality
natural gas as the fuel source, HHV may be used as an indicator of fuel carbon content and
emissions index.
The difference between the HHV, also known as gross calorific value, and LHV, also referred to as
the net calorific value, is the phase of the water in the combustion products: water is in the liquid
form for HHV and in the vapor form for LHV. The two heating values are related by the following
equation:
( )
2
HHV LHV n
H O
h = + (Equation 3-6)
where
n = the number of moles of water in the products;
h = the enthalpy of vaporization of water at 25C;
HHV = higher heating value, also referred to as gross calorific value, accounts
for condensation of water vapor from the combustion process the convention
commonly used in EPA and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) documents; and
LHV = lower heating value or net calorific value, which includes water in the vapor phase
the convention used by IPCC and other international sources.
In most cases, choosing between the use of heating values in terms of HHV or LHV is a matter of
preference. The HHV convention is commonly used in the U.S. and Canada, while LHV is
generally the preference outside North America. The API Compendium provides fuel heating
values and energy-based emission factors in terms of both HHV and LHV. In general, emission
factors taken from U.S. and Canadian references are in terms of HHV: factors from outside North
America are in terms of LHV. Section 4.2 provides a detailed discussion of the method used
throughout the API Compendium for conversion between LHV and HHV. The convention chosen
will not impact the emission results, as long as the energy data and emission factors are on the
same basis, either HHV or LHV. Errors occur when the conventions are not clearly identified and
are combined (e.g., multiplying the energy associated with fuel use, reported on one basis, by an
emission factor that is reported on the other basis).
3-19 August 2009
Table 3-7 provides the molecular weight and heating values used in the API Compendium
calculations for various hydrocarbon compounds
5
. The category "C9+" includes molecules with
nine or more carbon atoms. Because "C9+" includes a group of compounds, an assumption must
be made for the molecular weight based on specific knowledge of the liquid. The API
Compendium assumes that the "C9+" is best represented by the C11 alkanes. Thus, the molecular
weight for C
11
H
24
will be used for "C9+."

Table 3-7. Hydrocarbon Molecular Weights and Gross Heating Values
Compound
Molecular
Weight
Ideal Gross Heating Value,
60F, 1 atm
a

(Btu/scf) (MJ/standard m
3
)
Methane CH
4
16.04 1009.7 37.620
Ethane C
2
H
6
30.07 1768.8 65.904
Propane C
3
H
8
44.10 2517.5 93.799
n-Butane C
4
H
10
58.12 3262.1 121.54
n-Pentane C
5
H
12
72.15 4009.6 149.39
n-Hexane C
6
H
14
86.18 4756.2 177.21
n-Heptane C
7
H
16
100.20 5502.8 205.03
Octanes C
8
H
18
114.23 6248.9
b
232.83
C9+ 156.31 8488.46
c
316.27
(MW of C
11
H
24
) (HHV of C
11
H
24
, gas)
Carbon Dioxide CO
2
44.01 N/A
a
Data taken from API MPMS Chapter 14, Section 5, Table 1 (API, 2002), unless otherwise noted.
b
Gas Processors Suppliers Association Engineering Data Book (GPSA, 1987) Figure 23-2, for n- Octane.
c
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (Perry, 1984) Table 3-207.

Table 3-8 provides heating values, in terms of both HHV and LHV, typical densities, and carbon
contents by weight percent for some common fuel types. Note that using the carbon content of a
liquid fuel (for example, gasoline) in the place of the carbon content of the vapor phase is a
simplifying assumption that will overestimate emissions. In reality, the carbon content of the
vapor phase will be lower than the carbon content of the liquid phase because vapors contain
lighter hydrocarbons that are able to volatilize easier than heavier hydrocarbons.

5
Unless otherwise noted, data in Table 3-7 is taken from the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (API,
2002); however, there are many other references that provide these data. Alternate information sources include:
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, the Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) Engineering Data Book,
and ASTM International.
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3-22 August 2009
Table 3-9 provides carbon contents for natural gas according to heating value ranges. Note that in
the United States, pipeline quality natural gas has a HHV greater than 970 Btu/scf but less than
1,100 Btu/scf (EPA, 2009). Gas with heating values outside this range should be not be classified
as natural gas, but could instead be classified as produced gas, refinery gas, associated gas, or
process gas. Lower heating value gases tend to have a higher content of inert gases, while higher
heating value gases tend to have a higher content of natural gas liquids, both of which affect the
carbon content of the gas (EPA, 2009).

Table 3-9. Natural Gas Carbon Contents by Heating Value
Higher Heating Value
Carbon Content,
g C/1000 BTU
a
Higher Heating Value
Carbon Content,
g C/1000 BTU
b
GRI Full Sample
c

14.51 1,100 to 1,125 Btu/scf 15.07
Greater than 1,000 Btu/scf 14.47 1,125 to 1,150 Btu/scf 15.09
1,025 to 1,035 Btu/scf 14.45 1,150 to 1,175 Btu/scf 15.15
975 to 1,000 Btu/scf 14.73 1,175 to 1,200 Btu/scf 15.27
1,050 to 1,075 Btu/scf 14.58 Greater than 1,250 Btu/scf 16.33
1,075 to 1,100 Btu/scf 14.65
Weighted National Average
d
14.47
a
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, Annex A, Table A-38,
April 15, 2009.
b
Based on data from worldwide LNG operations and U.S. produced gas with high heating values. The gas compositions included in
this analysis did not include H
2
.
c
The GRI Full Sample value represents the average of 6,743 samples of pipeline-quality natural gas from utilities and/or pipeline
companies in 26 cities located in 19 states.
d
The national average was weighted by applying the carbon content associated with the average heat content of natural gas consumed in
each state by the portion of national natural gas consumption represented by that state.

3.6.4 Fuel Mixture Conversions
Fuel properties for mixtures vary, particularly for non-commercial fuels associated with diverse oil
and natural gas industry operations. This section describes and illustrates how to estimate fuel
mixture data from pure component data, how to convert a fuel composition from a weight basis to
a molar basis, and how to convert between different sampling bases.
3-23 August 2009
The weight percent composition of a mixture is converted to a mole percent composition by
multiplying the individual weight percentages by the ratio of the molecular weight of the mixture
to the individual molecular weights:
i
Mixture
i i
MW
MW
Wt% Mole% = (Equation 3-7)
where
Mole%
i
= molar or volume percent of constituent i;
Wt%
i
= weight or mass percent of constituent i;
MW
Mixture
= molecular weight of mixture; and
MW
i
= molecular weight of constituent i.

If complete speciation is available for the mixture, MW
Mixture
can be calculated as the weighted
average of the individual molecular weights:
( )
=
=
compounds #
1 i
i i Mixture
MW Mole%
100
1
MW (Equation 3-8)
Or, in terms of Wt%:
=
=
compounds #
1 i i
i
Mixture
MW
Wt%
100 MW (Equation 3-9)
If complete speciation of the mixture is not available, MW
Mixture
can sometimes be obtained from
chemical property tables that list data for common oil and gas fractions (e.g., gasoline, No.2
distillate, etc.). Molecular weight values used in the API Compendium calculations for various
hydrocarbon compounds can be found in Table 3-7.
Exhibits 3.3 and 3.4 illustrate the conversion calculations between weight percent compositions
and mole percent compositions.
3-24 August 2009

EXHIBIT 3.3: Sample Calculation for Converting from Weight Percent to Mole
Percent For Known Fuel Analysis
INPUT DATA:
A chemical analysis is taken for a liquid fuel sample. The analysis shows that the sample
contains the following compounds on a weight basis. Molecular weights from Table 3-7 are also
shown.

Compound Weight % Molecular Weight
Methane 0.5 16.04
Ethane 1.0 30.07
Propane 2.0 44.10
Butanes 3.0 58.12
Pentanes 7.0 72.15
Hexanes 10.0 86.18
Heptanes 25.0 100.20
Octanes 30.0 114.23
C9+ 21.5 156.31

Convert the sample analysis to a mass basis.

The equation to convert from individual compound mole% to wt% (Equation 3-7) requires the
molecular weight of the mixture (MW
Mixture
), which is calculated using Equation 3-9:

Mixture
Mixture
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 7.0 10.0 25.0 30.0 21.5
MW = 100 + + + + + + + +
16.04 30.07 44.10 58.12 72.15 86.18 100.20 114.23 156.31
MW = 97.64

Equation 3-7 is then used to calculate the individual compound mole %. For example, for
hexane:
Hexane
Hexane
97.64
Mole% = 10.0
86.18
Mole% = 11.33%

Repeating this calculation for the remaining compounds results in the mole% compositions
shown in Exhibit 3.3.

3-25 August 2009

Percent For Known Fuel Analysis, continued

Compound Weight % Molecular Weight Mole %
Methane 0.5 16.04 3.04
Ethane 1.0 30.07 3.25
Propane 2.0 44.10 4.43
Butanes 3.0 58.12 5.04
Pentanes 7.0 72.15 9.47
Hexanes 10.0 86.18 11.33
Heptanes 25.0 100.20 24.36
Octanes 30.0 114.23 25.64
C9+ 21.5 156.31 13.43
Total 100 100

The previous example illustrates how to convert the weight fraction of compounds in a liquid fuel
mixture to molar fractions. This methodology would also apply to solid and gaseous fuel mixtures.
In gaseous mixtures, mole percents and volume percents are often used interchangeably when the
mixture is assumed to be an ideal gas.

Percent For Unknown Fuel Analysis

INPUT DATA:
The molecular weight of a mixture is known to be 97.65 grams/gmole, and the concentration of
only CH
4
is known (0.5 weight % CH
4
). What is the mole % CH
4
? To confirm the solution,
recalculate the weight % CH
4
using the calculated mole%.

1. Calculate the mole% CH
4
. The mole% CH
4
is calculated using Equation 3-7:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
4
CH 4
97.65 g mixture
gmole mixture 0.5 g CH 0.0304 gmole CH
Mole% = =
100 g mixture gmole mixture 16.04 g CH
gmole CH
Mole% = 3.04 mole % CH

3-26 August 2009

Percent For Unknown Fuel Analysis, continued

2. Confirm the solution. If only the mixture molecular weight and CH
4
mole percent are known,
the CH
4
weight % is calculated by re-arranging Equation 3-7:

4
4
4
4 4 4
CH
CH 4
16.04 g CH
gmole CH 3.04 gmole CH 0.00499 g CH
Wt.% = =
100 gmole mixture g mixture 97.65 g mixture
gmole mixture

Wt.% = 0.5 wt. % CH

Gas composition and physical property data can be represented on several different bases,
including as a wet or dry gas, or in an ideal or real state. Wet gas refers to the presence of liquid
hydrocarbons and/or water in the gas. Natural gas at the wellhead is often referred to as wet for
this reason. Dry gas refers to a lack of liquid hydrocarbons or water in the gas. Pipeline quality
gas is often referred to as dry since the bulk of the liquid hydrocarbons and water have been
removed. Ideal gas refers to a gas that follows the principles of the ideal gas law (particles have
negligible volume and no intermolecular forces), which is adequate for many engineering
calculations over a wide range of conditions.
6

Gas properties can be converted between wet and dry, or ideal and real bases. Described below are
the conversions for heating values.
Some methods for measuring heating values are based upon the gas being saturated with water
(wet gas basis), while other methods are based upon the gas not having a significant amount of
vapor (dry gas basis). If a water-saturated gas sample is analyzed on a dry gas basis, it must be
converted to account for the fact that water has displaced some gas and thus has lowered the
heating value. If the heating value of the mixture is known, Equation 3-10 can be used to
determine the adjusted heating value.
wet liq dry
HV (1-x )HV = (Equation 3-10)

6
At high pressures and low temperatures, all gases deviate from ideal behavior and more complex equations of state
are needed.
3-27 August 2009
where
HV
wet
= ideal gas heating value of the mixture, per unit volume, on a wet gas basis;
x
liq
= mole fraction of water or liquid hydrocarbons in the gas; and
HV
dry
= ideal gas heating value of the mixture, per unit volume, on a dry gas basis.

Equation 3-11 is applied when the heating value of the wet gas mixture is not known. For this
equation, water is not included in the N components of summation.
dry i,
N
1 i
i w wet
HV x ) x - (1 HV

=
= (Equation 3-11)
where
N = number of components in the summation;
x
i
= mole fraction of constituent i in the gas;
x
w
= mole fraction of water or liquid hydrocarbons in the gas; and
HV
i,dry
= ideal gas gross heating value of constituent i, per unit volume, on a dry gas basis.

It is important to note that the equations above are sufficient for GHG emission estimation
purposes and are commonly used for custody transfer conditions (ASTM, 2003). More detailed
equations are available if it is necessary to account for the complete conversion for the effect of
water on heating value, including the effect of relative humidity (ASTM, 2003). However, this
added calculation complexity improves the accuracy of the estimates only slightly.
Exhibit 3.5 illustrates how to estimate the gas mixture gross heating value on a dry basis, and then
how to convert it to a wet basis using the equations provided above.

EXHIBIT 3.5: Sample Calculation for Converting from Dry Gas Basis to Wet Gas
Basis For Known Gas Analysis
INPUT DATA:
A chemical analysis is taken on a dry basis for a wet gas sample. The analysis shows that the
sample contains the following compounds on a weight basis. Heating values from Table 3-7 are
also shown. Calculate the heating value on a wet basis.

3-28 August 2009

Basis For Known Gas Analysis, continued

Compound Mol Fraction Heating Value (Btu/scf)
Methane 2.99 1009.7
Ethane 3.19 1768.8
Propane 4.35 2517.5
Butanes 4.95 3262.1
Pentanes 9.30 4009.6
Hexanes 11.13 4756.2
Heptanes 23.94 5502.8
Octanes 25.19 6248.9
C9+ 13.20 8488.46
Water 1.74 --

To adjust the heating value to a wet basis, the contribution of each compound towards the
mixtures heating value (x
i
HV
i,dry
) must be calculated. This calculation is performed below, for
methane:

2.99
x HV = 1009.7 Btu/scf
i i,dry
100
Methane
x HV = 30.16 Btu/scf
i i,dry
Methane

Repeating this calculation for the remaining compounds results in the heating value contributions
shown below.

Compound Mole Fraction x
i
HV
i
(Heating Value
Contribution)
Methane 2.99 30.16
Ethane 3.19 56.48
Propane 4.35 109.58
Butanes 4.95 161.54
Pentanes 9.30 373.09
Hexanes 11.13 529.48
Heptanes 23.94 1317.10
Octanes 25.19 1574.28
C9+ 13.20 1120.12
Water 1.74 --

3-29 August 2009

Basis For Known Gas Analysis, continued

The heating value is then adjusted to a wet basis using Equation 3-11.

N
wet w i i,dry
i=1
wet
wet
HV = (1-x ) x HV
30.16+56.48+109.58+161.54+373.09+529.48
1.74
HV = 1-
+1317.10+1574.28+1120.12 100
HV = 2532.49 Btu/scf

Ideal gas heating values are calculated from the molar composition and ideal gas heating values of
the components of the fuel. The heating value can then be adjusted based on Equation 3-12 using a
compressibility factor, which is a measure of how much the real gas deviates from the ideal gas. A
complete description of how to calculate the compressibility factor can be found in Calculation of
Gross Heating Value, Specific Gravity, and Compressibility of Natural Gas Mixtures from
Compositional Analysis (API, 2002).
r
HV
HV =
Z
(Equation 3-12)
where
HV = ideal gas heating value;
HV
r
= real gas heating value; and
Z = compressibility factor, notes tables for CH
4
and CO
2
are provided in Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, Tables 3-172 and 3-166, respectively (Perry, 1984).

3.7 Emission Estimation Quality
Uncertainty is used to characterize the dispersion of values that could be reasonably attributed to a
measured quantity (IPCC, 2000). Conducting an uncertainty analysis is recognized as an important
step in prioritizing future work and improving the overall quality of an inventory (EPA, 2009).
3-30 August 2009
Data quality and the uncertainty associated with such data are of increasing importance when
developing GHG emission inventories. The uncertainty intervals associated with emission rates,
activity data or emission factors are characterized by the dispersion of the respective measurement
values that were used to derive them initially. Therefore, estimating uncertainties in emission
inventories is based on the characteristics of the variable(s) of interest (input quantity), as estimated
from the applicable data set. Such uncertainties will depend both on the accuracy and
representativeness of direct measurements, and the assumed probability distributions for the key
parameters used for aggregating the overall emissions inventory.
The overall uncertainty associated with a GHG inventory is driven primarily by the uncertainty
associated with the largest (key) sources of emissions. Although very high levels of uncertainty
may be associated with some sources, their overall impact on the uncertainty of entity-wide
emissions, or that of a specific installation, may often be very small. In turn, the uncertainty
associated with each individual source depends on the quality and availability of sufficient data to
estimate emissions and/or on the ability to measure emissions and properly account for
measurement variability.
This section provides a description of calculation approaches for statistical assessment of
uncertainty and its aggregation (Section 3.7.1) to allow users to quantify the uncertainty associated
with their own inventories. This section also addresses different methods of assessing data quality
that are either based on calculated uncertainty intervals from raw measurement data (Section 3.7.2)
such as for the GRI/EPA methane emissions study (Harrison, et al, 1996), or originally reported
quality indicators for emission factors (Section 3.7.3). Calculated aggregated uncertainties for
selected example facilities are provided in Section 8.
3.7.1 General Statistical Approach to Calculating Uncertainty
Uncertainties associated with GHG emission inventories are the result of three main processes:
1. Incomplete, unclear or faulty definitions of emission sources;
2. Natural variability of the process that produces the emissions; and
3. Models, or equations, used to quantify emissions for the process or quantity under
consideration.
When assessing the process or quantity under consideration, uncertainties could be attributable to
one or more factors such as: sampling, measuring, incomplete reference data, or inconclusive
expert judgment. The uncertainty associated with total annual emissions is comprised of several
components of uncertainty, of which measurement uncertainty is but one. To the extent that
3-31 August 2009
measurement and accounting errors can be minimized, such action will have a direct influence on
reducing the overall uncertainty associated with emission inventories.
The goal of conducting a detailed uncertainty assessment is two fold:
1. Provide a quantitative assessment of the confidence intervals for the emissions
calculated; and
2. Highlight areas of high uncertainty where targeted data collection efforts could lead to
material improvement of the emission assessment.
This section provides a brief overview of statistical methods and concepts applicable to conducting
an uncertainty assessment for a facility- or entity-wide GHG inventory. Additional details of the
technical considerations and calculation methods, including calculation examples, are available in
a separate API publication: Addressing Uncertainty in Oil & Natural Gas Industry Greenhouse
Gas Inventories: Technical Considerations and Calculation Methods (referred to as the
Uncertainty Document; API, 2009). Both in this section as well as the Uncertainty Document the
statistical analysis of uncertainty is not viewed as a mean unto itself but as a tool for phasing-in
data quality improvements.
Calculation Methods Basics
At the most basic level, a GHG inventory is comprised of calculated and estimated emissions from
individual emission sources. Emission information typically is obtained either through direct on-
site measurement of emissions, or the combination of measured or published emission factors and
some measure of the activity that results in the emission (referred to as the activity factor).
Emissions from multiple sources are then aggregated to produce the inventory. The quantification
of the uncertainty associated with such calculations or estimates should be applied at the emission
source level (or grouping of similar emission sources) and then propagated to the total inventory
(as discussed in Section 2.5 of the Uncertainty Document).
An emission factor describes the emission rate associated with a given emission source. Emission
factors may be either based on site-specific measurements or based on published values that were
derived from averaging a variety of measurements. Activity factors are generally a measured
quantity, such as a count of equipment or measure of fuel consumed. Sampling uncertainty,
measurement uncertainty, and process variability are types of uncertainties that may apply to
emission factors and activity factors.
3-32 August 2009
Quantifying the uncertainty for a GHG inventory involves mathematically combining individual
sources of uncertainty to establish an estimate of the overall uncertainty. The general steps for
quantifying uncertainty are:
1) Determine uncertainty for activity data;
2) Determine uncertainty for emission factor data; and
3) Aggregate uncertainties.
There are four general equations for aggregating uncertainty that are used in this document and the
Uncertainty Document for compiling the uncertainty associated with a GHG inventory.
Consider two quantities that can be measured: X and Y. The uncertainty for these values can be
expressed on an absolute basis as U
X
and U
Y
, respectively. Uncertainty may also be expressed
on a relative basis, generally reported as a percentage:
%
X
100

X
U
or
%
Y
100

Y
U
, respectively.
Depending on the uncertainty propagation equation, the absolute or relative uncertainty value may
be required. In addition, selection of the propagation equation also depends on whether the
uncertainties associated with the individual uncertainty parameters are independent or correlated.
The uncertainties in two quantities are considered independent if they were estimated by entirely
separate processes and there was no common source of uncertainty. The correlation or covariance
of uncertainty terms is addressed through an additional term in the propagation equations,
discussed further below. Note that where more than two uncertainty parameters are related, a
Monte Carlo simulation is recommended for aggregating the uncertainties (IPCC, 2000).
Additional information on Monte Carlo simulations is provided by IPCC (IPCC, 2006).
Error Propagation for a Sum (or Difference)
Two potential equations are used for computing the total uncertainty from the addition or
subtraction of two or more measured quantities. The selection between the two equations depends
on whether or not the uncertainties associated with the measured quantities, X and Y, are
correlated.
For uncertainties that are mutually independent, or uncorrelated (i.e., the uncertainty terms are not
related to each other), the aggregated error is calculated as the square root of the sum of the
squares using the absolute errors, as shown in Equation 3-13.
3-33 August 2009
2 2 2
...
... ) (
N Y X N Y X
U U U abs U + + + =
+ + +
(Equation 3-13)
where, U(abs) refers to the absolute uncertainty.
The absolute uncertainty values are used in the equations, and the resulting aggregated uncertainty
(U(abs)
X+Y++N
) is also on an absolute basis.
For two uncertainty parameters that are related to each other, the equation becomes:
( )
Y X Y X Y X Correlated
U U r U U abs U + + =
+
2 ) (
2 2
(Equation 3-14)
where, r is the correlation coefficient between U
X
and U
Y
.
Error Propagation for a Product (or Quotient)
The equation for propagating uncertainties from the product or quotient of two or more measured
and independent quantities is similar to Equation 3-13. However, in this case the relative
uncertainties are used, as shown in Equation 3-15. When multiplied by 100, the resulting
combined uncertainty (U(Rel)
XYN
) is expressed as a percentage.
2 2 2
... ...
( ) ( ) ...
N X Y
X Y N X Y N
U U U
U rel U rel
X Y N

= = + + +

(Equation 3-15)
Equation 3-16 is used to estimate the uncertainty of a product or quotient of two parameters (X and
Y) where the uncertainties are correlated and positive values. Here also, relative uncertainty values
are used in the equation and the resulting combined uncertainty is on a relative basis.
2 2
( ) 2
X Y X Y
Correlated X Y
U U U U
U rel r
X Y X Y

= + +

(Equation 3-16)
Combining Uncertainties
It may be necessary to combine multiple uncertainty parameters associated with a single measured
value, such as combining uncertainties for precision and bias. For uncertainty parameters that are
independent, the combined uncertainty is calculated using the absolute uncertainties as shown in
3-34 August 2009
Equation 3-13. Similarly, for uncertainty parameters that are related to each other, Equation 3-14
applies.
Correlation Coefficient
The correlation coefficient, r, used in Equations 3-14 and 3-16, is a number between -1 and 1,
which measures the linear relationship between the uncertainties of two measured parameters. The
value of r is zero when the parameters are independent. As stated previously, once the uncertainty
propagation exceeds two terms and covariance occurs, the use of the Monte Carlo approach is
preferable.
For two terms that might be correlated, the uncertainties are plotted against each other. For the
purpose of this discussion, U
X
represents the uncertainties of one variable plotted along the x-axis,
and U
Y
represents the uncertainties of the second variable plotted on the y-axis. The correlation
coefficient, r, is determined by a linear regression of the U
X
and U
Y
values.
If one suspects that the uncertainty parameters are correlated, but data are not available to plot or
calculate the correlation coefficient, the following rule-of-thumb values could be applied, using
expert judgment (Franzblau, 1958)
7
:
r = 0: no correlation, the data are independent;
r = 0.2: weak correlation;
r = 0.5: medium correlation;
r = 0.8: strong correlation; and
r = 1: perfect correlation, the data fall on a straight line.
Additional details are provided in the Uncertainty Document.
3.7.2 Confidence Intervals from GRI/EPA Study
The GRI (currently known as the Gas Technology Institute) and EPA conducted a study in the
early to mid 1990s to quantify CH
4
emissions from the U.S. natural gas industry. A sampling
program was designed to address uncertainty, bias, and accuracy calculations, with an inventory
accuracy objective of 0.5% of U.S. natural gas production on the basis of a 90% confidence
interval (Harrison, et. al., 1996). Details on the statistical methods employed by the GRI/EPA
study can be found in the documents: Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry,

7
http://irp.savstate.edu/irp/glossary/correlation.html
3-35 August 2009
Volume 3: General Methodology and Volume 4: Statistical Methodology (Harrison, et. al., 1996;
and Williamson, et. al., 1996).
Confidence intervals establish the lower and upper limits within which the true value of an
estimated number might be found for a given probability level. For the emission factors derived
from the GRI/EPA study, the confidence intervals were determined from a sample of
measurements, and the relative uncertainty defined as the ratio of the calculated confidence interval
and the sample mean. Mathematically, the relative uncertainty is expressed as:
s(x)/ n
( ) t 100% U rel
x
= (Equation 3-17)
where
U(rel) = relative uncertainty;
t = students t-distribution for n-1 degrees of freedom, which gives a 95%
confidence interval. This value is obtained from a standard table in most
statistics books;
s(x) = standard deviation of the data set, calculated in Equation 3-18;
n = sample size for the set of data; and
x = mean (average) for the set of data.
( )
n
2
i
i 1
1
s(x) x x
n 1
=
=

(Equation 3-18)
where
x = mean (average) for the set of data;
x
i
= i
th
observation in the set of data; and
n = sample size for the set of data.
In Sections 5 and 6, confidence intervals are expressed in terms of uncertainty where emissions
factors from the GRI/EPA study are cited. However, the values reported in this API Compendium
have been updated to a 95% confidence interval to be more consistent with current statistical
reporting practices. A 95% confidence interval indicates that there is a 5% chance that the true
value falls outside the confidence interval.
3-36 August 2009
3.7.3 Quality Ratings
EPAs AP-42 publication series and emission factor database (FIRE
8
) provide emission factor
quality ratings. The Introduction of the Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources (EPA, 1995) and FIRE characterize emission factor ratings as
follows:
A = Excellent. Emission factor is developed primarily from A and B-rated source test data
9

taken from many randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source category
population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
B = Above average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A- or B-rated test data from a
moderate number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the
facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with the A rating, the source
category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
C = Average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A-, B-, and C-rated test data from a
reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the
facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with the A rating, the source
category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
D = Below average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A-, B- and C-rated test data
from a small number of facilities, and there may be reason to suspect that these facilities do
not represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability
within the source population.
E = Poor. Factor is developed from C- and D-rated test data from a very low number of
facilities, and there may be reason to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a
random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the source
category population.
U = Unrated. Emission factor is developed from source tests that have not been thoroughly
evaluated, research papers, modeling data, or other sources that may lack supporting
documentation. The data are not necessarily "poor," but there is not enough information to
rate the factors according to the rating protocol. "U" ratings are commonly found in
locating and estimating documents and FIRE rather than in AP-42.
The combustion emission factors reported in Section 4, which are taken from EPAs AP-42
publications, cite these ratings.

8
FIRE is the EPAs emission factor database. FIRE includes emission factors from AP-42 (including AP-42
supplements) and locating and estimating documents, as well as revoked emission factors. The latest version of
FIRE (WebFIRE, December 2005) can be found online at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main,
accessed January 13, 2009.
9
For descriptions of source test data ratings, see Introduction to AP-42 Volume 1, page 9 (EPA, 1995).
3-37 August 2009
3.8 References
American Petroleum Institute (API)/Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
(CONCAWE)/International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association
(IPIECA). Addressing Uncertainty in Oil & Natural Gas Industry Greenhouse Gas Inventories:
Technical Consideration and Calculation Methods, Pilot Version, API, Washington DC,
December, 2009.
American Petroleum Institute (API). Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14
Natural Gas Fluids Measurement, Section 5 Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Specific
Gravity, and Compressibility of Natural Gas Mixtures from Compositional Analysis, API MPMS
Publication, First Edition, January 1981, Reaffirmed March, 2002. Available for purchase from
http://global.ihs.com, accessed May 1, 2009.
American Petroleum Institute (API). Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 15
Guidelines for the Use of International System of Units (SI) in the Petroleum and Allied Industries,
API MPMS Publication, Second Edition, December 1980, Reaffirmed December, 2001. Available
for purchase from http://global.ihs.com, accessed May 1, 2009.
ASTM International. Standard Practice for Calculating Heating Value, Compressibility Factor,
and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels, ASTM Publication D3588, 1998, Reapproved 2003.
Available for purchase from http://www.astm.org, accessed May 1, 2009.
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions,
Table 1-5, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Publication Number 2003-03, April
2003. http://www.capp.ca/raw.asp?x=1&dt=PDF&dn=55904, accessed May 1, 2009.
CRC Press, Inc. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready Reference Book of Chemicals
and Physical Data, 65th Edition, 1984-1985, 1984. Available for purchase from
http://www.crcpress.com, accessed May 1, 2009.

Energy Information Administration (EIA), Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
in the United States 2006, DOE/EIA-0638(2006), EIA Office of Integrated Analysis and
Forecasting, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, October 2008 (2008).
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/documentation/pdf/0638(2006).pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
3-38 August 2009
European Union (EU). Commission Decision of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the
monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council (2007/589/EC), July 2007.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2007/l_229/l_22920070831en00010085.pdf,
Franzblau A., A Primer of Statistics for Non-Statisticians, Harcourt, Brace & World, Chapter 7,
1958.
Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA). Engineering Data Book, Volume VII, Sections 17-
26, Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tenth Edition, 1987. Available for purchase from
http://gpsa.gasprocessors.com/, accessed May 1, 2009.
Harrison, M.R., H.J. Williamson, and L.M. Campbell. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 3: General Methodology, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.20 and EPA-600/R-96-
080c, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/3_generalmeth.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC Good Practice Guidance and
Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IGES, Kyoto, Japan, May,
2000. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/, accessed May 1, 2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC Good Practices Guidance and
Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, accepted by the IPCC Plenary
at its 16th session held in Montreal, 1-8 May, 2000, Corrigendum, June 15, 2001.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Third Assessment Report - Climate Change
2001: Synthesis Report, A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T. and the Core Writing
Team (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY,
2001. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm, accessed May 1, 2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, Chapter 3, Uncertainties, 2006.
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm, accessed May 1, 2009.
3-39 August 2009
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New
York, NY, 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group I. Climate Change 2007:
The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents
and in Radiative Forcing [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M.M.B.
Tignor, H.L.R. Miller, Jr., Z. Chen]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
and New York, NY, 2007b. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-
chapter2.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA)/American
Petroleum Institute (API)/International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). Petroleum
Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, IPIECA, London, United Kingdom,
December 2003.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
Available for purchase from http://www.iso.ch, accessed May 1, 2009.
North American Mfg. North American Combustion Handbook, Volume I: Combustion, Fuels,
Stoichiometry, Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow, ISBN 0-9601596-2-2, Third Edition, Cleveland, Ohio,
1986. Available for purchase from http://www.namfg.com, accessed May 1, 2009.
Perry, Robert H, Don W. Green, and James O. Maloney. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook,
ISBN 0-07-049479-7, Sixth Edition, New York, New York, 1984.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Report of the Conference
of the Parties on its eighth session, held at New Delhi from 23 October to 1 November 2002,
Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the
Convention, part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories, Decision /CP.8, 2002.
http://unfccc.int/cop8/latest/5_sbstal5add1.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
3-40 August 2009
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and C, October 1996, Supplement
D, 1998, and Supplement F, 2000, and updates 2001 to present.
http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/, accessed May 1, 2009.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Section 1.4: Natural Gas Combustion, U.S.
EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, Supplement D,
July 1998. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s04.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System,
WebFIRE, US EPA, December 2005. http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/, accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990 2007. Final Version, EPA 430-R-09-004, US EPA, Washington DC, April 15,
2009. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/Annexes.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Procedures Manual for Quality Assurance/Quality
Control and Uncertainty Analysis, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric
Programs, EPA 430-R-02-007B, Version 1.0, June 2002.
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/GlobalWarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SLUZ5EBMKT/$File/proced
ures02.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Williamson, H.J., M.B. Hall, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 4: Statistical Methodology, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.21 and EPA-600/R-96-
080d, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/4_statisticameth.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD).
A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition, April, 2004.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard, accessed May 1, 2009.
3-41 August 2009
WRI/WBCSD. Measurement and Estimation Uncertainty of GHG Emissions, Guidance and
Worksheet, Version 1.0, September 2003. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools,
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 4
C O MB U S T I O N E MI S S I O N S
E S T I MA T I O N ME T H O D S


Section 4 - Combustion Emissions Estimation Methods

August 2009

4-ii August 2009
Table of Contents

4.0 COMBUSTION EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS ..................................... 4-1
4.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption Data from Energy Output or Volumetric Flow4-5
4.1.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption from Equipment Data ...................... 4-5
4.1.2 Conversion from Volumetric Flow Rate to Energy Input ............... 4-10
4.2 Conversion Between Gross and Net Heating Value ................................. 4-10
4.3 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated from Fuel Composition and Usage4-12
4.4 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated on a Fuel Basis for Stationary
Sources ..................................................................................................... 4-16
4.4.1 Emission Estimation Using Default Average Fuel Composition .... 4-16
4.4.2 Carbon Oxidation Values .............................................................. 4-16
Stationary Sources ................................................................................... 4-24
4.5.1 External Combustion Units ........................................................... 4-25
4.5.2 Internal Combustion Units ............................................................ 4-32
4.6 Flare Emissions ........................................................................................ 4-37
4.7 Incinerators, Oxidizers, and Vapor Combustion Units ............................... 4-52
4.8 Mobile/Transportation Combustion Sources ............................................. 4-53
4.8.1 Fuel Consumption Basis ............................................................... 4-55
4.8.2 Operational Basis ......................................................................... 4-63
4.9 Other Miscellaneous Combustion Source Emissions ................................ 4-64
4.10 References ............................................................................................... 4-64

4-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table 4-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source-Specific Considerations
for Combustion Sources ......................................................................................... 4-2
Table 4-2. Energy Conversions by Generator Type ................................................................. 4-7
Table 4-3. CO
2
Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Common Industry Fuel
Types .................................................................................................................... 4-17
Table 4-4. CO
2
Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Specialized Fuel Types ........ 4-20
Table 4-5. CH
4
and N
2
O Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Common
Industry Fuel Types .............................................................................................. 4-21
Table 4-6. CH
4
and N
2
O Combustion Emission Factors (Fuel Basis) for Specialized Fuel
Types .................................................................................................................... 4-22
Table 4-7. Equipment-Specific Combustion Emission Factors for Boilers and Furnaces
(Gas and Liquid Fuels) ......................................................................................... 4-26
Table 4-8. Equipment-Specific Combustion Emission Factors for Boilers and Furnaces
(Solid Fuels) .......................................................................................................... 4-30
Table 4-9. Engines and Turbines Emission Factors ............................................................... 4-33
Table 4-10. Generic Upstream Gas Composition ................................................................. 4-39
Table 4-11. GHG Emission Factors for Gas Flares in Developed Countries .......................... 4-42
Table 4-12. GHG Emission Factors for Gas Flares in Developing Countries and
Countries with Economies in Transition .............................................................. 4-44
Table 4-13. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Different Types of Mobile Sources ................ 4-57
Table 4-14. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Diesel Freight Mobile Sources ...................... 4-57
Table 4-15. Default Fuel Consumption for Marine Vessels .................................................... 4-58
Table 4-16. Default Fuel Consumption by Engine Type ......................................................... 4-58
Table 4-17. Mobile Source Combustion Emission Factors ..................................................... 4-59

4-iv August 2009
List of Figures

Figure 4-1. Calculating CO
2
Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources (Not
Including Flares) ..................................................................................................... 4-3
Figure 4-2. Calculation Approaches for Gas Flare Emissions ................................................ 4-38
Figure 4-3. Calculation Approaches for Mobile Source CO
2
Emissions ................................. 4-55

4-1 August 2009
4.0
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS
This section addresses combustion emissions from stationary sources, mobile sources, flares, and
other miscellaneous combustion sources. The approaches presented here are applicable to any
fossil fuel-based combustion source.
Carbon dioxide, CH
4
, and N
2
O are produced and/or emitted as a result of combustion. Combustion
of hydrocarbons can be represented by the following general reaction, assuming complete
combustion:
x y z 2 2 2
C H O O ( ) CO H O
4 2 2
y z y
x x

+ + +

(Equation 4-1)
where
x = stoichiometric coefficient for carbon;
y = stoichiometric coefficient for hydrogen; and
z = stoichiometric coeffieicnt for oxygen.

Carbon dioxide emissions result from the oxidation of the hydrocarbons during combustion.
Nearly all of the fuel carbon is converted to CO
2
during the combustion process, and this
conversion is relatively independent of the fuel or firing configuration. Methane emissions may
result from the incomplete combustion of the fuel, which is emitted as unburned CH
4
. Incomplete
combustion also results in other products such as carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC)
1
.
For petroleum industry operations, N
2
O is formed during combustion by a complex series of
reactions. Because its formation is dependent upon many factors, N
2
O emissions can vary widely
from unit to unit, and even vary within the same unit for different operating conditions. Typically
the conditions that favor formation of N
2
O also favor CH
4
emissions; these CH
4
emissions also
vary with the type of fuel and firing configuration. Overall, CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from
combustion sources are significantly less than CO
2
emissions, on a CO
2
equivalent basis.

1
VOC excludes non-reactive hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane. The definition of VOC is provided in the
Glossary.
Combustion Emissions Estimation Methods
4-2 August 2009
(Methane and N
2
O emissions for stationary combustion sources are calculated separately using
emission factors. See Section 4.5).
Because emissions from combustion sources comprise such a large part of a GHG inventory, it is
important to understand the accuracy of the data used in the calculations. For example, fuel
measurement data can be taken from flow meters, the accuracy of which can be affected by
calibrations, inspection, and maintenance. Fuel composition can vary over time so emissions
calculated using carbon content may or may not be representative, depending on the frequency of
the sampling data and the variability of the fuels composition. The accuracy of calculated
emissions depends on the accuracy of the input data. Table 4-1 illustrates the range of available
options for estimating combustion GHG emissions and associated considerations.

Table 4-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source-Specific
Considerations for Combustion Sources
Types of Approaches CO
2
Emissions CH
4
, N
2
O Combustion Emissions
Based on average fuel carbon
content
Commodity fuels generally have
consistent compositions
Based on average equipment
characteristics
Uncertainty is consistent with
generally low contribution to
overall emissions
emission factors
CO
2
emissions are related more
to fuel type than equipment
characteristics
Manufacturer published emission
factors are based on engine type,
air/fuel ratio, and fuel type
Emissions are closely related to
equipment characteristics
Highly reliable for many
emission sources but dependent
on methodology used and
assumptions made
May require detailed input data
Limited application for oil and
natural gas industry operations
(e.g., flares)
conditions and deriving
emission factors
parameters for calculating
emissions
Generally not practical for oil
and natural gas operations given
the substantial number of
emission sources
Not practical given the number of
emission sources and the low
contribution to overall emissions

Figure 4-1 provides a decision tree for selecting a stationary combustion calculation approach for
estimating CO
2
emissions for all stationary combustion sources except flares (see Section 4.6).

4-3 August 2009

Figure 4-1. Calculating CO
2
Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources
(Not Including Flares)
Figure 4-1 provides several options based on the type of information available, such as volume of
fuel combusted, fuel carbon content or HHV, equipment manufacturer or test data, and equipment
power output data and operating hours. However, methodologies required by regulations take
precedence over the options provided in the decision trees.
For CO
2
emissions from stationary combustion sources, the first approach relies on a measurement
program to obtain the fuel consumption rate (in terms of mass or volume) and the fuel composition
(i.e., carbon content). If such information is not available, manufacturer data, device-specific
testing, or published emission factors are provided as other estimation methods. A methodology
for calculating fuel consumption is provided in Section 4.1 where metered fuel use is not available.
Where volumes of fuel combusted are not available, the volume can be estimated based on the
See Section 4.3 and
Exhibit 4.4.
Use emission factors in
Section 4.4, Tables 4-3
or 4-4.
Yes
No
See Section A.2.and
Exhibit A.1.
See Exhibit 4.1 for
conversion from power
output basis to energy
input basis.
Yes
Assume heating value
based on Table 3-8. Use
emission factors in
Section 4.4, Tables 4-3
or 4-4.
No
Apply equipment power
output data and operating
hours to estimate the
amount of fuel consumed.
Is a fuel carbon
content available?
Yes
No
Are total volumes of
fuels (by type)
combusted available?
No
Yes
Are equipment manufacturer or
test data available, using
similar fuel quality?
Is a fuel HHV available?
4-4 August 2009
energy output of the combustion equipment, which is dependent on the equipment rating,
efficiency, and hours of operation.
The emission factors provided in this section are provided on a HHV basis. Emission factors
published by IPCC were originally on a LHV basis, but were converted to a HHV basis using the
methodology described in Section 4.2.
Published emission factors for CO
2
provided in terms of tonnes per quantity of fuel consumed or
tonnes per energy consumption of a given fuel are recognized as sufficient for estimating CO
2

emissions, as CO
2
emissions do not vary based on combustion technology (IPCC, 2006).
Methane emissions are estimated using published emission factors that incorporate a default fuel
composition and CH
4
destruction efficiency based on the equipment type. These factors are
discussed further in Section 4.5 for typical stationary combustion equipment, Section 4.6 for flares,
and Section 4.8 for mobile sources. Where available, manufacturer supplied CH
4
emission factors
may also be used.
Published emission factors are also used for estimating N
2
O emissions from combustion sources.
Where available, average N
2
O emission factors based on reported test data are provided in
Section 4.5 for typical stationary combustion equipment, Section 4.6 for flares, and Section 4.8 for
mobile sources. Where available, manufacturer supplied N
2
O emission factors may also be used.
Care must be taken to avoid double counting or underestimating emissions. In particular, fuel
meters must be properly associated with the sources for which the emissions are being estimated,
and fuel consumption should be accounted for all sources. For example, some refinery fuel gas
sources may use supplemental natural gas as a fuel source. However, if emissions from the
supplemental natural gas are already accounted for at a point further upstream, they should not be
associated with the individual source because this would be double counting. In this case,
measuring fuel consumption at a central header is desired unless equipment specific emission rates
are needed. In addition, at a refinery, fuels are often metered at individual sources, but not all
sources may be metered. In such a case, not all emissions would be accounted for using just the
metered fuel rates.
4-5 August 2009
4.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption Data from Energy Output or Volumetric Flow
This document has adopted an energy input basis for estimating combustion emissions. This
approach is consistent with the actual fuel consumption volumes or mass rates, and accounts for
the loss in efficiency. Using actual fuel consumption data is the API Compendium preferred
method for estimating combustion emissions; this section describes methods for estimating fuel
consumption, if actual consumption data are not available. Inclusion of all fuel streams is essential
when using fuel volumes for determining GHG emissions.
4.1.1 Estimating Fuel Consumption from Equipment Data
For some locations, measured fuel data are not available. In this situation, equipment fuel
consumption rates are estimated by converting energy output to energy input. Required data for
this approach are:
1. Equipment rating (horsepower). Actual horsepower is more accurate, but manufacturer or
maximum horsepower and load can be used to estimate fuel usage, recognizing that these ratings
will overestimate emissions.
2. Operating hours. If monthly operating hours are available, total operating hours can be
calculated using Equation 4-2.
# Months
1
Total hours
OT =
Month
i i =

(Equation 4-2)
where
OT = annual operating time (hr/year).
Alternatively, if runtime is tracked as a percent, Equation 4-3 can be used to calculate total
operating hours.
# Months
1
Default runtime Total hours
OT =
100 Month
i i =

(Equation 4-3)
Finally, if downtime hours are tracked instead of runtime, total operating hours can be calculated
using Equation 4-4.
4-6 August 2009
# Months
1
Total Hours Downtime hours
OT =
Month Month
i i =

(Equation 4-4)
3. Equipment thermal efficiency. This is provided in terms of heat input per energy output
(Btu/hp-hr). Equipment vendors may specify a Btu/hp-hr conversion factor for a particular device
to convert between power output and energy input. In the absence of this information, Table 4-2
provides power conversion factors for some common combustion sources. These factors can be
used to convert from a rated power output to an estimated energy input.
4. Fuel properties. Regardless of fuel type (gas or liquid), the heating value and carbon content
of the fuel will be needed. If the fuel being combusted is a liquid, the density of the fuel will also
be needed. It is important to use the same heating value basis (i.e., HHV or LHV) for both thermal
efficiency and fuel property.
Using this approach, fuel usage is calculated on an equipment basis by combining the data
identified in Items 1 through 4 above, as shown in Equation 4-5:
1
FC = ER LF OT ETT
HV
(Equation 4-5)
where
FC = annual fuel consumed (volume/yr);
ER = equipment rating (hp, kW, or J);
LF = equipment load factor (fraction);
OT = annual operating time (hr/yr);
ETT = equipment thermal efficiency (Btu
input
/hp-hr
output
, Btu
input
/kW-hr
output
, or
J
input
/J
output
).; and
HV = fuel heating value (energy/volume).
Alternatively, some emission factors are reported on an energy input basis. The energy input is
calculated using Equation 4-6.
E = ER LF OT ETT
in
(Equation 4-6)
where
E
in
= energy input (Btu, J);
ER = equipment rating (hp, kW, or J);
LF = equipment load factor (fraction);
OT = annual operating time (hr/yr); and
ETT = equipment thermal efficiency (Btu
input
/hp-hr
output
, Btu
input
/kW-hr
output
, or
J
input
/J
output
).

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4-9 August 2009

Exhibit 4.1 demonstrates this conversion.

EXHIBIT 4.1: Sample Calculation for Converting from Energy Output to
Energy Input Basis Prior to Estimating Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A 100-hp gasoline-fired IC engine is operated for 8,000 hours at 90% load during the reporting
year. Calculate the energy input (E
in
) in both U.S. customary and SI units, on an HHV basis.

1. Calculate E
In
in U.S. customary units. The power output is converted to an energy input basis
using a conversion factor of 7,000 Btu/hp-hr (HHV basis) from Table 4-2.

In, US
9
In, US
8000 hr 7000 Btu
E = 100 hp0.90
yr hp-hr
E = 5.0410 Btu/yr, HHV

2. Calculate E
In
in SI units. The SI conversion factors presented in Table 4-2 are in units of J
(input)/J (output). To convert the power output to energy input on an SI basis, the power output
(P) must first be converted to energy output using a conversion factor from Table 3-4.

6
12
8000 hr 2.6845210 J
P = 100 hp0.90
yr hp-hr
P = 1.93310 J (output)/yr

Next, the energy output basis is converted to an input basis using a conversion factor of 2.751
J (input) / J (output) (HHV basis) from Table 4-2.

12
In, SI
12
In, SI
1.93310 J (output) 2.751 J (input)
E =
yr J (output)
E = 5.31810 J (input)/yr (HHV)

4-10 August 2009
4.1.2 Conversion from Volumetric Flow Rate to Energy Input
If the fuel input is provided on a volumetric basis (scf/yr, for example), then fuel HHV factors
given in Table 3-8 can be used to convert the fuel volumetric rate to a fuel-fired heat input rate (in
Btu/year, for example). Exhibit 4.2 demonstrates this conversion.

EXHIBIT 4.2: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Fuel Basis with
Unknown Carbon Analysis

INPUT DATA:
800 million (10
6
) scf/year of natural gas is burned in a combustion device. Neither the fuel
composition nor the heating value of the fuel is known. Calculate the energy input (E
In
) on an
HHV basis.

The fuel volumetric rate is converted to heat input rate using a recommended HHV of 1020
Btu/scf for natural gas, provided in Table 3-8. Thus, the fuel heat input rate is:

6
In
11
In
80010 scf 1020 Btu
E =
yr scf
E = 8.1610 Btu/yr (HHV)

4.2 Conversion Between Gross and Net Heating Value
With the exception of the IPCC (IPCC, 2007), all of the combustion emission factor sources used
in this section provide emission factors on a HHV basis. IPCC notes that their emission factors
were originally based on gross calorific value, but converted the heating values to net calorific
value by assuming the LHV is 5% lower than the HHV for coal and oil, and 10% lower for natural
gas (IPCC, Volume 2, Chapter 2, Table 2.6, 2007). The IPCC emission factors in the tables above
were converted back to a HHV basis using these same percentages.
Applying IPCCs convention, emission factors that were originally reported on a LHV basis were
converted to a HHV basis using Equations 4-7 (for gaseous fuels) and 4-8 (for solid/liquid fuels).
2

For gaseous fuels,

2
Derivation of these equations (as noted in the footnotes to certain tables in this section) is provided in Appendix A.
4-11 August 2009
HHV LHV
1 0.1
EF EF
1

=

(Equation 4-7)
where
EF = Emission factor, mass or energy basis.
For solid or liquid fuels:
HHV LHV
1 0.05
EF EF
1

=

(Equation 4-8)
Equations 4-7 and 4-8 were also used to convert any emission factors originally reported on a
HHV basis to a LHV basis. For most stationary combustion sources, emission factors throughout
Section 4 are presented on both a LHV basis and a HHV basis.
Exhibit 4.3 illustrates how to convert emission factors on an LHV basis to an HHV basis. The
process for converting from an HHV basis to an LHV basis would be carried out in a similar
manner.

EXHIBIT 4.3: Sample Calculation for Converting LHV to HHV

INPUT DATA:
IPCC reports the carbon factor of natural gas liquids as 17.5 kg C/GJ (17.5 tonne/10
12
J) on an
LHV basis (as shown in Table 4-3). Convert the carbon factor to a CO
2
emission factor
(tonnes/Btu) on an HHV basis.

The first step in calculating the CO
2
emission factor is to convert the carbon factor to a HHV
basis using Equation 4-8 and IPCCs assumption that the LHV for a liquid is 5% lower than the
HHV. The conversion is shown below.

LHV
HHV 12 12
LHV HHV HHV
1-0.05 17.5 tonne C 16.63 tonne C
EF = =
10 J 1 10 J

The carbon emission factor is then converted to a CO
2
emission factor using the compound
molecular weights and the conversion factors presented in Table 3-4:

2
2
2 2
CO 12
6
CO 2
44 tonne CO /tonne-mole CO 16.63 tonne C 1055.056 J
EF =
10 J Btu 12 tonne C/tonne-mole C
EF = 0.0643 tonnes CO /10 Btu

4-12 August 2009
4.3 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated from Fuel Composition and Usage
This section discusses estimating CO
2
emissions from fuel combustion. A material balance
approach, based on fuel usage data and fuel carbon analyses, is the most reliable method for
estimating emissions from stationary combustion sources. This approach applies to the
combustion of any fuel, though fuel carbon analyses are likely more readily available for produced
or purchased gas streams than for refinery gas, liquid or solid fuels.
The carbon content of a fuel mixture is a weighted average of the individual component carbon
contents. This is determined by first calculating the wt% carbon of each of the fuel components.
This is accomplished by multiplying the molecular weight of carbon by the number of moles of
carbon and dividing by the molecular weight of the compound. This is shown in Equation 4-9.
Cj
Cj
12 lb C X lbmole C
lbmole C lbmole Cj
Wt%C = 100%
lb
MW
lbmole

(Equation 4-9)
where
Wt% C
Cj
= carbon content of individual hydrocarbon compound on a mass percent basis;
j = any hydrocarbon compound C
x
H
y
O
z
from Equation 4-1;
12 = molecular weight of carbon;
X
=
Stoichiometric coefficient for carbon (for example X=3 for pentane, C
3
H
8
);
and
X
C Y
MW
=
molecular weight of individual hydrocarbon compound.
The carbon content of the fuel mixture can then be calculated using Equation 4-10.
( )
# components
Mixture i i
i=1
1
Wt%C = Wt%Wt%C
100

(Equation 4-10)
where
Wt% C
Mixture
= carbon content of mixture, on mass percent basis;
Wt%
i
= weight percent of component i; and
Wt%C
i

=
carbon content of component i on a weight percent basis, calculated using
Equation 4-9.
4-13 August 2009
The API Compendium has also adopted an assumption of complete combustion (i.e., 100% of the
fuel carbon combusts to form CO
2
) in estimating CO
2
emissions. This assumption applies to most
combustion sources, with the exception of flares (see Section 4.6).
In addition to estimating CO
2
emissions based on 100% oxidation of fuel carbon, the API
Compendium estimates CH
4
emissions from combustion sources based on emission factors. This
approach accounts for potential emissions of CH
4
(which has a higher GWP than CO
2
), which may
exist in the atmosphere before CH
4
is completely oxidized to form CO
2
. Additional information on
atmospheric oxidation of emissions is provided in Appendix E.
Emissions of CO
2
are calculated using a mass balance approach. The equations are slightly
different depending on whether the fuel combusted is a gas, liquid, or solid. For combustion of
gaseous fuels, CO
2
emissions can be calculated using Equation 4-11, assuming 100% oxidation:
2
CO Mixture Mixture
1 44
= Wt%
molar volume conversion 12
E FC MW C (Equation 4-11)
where
E
2
CO =
mass emissions of CO
2
(lb or kg);
FC = fuel consumed (scf or m
3
);
Molar volume conversion
=
conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole
or 23.685 m
3
/kgmole);
MW
Mixture
= molecular weight of mixture; and
44
12
= stoichiometric conversion of C to CO
2
.

Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of liquid fuels can be calculated using
Equation 4-12, assuming 100% oxidation:
2
CO Mixture
44
= DWt%
12
E FC C (Equation 4-12)
where
FC = fuel consumed (gal or m
3
); and
D = fuel density (lb/gal or kg/m
3
).
Similarly, emissions from the combustion of solid fuels are calculated using Equation 4-13,
assuming 100% oxidation.
4-14 August 2009
2
CO Mixture
44
= Wt%
12
E FC C (Equation 4-13)
where
FC = fuel consumed in mass units (lb, kg, tonnes).
The following examples illustrate the calculation approach for stationary combustion CO
2

emissions based on fuel composition and consumption rate, independent of the type of equipment.
Exhibit 4.4(a) first demonstrates the scenario where the fuel composition is known and used
directly to derive the fuel carbon content. The calculation is also shown [Exhibit 4.4(b)] for a case
where complete composition data are not available, but fuel carbon content and molecular weight
are known (or default values are applied).

EXHIBIT 4.4(a): Sample Calculation for Fuel Basis (Gas Fuel) Combustion Emissions

INPUT DATA:
800 million (10
6
) scf/year of natural gas is burned in a combustion device or group of devices.
The gas composition for the fuel is known from measurements and is given below. The weight
percents of the fuel components have been calculated from the molar composition.
(See Exhibit 3.4 for a similar example of this conversion.)

CO
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

N
2

Mole %
0.8
95.3
1.7
0.5
0.1
1.6
MW
44
16
30
44
58
28
Wt% (Calculated)
2.1
90.6
3.0
1.3
0.3
2.7

Fuel Mixture 100 16.84 100.0

Calculate the annual CO
2
emissions.

The first step in calculating the CO
2
emissions is calculating the carbon content of the fuel
mixture, as shown in Equation 4-10. To use Equation 4-10, the carbon contents of the individual
constituents must be calculated using Equation 4-9. This is shown below for ethane (C
2
H
6
).

2 6
2 6
2 6
C H 2 6
2 6 2 6
C H
lbmole C H 12 lb C 2 lbmoles C
Wt%C = = 0.8 lb C/lb C H
lbmole C lbmole C H 30 lb C H
Wt%C = 80% C

4-15 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.4(b): Sample Calculation for Fuel Basis (Gas Fuel) Combustion Emissions

To calculate the CO
2
emissions, the fuel consumption is converted to a mass basis using the
volumetric conversions presented in Section 3. The molecular weight and carbon content of the
gas are then used to convert the mass of gas combusted to a mass of carbon combusted. The CO
2

emissions are calculated below:

2
2
6 3 6 3
CO 3 3
2 2
6
2
CO
2210 m fuel 10 cm fuel gmole fuel 17.4 g fuel 76.2 g C gmole C
E =
yr m fuel 23,685 cm fuel gmole fuel 100 g fuel 12 g C
gmole CO 44 g CO tonnes

gmole C gmole CO 10 g
E = 45,157 tonne
2
s CO /yr

For a liquid fuel, Exhibit 4.5 demonstrates the emission calculation approach for a case where the
fuel carbon content, density, and heating value are known.

EXHIBIT 4.5: Sample Calculation for Fuel Basis (Liquid Fuel) Combustion
Emissions

INPUT DATA:
4 million (10
6
) gallons per year of No. 6 residual fuel is burned in a combustion device or group
of devices. The density of the residual fuel is 8.3 lb/gallon; the wt% carbon of the fuel is 92.3%.
2
emissions for a site where detailed fuel information is known (or
default values are applied).

The CO
2
emissions are calculated based on the density and carbon content, as shown below.

2
2
6
2 2
CO
2
CO 2
1 lbmole CO 44 lb CO 410 gal fuel 8.3 lb fuel 92.3 lb C lbmole C tonnes
E =
year gal fuel 100 lb fuel 12 lb C 1 lbmole C lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E = 50,966 tonnes CO /yr

4-16 August 2009
4.4 Fuel Combustion Emissions Estimated on a Fuel Basis for Stationary
Sources
As illustrated in the decision tree (Figure 4-1), if fuel carbon analyses are not available, emissions
from fuel combustion may be estimated using default average fuel compositions. In addition,
although this API Compendium has adopted an assumption of complete combustion in estimating
CO
2
emissions, other protocols may apply a fractional conversion of carbon to estimate CO
2

emissions from combustion sources.
3
This section addresses the use of average fuel compositions
and carbon oxidation values as an optional approach.
4.4.1 Emission Estimation Using Default Average Fuel Composition
If only the facility fuel consumption rate is known, and a fuel carbon analysis is not available,
emission factors based on default average fuel compositions can be used to estimate combustion
emissions. Table 4-3 lists CO
2
emission factors for common fuel types used in petroleum
operations, while Table 4-4 lists CO
2
emission factors for more specialized and less common fuels.
Similar factors are provided in Tables 4-5 and 4-6 for CH
4
and N
2
O. These emission factors are
appropriate for both external combustion (e.g., boilers and heaters) as well as internal combustion
(e.g., engines and turbines).
Note that the use of fuel based CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors does not take into account other
factors which influence CH
4
and N
2
O emissions, such as combustion and control technologies.
The methodology for calculating CH
4
and N
2
O emissions by equipment type is provided in
Section 4.5.
4.4.2 Carbon Oxidation Values
The CO
2
emission factors shown in Tables 4-3 and 4-4 are converted from a carbon basis (mass of
carbon emitted per fuel energy input) to a CO
2
basis, assuming all of the fuel carbon is oxidized to
form CO
2
(i.e., 100% oxidation). As noted earlier, the carbon oxidation value reflects unoxidizable
carbon that is emitted as a solid in soot or ash. In the past, some protocols have assumed that only
a fraction of carbon emitted is oxidized; however, the 100% oxidation assumption is a common
approach, adopted by the IPCC (2006), EIA (2008b) and EPA (2008). EIA notes that unless the
carbon is consciously sequestered, it is likely to oxidize over the next 100 years (EIA, 2007).

3
The carbon oxidation factor is intended to reflect carbon that is emitted as soot or ash.
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4-23 August 2009
Exhibit 4.6 illustrates the use of the fuel-based emission factors for the 100% oxidation approach.
Note the difference between the emission estimate calculated in Exhibit 4.5, where the fuel
composition data are known, and Exhibit 4.6, where CO
2
emissions are calculated based on an
emission factor that incorporates a default fuel composition.

Emissions Known (or assumed): Higher Heating Value (HHV) only

INPUT DATA:
4 million (10
6
) gallons per year of No. 6 residual fuel is burned in a combustion device or group
of devices. Calculate the annual CO
2
emissions, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions.

1. Calculate the CO
2
emissions. If only the fuel type is known, an emission factor can be
obtained from Table 4-3. Although the carbon emission factors presented in Table 4-3 have
already been converted to CO
2
emission factors, the CO
2
emission factor for residual fuel oil #6
is re-calculated from the carbon emission factor as a demonstration in this exhibit. From
Table 4-3, the carbon emission factor for residual fuel oil #6 is 21.49 MMTC/10
15
Btu (10
6
tonne
C/10
15
Btu) (HHV). This factor is converted to a CO
2
basis as shown below:

2
2
6 6
CO 15
2 2 2
2 2
CO 2
21.49 MMTC 10 tonne C 2204.62 lb C QBtu 10 Btu
EF =
QBtu MMTC tonne C 10 Btu MMBtu
1 lbmole CO 44 lb CO tonne CO lbmole C

12 lb C 1 lbmole C lbmole CO 2204.62 lb CO
EF = 0.0788 tonnes CO
6
/10 Btu (HHV)

Because the emission factor is on an energy basis, the fuel consumption must be converted to
energy consumption using the heating value or energy content for the fuel type. (Default heating
values are provided in Table 3-8 for some fuels.) The annual CO
2
emissions are calculated using
the fuel usage data, default emission factor, and default heating value from Table 3-8.

2
2
6 6
2
CO
6
CO 2
173.72 lb CO 410 gal fuel bbl fuel 6.2910 Btu tonnes
E =
year 42 gal fuel bbl fuel 2204.62 lb 10 Btu

2. Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
O emissions. Methane and N
2
O emissions are calculated using the
emission factors for residual fuel oil in Table 4-5.
4-24 August 2009

Emissions - Known (or assumed): Higher Heating Value (HHV) only,
continued

4
4
-6 6 6
4
CH
6
CH 4
3.0110 tonne CH 410 gal fuel bbl fuel 6.2910 Btu
E =
year 42 gal fuel bbl fuel 10 Btu
E = 1.80 tonne CH /yr

2
2
-7 6 6
2
N O
6
N O 2
6.0110 tonne N O 410 gal fuel bbl fuel 6.2910 Btu
E =
year 42 gal fuel bbl fuel 10 Btu
E = 0.36 tonne N O/yr

Stationary Sources
If the fuel usage is known for the specific type of equipment (e.g., boiler, turbine, IC engine, etc.)
or groups of the same equipment, then emission factors can be used to estimate non-CO
2
emissions
(CH
4
and N
2
O).
Other GHG reporting protocol documents may provide CO
2
emission factors for stationary
combustion on an equipment basis. However, these emission factors are inconsistent with the API
Compendiums approach of estimating CO
2
emissions based on 100% oxidation of the fuel carbon,
and the recognition that CO
2
emissions are independent of the type of combustion equipment.
Most of the emission factors are taken from EPAs AP-42 (EPA, AP-42, 1995-2000). These
emission factors are updated periodically with the latest factors available at the following Internet
address: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42
4
.

4
Accessed January 7, 2009.
4-25 August 2009
4.5.1 External Combustion Units
Tables 4-7 and 4-8 provide CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors for external combustion devices.
Factors in Tables 4-7 and 4-8 are primarily from EPAs AP-42 (EPA, AP-42, 1995-2000). The
few exceptions are additional emission factors for refinery fuel gas-fired heaters from Asociacion
Regional De Empresas De Petroleo Y Gas Natural EN LatinoAmerica Y El Caribe (ARPEL)
(ARPEL, 1998) and for diesel-fired boilers/furnaces from the E&P Forum (E&P Forum, 1994).
Also, the wood fuel/wood waste emission factor is from Environment Canada (Environment
Canada, 2007). Table 4-7 applies to liquid and gaseous fuels while Table 4-8 applies to solid fuels
such as coal.
With the exception of fuel gas-fired boilers/furnaces/heaters, the emission factors from external
combustion are provided on a volume (scf or gallons) of fuel basis for gaseous or liquid fuels, and
mass (tonnes) of fuel basis for solid fuels. If the firing rate is given on a volume or mass basis, the
heating values for various fuels provided in Table 3-8 of this document can be used to convert the
fuel firing rate (energy input basis) to an energy basis.
An example calculation for CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from an external combustion device is shown
in Exhibit 4.7.

EXHIBIT 4.7: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Equipment Basis for
External Combustion Device

INPUT DATA:
800 million (10
6
) scf/year of natural gas is burned in a boiler with a low-NO
x
burner. The
heating value of the gas is 1032 Btu/scf (HHV). Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
O emissions.

Methane and N
2
O emissions are calculated by converting the quantity of fuel burned to a Btu
basis and multiplying the result by the emission factors provided in Table 4-7.

4
2
-6 6
4
CH 4 6
-7 6
2
N O 2 6
1.010 tonne CH 80010 scf 1032 Btu
E = =0.83 tonnes CH /yr
yr scf 10 Btu
2.810 tonne N O 80010 scf 1032 Btu
E = =0.23 tonnes N O/yr
yr scf 10 Btu

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C
H
4

4-32 August 2009
4.5.2 Internal Combustion Units
Table 4-9 summarizes CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors for IC units. These emission factors are
given on a fuel input basis, but can be converted to a power output basis using the conversion
factors for each type of engine given in Table 4-2.
The emission factors provided in Table 4-9 are generic factors, not model-specific. Model-specific
emission factors for several Waukesha and CAT reciprocating engine models are provided in
Appendix A.
Total organic compound (TOC) emission factors for diesel and gasoline IC engines (shown in
Table 4-9) can be converted to CH
4
emission factors assuming the exhaust gas TOC contains 9
wt% CH
4
(based on AP-42, 10/96).

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4-36 August 2009
Exhibit 4.8 shows an example calculation for CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from an internal combustion
device.

EXHIBIT 4.8: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Equipment Basis for
Internal Combustion Device

INPUT DATA:
A 100-hp gasoline-fired IC engine is operated for 8000 hours at 90% load during the reporting
year. Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from this source.

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY FOR CH
4
:
1. Calculate CH
4
emissions. Because the equipment-specific CH
4
emission factor presented in
Table 4-9 is on an energy input basis, the power output must be converted to energy input (E
In
)
basis. A conversion factor of 7,000 Btu/hp-hr is taken from Table 4-2. This calculation is shown
in Exhibit 4.1 and is repeated below.

In
6
In
8000 hr 7000 Btu
E = 100 hp0.90
yr hp-hr
E = 504010 Btu/yr (HHV)

The emission factor presented in Table 4-9 for CH
4
is actually a factor for TOC. The exhaust
gas TOC is assumed to contain 9 wt% CH
4
based on AP-42. The CH
4
emissions are calculated
as:

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.09 tonne CH 504010 Btu 0.00137 tonne TOC
E =
yr 10 Btu tonne TOC
E = 0.62 tonnes CH /yr

2. Calculate N
2
O emissions. The N
2
O emission factor for gasoline is provided on a volume
basis. Nitrous oxide emissions are calculated by multiplying the emission factor provided in
Table 4-9 by the quantity of energy consumed.

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.0110 tonne N O 5040 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu
E = 0.00303 tonnes N O/yr

4-37 August 2009
4.6 Flare Emissions
Flares are used in all segments of the oil and natural gas industry to manage the disposal of
unrecoverable natural gas via combustion of hydrocarbon products from routine operations, upsets,
or emergencies. A wide variety of flare types are used in the industry, ranging from small open-
ended pipes at production wellheads, to large horizontal or vertical flares with pilots and air- or
steam-assist, such as those at refineries. Emissions of CO
2
and N
2
O are formed as products of
combustion, and CH
4
emissions may result from incomplete combustion or from time periods
where there is no flame at the flare tip due to operational problems.
5
Combustion efficiency, and
therefore flare performance, is highly variable, primarily dependent on the flame stability. The
flame stability, in turn, depends on the gas exit velocity, stack diameter, heat content, and wind
conditions (Johnson et al., 2002).
Due to these complexities, detailed examination of flare emissions has been somewhat limited and
focused primarily on refinery flares. Unless regulatory requirements dictate otherwise, general
industry practice relies on the widely accepted AP-42 document, which states: properly operated
flares achieve at least 98 percent combustion efficiency (EPA, AP-42 Section 13.5.2, September
1991, Reformatted January 1995), where 98% efficiency is consistent with the performance of
other control devices. However, increased interest in GHG and air toxic emissions has prompted
studies to more accurately characterize emissions from oil and natural gas industry flares (Ozumba,
2000; Strosher, 1996). Findings from these studies indicate a minimum of 98% combustion
efficiency, with much higher efficiencies ( 99.5%) measured in most situations, and very little, if
any, detectable CH
4
.
6
These findings are also consistent with the results of a study conducted by
the International Flare Consortium (IFC) to compare and contrast flare efficiency findings (IFC,
2003). Combustion of flared gases is currently being studied; best available data should be used
when determining flare efficiency.
As shown in Figure 4-2, this API Compendium recommends test data or vendor-specific
information, such as flare combustion efficiency for estimating flare emissions from gas streams
because this information is of higher quality than the default 98% combustion efficiency.
However, this information may only be available for a small number of flares. In the absence of
this information, emissions are calculated on the basis of knowing or estimating the flare gas flow

5
Flares that are not operating (i.e., no flame) are treated as vented sources (see Section 5).
6
Note that the Strosher flare study reports combustion efficiencies of less than 98% for tests conducted on two
production flares without knockout drums.
4-38 August 2009
rate and composition. For upstream operations, CAPP provides an approach for quantifying
volumes of gas flared at typical upstream oil and natural gas facilities (CAPP, 2002). Some of the
approaches are also applicable to downstream operations.

Figure 4-2. Calculation Approaches for Gas Flare Emissions
Table 4-10 provides generic upstream gas compositions for use only if measured data are
unavailable. Keep in mind that flare gas compositions can vary significantly, and the compositions
provided in Table 4-10 are not meant to be representative of industry averages or typical values.

Use test or vendor data to
estimate CO
2
and CH
4
emissions.
Use 98% combustion efficiency
or site specific combustion
efficiency. See Exhibit 4.10.
Yes
No
Use general industry practice of
2% noncombusted CH
4
for E&P
or 0.5% noncombusted CH
4
for
refineries, or site specific
combustion efficiency. See
Exhibit 4-10.
CO
2
CH
4
No
Refer to CAPP
Guidance document
(CAPP, 2002).
Yes
No
Apply default flare
composition. See
Table 4-10.
Yes
Is the flare gas
composition
known?
Apply the emission
factors in Table 4-12.
Are test data or vendor
specifications available?
Is the flare rate/
volume known?
Apply Equation 4-12 to
estimate CO
2
emissions.
Yes
No
Are flare emissions reported to
local regulatory agencies?

4-39 August 2009
Table 4-10. Generic Upstream Gas Composition
Raw or Produced Gas
Composition
a
Gas Processing Plant Gas
Composition
b
Gas Component Volume (or mole) % Volume (or mole) %
CH
4
80 91.9
Non-methane hydrocarbon
15 (C
2
H
6
)
5 (C
3
H
8
)
6.84
(MW unspecified)
N
2
- 0.68
CO
2
- 0.58
a
CAPP. Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Guide, 2003-003, Section 1.7.3, April 2003. More detailed
speciation profiles can be found in A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant
(CAC) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H
2
S) Emissions by the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 3: Methodology for
Greenhouse Gases. (CAPP, 2004)
b
IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 4 (Fugitive
Emissions), Table 4.2.4, 2006 Revised November 2008.
If the volume of hydrocarbons at the flare outlet is known, Equation 4-14 can be used to calculate
CO
2
emissions:
2 2
CO HC CO
FE 44
E HC CF M
1-FE 12

= +

(Equation 4-14)
where
E
2
CO
= CO
2
mass emission rate;
HC = flare hydrocarbon mass emission rate (from the flare);
CF
HC
= carbon weight fraction in hydrocarbon;
FE = flare destruction efficiency;
44/12 = C to CO
2
conversion factor; and
M
2
CO
=
mass of CO
2
in flared stream based on CO
2
composition of
the stream.
If measured emissions data are unavailable, CO
2
emissions from flares are based on an estimated
98% combustion efficiency for the conversion of the flare gas carbon to CO
2
, as shown in
Equation 4-15. This is consistent with published flare emission factors (E&P Forum, 1994),
control device performance, and results from the more recent flare studies.
2
CO 2
2
2
Volume Molar volume mass
E MW CO
flared conversion conversion
mole Hydrocarbon mole C
mole CO mole gas mole Hydrocarbon
mole gas
0.98 mole CO formed
mole C combusted
A
B
=

(Equation 4-15)
4-40 August 2009
where
Molar volume
conversion
= conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole or
23.685 m
3
/kgmole);
MW CO
2
= CO
2
molecular weight;
Mass conversion = tonnes/2204.62lb or tonne/1000 kg;
A = the number of moles of Carbon for the particular hydrocarbon; and
B = the moles of CO
2
present in the flared gas stream.

Note that in both Equations 4-14 and 4-15, CO
2
present in the stream to the flare is emitted directly
as CO
2
. Neither the destruction efficiency nor the conversion of flare gas carbon to CO
2
apply to
the CO
2
already contained in the flared stream.
For CH
4
emissions from flares, general industry practice assumes 0.5% residual, unburned CH
4

remaining in the flared gas for well designed and operated flares, such as in refineries. For
production flares, where greater operational variability exists, CH
4
emissions may be based on an
assumed value of 2% noncombusted. These recommendations are supported by published flare
emission factors (EIIP Volume II, Table 10.2-1, September 1999) and endorsed by IPCC (IPCC,
Volume 2, Chapter 4, 2006).
7
In the natural gas transmission, storage, and distribution sectors,
flares are assumed to be similar to production flares (INGAA, Section 2.4, 2005).
The general equation for CH
4
emissions from flares is:
4 4
CH 4 4 CH
1
E = VCH Mole fraction% residual CH MW
molar volume conversion

(Equation 4-16)
where
4
CH
E = emissions of CH
4
(lb);
V = volume Flared (scf);
% residual CH
4
= noncombusted fraction of flared stream (default =0.5% or 2%);
Molar volume
conversion
= conversion from molar volume to mass, (379.3 scf/lbmole or
23.685 m
3
/kgmole); and
MW CH
4
= CH
4
molecular weight.
Very little information is available for N
2
O emissions from petroleum industry flares, but these
emissions are likely negligible compared to CO
2
emissions from flares. Equation 4-17 provides a
simple emission factor approach, based on N
2
O emission factors provided in Tables 4-11 and 4-12
(IPCC, 2007). Factors provided in Table 4-11 should be applied to systems designed, operated and
maintained to North American/Western European standards; Table 4-12 applies to systems in

7
The revised IPCC methodology (IPCC, 2006) cites the API Compendium (API, 2004) as the reference for the 98%
combustion efficiency of flared natural gas (IPCC, 2006, Volume 2, Chapter 4).
4-41 August 2009
developing countries and countries with economies in transition. IPCC also provides CO
2
and CH
4

emission factors for the same flare sources.
8
These flare emission factors are based on the volume
of production or throughput for different types of petroleum operations and are provided as an
alternative to using the generic gas compositions from Table 4-10.
2 2
N O N O
E =VEF (Equation 4-17)
where
2
N O
E
= emissions of N
2
O;

V = volume produced or refined (m
3
, scf, or bb); and
2
N O
EF
=
N
2
O emission factor.

8
The refinery CH
4
flare emission factor is from Annex 3 of the EPA report, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007 (EPA, 2009).
C
o
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b
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u
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(
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4-46 August 2009
Exhibit 4.9 demonstrates emission calculations for gas flares when the volume to the flare is
known.

EXHIBIT 4.9: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from a Gas Flare
Known Flared Volume

INPUT DATA:
A production facility in a developed country produces 3 million scf/day of natural gas. In a
given year, 20 million scf of field gas are flared at the facility. The flare gas composition is: 12
mole% CO
2
, 2.1 mole% N
2
, 80 mole% CH
4
, 4.2 mole% C
2
H
6
, 1.3 mole% C
3
H
8
, and 0.4 mole%
C
4
H
10
. The volume of the pilot stream combusted is included in the volume of the field gas
flared.

ASSUMPTIONS:
Since test results or vendor data are not available, emissions will be calculated based on the
alternative approaches of 98% combustion efficiency for CO
2
emissions and 2% uncombusted
CH
4
.

Methane emissions are based on the assumption that 2% of the CH
4
in the flare gas is released
uncombusted.

4
4
6
4 4
CH
4
4 4
4 4
CH 4
0.80 scf CH 0.02 scf noncombusted CH 20 10 scf gas
E :
yr scf gas scf CH total
lbmole CH 16 lb CH tonne
379.3 scf CH lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
E 6.1 tonnes CH /yr

=

Carbon dioxide emissions are based on the facility gas composition and the generally accepted
98% combustion efficiency to convert from flare gas carbon to CO
2
.

4-47 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.9: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from a Gas Flare,
continued

2
6
CO
4
4
2 6
2 6
3 8
3 8
2010 scf gas lbmole gas
E :
yr 379.3 scf gas
0.80 lbmole CH 1 lbmole C
lbmole gas lbmole CH

0.042 lbmole C H 2 lbmole C
+
lbmole gas lbmole C H
0.013 lbmole C H 3 lbmole C
+
0.004 lbmol
+
2
2
4 10
4 10
2 2
C
44 lb CO tonne

lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
e C H 4 lbmole C

0.98 lbmole CO formed 0.12 lbmole CO
+
lbmole C combusted lbmole gas
E

2
O 2
=1,095 tonnes CO /yr

N
2
O emissions are calculated using the emission factor for Flaring - gas production in
Table 4-11. Note that these emission factors are based on the total volume of gas produced at the
facility. For comparison purposes, CO
2
and CH
4
emissions are also estimated using the
published emission factors for Flaring - gas production.

2
2
4
N O
CO
CH
-7 6
4 2
2 6
-2 6
2
2 6
6

5.9 10 tonnes N O 3 10 scf gas 365 days
E : 6.46 10 tonnes N O/yr
day yr 10 scf gas
3.4 10 tonnes CO 3 10 scf gas 365 days
E : 37.23 tonnes CO /yr
day yr 10 scf gas
3 10 scf gas 365 day
E :
day

=

=

-5
4
4 6
2.2 10 tonnes CH s
0.024 tonnes CH /yr
yr 10 scf gas
=

Exhibit 4.10 demonstrates an example calculation for GHG emissions from a gas flare when the
VOC emissions from the flare are known, but the flow rate to the flare is not known.
4-48 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.10: Sample Calculation for Gas Flare Combustion Emissions Known
Flare Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas flare is estimated to emit 2.21 tons of VOC during the reporting year. The average
analysis of the gas stream to the flare is shown below. The flare destruction efficiency is 98%.
Calculate the CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions from this source.

Compound
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butanes
Pentanes
C6+
Carbon Dioxide
Inerts (as N
2
)
Weight %
2.73
0.85
1.35
0.99
0.83
2.16
90.43
0.66
VOC Weight % = 5.33
Hydrocarbon Weight % = 8.91

1. Calculate CO
2
emissions. The first step in calculating the CO
2
emissions is calculating the
carbon content of the hydrocarbon mixture, as shown in Equation 4-10. The fuel sample must
first be normalized to exclude CO
2
and inerts. Then, the carbon contents of the individual
constituents must be calculated using Equation 4-9. This is shown below for ethane (C
2
H
6
).

2 6
2 6
2 6
C H 2 6
2 6 2 6
C H
lbmole C H 12 lb C 2 lbmoles C
Wt%C = = 0.80 lb C/lb C H
lbmole C lbmole C H 30.07 lb C H
Wt%C = 80% C

Repeating this calculation for the rest of the sample results in the following:

Adjusted Wt% Carbon Content (Wt% C)
Methane 30.64 74.8%
Ethane 9.54 79.8%
Propane 15.15 81.6%
Butanes 11.11 82.6%
Pentanes 9.32 83.2%
C6+ 24.24 83.5%
Carbon Dioxide
0

27.3%
Inerts (as N
2
) 0 0.0%
Fuel Mixture 100
80.08%
4-49 August 2009

Flare Emissions, continued

The carbon content of the fuel mixture is then calculated using Equation 4-10.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
Mixture
30.6474.8 + 9.5479.8 + 15.1581.6 + 11.1182.6
1
Wt%C =
100 + 9.3283.2 + 24.2483.5 + 027.3 + 00
Wt%C = 80.08 Wt%C (alternately presented as 0.8008 lb C/lb fuel)

Because the estimated VOC emission rate from the flare is known, Equation 4-14 will be used to
calculate CO
2
emissions from the flare. To use Equation 4-14, the VOC emissions must be
converted to total hydrocarbon emissions, and the mass of the carbon dioxide released must be
calculated:

HC
HC
2.21 tons VOC 100 lb gas 8.91 lb hydrocarbon
E =
yr 5.33 lbVOC 100 lb gas
E = 3.69 tons hydrocarbon from the flare/yr

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
90.43 lb CO 2.21 tons VOC 100 lb gas
M =
yr 5.33 lbVOC 100 lb gas
M = 37.50 tons CO /yr

Equation 4-14 is then used to calculate CO
2
emissions.

2
2
2
CO
2
CO 2
44 ton CO 3.69 tons hydrocarbon 0.8008 ton C 0.98

yr ton hydrocarbon 1 - 0.98 12 ton C tonne
E =
1.10231 ton
37.50 tons CO
+
yr
E = 515.7 tonnes CO /yr

4-50 August 2009


2. Calculate CH
4
emissions. Methane emissions are calculated using Equation 4-16, which is
modified to reflect the fact that the mass flared is known:

( ) ( ) ( )
4
CH 4 4
E = Mass Flared CH Weight fraction % residual CH

( )
4
4
4
CH
CH 4
2.73 tons CH 3.69 tons hydrocarbon 1 100 tons gas
E =
yr 1 - 0.98 8.91 tons hydrocarbon 100 tons gas
tonne
1 - 0.98
1.10231 ton

3. Calculate N
2
O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions are calculated using the natural gas fuel
based emission factor from Table 4-5. The use of the emission factor requires the quantity of
fuel combusted on a heat basis, which requires the higher heating value of the fuel. The fuel
heating value is calculated using Equation 3-11. Note that to use Equation 3-11, the adjusted
fuel speciation data is converted from weight % to mole % (as shown in Equation 3-7), using the
molecular weight of the mixture on a hydrocarbon basis.

The molecular weight of the mixture is calculated using Equation 3-9.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
Mixture
30.64 16.04 + 9.54 30.07 + 15.15 44.10 + 11.11 58.12
MW = 100
+ 9.32 72.15 + 24.24 86.18 + 0 44.01 + 0 28.01
MW = 31.52 lb/lbmole

The conversion from weight % to mole % is shown below for C
2
H
6
.

2 6
2 6
2 6
C H 2 6
2 6
2 6
C H
9.54 lb C H 31.52 lb gas
100 lb gas lbmole gas

Mole% = =10.00 lbmole C H /100 lbmole gas
30.07 lb C H
lbmole C H
Mole% = 10.00%

Repeating this calculation for the rest of the sample results in the calculations in Exhibit 4.10.

4-51 August 2009

The heating value of the mixture is calculated below.

( ) ( )
Mixture
Mixture
60.21 10.00 10.83 6.03
1009.7 + 1768.8 + 2517.5 + 3262.1
100 100 100 100
HHV =
4.07 8.87
+ 4009.6 + 4756.2 + 00 + 00
100 100
HHV = 1838.9 Btu/scf

( ) ( ) ( )
2
N O 2
E = Volume Hydrocarbon Flared Heating Value N O emission factor

2
2
N O
-8
2
6
-4
N O 2
3.69 tons hydrocarbon 2,000 lb lbmole hydrocarbon 379.3 scf
E =
yr ton 31.52 lb hydrocarbon lbmole
9.5010 tonnes N O 1 1838.9 Btu

1 - 0.98 scf 10 Btu

Molecular Weight Adjusted Mol% Heating Value (Btu/scf)
Methane 16.04 60.21 1009.7
Ethane 30.07 10.00 1768.8
Propane 44.10 10.83 2517.5
Butanes 58.12 6.03 3262.1
Pentanes 72.15 4.07 4009.6
C6+ 86.18 8.87 4756.2
Carbon Dioxide
44.01 0.00 0
Inerts (as N
2
) 28.01 0.00 0
Fuel Mixture 31.52 100
1838.9

4-52 August 2009
4.7 Incinerators, Oxidizers, and Vapor Combustion Units
Incinerators, thermal and catalytic oxidizers, and vapor combustion units (VCUs) may be used as
control devices or to combust waste fuels. Carbon dioxide emissions from hydrocarbons in the
combusted stream can be estimated by mass balance using an assumed conversion of carbon in the
fuel gas to CO
2
or based on the control efficiency of the unit. Alternatively, the external
combustion emission factors given by fuel usage (described in Section 4.4) can be used for
estimating CO
2
emissions. Carbon dioxide present in the stream is emitted directly as CO
2
.
Methane emissions from these sources can be estimated from a mass balance by assuming a certain
CH
4
destruction efficiency. Nitrous oxide emissions can be estimated by applying an emission
factor from Table 4-7, assuming the control device is similar to a heater.
The following example shows the approach that can be used to estimate CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O
emissions from a thermal oxidizer.

EXHIBIT 4.11: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Thermal Oxidizer

INPUT DATA:
A thermal oxidizer is used to control emissions from crude oil loading at a terminal. Previous
stack test data have demonstrated that the oxidizer achieves at least 99% destruction of the oil
vapors. The thermal oxidizer does not require supplemental fuel to operate properly.

The following is known about the loading operations based on process knowledge and/or
engineering judgment:

Loading throughput: 4,122,487 bbl crude
Loading loss: 1.23 lb VOC/1000 gal

Compound
Benzene (C
6
H
6
)
Butane (C
4
H
10
)
Cyclohexane (C
6
H
12
)
Ethylbenzene (C
8
H
10
)
Hexane (C
6
H
14
)
Toluene (C
7
H
8
)
Xylene (C
8
H
10
)
Methane (CH
4
)
Ethane (C
2
H
6
)

Molecular Weight
78.11
58.12
84.16
106.16
86.17
92.13
106.16
16.04
30.07

Mole %
1.28
59.80
1.04
0.07
3.77
0.15
0.05
22.08
11.78

Wt %
2.12
73.58
1.86
0.15
6.88
0.29
0.11
7.50
7.50

lb C/lb
0.92
0.83
0.86
0.79
0.84
0.91
0.90
0.75
0.80
Contribution to
Mixture C Content
1.96
60.77
1.59
0.12
5.75
0.27
0.10
5.61
5.99
47.23 100 100 82.15
4-53 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.11: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Thermal Oxidizer,
continued

Calculate the CO
2
and CH
4
emissions. (Note, there are no published N
2
O emission factors for
the combustion of crude vapors.)

1. Calculate CO
2
emissions. The first step in estimating the oxidizer CO
2
emissions is to
calculate the TOC flow rate to the incinerator. TOC emissions are calculated from VOC loading
loss by assuming that VOC comprises 85% of TOC in crude oil (AP-42, Section 5.2, January
1995).

TOC
TOC
4,122,487 bbl 42 gal 1.23 lb VOC lb TOC
E =
yr bbl 1000 gal crude 0.85 lb VOC
E = 250,550 lb TOC/yr

The second step is to convert TOC flow rate to CO
2
emissions, using the fuel carbon content and
oxidizer combustion efficiency.

2
2
2 2
CO
2
CO 2
44 lb CO 0.99 lb CO formed 250,550 lb TOC 0.8215 lb C tonne
E =
yr lb TOC 12 lb C lb CO combusted 2204.62 lb

2. Calculate CH
4
emissions. Methane emissions are calculated by multiplying the uncombusted
portion of the oxidizer crude oil feed by the CH
4
content of the crude (wt%), as shown below:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.075 lb CH (1-0.99) lb CH emitted 250,550 lb TOC tonne
E =
yr lb TOC lb CH combusted 2204.62 lb

4.8 Mobile/Transportation Combustion Sources
Transportation combustion sources are the engines that provide motive power for vehicles used as
part of petroleum operations. Transportation sources may include company fleet vehicles such as
cars and trucks used for work-related personnel transport, as well as forklifts and other construction
4-54 August 2009
and maintenance equipment, rail cars, tanker trucks, ships, and barges used to transport crude and
petroleum products, and mobile trucks and shovels used in oil sand mining operations.
The fossil fuel-fired IC engines used in transportation are a source of CO
2
emissions. Small
quantities of CH
4
and N
2
O are also emitted based on fuel composition, combustion conditions, and
post-combustion control technology.
Estimating emissions from mobile sources can be complex, requiring detailed information on the
types of mobile sources, fuel types, vehicle fleet age, maintenance procedures, operating conditions
and frequency, emissions controls, and fuel consumption. EPA has developed a software model,
MOBILE Vehicle Emissions Modeling Software
9
, that accounts for these factors in calculating
exhaust emissions (CO
2
, HC, CO, NO
x
, particulate matter, and toxics) for gasoline- and diesel-
fueled vehicles. EPA has a similar emissions model for nonroad engines, equipment, and vehicles
called NONROAD, and a draft emissions model for both on-road and nonroad vehicles called
MOVES.
10

Figure 4-3 illustrates the methods available for estimating CO
2
emissions from mobile sources.
The approaches for estimating CO
2
emissions range from the use of fuel consumption rates and
composition data to applying default fuel data to fuel-based emission factors or emission estimates
based on vehicle distance traveled. Methane and N
2
O emission factors are discussed separately.
Operators reporting under regulations with specific methodologies for mobile source combustion
(e.g. Californias Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, CARB,
2008) should use the approaches and default emission factors defined in the regulations rather than
the approaches provided in this section.

9
MOBILE6 is currently available.
10
Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). This new system will estimate emissions for on-road and non-road
sources, cover a broad range of pollutants, and allow multiple scale analysis, from fine-scale analysis to national
inventory estimation. http://www.epa.gov/oms/ngm.htm, accessed February 2, 2009.
4-55 August 2009

Figure 4-3. Calculation Approaches for Mobile Source CO
2
Emissions
4.8.1 Fuel Consumption Basis
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
As presented in Section 4.1 for stationary combustion, the fuel consumption approach for mobile
sources is simply based on the volume of fuel combusted and either the carbon content of the fuel
or the HHV. If the carbon content of the fuel is known, a material balance approach can be used
based on an assumed conversion of carbon in the fuel to CO
2
(default of 100%). This type of
calculation is demonstrated in Exhibits 4.4 and 4.5. As a rule of thumb, the carbon contents of
different fuel types can be approximated from Table 3-8.
If the carbon content is unknown, fuel-specific emission factors provided in Table 4-3 can be used.
These emission factors are based on the assumption that 100% of the fuel gas hydrocarbons is
converted to CO
2
. An example calculation is provided in Exhibit 4.6.
Some mobile sources combust biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, or biofuel blends such as
E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) and B20 (20% biodiesel and 90% diesel). Combustion of
biofuel blends results in emissions of both biogenic CO
2
and fossil-fuel CO
2
. Both types of
emissions must be calculated separately, since under international GHG accounting methods
See Section 4.3 and
Exhibit 4.4.
Use emission factors in
Section 4.4, Tables 4-3 or 4-4.
Yes
No
Yes
Assume heating value based on
Table 3-8. Use emission factors
in Section 4.4, Tables 4-3 or 4-4.
No
Are the fuel carbon
content and density
available?
Is a fuel HHV available?
Yes
No
Convert distance traveled to fuel
consumed based on fuel economy
factors presented in Tables 4-13
through 4-16. OR
Apply the emission factors from
Section A.4.
Is the distance traveled
known for each vehicle
and fuel type?
Is the volume of fuel
consumed available?
Yes
4-56 August 2009
developed by the IPCC, biogenic carbon is considered to be part of the natural carbon balance and
does not add to atmospheric concentrations of CO
2
(IPCC, 2006).
Automobiles/Passenger Vehicles
If the quantity of fuel consumed is unknown for land-based vehicles, fuel economy factors can be
used to estimate the volumes. The most accurate fuel economy factors are vehicle- or model-
specific. Fuel economy factors for vehicles sold in the U.S. from 1985 to the present can be
obtained from the following EPA and DOE sponsored website:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm
11

In the absence of vehicle- or model-specific information, the economy factors shown in Table 4-14
can be used. Factors provided in Table 3-8 can be used to convert the volume of fuel used to an
energy basis.
Diesel Freight
Fuel economy factors for diesel freight are based on the type of truck (semi-truck/articulated lorry,
non-semi truck/rigid lorry)
12
and the percent weight laden. Average truck fuel economy (in
liters/km) can be calculated using the following equations (Defra, 2005):
Non-Semi Truck/Rigid Lorry
% weight laden
Fuel Economy (liters/km)=0.236+0.104
100
(Equation 4-18)
where
% weight laden = the extent to which the vehicle is loaded to its maximum carrying
capacity.
Semi Truck/Articulated Lorry
% weight laden
Fuel Economy (liters/km)=0.311+0.137
100
(Equation 4-19)

11
Note that the EPA has recently revised its methodology for calculating fuel economy factors to reflect current
operating conditions. Model year 2008 and later vehicles have fuel economies calculated using the new
methodology. Fuel economy factors for model years 2007 and earlier have also been revised, and can be compared
to the original MPG estimates. For such model years, the Estimated New EPA MPG should be used instead of the
Official EPA Window Sticker MPG. Link accessed January 7, 2009
12
A semi truck/articulated lorry is a truck with two or more sections connected by a pivoting bar (e.g., tractor
pulling a trailer). A non-semi truck/rigid lorry is a truck with a load bearing frame.
4-57 August 2009
Table 4-13. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Different Types of Mobile
Sources
Vehicle Type
Fuel Economy
a

Vehicle Type
Fuel Economy
a
liters/ 100
km
miles/
gallon
liters/ 100
km
miles/
gallon
New small gas/electric hybrid 4.2 56 Mid-size pick-up trucks, highway 10.7 22
Small gas auto, highway 7.3 32 Mid-size pick-up trucks, city 13.8 17
Small gas auto, city 9.0 26 Large pick-up trucks, highway 13.1 18
Medium gas auto, highway 7.8 30 Large pick-up trucks, city 15.7 15
Medium gas auto, city 10.7 22 LPG automobile 11.2 21
Large gas automobile, highway 9.4 25 Diesel automobile 9.8 24
Large gas automobile, city 13.1 18 Gasoline light truck 16.8 14
Medium station wagon, highway 8.7 27 Gasoline heavy truck 39.2 6
Medium station wagon, city 11.8 20 Diesel light truck 15.7 15
Mini van, highway 9.8 24 Diesel heavy truck 33.6 7
Mini van, city 13.1 18 Light motorcycle 3.9 60
Large van, highway 13.1 18 Diesel bus 35.1 6.7
Large van, city 16.8 14 Rail domestic freight
b
337 Btu/ton-mile
Air Travel domestic carrier (jet
fuel, kerosene)
b

-- 0.38
a
World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD). Calculating CO
2
Emissions from Mobile
Sources. Guidance to calculation worksheets v1.3. Table 4. March 2005. File: co2-mobile.pdf available through www.ghgprotocol.org,
October 2007.
b
EPA, Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance: Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources,
Table 4, May 2008.
Fuel economies for multiple operational settings are provided in Table 4-15. If the % weight laden
is unknown, 50% weight laden should be used as an average figure (Defra, 2005).
Table 4-14. Default Fuel Economy Factors for Diesel Freight Mobile Sources
a

Truck Type
% Weight
Laden
Fuel Economy
liters/km gallons/mile
Non-Semi truck
(Rigid Lorry)
0% 0.236 0.100
25% 0.262 0.111
50% 0.288 0.122
75% 0.314 0.133
100% 0.340 0.145
Semi truck
(articulated lorry)
0% 0.311 0.132
25% 0.345 0.147
50% 0.379 0.161
75% 0.414 0.176
100% 0.448 0.190
Footnote and Source:
a
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Guidelines for company reporting on
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Annexes updated July 2005, Table 10.

4-58 August 2009
Marine Vessels
Marine vessel fuel consumption is based on the type of vessel and the gross registered tonnage.
Average marine vessel fuel consumption is presented in Table 4-16. Although the figures
presented in Table 4-15 are not engine specific, fuel consumption will vary by engine (i.e., main
engines consume more fuel than auxiliary engines). In the event that equipment-specific data are
used to calculate emissions, fuel consumption should be split among engine types using the
consumption percentages presented in Table 4-16.
Table 4-15. Default Fuel Consumption for Marine Vessels
a

Ship type
Average Consumption
(tonne/day)
Consumption at Full
Power (tonne/day)
b
Solid bulk carriers 33.8 20.186 + (0.00049 x GRT)
Liquid bulk carriers 41.8 14.685 + (0.00079 x GRT)
General cargo 21.3 9.8197 + (0.00143 x GRT)
Container 65.9 8.0552 + (0.00235 x GRT)
Passenger/roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro)/cargo 32.3 12.834 + (0.00156 x GRT)
High speed ferry 80.4 39.483 + (0.00972 x GRT)
Inland cargo 21.3 9.8197 + (0.00143 x GRT)
Tugs 14.4 5.6511 + (0.01048 x GRT)
Other ships 26.4 9.7126 + (0.00091 x GRT)
All ships 32.8 16.263 + (0.001 x GRT)
a
IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 3 (Mobile Combustion),
Table 3.5.6, 2006.
b
Fuel consumption is a function of Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT), a measure of the total internal volume of a vessel.
Table 4-16. Default Fuel Consumption by Engine Type
a

Ship Type
Main Engine
Consumption (%)
Avg. Number of Aux.
Engines Per Vessel
Aux. Engine
Consumption (%)
Bulk carriers 98% 1.5 2%
Combination carriers 99% 1.5 1%
Container vessels 99% 2 1%
Dry cargo vessels 95% 1.5 5%
Offshore vessels 98% 1 2%
Ferries/passenger vessels 98% 2 2%
Reefer vessels 97% 2 3%
RoRo vessels 99% 1.5 1%
Tankers 99% 1.5 1%
Miscellaneous vessels 98% 1 2%
Totals 98% 2%
a
IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 3 (Mobile Combustion), Table 3.5.5, 2006.

4-59 August 2009
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Methane emissions from transportation fuel consumption can also be estimated using a mass
balance and assuming a certain CH
4
destruction efficiency for the CH
4
content of the fuel.
Methane formation from the combustion of gasoline and diesel, the most commonly used
transportation fuels, typically only contributes around 1% of CO
2
equivalent emissions from the
road transport sector; nitrous oxide emissions are not much higher, contributing only 2-3% of CO
2

equivalent emissions (IPCC, 2006).
Simplified emission factors for CH
4
and N
2
O

emissions from automobiles and other passenger
vehicles are provided in Table 4-17.
Table 4-17. Mobile Source Combustion Emission Factors
a

Methane Emission Factor Nitrous Oxide Emission Factor
Source (Original Units)
b

Original
Value
Converted
to tonnes/
1000 gal fuel
Converted
to tonnes/
m
3
fuel
Original
Value
Converted
to tonnes/
1000 gal fuel
Converted
to tonnes/
m
3
fuel
On-Road Transport

Gasoline Fuel

Light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV)

Tier 1 (g/L)
0.12 4.5E-04 1.2E-04 0.16 6.1E-04 1.6E-04
Tier 0 (g/L)
0.32 1.2E-03 3.2E-04 0.66 2.5E-03 6.6E-04
Oxidation catalyst (g/L)
0.52 2.0E-03 5.2E-04 0.2 7.6E-04 2.0E-04
Non-catalytic controlled (g/L) 0.46 1.7E-03 4.6E-04 0.028 1.1E-04 2.8E-05
Light-duty gasoline trucks (LDGT)
Tier 1 (g/L) 0.13 4.9E-04 1.3E-04 0.25 9.5E-04 2.5E-04
Tier 0 (g/L) 0.21 7.9E-04 2.1E-04 0.66 2.5E-03 6.6E-04
Oxidation catalyst (g/L) 0.43 1.6E-03 4.3E-04 0.20 7.6E-04 2.0E-04
Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles (HDGV)
Three-way catalyst (g/L) 0.068 2.6E-04 6.8E-05 0.20 7.6E-04 2.0E-04
Uncontrolled (g/L) 0.49 1.9E-03 4.9E-04 0.084 3.2E-04 8.4E-05
Motorcycles
Diesel Fuel
Light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDV)
Advance control (g/L) 0.051 1.9E-04 5.1E-05 0.22 8.3E-04 2.2E-04
Moderate control (g/L) 0.068 2.6E-04 6.8E-05 0.21 7.9E-04 2.1E-04

4-60 August 2009
Table 4-17. Mobile Source Combustion Emission Factors, continued
Methane Emission Factor Nitrous Oxide Emission Factor
Source
b

Original
Value
Converted
to tonnes/
1000 gal fuel
Converted
to tonnes/
m
3
fuel
Original
Value
Converted
to tonnes/
1000 gal fuel
Converted
to tonnes/
m
3
fuel
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV)
Advance Control (g/L) 0.12 4.5E-04 1.2E-04 0.082 3.1E-04 8.2E-05
Moderate Control (g/L) 0.14 5.3E-04 1.4E-04 0.082 3.1E-04 8.2E-05
Natural Gas Vehicles (g/L) 0.009 3.4E-05 9.0E-06 6E-05 2.3E-07 6.0E-08
Propane Vehicles (g/L) 0.64 2.4E-03 6.4E-04 0.028 1.1E-04 2.8E-05
Off-Road Vehicles
Gasoline Construction (g/gallon)
c
0.5 5.0E-04 1.3E-04 0.22 2.2E-04 5.8E-05
Diesel Construction (g/gallon)
c
0.58 5.8E-04 1.5E-04 0.26 2.6E-04 6.9E-05
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV)
Advance Control (g/L) 0.12 4.5E-04 1.2E-04 0.082 3.1E-04 8.2E-05
Moderate Control (g/L) 0.14 5.3E-04 1.4E-04 0.082 3.1E-04 8.2E-05
Other small utility gasoline

(g/gallon)
c
0.5
5.0E-04 1.3E-04
0.22
2.2E-04 5.8E-05
Other large utility gasoline (g/gallon)
c
0.5
5.0E-04 1.3E-04
0.22
2.2E-04 5.8E-05
Other large utility diesel (g/gallon)
c
0.58
5.8E-04 1.5E-04
0.26
2.6E-04 6.9E-05
Other gasoline vehicles (g/L) 2.7 1.0E-02 2.7E-03 0.050 1.9E-04 5.0E-05
Other diesel vehicles (g/L) 0.15 5.7E-04 1.5E-04 1.1 4.2E-03 1.1E-03
Diesel Rail Transportation (g/L) 0.15 5.7E-04 1.5E-04 1.1 4.2E-03 1.1E-03
Marine Transportation
Gasoline boats (g/L) 1.3 4.9E-03 1.3E-03 0.066 2.5E-04 6.6E-05
Diesel ships (g/L) 0.15 5.7E-04 1.5E-04 1.1 4.2E-03 1.1E-03
Light fuel oil ships (g/L) 0.26 9.8E-04 2.6E-04 0.073 2.8E-04 7.3E-05
Heavy fuel oil ships (g/L) 0.28 1.1E-03 3.8E-04 0.079 3.0E-04 7.9E-05
Air Transportation
Conventional aircraft
(Aviation gasoline) (g/L)
2.2 8.3E-03 2.2E-03 0.23 8.7E-04 2.3E-04
Jet aircraft (Aviation turbo fuel) (g/L) 0.080 3.0E-04 8.0E-05 0.23 8.7E-04 2.3E-04
Footnotes and Sources for Table 4-17:
a
Implementation dates for vehicle control technologies vary by model year. For a full description of implementation dates for Canadian vehicle
control technologies, see Figure A2-2 and Table A2-4, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2006
(Environment Canada, 2008).
b
Environment Canada, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2006, April 2008, Table A12-7, unless
otherwise noted. Original units are g/L fuel.
c
The Climate Registry General Reporting Protocol Version 1.0, March 2008, Table 13.6. Original units are g/gallon fuel.

An example calculation illustrating how to estimate vehicle emissions is shown in Exhibit 4.12.

EXHIBIT 4.12: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from Vehicles

INPUT DATA:
A fleet of heavy-duty (HD) diesel freight trucks travels 1,000,000 miles during the year. The
trucks are equipped with advance control systems. Calculate the CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions.

4-61 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.12: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from Vehicles,
continued

The CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors provided in Table 4-17 are given in terms of volumetric
fuel consumed. The fuel usage of the fleet is unknown so the first step in the calculation is to
convert from miles traveled to a volume of diesel fuel consumed basis. This calculation is
performed using the default fuel economy factor of 7 miles/gallon for diesel heavy trucks

1,000,000 miles gal diesel
Fuel Consumed = 142,857 gal diesel/yr
yr 7 miles
=

1. Calculate the CO
2
emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions are estimated using a fuel-based
factor provided in Table 4-3. This factor is provided on a heat basis so the fuel consumption
must be converted to an energy input basis. This conversion is carried out using a recommended
diesel heating value of 5.8310
6
Btu/bbl (HHV), given in Table 3-8 of this document. Thus, the
fuel heat rate is:

6
10
142,857 gal bbl 5.8310 Btu
Fuel Consumed = 1.9810 Btu/yr (HHV)
yr 42 gal bbl
=

CO
2
emissions are calculated as using the fuel basis CO
2
emission factor for diesel fuel
(Gas/Diesel Oil) provided in Table 4-3, assuming 100% oxidation of fuel carbon to CO
2
:

2
2
10
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonne CO 1.9810 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

2. Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
2
CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors provided in Table 4-17 for "Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles,
Advance Control."

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
4.5 10 tonne CH 142,857 gal
E =
yr 1000 gal
E 0.064 tonnes CH /yr
=

4-62 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.12: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from Vehicles,
continued

2
2
-4
2
N O
N O 2
3.110 tonne N O 142,857 gal
E =
yr 1000 gal
E 0.044 tonnes CO /yr
=

This sample calculation illustrates that the CH
4
and N
2
O emissions are small when compared to
CO
2
.

An example calculation illustrating how to estimate marine vessel emissions is shown in
Exhibit 4.13.

EXHIBIT 4.13: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from Marine Vessels

INPUT DATA:
A fleet of 17 diesel-powered tankers operated 90 percent of the year at sea. The fuel
consumption and Gross Registered Tonnage for each ship is unknown. Calculate the CO
2
, CH
4
,
and N
2
O emissions.

1. Calculate the CO
2
emissions. The fuel usage of the fleet is unknown so the first step in the
calculation is to convert from days of operation to a volume of diesel fuel consumed basis. This
calculation is performed using the default fuel economy factor provided in Table 4-15 for liquid
bulk carriers. Note that the fuel economy factor is in terms of tonnes/day, and must be converted
to a volume basis using the density of the fuel provided in Table 3-8 (for Distillate Oil).

3
3
365 days 41.8 tonnes diesel m 1000 kg
Fuel Consumed = 17 tankers 0.9
yr day-tanker 847.31 kg diesel tonne
Fuel Consumed = 275,498 m diesel consumed/yr

Carbon dioxide emissions are estimated using a fuel-based factor provided in Table 4-3. This
factor is provided on a heat basis so the fuel consumption must be converted to an energy input
basis. This conversion is carried out using a recommended diesel heating value of 3.8710
10

J/m
3
(HHV) (for Distillate Oil), provided in Table 3-8.

4-63 August 2009

EXHIBIT 4.14: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions from Marine Vessels,
continued

3 10
16
3
275,498 m 3.8710 J
Fuel consumed = 1.0710 J/yr (HHV)
yr m
=

Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using the fuel basis CO
2
emission factor for diesel fuel
(Distillate Fuel) shown in Table 4-3, assuming 100% oxidation of fuel carbon to CO
2
:

2
2
16
2
CO 12
CO 2
69.3 tonne CO 1.0710 J
E =
yr 10 J

2. Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
2
CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors provided in Table 4-17 for "Diesel Ships."

4
4
2
2
-4 3
4
CH 3
CH 4
-3 3
2
N O 3
N O 2
1.510 tonne CH 275,498 m
E =
yr m
1.110 tonne N O 275,498 m
E =
yr m

4.8.2 Operational Basis
If mobile source fuel consumption is not available, or operational parameters cannot be used in
such a way as to obtain fuel consumed, the alternate method for calculating emissions from mobile
sources is to use operational data, such as distance traveled or power output. This method is
described in detail in Appendix A.
4-64 August 2009
4.9 Other Miscellaneous Combustion Source Emissions
Other miscellaneous combustion sources include coke calcining kilns and welding.
13
Combustion
emissions from these sources vary widely from process to process. Thus, there is not a set of
published emission factors associated with these equipment/processes. General emission
estimation approaches for fuel combustion, combined with site-specific data and/or engineering
judgment, are recommended for determining these emissions.
Methane emissions from these sources can be estimated from a mass balance by assuming a certain
CH
4
destruction efficiency. Carbon dioxide emissions can be estimated by mass balance using an
assumed conversion of carbon in the fuel gas to CO
2
. Alternatively, the external combustion
emission factors given by fuel usage (described in Section 4.4) can be used for estimating CO
2

emissions. For some sources, N
2
O emissions can be estimated by applying an emission factor
from Tables 4-7 through 4-9. However, the factors provided in Tables 4-7 through 4-9 may not be
applicable for all miscellaneous combustion sources.

4.10 References
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13
Welding processes may involve the combustion of a supplemental fuel (e.g., acetylene).
4-65 August 2009
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4-66 August 2009
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http://www.ercb.ca/docs/documents/reports/StrosherInvestigationOfFlareGasEmissions-
1996.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
The Climate Registry (TCR). General Reporting Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2008.
http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/GRP.pdf, accessed May 6, 2009.

Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, (GPO 055-000-005-001), U.S. EPA Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and
C, 1996; Supplement D, 1998 errata updated 4/28/00; Supplement E, 1999; Supplement F,
2000, and updates 2001 to present. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, accessed May
1, 2009.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP).
Guidance for Emissions Inventory Development, Volume VIII: Estimating Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, EIIP Greenhouse Gas Committee, October 1999b.
4-68 August 2009

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Protocol Core Module Guidance: Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources, EPA430-
K-08-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/resources/mobilesource_guidance.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.

and Sinks: 1990-2007. EPA-430-R-09-004, Annexes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington DC, April 15, 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/Annexes.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WRI/WBCSD). Calculating CO
2
Emissions from Mobile Sources. Guidance to calculation
worksheets. File: co2-mobile.pdf available through www.ghgprotocol.org, March 2005. (Cited
Tables 4, 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4). http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools, accessed May
1, 2009.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 5
P R O C E S S A N D V E N T E D E MI S S I O N S


Section 5 - Process and Vented Emission Estimation
Methods

August 2009

5-ii August 2009
Table of Contents

5.0 PROCESS AND VENTED EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS ................... 5-1
5.1 Gas Treatment Processes .......................................................................... 5-2
5.1.1 Glycol Dehydrator Emissions .......................................................... 5-2
5.1.2 Glycol Pumps .................................................................................. 5-7
5.1.3 Desiccant Dehydrators ................................................................. 5-10
5.1.4 Other Glycol Dehydrator Alternatives ........................................... 5-11
5.1.5 Acid Gas Removal/Sulfur Recovery Units ..................................... 5-12
5.2 Refinery Processes Vents ......................................................................... 5-17
5.2.1 Catalytic Cracking Regenerator .................................................... 5-17
5.2.2 Refinery Hydrogen Plant ............................................................... 5-23
5.2.3 Cokers .......................................................................................... 5-31
5.2.4 Other Catalyst Regeneration ........................................................ 5-32
5.2.5 Asphalt Blowing ............................................................................ 5-34
5.2.6 Other Refinery Process Vents ...................................................... 5-36
5.3 Cold Process Vents .................................................................................. 5-37
5.4 Storage Tank Emissions ........................................................................... 5-40
5.4.1 Crude Flashing Losses ................................................................. 5-40
5.4.2 Tanks Working/Standing Losses .................................................. 5-55
5.4.3 Produced Water Tank Emissions .................................................. 5-56
5.4.4 Natural Gas Blanketed Tank Emissions ....................................... 5-58
5.5 Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Emissions ...................................... 5-60
5.5.1 Loading Loss Emissions ............................................................... 5-62
5.5.2 Ballasting Emissions ..................................................................... 5-63
5.5.3 Transit Loss Emissions ................................................................. 5-65
5.6 Other Venting Sources .............................................................................. 5-66
5.6.1 Gas-Driven Pneumatic Devices .................................................... 5-66
5.6.2 Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pumps ......................................... 5-71
5.6.3 Mud Degassing ............................................................................. 5-74

5-iii August 2009
5.6.4 Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vents ......................... 5-76
5.6.5 Low-Pressure Gas Well Casing Vents .......................................... 5-79
5.6.6 Coal Seam Exploratory Drilling and Well Testing ......................... 5-80
5.6.7 Coal Mining ................................................................................... 5-82
5.6.8 Chemical Production ..................................................................... 5-85
5.7 Non-Routine Activities ............................................................................... 5-86
5.7.1 Engineering Calculation Approach ................................................ 5-88
5.7.2 Production Related Non-Routine Emissions ................................. 5-90
5.7.3 Gas Processing Related Non-Routine Emissions ......................... 5-99
5.7.4 Transmission Related Non-Routine Emissions ........................... 5-101
5.7.5 Distribution Related Non-Routine Emissions .............................. 5-104
5.7.6 Refining Related Non-Routine Emissions ................................... 5-106
5.8 Fire Suppressant Emissions ................................................................... 5-107
5.9 References ............................................................................................. 5-107

5-iv August 2009
List of Tables
Table 5-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source Specific Considerations
for Vented Sources ................................................................................................. 5-1
Table 5-2. Segment Specific Uncontrolled Gas Dehydration CH
4
Emission Factors ................ 5-4
Table 5-3. GRI-GLYCalc
TM
-Generated Dehydration Methane Emission Factors ..................... 5-5
Table 5-4. GRI/EPA Kimray Pump CH
4
Emission Factors ........................................................ 5-8
Table 5-5. Uncontrolled AGR CH
4
Emission Factor ................................................................ 5-14
Table 5-6. Composition of U.S. Pipeline-Quality Natural Gas ................................................ 5-29
Table 5-7. Default Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors ............................................................ 5-34
Table 5-8. Methane Flashing Loss Emission Factors for Crude Oil Storage Tanks ............... 5-52
Table 5-9. Summary of Production Tank Flashing Losses Using Different Correlation
Equation Approaches ........................................................................................... 5-54
Table 5-10. Produced Salt Water Tank Methane Flashing Emission Factors......................... 5-57
Table 5-11. Methane Emission Factors from Produced Water from Shallow Gas Wells ........ 5-57
Table 5-12. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Loading Losses ......................................... 5-62
Table 5-13. Average TOC Emission Factors for Crude Oil Ballasting Operations .................. 5-64
Table 5-14. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses............................... 5-65
Table 5-15. Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device CH
4
Emission Factors ......................................... 5-68
Table 5-16. Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pump CH
4
Emission Factors .............................. 5-73
Table 5-17. Mud Degassing Vented CH
4
Emission Factors ................................................... 5-75
Table 5-18. Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vented CH
4
Emission Factors
Throughput Basis ................................................................................................ 5-77
4
Emission Factors
Well Basis ............................................................................................................ 5-77
Table 5-20. Average U.S. Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors ............................................... 5-83
Table 5-21. Australian Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors ..................................................... 5-84
Table 5-22. Chemical Production Emission Factors ............................................................... 5-86
Table 5-23. Production Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Maintenance and
Turnaround Activities ........................................................................................... 5-91
4
Emission Factors for Other Non-Routine
Releases ............................................................................................................. 5-98
Table 5-25. Gas Processing Segment CH
4
Emission Factor for Non-Routine Activities ...... 5-100
Table 5-26. Transmission Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Non-Routine Activities ........ 5-102
Table 5-27. Gas Distribution Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Non-Routine Activities .... 5-104

5-v August 2009
List of Figures

Figure 5-1. CH
4
Emissions from Glycol Dehydrators ................................................................ 5-3
Figure 5-2. CH
4
Emissions from Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Units .......................................... 5-13
Figure 5-3. CO
2
Emissions from Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCU) ................................ 5-19
Figure 5-4. CO
2
Emissions from a Refinery Hydrogen Plant .................................................. 5-25
Figure 5-5. Decision Tree for Crude Oil Flashing Losses ....................................................... 5-42
Figure 5-6. Flashing Losses Chart .......................................................................................... 5-50
Figure 5-7. Decision Tree for Non-Routine Activities .............................................................. 5-87

5-1 August 2009
5.0 PROCESS AND VENTED EMISSIONS ESTIMATION
METHODS
Vented emissions are releases to the atmosphere as a result of the process or equipment design or
operational practices. A number of vented emission sources are associated with oil and natural gas
industry operations. Vented emissions may come from a variety of non-fired stacks and vents
(combustion emissions are covered in Section 4). These emission sources tend to be very specific
to the type of operation; therefore, this section is organized by segments of the oil and natural gas
industry, with additional subsections for equipment common to more than one industry segment.
Table 5-1 illustrates the range of available options for estimating vented GHG emissions and
associated considerations. To optimize cost effectiveness and reporting efficiency, facility
operators may choose to use a mix of estimation approaches. It is important to document the
estimation method used for each vent source.
Table 5-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source Specific
Considerations for Vented Sources
Types of Approaches
CH
4
Non-combustion
Emissions
CO
2
Emissions
PFC and HFC Emissions
Based on average
equipment and
emission source
characteristics
Limited emission
factors specific to non-
combustion CO
2

emissions
May be scaled from
CH
4
emission factors
Simplified estimation
based on average
equipment and
emission source
characteristics are
consistent with low
contribution to overall
emissions
emission factors
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
Requires tracking
number of equipment
by type and utilization
CO
2
emissions may be
scaled from other non-
combustion emission
factors based on gas
composition
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
May require detailed
input data
Highly reliable for
many emission sources
input data
Material balance
methods provide good
reliability.
Requires data tracking

Process and Vented Emission Estimation Methods
5-2 August 2009
Considerations for Vented Sources, continued
Types of Approaches
CH
4
Non-combustion
Emissions
CO
2
Non-Combustion
Emissions
PFC and HFC Emissions
conditions
and deriving emission
factors
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
Generally not practical
given the substantial
number of emission
sources
given the low
emissions
given the low
emissions
parameters for calculating
emissions
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
given the substantial
number of emission
sources
Not practical given the
number of emission
sources and the low
emissions
Not practical given the
number of emission
sources and the low
emissions

5.1 Gas Treatment Processes
5.1.1 Glycol Dehydrator Emissions
Glycol dehydrators are used to remove water from gas streams by contacting the gas with a liquid
glycol stream in an absorber. The liquid glycol absorbs the water from the gas stream, and the
water is driven from the glycol by heating the glycol in the reboiler (or regenerator). A small
amount of CH
4
is absorbed by the glycol and driven off to the atmosphere in the glycol
regeneration step. A stripping gas may also be introduced into the regenerator to help strip water
and other absorbed compounds out of the glycol. Methane emissions from uncontrolled glycol
dehydration units occur because the CH
4
removed from the glycol stream passes directly through
the regenerator and is vented to the atmosphere.
Note that combustion emissions from the glycol reboiler are not included in this section, and
should be estimated using the combustion techniques presented in Section 4. Similarly,
dehydration vents routed to a flare or other combustion control device should be estimated using
the techniques presented in Section 4.
5-3 August 2009
Figure 5-1 illustrates the methods available for estimating CH
4
emissions from glycol dehydrators,
starting with using test data. However, such test data may not be available. If detailed information
about the site-specific glycol dehydrator unit is known, a process simulator or other computer
software such as GRI-GLYCalc
TM
(GRI, 2000) can be used to estimate the emissions. Detailed
information needed to run the GRI-GLYCalc
TM
computer simulation includes: wet gas
hydrocarbon composition, wet gas flow rate, wet gas temperature and pressure, existence of a gas-
driven glycol pump, wet and dry gas water contents, glycol flow rate, use of stripping gas flowrate
to the regenerator, and the temperature and pressure of the flash tank, if present.

Figure 5-1. CH
4
Emissions from Glycol Dehydrators
If this information is not readily available, simplified emission factors can be used. These
emission factors, provided in Table 5-2, were developed using both site data and computer
simulations (Myers, 1996). Table 5-2 also lists the default CH
4
content of the natural gas for the
different industry segments that may use glycol dehydration. The default CH
4
content and
associated uncertainties for each industry segment are provided in Table E-4.

Use test data to estimate CH
4

emissions.
Are test data available?
Use GRI-GLYCalc to generate
CH
4
emission estimates.
Yes
No
Yes
Use general emission factors
provided in Tables 5-2 and 5-4.
OR
Use tabulated GLYCalc results
No
Are details about the specific
glycol dehydrator unit
known?
5-4 August 2009
Table 5-2. Segment Specific Uncontrolled Gas Dehydration CH
4
Emission
Factors
Excludes Glycol Gas-Assisted Pump Emissions See Section 5.1.2
Industry
Segment
CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,
Converted to Tonnes Basis

CH
4
Content
Basis for
Industry
Segment
Uncertainty
c
(+/- %)
Production 275.57 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.0052859 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
78.8 mole % 191
0.18667 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

Gas
processing
121.55 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.0023315 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
86.8 mole % 249
0.082338 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

Gas
transmission
93.72 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.001798 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
93.4 mole % 257
0.06349 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

Gas storage 117.18 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.0022477 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
93.4 mole % 197
0.079377 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

a
Myers, D.B. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 14: Glycol Dehydrators, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.31 and
EPA-600/R-96-080n, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
CH
4
emission factors converted from scfy are based on 60F and 14.7 psia.
c
Uncertainty is based on a 95% confidence interval; however, because the data used to calculate the reference emission factor were
unavailable, the uncertainty at a 95% confidence interval was calculated based on the uncertainty at a 90% confidence interval presented
in the source, assuming a data set size of 10.
The emission factors in Table 5-2 can be scaled based on the ratio of the site-specific CH
4
content
to the default emission factor concentration if the site natural gas has a significantly different CH
4

content from the default basis. Also, if the gas contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4

emission factors can be adjusted based on the relative concentrations of CH
4
and CO
2
in the gas to
estimate the CO
2
emissions. Exhibit 5.1 demonstrates these calculations.
Note that the emission factors given in Table 5-2 do not include the emissions from gas-assisted
glycol pumps, which can be a significant source of CH
4
emissions. Although the CH
4
from gas-
assisted pumps are emitted through the regenerator vent, the emission rates were developed as a
separate emission source in the GRI/EPA CH
4
emissions study, and are discussed in Section 5.1.2
(Myers and Harrison, 1996; Harrison et al., 1996).
Some glycol dehydrators use flash tanks, also referred to as flash separators. Flash tanks are used
to drop the glycol line pressure, causing most of the light hydrocarbons in the glycol to flash into
the vapor phase. If left uncontrolled, vapors from the flash tank can be a significant source of CH
4

5-5 August 2009
emissions. However, flash gas is most often routed to the regenerator burner as fuel, significantly
reducing CH
4
emissions from the regenerator vent. The uncontrolled emission factors presented in
Table 5-2 would overestimate emissions from a glycol dehydration system with a flash tank
separator that routes the flash gas to a vapor recovery system. Emission factors that reflect the use
of flash separators are discussed below.
As an alternative to the industry-specific emission factors given above, Table 5-3 provides general
glycol dehydrator emission factors developed using GRI-GLYCalc
TM
(Texaco, 1999). Unlike the
GRI/EPA emission factors, these factors include the emissions contribution from the gas-assisted
glycol pump, if present, and account for the presence of a flash separator. The emission factors are
developed assuming typical operating parameters for a glycol unit with no vent condenser, because
a vent condenser does not appreciably affect the CH
4
emissions. Factors are provided for gas and
electric glycol pumps, with and without flash separators.

Table 5-3. GRI-GLYCalc
TM
-Generated Dehydration Methane Emission
Factors
Includes Glycol Gas-Assisted Pump Emissions
Mode of Operation
CH
4
Emission Factor
a,b
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
c
, Converted to
Tonnes per Gas Processed Basis
Gas pump without a flash
separator
82.63 tonne/yr per 10
6

Nm
3
/day gas processed
0.006410 tonnes/10
6
scf gas processed
0.2264 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas processed
Gas pump with a flash
separator
6
Nm
3
/day gas processed
0.000154 tonnes/10
6
scf gas processed
0.00542 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas processed
Electric pump without a
flash separator
6

Nm
3
/day gas processed
0.001665 tonnes/10
6
scf gas processed
0.05879 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas processed
Electric pump with a flash
separator
6

Nm
3
/day gas processed
0.000127 tonnes/10
6
scf gas processed
0.00449 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas processed
a
Texaco, 1999. Based on results from GRI Report No. GRI-98/0073, Investigation of Condenser Efficiency for HAP Control
from Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Vent Streams: Analysis of Data from the EPA 114 Questionnaire and GRIs Condenser
Monitoring Program.
b
Uncertainty data are not available from this source.
c
CH
4
emission factors are based on 60F and 14.7 psia.

Some dehydrators also introduce stripping gas in the regenerator to help strip water and other
absorbed compounds out of the glycol by increasing the vapor flow rate in the reboiler still. Three
types of stripping gas are typically used: dry natural gas from the absorber, flash gas from the flash
separator, or nitrogen. Any CH
4
in the stripping gas will pass directly through the regenerator;
therefore, the use of dry natural gas will increase CH
4
emissions from the regenerator. GLYCalc
should be used to estimate CH
4
emissions in this situation, as the default approaches presented in
5-6 August 2009
this subsection do not account for the use of stripping gas. The emission factors presented in
Tables 5-2 or 5-3 may be used to estimate emissions from the dehydrator if flash gas or nitrogen is
used as the stripping gas, as CH
4
emissions will not be increased.
An example calculation for dehydrator CH
4
emissions is given below.

EXHIBIT 5.1: Sample Calculation for Dehydration Processing Vent Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A glycol dehydrator at a gas processing plant treats 25 10
6
scf/day of gas with a CH
4
molar
content of 90% and CO
2
content of 5%. The dehydration unit includes an electric pump but does
not include a flash separator. The glycol circulation rate is 200 gallons/hr, and the contactor
pressure is 600 psig. Stripping gas is not used in the process. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2

emissions.

1. Calculate the CH
4
emissions. Emissions are calculated using an emission factor specific to
gas processing facilities, taken from Table 5-2. Because the CH
4
content of this facility differs
from the 86.8% default CH
4
content associated with the emission factor presented in Table E-4,
the calculations include an adjustment for the composition:

4
4
6
4 4
CH 6
4
4 4
4 4
CH
0.0023315 tonne CH tonne mole CH 2510 scf 365 day
E =
day yr 10 scf 16 tonne CH
0.90 tonne mole CH (facility) 16 tonne CH

0.868 tonne mole CH (default) tonne mole CH
E = 22.06 tonn
4
es CH /yr

Alternatively, Table 5-3 provides a CH
4
emission factor of 0.001665 tonnes CH
4
/10
6
scf of gas
processed for this type of arrangement. The CH
4
emissions from the dehydrator vent are
calculated using this approach as shown below.

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.001665 tonne CH 2510 scf 365 day
E =
day yr 10 scf

5-7 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.1: Sample Calculation for Dehydration Processing Vent Emissions,
continued

2. Calculate the CO
2
emissions. Emissions of CO
2
are estimated from the CH
4
emissions using
the relative CO
2
and CH
4
contents in the gas.

2
2
4 2
CO 4
4 4
2
2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CH 0.05 tonne mole CO tonne mole gas
E = 22.06 tonnes CH
16 tonne CH 0.90 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas
44 tonne CO

tonne mole CO
or 2.32 tonnes CO /
4
yr if based on the alternative
CH approach using Table 5-3.

Note that the CH
4
emission results for the two methods presented in Exhibit 5.1 are different. Both
are based on field data and computer simulation results. However, different assumptions were
used for each study. The primary distinction is that the factors provided in Table 5-2 are classified
by industry segment, accounting for the average dehydrator capacity in each industry segment,
while the factors in Table 5-3 are based on an average equipment set-up for any industry sector. In
addition, uncertainty data are not available for the emission factors provided in Table 5-3.
5.1.2 Glycol Pumps
As demonstrated by the GRI/EPA study, gas-assisted glycol pumps can be a significant source of
CH
4
emissions (Myers and Harrison, 1996). Both electric and gas-assisted pumps are used to
circulate glycol in the dehydrator system. If a gas-assisted pump is used, the low-pressure glycol is
pumped into the absorber by pistons driven by the high-pressure glycol leaving the absorber. This
high pressure glycol contains some entrained gas from the absorber. The GRI/EPA CH
4
emissions
project estimated the gas-assisted glycol pump emissions separately from the dehydrator vent
emissions, although they are emitted from the same vent.
The GRI/EPA study noted that Kimray was a leading manufacturer of gas-assisted glycol pumps.
Emission factors were presented in this study (Volume 15) based on technical data from Kimray
and using assumptions about typical dehydrator operation (Myers and Harrison, 1996). Production
and processing Kimray pump CH
4
emissions are given in Table 5-4. This table also includes the
5-8 August 2009
default CH
4
content that can be used for adjusting the emission factors to other CH
4
contents. The
default CH
4
content and associated uncertainties for each industry segment are provided in
Table E-4. The GRI/EPA study did not observe any active gas-assisted pumps in the transmission
and storage segments, so no emission factors are presented for these industry segments.

Table 5-4. GRI/EPA Kimray Pump CH
4
Emission Factors
Industry
Segment
CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,

CH
4
Content
Basis for
Industry
Segment
Uncertainty
c
(+/- %)

Production 992.0 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.01903 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
78.8 mole % 82.8
0.6720 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

Processing 177.75 scf/10
6
scf gas
processed
0.0034096 tonnes/10
6
scf gas
processed
86.8 mole % 61.5
0.12041 tonnes/10
6
m
3
gas
processed

a
Myers, D.B. and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 15: Gas Assisted Glycol Pumps, Final Report,
GRI-94/0257.33 and EPA-600/R-96-080o, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
CH
4
emission factors converted from scfy are based on 60F and 14.7 psia.
c
Uncertainty is based on a 95% confidence interval; however, because the data used to calculate the reference emission factor were unavailable,
the uncertainty at a 95% confidence interval was calculated based on the uncertainty at a 90% confidence interval presented in the source
assuming a data set size of 10.
An example calculation for glycol dehydrator Kimray pump CH
4
emissions is given below.

EXHIBIT 5.2: Sample Calculation for Dehydration Kimray Vent Emissions

INPUT DATA:
From the previous example, a glycol dehydrator at a gas processing plant treats 2510
6
scf/day
of gas. This dehydration unit includes a gas-operated pump but does not include a flash
separator. Calculate the vented emissions from the pump and from the dehydrator as a whole.

1. Calculate emissions from the pump. Assuming the pump is a Kimray or similar type,
Table 5-4 provides an appropriate emission factor. The CH
4
emissions are calculated by
multiplying this emission factor by the annual gas throughput and adjusting for the facility CH
4

concentration, as shown below.

4
4
6
4 4
CH ,pump 6
4
CH ,pump 4
0.0034096 tonne CH 0.90 tonne mole CH (facility) 25 10 scf 365 day
E
day yr 10 scf 0.868 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

5-9 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.2: Sample Calculation for Dehydration Kimray Vent Emissions,
continued

CO
2
emissions are calculated by correcting the CH
4
emissions by the ratio of CH
4
to CO
2
in the
facility gas.
2
2
4 2
CO ,pump 4
4 4
2
2
CO ,pump 2
tonne mole CH 0.05 tonne mole CO tonne mole gas
E = 32.26 tonnes CH
16 tonne CH 0.90 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas
44 tonne CO

tonne mole CO

2. Calculate total dehydrator emissions. The previous example estimated the emissions from
the dehydration unit to be 22.06 tonnes CH
4
/yr, excluding the gas-assisted glycol pump. Note
that because the GRI/EPA factor is used, the Kimray pump emissions should be added to the
dehydrator vent emissions estimated in the previous example to obtain the total dehydrator
vented emissions:

4
4
CH ,total 4 4
CH ,total 4
E 22.06 tonnes CH / yr (from the dehydrator) 32.26 tonnes CH / yr (from the pump)
E 54.3 tonnes CH / yr
= +
=

2
2
CO ,total 2 2
CO ,total 2
E = 3.37 tonnes CO /yr (from the dehydrator) 4.93 tonnes CO /yr (from the pump)
+

Alternatively, using the emission factor from Table 5-2 for this type of arrangement results in the
following CH
4
emissions:

4
4
6
4
CH ,total 6
4 CH ,total
0.00641 tonne CH 2510 scf 365 day
E =
day yr 10 scf

These emissions could then be used to calculate CO
2
emissions, using the ratio of CH
4
to CO
2
in
the facility gas.

5-10 August 2009
5.1.3 Desiccant Dehydrators
Desiccant dehydrators have lower CH
4
(and CO
2
) emissions than glycol-based systems. Desiccant
systems remove the moisture in the gas by passing the wet gas through a drying bed of desiccant
tablets (e.g., salts such as calcium, potassium, or lithium chlorides). Molecular sieves can also be
used as the desiccant in these systems. Molecular sieves selectively adsorb acid gas molecules of
smaller diameter than methane, and can be used for both gas dehydration and acid gas treatment.
Portable desiccant dehydrators can also be used during maintenance activities when the glycol
dehydrator that is normally used has to be shut down. For example, low pressure wells may be
vented to the atmosphere during maintenance activities because it can be difficult to resume flow if
the wells are shut in (EPA Gas STAR, PRO Fact Sheet No. 207, October 2004). However, the
portable desiccant system can be used in place of the glycol dehydrator system, thus avoiding
having to vent the low pressure well to the atmosphere.
Since the desiccant dehydrator systems are fully enclosed, emissions only occur when the vessel is
opened to change out the desiccant tablets. The emissions from these desiccant dehydrators can be
estimated based on the internal volume of the dehydrator, as shown in the following:

2
2
1
H D P G N
GLD =
4 P

(Equation 5-1)

where
GLD= gas loss from desiccant dehydrator, scf/yr;
H= dehydrator vessel height, ft;
D= dehydrator vessel inside diameter, ft;
P
2
= gas pressure, psia;
P
1
= atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia;
G= fraction of packed vessel volume that is gas; and
N= number of desiccant change outs per year.

An example calculation for desiccant dehydrator emissions is shown in Exhibit 5.3. The example
is based on Exhibit 12 presented in the November 2003 EPA Gas STAR Lessons Learned
document, Replacing Glycol Dehydrators with Desiccant Dehydrators.

5-11 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.3: Sample Calculation for Desiccant Dehydration Venting

INPUT DATA:
A desiccant dehydrator at a gas processing plant has a vessel height of 6.40 feet and an inside
diameter of 1.60 feet. The pressure of the gas inside the vessel is 450 psig (464.7 psia). The
desiccant material is refilled 52 times annually. The vessel is assumed to be 45% packed. The
CH
4
and CO
2
molar contents are 90% and 5%, respectively. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2

emissions.

The gas vented from the desiccant dehydrator vessel is estimated using Equation 5-1.

2
(6.40 ft) (1.60 ft) (3.1416) (464.7 psia) (0.45) 52
GLD =
4 (14.7 psia)
GLD = 9,519 scf/yr (total gas)

The CH
4
and CO
2
emissions are then estimated using the gas molar contents:

4
4
4 4 4
CH
4 4
CH 4
0.90 scf CH lbmole CH 16 lb CH 9,519 scf tonnes
E =
yr scf gas 379.3 scf CH lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
E = 0.16 tonnes CH /year

2
2
2 2 2
CO
2 2
CO 2
0.05 scf CO lbmole CO 44 lb CO 9,519 scf tonnes
E =
yr scf gas 379.3 scf CO lbmole CO 2204.62 lb

5.1.4 Other Glycol Dehydrator Alternatives
Methods of reducing CH
4
emissions range from operational alterations to technological
alternatives. Operational alterations, such as optimizing glycol circulation rates or installing
electric pumps, have been shown to reduce, but not eliminate, CH
4
emissions. Technological
5-12 August 2009
alternatives include replacing glycol dehydrators with desiccant dehydrators (discussed in
Section 5.1.3), separators, and in-line heaters, or methanol injection units.
The use of separators and in-line heaters for water removal is a two-step process. First, the gas is
expanded in a cyclone. This expansion lowers the temperature of the gas, enhancing water
condensation and separation. Then the gas is reheated to restore it to a dew point below conditions
in the pipeline system. Vented emissions from the separator should be calculated using an
engineering approach. Combustion emissions from the line heater should be calculated using the
methodology described in Section 4.
Methanol injection units are an efficient method for controlling gas hydrate formation in the lines.
While methanol may absorb some of the water in the gas, its primary function is to act as a hydrate
inhibitor. Methanol injection lowers the temperature at which hydrates can form, thereby reducing
gas hydrate formation. Unlike glycol dehydration, methanol injection requires no regeneration,
thus eliminating vented emissions.
5.1.5 Acid Gas Removal/Sulfur Recovery Units
Natural gas with high concentrations of acid gas species (H
2
S and CO
2
), referred to as sour gas,
must be treated to reduce the acid gases to a concentration that meets pipeline corrosion-prevention
specifications. Acid Gas Removal (AGR) units remove H
2
S and CO
2
by contacting the sour gas
with a liquid solution (typically amines). AGR units have similar equipment to those in the
dehydrator units (an absorber, liquid circulation pump, and a reboiler to regenerate the absorber
liquid).
Sulfur Recovery Units (SRUs) can also be used to recover elemental sulfur from H
2
S. A
byproduct of natural gas processing or crude oil refining, H
2
S is converted to elemental sulfur
through the use of a recovery process. The most common process is the Claus process, in which
the H
2
S undergoes catalytic oxidation in a two-step process. The Claus process consists of a
thermal process and a catalytic process, both of which form elemental sulfur through the
conversion of H
2
S to sulfur and water. During the oxidation process, side reactions occur then
produce other compounds including CO
2
.
5-13 August 2009
Methane Emissions
The amine solution associated with AGR units can absorb a small amount of CH
4
from the gas,
and some CH
4
can be driven off to the atmosphere from the reboiler vent. In closed amine
systems, the reboiler vent is directed to the facility flare and no methane venting occurs.
Figure 5-2 shows the approaches available to estimate CH
4
emissions from AGR units, which is
dictated by whether specific information is known about the sour gas, such as temperature and
pressure.

Figure 5-2. CH
4
Emissions from Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Units
Emissions from AGR unit vents routed to a flare or other control device should be estimated using
the techniques presented in Section 4. For uncontrolled AGR units, two CH
4
emission factors for
AGR vents were developed as part of the 1996 GRI/EPA CH
4
emissions study (Volume 14, page
A-13) based on process simulation results for typical unit operations of a diethanol amine (DEA)
unit (Myers, 1996). Table 5-5 provides the AGR CH
4
emission factor on both a throughput basis
and unit basis. The throughput basis should be used over the unit basis factor if the volume of
treated gas is known.
4

emissions.
Are direct vent test
measurement data available?
Use simple emission factors in
Table 5-5.
Yes
No
Yes
Use specific computer programs
such as APIs AMINECalc or
process simulator programs if
sufficient input data are available.
No
Are details about the facility
known (such as the sour gas
pressure and temperature)?
Evaluate emissions case-by-case.
See text in this section.
OR
Use a material balance approach.
Is the AGR an amine-based
system?
Yes
No
5-14 August 2009
Table 5-5. Uncontrolled AGR CH
4
Emission Factor
Source
Methane Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units

b
,
Uncertainty
c

(+/- %)
AGR vent 965 scf/10
6
scf treated gas 0.0185 tonnes/10
6
scf treated gas
0.654 tonnes/10
6
m
3
treated gas
119
33,794 scfd/AGR unit 0.6482 tonnes/day-AGR unit 125
a
Myers, D.B. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 14: Glycol Dehydrators, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.31 and EPA-
600/R-96-080n, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. Based on a DEA unit.
b
CH
4
emission factors converted from scf are based on 60F and 14.7 psia.
c
Uncertainty is based on a 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original
emission factor.
Alternatively, APIs AMINECalc can be used to estimate CH
4
for amine units. Details on this
software are available at the following API web address by searching for API Publication Number
4679:
http://www.api.org/
As an alternative to running AMINECalc, emissions from AGR units could also be calculated
using a mass balance approach, such as described in Section 5.7.1.
There are other acid gas removal technologies besides amine units, including the Morphysorb
process, Kvaerner Membrane technology, and the Molecular Gate process, the latter of which
involves the use of molecular sieves. These technologies are reported to reduce CH
4
emissions,
although published emission factors are not available (EPA Gas STAR, August 2007).
An example calculation for AGR CH
4
emissions is given in Exhibit 5.4, based on the emission
factors in Table 5-5.

EXHIBIT 5.4: Sample Calculation for AGR Vent Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas processing plant has one amine-based AGR unit that vents to atmosphere. The treated gas
throughput of the AGR unit is not known. The facility operates continuously throughout the year
(8760 hours/year). Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

The AGR unit-based CH
4
emission factor from Table 5-5 is multiplied by the number of AGR
units and converted from a daily basis to an annual basis.

5-15 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.4: Sample Calculation for AGR Vent Emissions, continued

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.6482 tonne CH 365 day
E = (1 AGR)
day-AGR yr

Note that the treated gas throughput-based CH
4
emission factor could have been used instead of
the unit-based factor if the AGR throughput data had been available.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Sour gas processing or sulfur recovery units can directly vent the CO
2
removed from the sour gas
stream to the atmosphere or capture the CO
2
for other uses, such as enhanced oil recovery. For
systems that vent the waste CO
2
(for example, amine units), emissions can be estimated by
material balance using the known throughput and CO
2
concentrations of the inlet and outlet gas
streams as shown in the following equation (CAPP, 2003).

2
CO 2 2
sour sweet
Volume Volume 44
E CO mole% CO mole%
time time molar volume conversion

=

(Equation 5-2)
where
E
2
CO
= mass emissions of CO
2
per year (in pounds or kg);
Volume = volume of the sour and sweet gas (in scf or m
3
at STP conditions);
sour = refers to the untreated sour inlet raw gas. Acid gas is typically
comprised of CO
2
and H
2
S;
sweet = refers to the treated gas after the H
2
S and CO
2
have been removed
(typically sales gas or pipeline quality gas);
CO
2
mole% = molar (or volume) concentrations of the sour and sweet gas. If the sweet
gas concentration is unknown, 0% can be applied as a simplifying
assumption, recognizing that this will likely overestimate emissions.
Note, pipeline gas specifications typically limit CO
2
concentrations to
2% or less; and
Molar volume
conversion
= conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole or 23.685
m
3
/kgmole).

5-16 August 2009
The accuracy of Equation 5-2 is highly dependent on the consistency of the CO
2
concentration in
the inlet raw gas and sales gas streams. To improve the accuracy of this method, a volume
weighted-average CO
2
concentration should be determined (especially for the inlet gas) using a
range of gas sample data.
Note that technologies such as the Molecular Gate process that remove CO
2
and route the CO
2
-
rich tail gas stream to the fuel gas system must properly account for the CO
2
emissions. This
would involve using the above material balance approach to account for the CO
2
emissions from
the acid gas treatment that should be combined with CO
2
formed from combustion that is estimated
using the approaches in Section 4 (i.e., the CO
2
removed by the acid gas treatment process gets
emitted from the combustion stack with the CO
2
formed from combustion). Care should be taken
not to double count these emissions. If the tail gas stream from the Molecular Gate process is
vented, the material balance approach should properly account for the vented CO
2
emissions.
Estimating vented CO
2
emissions from sour gas processing is demonstrated in Exhibit 5.5.

EXHIBIT 5.5: Sample Calculation for CO
2
Venting Emissions from Sour Gas
Processing

INPUT DATA:
A amine-based sour gas processing facility has the following operating parameters:
Unit inlet stream: 150,000 10
6
scf/yr sour gas processed with 3.0 mole % CO
2
Unit outlet stream: 148,500 10
6
scf/yr sweet gas produced with 2.0 mole % CO
2

Calculate the vented CO
2
emissions.

The CO
2
vented emissions are estimated using the material balance from Equation 5-2.

2
2
6 6
2 2
CO
2 2
2 2
CO
0.030 scf CO 0.020 scf CO 150,00010 scf gas 148,50010 scf gas
E = -
yr scf gas yr scf gas
lbmole CO 44 lb CO tonnes

379.3 scf CO lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E = 80,506 tonnes/yr

2
CO

5-17 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.5: Sample Calculation for CO
2
Venting Emissions from Sour Gas
Processing, continued

Methane emissions are estimated by applying the emission factor from Table 5-5.

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.0185 tonnes CH 150,00010 scf gas
E =
yr 10 scf gas
E = 2,775 tonnes/yr CH

Carbon dioxide emissions from SRUs that route the sulfur plant tailgas to a thermal oxidizer can
also be calculated using a mass balance approach, such as provided in Equation 5-3. Carbon
dioxide emissions from SRUs utilizing an amine unit should be calculated using Equation 5-2.
2
2
CO
CO
MW
tonne
E = FR MF
molar volume conversion 2204.62 lb
(Equation 5-3)
where
E
2
CO
= CO
2
emissions (tonnes/yr);
FR = volumetric flow rate of acid gas to SRU (scf/yr);
MW
2
CO
= molecular weight of CO
2
(44 lb/lb-mole);
Molar Volume Conversion = conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole); and
MF = molecular fraction of CO
2
in sour gas, based on site data.
5.2 Refinery Processes Vents
There are a number of specialized process vents in refineries that emit GHG emissions. Many of
these are associated with catalyst regeneration, such as catalytic cracking regeneration, catalytic
reformer regeneration, etc. Others are used to vent a by-product material, such as the hydrogen
plant. This section will address each vent by process.
5.2.1 Catalytic Cracking Regenerator
The catalytic cracking processes deposit coke on the catalyst as a byproduct of the reaction. That
coke must be burned off to restore the activity of the catalyst. Similarly, the thermal cracking
process referred to as fluid coking utilizes a fluidized solids technique to remove carbon (coke) for
5-18 August 2009
continuous conversion of heavy, low-grade oils into lighter products. The coke is continuously
burned off in the regenerator. This process vent may be a significant source of CO
2
emissions.
Fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) are operated in two basic modes:
1. Full, or complete, CO burn mode, where essentially all CO is combusted to CO
2
within the
regenerator. The exhaust gas typically contains approximately 2% O
2
and less than 1%
CO. The hot exhaust gases often pass through a waste heat boiler, operated with or
without supplemental fuel, to produce steam prior to exiting through the stack.
2. Partial burn mode, where the regenerator exhaust gas typically contains less than 1% O
2

and 6-8% CO (though these compositions can vary). The exhaust gases pass through a
CO boiler, which completes the combustion of CO to CO
2
external to the FCCU
regenerator before the gases exit the stack.
Sometimes an oxidation promoter (e.g., platinum, palladium, etc.) is added to the process or is
included within the catalyst to assist combustion in promoted operation. Where no promoter is
used, the operation is referred to as conventional or non-promoted CO burn. Full or partial CO
burn modes can be conventional or promoted.
In some cases, the regenerator off-gas may be controlled with a CO boiler (to control CO and TOC
emissions) if operated in a full or partial burn mode and/or with an electrostatic precipitator or
scrubber (to control particulate emissions). When a partial burn unit is operated with a CO boiler,
the unit is equivalent to a full burn unit with respect to CO
2
, CH
4
, and TOC emissions since the
combustion of CO to CO
2
is completed. As noted earlier, some catalytic cracking unit (CCU)
regenerators are designed to complete the combustion of CO to CO
2
and do not need a CO boiler.
These units may also be equipped with a waste heat boiler that can be fired with supplemental fuel.
The CO
2
from the combustion of the supplemental fuel should be accounted for as described in
Section 4.
Units operated in partial burn mode with a CO boiler or full burn mode have negligible CH
4
and
TOC emissions. This conclusion is supported by test data that showed negligible CH
4
emissions
from a full burn regenerator unit (ARPEL, 1998). An FCCU that is not controlled by either a CO
boiler or a regenerator designed for complete combustion would have higher CH
4
emissions.
1

However, FCCUs are typically not operated in partial burn modes without a CO boiler.

1
Data presented in Table 6.22 of ARPEL shows CH
4
emission factors of 924 kg/1000 m
3
FCCU feed and 386
kg/1000 m
3
FCCU feed for conventional and partial burn units, respectively, that did not have CO boilers (ARPEL,
1998). However, this type of operation is not typically employed.
5-19 August 2009
Figure 5-3 provides the decision tree for FCCU regeneration. Note that the coke burn rate (or air
blower capacity) is used for all the CO
2
emission calculation approaches discussed in this section.
There are two commonly used approaches for estimating the CO
2
and CH
4
emissions from FCCU
regeneration.

Figure 5-3. CO
2
Emissions from Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCU)
These approaches are based on process parameters that are generally monitored or estimated as
part of routine refinery operations. Both process calculation approaches should provide equally
accurate emission estimates. The user should pick the approach for which the input data are most
readily available.
The first approach uses the coke burn rate expressed in mass per year. The coke burned is assumed
to proceed completely to CO
2
. Based on this assumption and accounting for the conversion of
units, the CO
2
emission rate can be calculated from the following equation:
2
2
CO Avg
44 mass units CO /mole
E CC CF
12 mass units C/mole
= (Equation 5-4)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
in units of mass (pounds, kg, tonnes) per year;
CC = daily average coke burn rate in units of mass per year;
CF = fraction of carbon in the coke burned (if unknown, default = 1);
44 = molecular weight of CO
2
; and
12 = molecular weight of carbon (coke is assumed to be carbon).

No
Yes
Apply the approach
represented by
Equation 5-5.
Yes
Apply the approach
represented by
Equation 5-4.
No
Apply the approach
represented by
Equation 5-6.
Are the partial pressures
of CO
2
and CO known?
Is the flue gas
concentration known?
5-20 August 2009
Equation 5-4 is based on the fundamental principles of complete stoichiometric combustion of the
carbon in coke to CO
2
. Using a site-specific carbon fraction of coke will result in the most
accurate estimates. In the absence of site-specific carbon fraction of coke data, the user may
consult Table 3-8, which contains the properties of various fuels, or assume a carbon fraction of
1.0 as a simplifying assumption, recognizing that this will overestimate emissions.
The coke burn rate can be calculated using the K
1
, K
2
, K
3
approach provided in EPA Rule 40
CFR 63, Subpart UUU. However, the coke burn equation can be reduced to Equation 5-5. The
equation derivation is provided in Appendix B.
( )
2 2
2
CO 1 r CO CO
E K Q P +P H

=

(Equation 5-5)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
(lb/year or kg/year);
K
1
= carbon conversion factor burn term (0.0186 lb-min/hr-dscf-% or 0.2982
kg-min/hr-dscm-, given in Table B-2%);
Q
r
= volumetric flow rate of exhaust gas before entering the emission control
system, calculated using Equation B-2 (dscf/min or dscm/min);
P
2
CO
and P
CO
= percent CO
2
and CO concentrations, respectively, in regenerator
exhaust, percent by volume (dry basis); and
H = annual operating time (hrs/yr); 8760 hrs/yr if operating continuously
throughout the year.
Another process calculation approach is based on the air blower capacity and flue gas
concentration:
( ) ( )
2
CO 2
44
E AR SOR FCO FCO H
= + + (Equation 5-6)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
AR = air rate in standard cubic feet or cubic meters per minute, on a dry basis;
SOR = supplemental oxygen rate (if used) in standard cubic feet or cubic meters
per minute, on a dry basis;
FCO
2
= fraction CO
2
in the flue gas, on a dry basis (enter 0.12 for 12%, not 12);
FCO = fraction CO in the flue gas, on a dry basis (enter 0.08 for 8%, not 8);
Molar volume
conversion
m
3
/kgmole); and
H = annual operating time (min/yr); 525,600 min/yr if operating continuously
throughout the year.
5-21 August 2009
This equation is based on fundamental principles for calculating the mass of a component from the
total stream flow and concentration of the subject component. The concentration term includes
both CO and CO
2
, because a partial oxidation regenerator flue gas contains both species, and each
mole of CO will become a mole of CO
2
when emitted from the CO boiler.
A sample calculation for the approaches is provided in Exhibit 5.6.

EXHIBIT 5.6: Sample Calculation for FCCU Process Calculation Approach

INPUT DATA:
Assume a 6.3610
3
m
3
per day catalytic cracking unit has a coke burn rate of 119,750 tonnes per
year and a blower air capacity of 2150 m
3
/min. Assume also that the carbon fraction of the coke is
0.93 based on site-specific data; the flue gas concentrations are 11% CO
2
and 9% CO exiting the
regenerator; and that a CO boiler is used for control of that stream. Supplemental firing with
natural gas is also employed (10010
6
Btu/hr, higher heating value basis). Calculate the
regenerator CO
2
emissions using Equations 5-4, 5-5, and 5-6. Calculate the emissions from
supplemental firing of natural gas. Summarize the FCCU emissions.


1. Calculate the CO
2
emissions using Equation 5-4. Using Equation 5-4, the estimated CO
2

emissions from the regenerator would be:

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
44 tonnes CO tonnes Coke Burned 0.93 tonnes C
E = 119,750
year tonnes Coke 12 tonnes C
E = 408,348 tonnes CO /year

2. Calculate the CO
2
emissions using Equation 5-5. Using the air rate in Equation 5-5, the CO
2

emission estimate is:

( )
2
2
CO
CO
0.2982 kg - min 2,150 dscm 44 tonne 8760 hr
11% + 9%
hr - dscm % min 12 1,000 kg yr
411,862 tonnes CO /yr
2
E =
E =

5-22 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.5: Sample Calculation for FCCU Process Calculation Approach,
continued
3. Calculate the CO
2
emissions using Equation 5-6. Using the air rate in Equation 5-6 yields:

2
2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
CO 3 3 3 3
2 2
CO 2
0.11 m CO m CO 44 kg CO /kgmole CO 2150 m 0.09 m CO
E = +
min m gas m gas m CO 23.685 m CO /kgmole CO
525,600 min tonnes

year 1000 kg
E =419,859 tonnes CO /year

4. Calculate the emissions from supplemental natural gas firing. The emissions from the
supplemental firing are in addition to the CO
2
emissions from the FCCU regenerator. Emissions
from the supplemental firing of natural gas are estimated using the approaches presented in
Section 4. The CO
2
emission factor was taken from Table 4-3 for pipeline natural gas. The CH
4

and N
2
O emission factors were taken from Table 4-7 for natural gas-fired boilers.

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0531 tonne CO 100 10 Btu 8760 hr
E
hr 10 Btu yr
E 46,516 tonnes CO / yr
=
=

4
4
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
1.0 10 tonne CH 100 10 Btu 8760 hr
E
hr 10 Btu yr

=
=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
9.8 10 tonne N O 100 10 Btu 8760 hr
E
hr 10 Btu yr
E 0.86 tonnes N O/ yr

=
=

5-23 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.6: Sample Calculation for FCCU Process Calculation Approach,
continued

5. Summarize the FCCU emissions. The emissions from the FCCU are summarized below.

Coke burn rate approach
(Equation 5-4)
Contribution CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Coke Burn 408,348
CO Boiler 46,516 0.88 0.86
Total 454,149 0.88 0.86
K
1
, K
2
, K
3
approach
(Equation 5-5),
Contribution CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Coke Burn 411,862
CO Boiler 46,516 0.88 0.86
Total 458,663 0.88 0.86
Air blower rate approach
(Equation 5-6)
Contribution CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Coke Burn 419,859
CO Boiler 46,516 0.88 0.86
Total 466,660 0.88 0.86

5.2.2 Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Refinery hydrogen plants, often referred to as steam reformers, react hydrocarbons with steam
(H
2
O) to produce H
2
through a multiple step process involving catalytic reforming followed by
water-gas-shift and CO
2
removal. Steam reformers are not to be confused with naphtha reformers,
the emissions from which are discussed in Section 5.2.4. The quantity of H
2
generated depends on
the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of the feed gas and the steam-to-carbon ratio. In most cases, H
2
is
made from natural gas, but there are some plants that operate with naphtha or refinery fuel gas as
the feedstock. The overall chemical reaction can be expressed as:
x (2x+2) 2 2 2
C H +2xH O (3x+1)H +xCO (Equation 5-7)
This equation shows that a mole of CO
2
is formed for every mole of carbon in the hydrocarbon
species. Note that the CO
2
generated by this reaction does not include CO
2
emissions from process
heater(s) associated with the H
2
plant. Emissions from the process heaters should be treated like
other combustion sources described in Section 4.
After the shift reactor, hydrogen must be separated from the syngas. Older hydrogen plants purify
the raw hydrogen using wet scrubbing followed by methanation. The wet scrubbing unit generates
5-24 August 2009
a nearly pure stream of CO
2
which may be further processed for other uses (including being sold as
a product), or may be vented directly to the atmosphere. Some plants may monitor the flow rate
and composition of the vent stream from the hydrogen plant; in this situation, these data can be
used to estimate the vented emissions from the hydrogen plant.
Modern hydrogen plants use a cyclical pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit instead of wet
scrubbing to remove impurities (CO
2
, CO, CH
4
) from raw hydrogen exiting the shift reactor.
Compared to older units, which are typically able to produce hydrogen of 90% to 98% purity, PSA
units are capable of producing hydrogen with a purity of greater than 99% (Kunz et al., n.d.). The
PSA purge or tail gas is a low-Btu fuel gas consisting mostly of CO
2
, CO, and CH
4
, and some H
2
.
The purge gas is then routed to the reformer furnace. The purge gas is noted to provide 50 to 90%
of the heat input to the furnace, for one example process (UOP, 2002). Because the purge gas is
sent to the reformer furnace, hydrogen plants with a PSA unit emit all GHGs as reformer furnace
flue gas.
GHG emissions from combustion of the low-Btu gas, along with any supplemental fuels, should be
estimated like other combustion sources, as presented in Section 4. Due to the variable
composition of the PSA purge gas stream, the material balance approach is suggested for
estimating emissions from the combustion of the PSA purge gas. Site specific data (e.g., PSA
purge gas flow rate and composition) should be used in the material balance approach, due to the
fact that the carbon content of the PSA purge gas is not similar to the carbon content of other
typical fuels such as natural gas. For plants with a PSA unit, careful accounting must be taken to
avoid representing emissions as from both the reaction process (conversion to CO
2
in the reformer
and shift reactor) and from combustion of supplemental fuel sent to reformer furnace.
Hydrogen plants are often the preferred source of CO
2
for industrial uses (food and beverage, dry
ice, etc.). Traditionally, hydrogen plants with wet scrubbing purification are desirable for this as
the wet scrubbing purification process produces a near pure CO
2
stream. Where this type of plant is
not available, operators of a PSA type hydrogen plant may choose to add a CO
2
removal step in
conjunction with the PSA to capture a portion of the process CO
2
for offsite use. The CO
2

removed in this step should be calculated and included in emissions reporting.
Figure 5-4 illustrates the approaches for estimating CO
2
emissions from a refinery hydrogen plant.
5-25 August 2009

Figure 5-4. CO
2
Emissions from a Refinery Hydrogen Plant
A rigorous calculation approach, using a specific feed gas composition, can be used to estimate
vented CO
2
emissions from the hydrogen plant. The rigorous approach can be based on either the
volume of feedstock used or the hydrogen production rate. Both of these methods are discussed in
this section, along with examples of their application.
There is also a simpler approach that can be used for hydrogen plants. Simple CO
2
emission
factors have been developed from an assumed natural gas feedstock composition. The simple
approach should be adequate for most refineries where the feed gas is not much different than
natural gas (i.e., predominantly CH
4
with small amounts of other low molecular weight
hydrocarbons). However, the more rigorous approaches should be used when naphtha reformers
are used at the H
2
plant or other cases where the feed gas does not resemble natural gas.
The first of the two rigorous approaches is based on a material balance using the feedstock rate and
carbon content. Equation 5-8 presents this material balance approach:
2
2
CO
E FR CF
= (Equation 5-8)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
Step 1: Apply the simple
emission factor approach
based on a typical natural
gas feedstock. Note: this
approach should not be
used if the feedstock
composition differs from
natural gas.

Step 2: Estimate emissions
from fuel combustion
(e.g., PSA purge gas)
using the approaches
described in Section 4.
Yes
Step 1: Apply the
material balance
approach represented by
Equation 5-6.

Step 2: Estimate
emissions from fuel
combustion (e.g., PSA
purge gas) using the
approaches described in
Section 4.
No
Is the feedstock
carbon content
known?
Is the
feedstock rate
known?
Yes
Step 1: Apply the material
balance approach
represented by
Equation 5-7.

Step 2: Estimate
emissions from fuel
combustion (e.g., PSA
purge gas) using the
approaches described in
Section 4.
No
Does the hydrogen
plant have a CO
2

removal process?
Yes
Estimate emissions
from fuel
combustion (e.g.,
PSA purge gas)
using the approaches
described in
Section 4.
No
5-26 August 2009
FR = feedstock rate in units of mass per year (feedstock rate excluding H
2
O fed);
CF = Weight fraction of carbon in feedstock;
2
; and
12 = molecular weight of carbon.

The carbon fraction can be estimated using the feedstock composition if it is not explicitly known.
Note that if the fraction of carbon in the feedstock (CF) includes carbon accounted for through
other end uses (e.g., combustion of PSA purge gas), these emissions will be double counted. To
avoid double counting, the quantity of carbon accounted for elsewhere should be subtracted from
the feedstock rate. Exhibit 5.7(a) demonstrates the approach to estimate the CO
2
emissions from a
hydrogen plant using the feedstock rate and carbon content.

EXHIBIT 5.7(a): Sample Calculation for Hydrogen Plant - Rigorous Approach based on
Feedstock Rate and Carbon Content

INPUT DATA:
A hydrogen plant has a feedstock rate of 510
9
standard cubic feet per year (scf/yr) using feed gas
with the following composition (molar basis):

CH
4
= 85%, C
2
H
6
= 8%, C
4
H
10
= 3%; the balance is inerts (assume N
2
for the inerts).

Calculate the CO
2
emissions.

Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using Equation 5-8. The first step in calculating the CO
2

emissions is to estimate the carbon content of the feed gas since it is not explicitly provided. In
order to calculate the carbon content of the feed gas, the molecular weight of the mixture, weight
percents of the individual components, and individual carbon contents must be calculated.

The molecular weight of the mixture shown in the table below is estimated using Equation 3-8, as
demonstrated in Exhibit 3.3. The weight percent for each compound is estimated using
Equation 3-7, rearranged in terms of weight %. This calculation is demonstrated in Exhibit 3.4.

The carbon content in weight percent for each chemical species is calculated using Equation 4-9.
Once the individual compound weight percents and carbon contents have been estimated, the feed
gas mixture carbon content is estimated using Equation 4-10. These conversions are demonstrated
in Exhibit 4.4(a).

5-27 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.7(a): Sample Calculation for Hydrogen Plant - Rigorous Approach based on
Feedstock Rate and Carbon Content, continued

The results of these calculations are shown below.
Compound Mole % MW Weight %
Carbon Content
(Wt. % C)
CH
4
85 16 72.1 75.0
C
2
H
6
8 30 12.7 80.0
C
4
H
10
3 58 9.2 82.8
N
2
4 28 5.9 0
Mixture 100 18.86 ~100 71.85

After the feed stock gas mixture molecular weight and carbon content are defined, the CO
2
vent
rate can be calculated using Equation 5-8:

2
2
6
2
CO
CO 2
44 lb CO 10 scf feed lbmole feed 18.86 lb feed 0.7185 lb C tonne
E = 5,000
year 379.3 scf lbmole feed lb feed 12 lb C 2204.62 lb

The other rigorous approach is based on the H
2
production rate rather than the feedstock rate. This
second approach applies the stoichiometric ratio of H
2
formed to CO
2
formed, as shown in
Equation 5-9 based on re-arranging Equation 5-7. For this approach, it is important to apply the
total hydrogen production rate prior to any process slip stream to avoid underestimating emissions.
It is important to note that when refinery gas is used as a feedstock, Equation 5-9 should not be
used (without modification). Refinery fuel gas typically contains hydrogen, and this free
hydrogen passes through the process without producing any attendant CO
2
emissions. Thus, this
methodology based on hydrogen production rate would tend to overestimate CO
2
emissions when
refinery fuel containing hydrogen is used as a feedstock.
conversion me molar volu
44
H mole 1) (3
CO mole
R H E
2
2
2 CO
2

+
=
x
x
(Equation 5-9)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
H
2
R = rate of hydrogen production in units of volume (scf, m
3
) per year;
5-28 August 2009
x = stoichiometry from Equation 5-7;
2
; and
Molar volume
conversion
m
3
/kgmole).
This second rigorous approach is demonstrated in Exhibit 5.7(b).

EXHIBIT 5.7(b): Sample Calculation for Hydrogen Plant - Rigorous Approach based on
H
2
Production Rate

INPUT DATA:
A hydrogen plant produces 1310
9
standard cubic feet of hydrogen per year using feed gas with
the following composition:

CH
4
= 85%, C
2
H
6
= 8%, C
4
H
10
= 3%; the balance is inerts.

Calculate the CO
2
emissions.

The first step is to examine the chemical reaction for each compound:

CH
4
: CH
4
+2H
2
O = 4H
2
+1CO
2
C
2
H
6
: C
2
H
6
+4H
2
O = 7H
2
+2CO
2

C
4
H
10
: C
4
H
10
+8H
2
O = 13H
2
+4CO
2

Next, the moles of carbon and hydrogen are determined by multiplying the number of molecules
of each in each compound by the composition of each compound in the feed gas (i.e., CH
4
, C
2
H
6
,
and C
4
H
10
). These results are used to determine the ratio of moles of carbon to moles of H
2
, and
are shown in the table below.

Compound # C Atoms # H
2
Molecules Concentration Moles C Moles H
2

CH
4
1 4 0.85 0.85 3.4
C
2
H
6
2 7 0.08 0.16 0.56
C
4
H
10
4 13 0.03 0.12 0.39
Total Moles 1.13 4.35

5-29 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.7(b): Sample Calculation for Hydrogen Plant - Rigorous Approach based on
H
2
Production Rate, continued

To use Equation 5-9, the carbon to hydrogen ratio must be calculated. The carbon to hydrogen
ratio is calculated by dividing the total moles C by the total moles H
2
(1.13/4.35 = 0.26). Since
each mole of carbon produces 1 mole of CO
2
, the CO
2
/H
2
ratio is the same as the C/H
2
ratio (0.26).

The CO
2
vent rate can then be calculated using Equation 5-9:

2
2
6
2 2 2 2
CO
2 2
CO 2
10 scf H lbmole H 0.26 lbmole CO 44 lb CO tonne
E =13,000
year 379.3 scf lbmole H lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E =177,800 tonnes CO /yr

A simpler approach to estimate CO
2
emissions from hydrogen plants with a CO
2
vent is to use
default emission factors that are based on either feedstock consumption or hydrogen production.
These emission factors are based on a stoichiometric conversion (as shown in Equation 5-7) for a
feed gas with an average natural gas composition. Table 5-6 provides the average natural gas
composition used to derive these factors, which is based on measurements from pipeline-quality
gas from 26 U.S. cities (GTI, 1992).
Table 5-6. Composition of U.S. Pipeline-Quality Natural Gas
Compound Average Volume %
a,b

CH
4
93.07
C
2
H
6
3.21
C
3
H
8
0.59
Higher hydrocarbons
c
0.32
Non-hydrocarbons
d
2.81
a
Gas Technology Institute (GTI). Database as documented in W.E. Liss, W.H. Thrasher, G.F. Steinmetz, P. Chowdiah, and A. Atari,
Variability of Natural Gas Composition in Select Major Metropolitan Areas of the United States, GRI-92/0123, March 1992.
b
Perry and Green. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Edition, Table 9-14, 1984.
c
Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were represented by C5 in calculating the CO
2
and H
2
production rates.
d
The non-hydrocarbons are assumed to contain 0.565 volume % CO
2
based on an average natural gas composition from Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook.
Please note that if the feed is different from pipeline-quality natural gas, the emission factors for
the simple approach will overestimate emissions due to the assumed higher carbon content of
natural gas. In such an event, the stoichiometric conversion presented in Equation 5-7 should be
used instead. This simple approach is demonstrated in Exhibit 5.8.
5-30 August 2009
The simple approach is based on an emission factor of 32,721 pounds of carbon per million
standard cubic feet of feedstock (excluding H
2
O) or 8,064 pounds of carbon per million standard
cubic feet of H
2
produced. These emission factors are shown below:

119,976 lb CO
2
/10
6
scf feedstock 29,568 lb CO
2
/10
6
scf H
2
produced
54.42 tonnes CO
2
/10
6
scf feedstock 13.41 tonnes CO
2
/10
6
scf H
2
produced
1,922 tonnes CO
2
/10
6
m
3
feedstock 473.6 tonnes CO
2
/10
6
m
3
H
2
produced

EXHIBIT 5.8: Sample Calculation for Hydrogen Plant Emissions - Simple Approach

INPUT DATA:
A hydrogen plant produces 1310
9
standard cubic feet of hydrogen per year. Calculate the CO
2

emissions.

Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using the emission factor derived from the average U.S.
natural gas composition.

2
2
6
2 2
CO 6
2
CO 2
10 scf H 13.41 tonnes CO
E =13,000
year 10 scf H
E =174,300 tonne CO /yr

Although rare and not applicable to most refineries, a partial H
2
generation unit may be used (i.e.,
where only a portion of the H
2
available in the hydrocarbon stream is converted to H
2
). If such a
system is used, site-specific data or engineering judgment must be used to estimate the CO
2

emissions. If site-specific data are not available, one suggested estimation approach is to ratio the
actual H
2
generation rate for the year to the design basis, and multiply this ratio by the design CO
2

emissions to estimate the actual CO
2
emission rate. Alternatively, a simplifying assumption would
be to assume full conversion and use the simple emission factor or apply Equation 5-9, recognizing
that this will overestimate emissions.
5-31 August 2009
5.2.3 Cokers
Several varieties of cokers are used in refineries, including delayed cokers, flexi-cokers, and fluid
cokers. No quantitative data have been found to estimate CH
4
emissions from these sources.
Delayed cokers will not have CO
2
emissions other than from their process heaters that are
calculated as any other combustion source (as described in Section 4). Flexi-cokers produce a low-
Btu gas that is combusted through a fuel gas system or a flare, and also will not have CO
2

emissions other than those calculated for the combustion sources described in Section 4.
Carbon dioxide emissions from the coke burner are estimated by assuming that all of the carbon in
the coke is oxidized to CO
2
, as shown in Equation 5-4. Equation 5-4 can also be used for flexi-
coker emissions, provided that the combustion of the low-Btu gas is not otherwise accounted for.
An example calculation for a fluid coker is shown in Exhibit 5.9.
Note that if the coke burner off-gas is exported for recovery of CO
2
, direct CO
2
emissions from the
coker may be eliminated or reduced. As stated previously, if the coke burner off-gas is burned as a
low-Btu fuel gas, the CO
2
present in the stream may be counted as a combustion exhaust emission.

EXHIBIT 5.9: Sample Calculation for Fluid Coker

INPUT DATA:
A fluid coker combusts 14010
6
pounds per year of coke in the coke burner. The weight percent
H
2
in the coke is known to be 1.5% (0.015 on a fraction basis). Calculate the CO
2
emissions.

The carbon fraction is equal to 1 minus the non-hydrocarbon fraction. In this example, the carbon
fraction is assumed to be equal to 1 minus the fraction H
2
, or 0.985. Using Equation 5-4, the
estimated CO
2
emissions are:

2
2
6
2
CO
CO 2
44 lb CO /lbmole 14010 lb Coke 0.985 lb C tonne
E =
year lb Coke 12 lb C/lbmole 2204.62 lb

5-32 August 2009
5.2.4 Other Catalyst Regeneration
A variety of other refinery processes employ catalysts that require regeneration (e.g., naphtha
reformers). The catalytic reformers and hydroprocessing units fall into this category. Most of
these are regenerated intermittently, although a few have continuous regeneration systems. There
are no significant CH
4
emissions from any of these regeneration activities. However, the
combustion of coke on the spent catalyst results in CO
2
emissions. The CO
2
emissions from
intermittent regeneration are not likely to be significant when compared to combustion sources and
continuous regeneration.
Using the fundamental principle of complete stoichiometric combustion, CO
2
emissions from
intermittent or continuous catalyst regeneration can be estimated by Equation 5-10. Equation 5-10
can also be used for catalytic reformer units (CRUs). Emissions from all other coke can be
calculated assuming complete conversion to CO
2
. A default carbon content for petroleum coke is
presented in Table 3-8; all other coke can be assumed to be 100% carbon.
( )
2
2
CO spent regen
E CRR H FC - FC
= (Equation 5-10)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
in tonnes per year;
CRR = catalyst regeneration rate in tonnes per hour;
H = hours that the regenerator was operational during the year (hrs/yr);
FC
spent
= weight fraction of carbon on spent catalyst; and
FC
regen
= weight fraction of carbon on regenerated catalyst.
In the absence of site specific data, FC
regen
can be assumed to be zero, recognizing that this will
overestimate emissions. This calculation is illustrated in Exhibit 5.10.

EXHIBIT 5.10: Sample Calculation for Other Continuous Catalyst Regeneration

INPUT DATA:
A catalytic reformer operates with a catalyst circulation rate of 10 tonnes per hour and with 4
wt% carbon on the spent catalyst. The unit operates for 8,280 hours per year. Calculate the CO
2

emissions.

Using Equation 5-10, the estimated CO
2
emissions are calculated as follows:

5-33 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.10: Sample Calculation for Other Continuous Catalyst Regeneration,
continued

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
44 tonne CO /tonne mole 10 tonnes catalyst 8280 hr 0.04 tonne C
E =
hr yr tonne catalyst 12 tonne C/tonne mole

Similarly, the catalyst regeneration rate (CRR) for an intermittent regeneration operation would be
the catalyst inventory in tonnes multiplied by the number of regeneration events per year.
( )
2
2
CO spent regen
E CRR N FC - FC
= (Equation 5-11)
where
E
2
CO
= emissions of CO
2
in tonnes per year;
N = number of regeneration cycles per year;
CRR = catalyst regeneration rate in tonnes per cycle;
FC
spent
= weight fraction of carbon on spent catalyst; and
FC
regen
= weight fraction of carbon on regenerated catalyst.
An example of this calculation is presented in Exhibit 5.11.

EXHIBIT 5.11: Sample Calculation for Other Intermittent Catalyst Regeneration

INPUT DATA:
A hydrotreater has a catalyst inventory of 1000 tonnes and the carbon on the spent catalyst is 7
weight percent (or 0.07 weight fraction). The catalyst is regenerated twice a year, on average.

Calculate the CO
2
emissions.

The estimated CO
2
emissions are calculated using Equation 5-11.

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
44 tonne CO /tonne mole 1,000 tonnes catalyst 2 regenerations 0.07 tonne C
E =
regeneration yr tonne catalyst 12 tonne C/tonne mole
E = 513 tonnes CO /yr

5-34 August 2009
5.2.5 Asphalt Blowing
Asphalt blowing is used for polymerizing and stabilizing asphalt to increase its resistance to
weathering for use in the roofing and shingling industries. This process involves contacting the
asphalt oils with heated air. In addition to occurring at some refineries, asphalt blowing can also
occur at asphalt processing and roofing plants. The exhaust air may be vented directly to the
atmosphere, or the emissions may be controlled such as through vapor scrubbing or incineration
(incineration would result in CO
2
emissions). Emissions of CO
2
and CH
4
from asphalt blowing are
considered very small, because the majority of light hydrocarbons are removed during distillation
(IPCC, 2006; EEA, 2007). However, emissions can be calculated using site-specific data or
default emission factors.
The rigorous approach to estimating CH
4
emissions from asphalt blowing is based on using site-
specific measured data. Thus, measurements of the exhaust gas flow rate and composition are
needed for this estimation method. This approach is the same as the cold process vent approach to
estimating emissions described later in this API Compendium (refer to Section 5.3).
A simple emission factor for uncontrolled asphalt blowing is available from AP-42 (EPA, AP-42,
Section 5.1.2.10, 1995). The AP-42 emission factor for asphalt blowing is assumed to be on an
air-free basis (AP-42 does not specify this, but notes the factor represents emissions). A gas
composition is needed to estimate the CH
4
emissions when using the simple emission factor
approach. Site-specific measured data or engineering judgment may be used to estimate the
exhaust gas concentrations. In the absence of such data, the CH
4
and CO
2
emission factors
provided in Table 5-7 can be used:
Table 5-7. Default Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors
Emission Factor Factor Units Source
Total Emissions 30 kg/Mg blown asphalt AP-42
60 lb emissions/ton blown asphalt AP-42
0.03 tonnes emissions/tonne blown asphalt Derived from AP-42 factor
CH
4
5.55E-04 tonne CH
4
/bbl asphalt blown Derived using Dimpfl CH
4

composition (13% CH
4
on an air-
free basis)
3.49E-03 tonne CH
4
/m
3
asphalt blown
3.07E-03 tonne CH
4
/ton asphalt blown
3.38E-03 tonne CH
4
/tonne asphalt blown
CO
2
1.01E-03 tonne CO
2
/bbl asphalt blown Derived using Dimpfl CO
2

composition (9% CO
2
on an air-free
basis)
6.38E-03 tonne CO
2
/m
3
asphalt blown
5.61E-03 tonne CO
2
/ton asphalt blown
6.19E-03 tonne CO
2
/tonne asphalt blown
Sources:
EPA, AP-42, Section 5.2.1.10, 1995
Dimpfl, L.H., Study Gives Insight Into Asphalt Tank Explosions, Oil and Gas Journal, December 1980
5-35 August 2009
The emission factors above were derived from asphalt blowing exhaust composition data presented
in an Oil & Gas Journal article (Dimpfl, 1980)
2
. If site-specific exhaust stream data are available,
emission factors should be derived in a similar fashion. The derivation of these factors is provided
in Appendix B.
In the absence of site-specific data, controlled CH
4
and CO
2
emissions can be calculated using a
mass balance approach, as shown in the following equations:
( ) ( )
4 4
CH CH
E = QEF 1-DE (Equation 5-12)
where
E
4
CH
= CH
4
emissions (metric tonnes/yr);
Q = quantity of asphalt blown (bbl/yr or ton/yr);
EF
4
CH
= CH
4
Emission factor from Table 5-7 (tonne/bbl or tonne/ton); and
DE = control measure destruction efficiency (default DE = 98%, expressed as 0.98).
( )
2 2 4
2
CO CO CH
E = QEF + Q EF DE

(Equation 5-13)
where
E
2
CO
= CO
2
emissions (metric tonnes/yr);
Q = quantity of asphalt blown (bbl/yr or ton/yr);
EF
2
CO
= CO
2
Emission factor from Table 5-7 (tonne/bbl or tonne/ton);
EF
4
CH
= CH
4
Emission factor from Table 5-7 (tonne/bbl or tonne/ton);
DE = control measure destruction efficiency (default DE = 98%, expressed as 0.98); and
44/16 = CH
4
to CO
2
conversion factor.
Note that the second terms of Equations 5-12 and 5-13 should only be used to calculate emissions
from asphalt blowing when vented emissions are routed to a combustion control device. Also note
that the first term in Equation 5-13 represents the vented CO
2
emissions while the second term
reflects CO
2
emissions from combustion.
Exhibit 5.12 provides an example calculation for asphalt blowing emissions.

2
The same speciation, presented on an air-free basis is also reported in ARPEL, Atmospheric Emissions Inventories Methodologies in the
Petroleum Industry, Table 6.24, 1998.
5-36 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.12: Sample Calculation for Asphalt Blowing Emissions

INPUT DATA:
Asphalt blowing occurs at a refinery. During the reporting year, 100,000 tons of asphalt are
treated with air blowing. A site-specific exhaust stream composition profile is not available.
The exhaust air is vented to the atmosphere uncontrolled. Calculate the CO
2
and CH
4
emissions.

Carbon dioxide and CH
4
emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual blown asphalt rate
by the CO
2
and CH
4
emission factors provided in Table 5-7.

2
2
4
4
2
CO
CO 2
4
CH
CH 4
5.61E-03 tonne CO 100,000 tons asphalt blown
E =
year ton asphalt blown
E = 561 tonnes CO emissions/yr
3.07E-03 tonne CH 100,000 tons asphalt blown
E =
year ton asphalt blown
E = 307 tonnes CH emissions/yr

5.2.6 Other Refinery Process Vents
Coke calcining operations, which convert green coke to almost pure carbon by heating the green
coke and evaporating moisture and volatiles, may produce CO
2
emissions. Carbon dioxide
emissions should be calculated using engineering approaches such as material balances that
incorporate site-specific values such as the CO
2
content of the exhaust gas.
Emissions from coke drums may occur as a result of unquenched hot spots in the coke. When air
is introduced, oxidation of the carbon may occur, resulting in emissions of CO
2
. Coke drum
blowdowns can also result in emissions, which may be routed to a flare. If the emissions are
routed to a flare, flared emissions should be calculated using the methodology provided in
Section 4.6. Vented emissions from coke drum blowdowns can be calculated using a mass balance
approach, such as that described in Section 5.3 for cold process vents.
The process vents from thermal cracking, such as flexi-coking, were also considered as a potential
source of GHG emissions. Thermal cracking, which breaks heavy oil molecules by exposing them
to high temperatures, does not produce CH
4
emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions would be
5-37 August 2009
associated with the heating process, but these emissions would be calculated using the approaches
presented for other combustion sources (see Section 4).
Emissions from other refinery process vents not addressed in the API Compendium should be
estimated using an engineering approach.
5.3 Cold Process Vents
Cold process vents refer to the vented release of emissions without combustion. As a result,
these emission sources are more likely to contain CH
4
than CO
2
. These emission sources may
include small, miscellaneous upstream or downstream vents that occur on an intermittent basis, or
may encompass an overall process vent such as the venting of associated gas from an isolated
crude oil production field.
Due to the wide variability of sources that could be considered cold vents, there are no emission
factors or default values for estimating CH
4
and/or CO
2
emissions. A general material balance
approach is required, based on source-specific measurements or estimates of the vent rate and
concentrations. The material balance equation for an intermittent process vent is as follows:
x
x x
MW
E VR F VT n
= (Equation 5-14)
where
E
x
= emissions of x in units of mass (pounds, kg, tonnes) per year;
x = the GHG compound of interest (CH
4
, or CO
2
for CO
2
rich streams);
VR = the vent rate in volume units at STP conditions (scfm or m
3
/min) per
event;
F
x
= the molar fraction of compound x in the vent gas stream;
MW
x
= molecular weight of compound x;
Molar volume
conversion
m
3
/kgmole);
VT = the time duration of the venting event in minutes; and
n = the number of events of this type and magnitude annually.
This equation calculates the total amount of any compound released during the event. To estimate
an annual emission rate, determine the frequency and duration of such venting episodes on a yearly
basis using either documentation from actual venting events or averages from past events.
5-38 August 2009
The approach is similar for a continual process vent. In this case the emission estimation equation
is as follows:
conversion me molar volu
MW
F VR E
x
x x
= (Equation 5-15)
where
E
x
= emissions of x in units of mass (pounds, kg, tonnes) per unit of time;
x= the greenhouse gas compound of interest (CH
4
or CO
2
, for CO
2
rich streams);
VR= the vent rate in volume units at STP conditions per unit of time (e.g., scfm or
m
3
/min);
F
x
MW
x
= molecular weight of compound x; and
Molar volume
conversion
= Conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole or 23.685
m
3
/kgmole.

Examples of these calculations are shown in Exhibit 5.13 (a) and (b)

EXHIBIT 5.13(a): Sample Calculation for an Intermittent Process Vent

INPUT DATA:
A production facility in a remote location produces 5,200 barrels per day (bbl/day) of crude oil.
The gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) for the field is 700. The associated gas is generally flared; however,
the flare was not operated for a period of 15 days, during which time the gas was vented to the
atmosphere. Process knowledge indicates that the gas molar composition is approximately 70%
CH
4
, 20% VOC, and 10% CO
2
. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions from the vented associated
gas.

To calculate the vented associated gas emissions, the associated gas production rate (GPR) must
be calculated from the GOR and the oil production rate.

GPR GOR (Oil production)
700 scf gas 5,200 bbl oil day hour
GPR
bbl oil day 24 hours 60 min
GPR = 2,528 scf/min
=
=

Equation 5-14 is used to calculate emissions per event. For this example there is one event during
the year that lasts 15 days.

5-39 August 2009
EXHIBIT 5.13(a): Sample Calculation for an Intermittent Process Vent, continued

4
4
4 4 4
CH
4 4
CH 4
0.7 scf CH lbmole CH 16 lb CH 2,528 scf 60 minutes 24 hours
E =
min scf gas 379.3 scf CH lbmole CH hour day
15 days 1 event tonnes

event year 2204.62 lb
E = 731 tonnes CH /year

2
2
2 2 2
CO
2 2
CO 2
0.1 scf CO lbmole CO 44 lb CO 2,528 scf 60 minutes 24 hours
E =
min scf gas 379.3 scf CO lbmole CO hour day
15 days 1 events tonnes

event year 2204.62 lb
E = 287 tonnes CO /year

Emissions from flaring of the associated gas would be estimated using the approaches described in
Section 4.4.

EXHIBIT 5.13(b): Sample Calculation for a Continuous Process Vent

INPUT DATA:
The production facility described in part (a) of this exhibit calculation is repeated for the case
where no flare is installed at the facility. Thus, annual emissions occur due to continuous venting
of the produced associated gas throughout the year. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions.

Equation 5-15 provides the approach for estimating emissions from a continuous vent. The gas
vent flow rate is the same hourly rate shown in part (a) of this exhibit calculation; thus, the
emissions from the continuous venting are estimated based on 8,760 hours per year of operation.

4
4
4 4 4
CH
4 4
CH 4
0.7 scf CH lbmole CH 16 lb CH 2,528 scf 60 minutes 24 hours
E =
min scf gas 379.3 scf CH lbmole CH hour day
365 days tonnes

year 2204.62 lb
E =17,796 tonnes CH /year

5-40 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.13(b): Sample Calculation for a Continuous Process Vent, continued

2
2
2 2 2
CO
2 2
CO 2
0.1 scf CO lbmole CO 44 lb CO 2,528 scf 60 minutes 24 hours
E =
min scf gas 379.3 scf CO lbmole CO hour day
365 days tonnes

year 2204.62 lb
E = 6,991 tonnes CO /year

5.4 Storage Tank Emissions
5.4.1 Crude Flashing Losses
Where liquids are in contact with a gas phase, high pressures will cause some of the gas to go into
solution (i.e., thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases will eventually occur). When the
liquid is brought to atmospheric conditions, the solution gas is released through a rapid process
called flashing.
Crude oil production tanks (primarily fixed roof tanks) emit CH
4
(and potentially CO
2
for a CO
2
-
rich stream) through flashing losses, which occur as the crude oil pressure decreases from the
separator conditions to atmospheric pressure in the storage tank. Flashing emissions can be
significant where there is a significant reduction in pressure. This primarily occurs in production
operations; however, flashing emissions can also occur from oil pipeline pigging. Once crude oil
reaches atmospheric pressure and the volatile CH
4
has flashed off, the crude is considered
weathered or stabilized. Unless site-specific data indicate otherwise, weathered crude is
assumed to have no CH
4
.
3

Liquid petroleum storage tanks can also produce emissions through working and standing
(breathing) losses; these emissions are described in Section 5.4.2.
A variety of calculation methods can be used to estimate flashing losses from production storage
tanks and oil pipeline pigging, described as follows.

3
Refer to Appendix E for more information on the CH
4
content of weathered crude and other petroleum products.
5-41 August 2009
1. Direct vent measurements Tank vent emissions can be measured directly, providing
accurate emissions estimates for the measured tanks, but this approach is generally
expensive and time consuming for large numbers of tanks.
2. Laboratory measurements of the GOR from a pressurized liquid sample Laboratory
measurements can be made of the GOR of a pressurized liquid crude oil sample from the
gas/oil separator. The GHG emissions can be estimated by multiplying the GOR by the
crude oil throughput, and then applying the CH
4
and/or CO
2
composition to the total gas
rate to estimate the CH
4
and/or CO
2
emissions.
3. Specific computer programs API's E&P TANK program (API, 1997) can be used to
estimate flashing losses. However, this model works best when the low-pressure oil
analysis (between the separator and storage tank) is known. Other input parameters
include: separator pressure and temperature, atmospheric pressure, API gravity and Reid
Vapor Pressure of the crude, composition of the crude, and production rate. If these
conditions are unknown, assumptions can be made to run the program. Note that the EPA
TANKS program does not account for flashing loss emissions (EPA, 1999).
4. Process simulators Flashing losses can also be estimated using various professional
process simulators, but these models also require detailed model input data that may not be
available.
5. Correlation equations The Vasquez-Beggs Equation (VBE), standing correlation, and the
Alberta Energy Utility Board (EUB) rule-of-thumb methods provide computational
approaches for estimating tank flashing losses when limited input data are available.
6. Chart approach A simple chart taken from an EPA Gas STAR Lessons Learned
presentation provides an estimate for flashing losses based on the separator pressure and
oil API gravity. The chart was developed from empirical flash data from laboratory
studies and field measurements (EPA, Lessons Learned Installing Vapor Recovery Units
on Crude Oil Storage Tanks, October 2003).
7. Emission factors Measured emissions from a variety of E&P tanks have been used to
develop simple emission factors based on tank throughput.
Figure 5-5 summarizes the above methods for estimating flashing loss emissions. Using measured
test data is the most rigorous approach for determining the flashing loss emissions. However, such
test data may not be available. Other estimation methods include computer programs or process
simulators, if sufficient input data are available. Correlation equations and the chart approach may
be used with less input data than the software programs or process simulators require, but some
basic process parameters are still needed (such as the separator pressure). A simple emission factor
approach is provided if only limited data are available.
5-42 August 2009

Figure 5-5. Decision Tree for Crude Oil Flashing Losses
Estimated flashing losses should be adjusted for any vapor recovery methods that may be
employed. These vapor recovery methods include capturing the flash gas and sending it back to
the sales gas line, or routing the flash gas to a control device such as a flare or vapor combustion
unit. If vapor recovery is used, then the flashing losses should be estimated using the above
approaches, incorporating the collection efficiency as appropriate to estimate the uncollected
emissions. If a flare or vapor combustion unit is used to control the flashing losses, then the
methods described in Sections 4.6 and 4.7 should be used to estimate the controlled flash gas
combustion emission rates.
The use of correlation equations and emission factors for estimating flashing losses from crude oil
storage tanks are discussed in the following subsections. Example calculations are provided for
these approaches.
4

emissions, and CO
2
, if emitted.
Are direct vent test
measurement data available?
Use simple emission factors in
Table 5-8 OR
Estimate emissions using the
flashing loss chart approach.
Yes
No
Yes
Use specific computer programs
such as APIs E&P TANK or
other process simulators, if
sufficient input data are available
No
Are details about the facility
known (such as separator
operating pressure,
temperature, or GOR)?
OR
Use a correlation equation:
- Vasquez-Beggs Equation
- Standing correlation
- EUB rule-of-thumb
OR
Apply measured GOR if known
to the crude oil throughput and
use CH
4
(and CO
2
) composition
to estimate emissions
5-43 August 2009
Vasquez-Beggs Equation (VBE) (Correlation Equation Approach)
The Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality provides guidance on using the VBE to
estimate tank flashing loss emissions from crude oil (OK DEQ, 2004; EIIP, 1999; Vasquez, 1980).
The first step in calculating the flashing loss emissions is to calculate the specific gravity of the gas
at 100 psig, as shown in Equation 5-16:
i
X i i
P 14.7
SG = SG 1.0+0.00005912APITLog
114.7
+

(Equation 5-16)
where
SG
X
= dissolved gas gravity at 100 psig;
SG
i
= dissolved gas gravity at initial conditions, where air = 1. A suggested default value
for SG
i
is 0.90 (OK DEQ, 2004);
API = API gravity of liquid hydrocarbon at final condition;
T
i
= temperature of initial conditions (F); and
P
i
= pressure of initial conditions (psig).

The flash GOR is then calculated using Equation 5-17:

2
C 3
S 1 X i
i
C API
R C SG (P 14.7) exp
T 460

= +

+

(Equation 5-17)

where
R
S
= ratio of flash gas production to standard stock tank barrels of oil produced, in
scf/bbl oil (barrels of oil corrected to 60F);
SG
X
= dissolved gas gravity, adjusted to 100 psig. Calculated using Equation 5-16;
P
i
= pressure in separator, in psig;
API = API gravity of stock tank oil at 60F; and
T
i
= temperature in separator, F.
For API 30API: C
1
= 0.0362; C
2
= 1.0937; and C
3
= 25.724
For API > 30API: C
1
= 0.0178; C
2
= 1.187; and C
3
= 23.931
The flash gas emissions estimated by the VBE are in terms of total hydrocarbon. Thus, an estimate
must be made of the CH
4
content in the tank flash gas vent. Two published studies measured
flashing loss emissions from tanks, including the tank vent gas composition (Ogle, March 1997/
Ogle, May 1997; Picard, Vol. III, 1992). The average tank vent CH
4
content was 27.4 volume %
from these reports. This value is recommended in the absence of site-specific data. A summary of
the results of the two studies is included in Appendix B.
5-44 August 2009
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the VBE applied to flashing loss emissions is provided
in Exhibit 5.14(a) below.

EXHIBIT 5.14(a): Sample Calculation for Flashing Loss Emissions VBE

INPUT DATA:
An oil and gas production facility produces 71.70 m
3
/day (451 bbl/day) of crude oil with an API
gravity of 48.8. The separator pressure (immediately upstream of the tank) is 197.2 kPa gauge
(28.6 psig), and the separator temperature is 44.4C (112F). Neither the tank vent CH
4
content
nor the tank vent gas specific gravity is known. Flashing losses are not controlled by a vapor
recovery system. Calculate flashing loss emissions using the VBE approach.

The first step is to calculate the flash gas specific gravity adjusted to 100 psig, as shown in
Equation 5-16. The flash gas specific gravity at initial conditions, SG
i
, is not known, so the
recommended default value of 0.90 will be used.

X
X
28.6 14.7
SG = 0.90 1.0+0.0000591248.8112Log
114.7
SG 0.78
+

=

The flash gas vent flow rate is calculated below, using the C
1
, C
2
, and C
3
parameters for an API
gravity greater than 30. Note that the output from this equation is in units of scf/bbl oil. The
flash GOR is calculated below, as shown in Equation 5-17.

1.187
S
S
23.931 48.8
R 0.0178 (0.78) (28.6 14.7) exp
112 460
R 9.33 scf/bbl oil

= +

+

=

Next, the output from the Vasquez-Beggs equation is converted to SI units using conversion
factors from Table 3-4:

3
S 3
3
S 3
9.33 scf gas m gas bbl crude
R =
bbl crude 35.3147 scf gas 0.1589873 m crude
1.66 m gas
R =
m crude

5-45 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.14(a): Sample Calculation for Flashing Loss Emissions VBE, continued

The flash gas contains gases besides CH
4
and thus the R
S
must be multiplied by the tank vent CH
4

content. The tank vent CH
4
content is not known, so the recommended default concentration of
27.4 volume % CH
4
will be used. Thus, the CH
4
emissions are estimated as:

4
4
3 3
4
CH 3 3
4
4
CH 4
27.4 kgmole CH 1.66 m gas 71.70 m oil 365 day kgmole gas
E =
m crude day yr 23.685 m 100 kgmole gas
16 kg CH tonne

kgmole CH 1000 kg

Standing Correlation (Correlation Equation Approach)
The CAPP document, Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas
Facilities, includes a standing correlation to estimate flashing losses (CAPP, 2002). This
correlation is shown in Equation 5-18.
g
1.204
flash gas y
P
GOR = G
519.710

(Equation 5-18)

where
GOR = ratio of flash gas production to oil produced, in m
3
/m
3
oil;
G
flash gas
= specific gravity of the tank flash gas, where air = 1. A suggested default value
for G
flash gas
is 0.90 (OK DEQ, 2004);
P = absolute pressure in vessel of interest, kPa;
y
g
=
oil
1.769
1.225 0.00164 T-
SG
+ ;
SG
oil
=
specific gravity of oil with respect to water =
Oil
141.5
131.5 G +
;
G
oil
= API gravity of stock tank oil at 60F; and
T = temperature in vessel of interest, K.
Note that the units for the standing correlation variables are different than the VBE so caution
should be exercised if both of these methods are used to estimate the flashing losses. For the
situation where the crude flash occurs from a separator to an atmospheric tank, the term in
5-46 August 2009
parenthesis must be evaluated separately for the separator and the oil storage tank. For this
scenario, Equation 5-18 would be expressed as shown:
g g
1.204 1.204
flash gas y y
Separator Storage Tank
P P
GOR =G -
519.710 519.710

(Equation 5-19)
Similar to the VBE correlation approach, the flash gas emissions estimated using the standing
correlation is provided in terms of hydrocarbon and must be converted to a CH
4
emissions basis.
As noted earlier, a default of 27.4 volume % CH
4
is assumed in the absence of site-specific data
(Ogle, March 1997; Ogle, May 1997; Picard, Vol. III, 1992).
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the standing correlation approach follows in
Exhibit 5.14(b):

EXHIBIT 5.14(b): Sample Calculation for Flashing Loss Emissions Standing
Correlation

INPUT DATA:
The facility is the same oil and natural gas production facility described in Exhibit 5.14(a) for the
VBE correlation approach. Namely, 451 bbl/day of crude (48.8 API gravity) is produced, and
flashing losses occur as the oil flows from a separator at 28.6 psig and 112F to an atmospheric
tank. The atmospheric temperature (and thus the storage tank temperature) is assumed to be
80F (299.8 K). (Note that the atmospheric temperature was not needed for the VBE approach
presented earlier.) Flashing losses are not controlled by a vapor recovery system. Calculate the
flashing loss emissions using the standing correlation approach.


The standing correlation approach, Equation 5-19, will be used to estimate the tank flashing loss
emissions. First, the input parameters must be converted to the proper SI units for use in the
equation, using the conversion factors presented in Table 3-4:

3
3
o
451 bbl 0.1589873 m
V = 71.7 m oil/day
day bbl
=

Note that the separator absolute pressure is 43.3 psia (28.6 psig + 14.7 psia) while the tank
pressure is 1 atm. Thus, the pressures in kPa are outline in Exhibit 5.14(b).

5-47 August 2009

Correlation, continued

sep
6.894757 kPa
P = (43.3 psi) =298.5 kPa
psi

tank
101.325 kPa
P (1 atm) =101.3 kPa
atm
=

Next, the oil API gravity (G
oil
) is converted to a specific gravity:

oil
oil
141.5 141.5
SG 0.785
131.5 G 131.5 48.8
= = =
+ +

Next, the parameter, y
g
, can be calculated for both the separator and tank using the oil-specific
gravity and temperatures in the separator (112F or 317.6 K) and the tank (80F or 299.8 K):

g, sep
1.769
y 1.225 (0.00164) (317.6)- 0.5076
0.785
= + =

g, tank
1.769
y 1.225 (0.00164) (299.8)- 0.5368
0.785
= + =

Thus, the input parameters for the standing correlation approach have been defined, and are
summarized below:

G
flash gas
= 0.90 (assume the default value in the absence of data)
P
sep
= 298.5 kPa
P
tank
= 101.3 kPa
y
g, sep
= -0.5076
y
g, tank
= -0.5368

The flash gas vent flow rate is calculated below, using Equation 5-19 and the above parameters.

1.204 1.204
3 3
-0.5076 -0.5368
Separator Storage Tank
298.5 101.3
GOR = (0.90) - 1.329 m gas/m oil
519.710 519.710

=

5-48 August 2009

Correlation, continued

4
and must be multiplied by the tank vent CH
4
content.
The tank vent CH
4
content is not known, so the recommended default concentration of 27.4
volume % CH
4
4

4
4
3 3 3
4
CH 3 3
4
4
CH 4
27.4 lbmole CH 1.329 m gas 71.7 m oil 35.3147 ft (scf) gas lbmole gas
E =
m oil day m 379.3 scf gas 100 lbmole gas
16 lb CH 365 day tonne

yr lbmole CH 2204.62 lb

EUB Rule-of-Thumb (Correlation Equation Approach)
The CAPP document, Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas
Facilities, includes the EUB rule-of-thumb approach to estimate flashing losses (CAPP, 2002).
CAPP reports that this approach tends to yield flashing loss estimates biased high and is
recommended for facilities with low oil volumes, established pools, mature pools with declining
GORs, and some heavy oil production facilities (CAPP, 2002). The EUB rule-of-thumb equation
is:

s o
V 0.0257 V P = (Equation 5-20)

where
V
s
= volume of gas released, in m
3
;
V
o
= oil production volume, m
3
; and
P = Pressure drop to atmospheric tank, kPa.
Similar to the VBE and standing correlation approaches, the flash gas emissions estimated using
the EUB rule-of-thumb approach are in terms of hydrocarbon and must be converted to a CH
4

emissions basis. As noted earlier, a default of 27.4 volume % CH
4
is assumed in the absence of
site-specific data (Ogle, March 1997; Ogle, May 1997; Picard, Vol. III, 1992).
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the EUB rule-of-thumb approach follows in
Exhibit 5.14(c).
5-49 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.14(c): Sample Calculation for Flashing Loss Emissions EUB Rule-of-
Thumb

INPUT DATA:
The facility is the same oil and natural gas production facility described in Exhibits 5.13(a) and
5.13(b) for the other two correlation approaches. For illustrative purposes, this exhibit shows
how CO
2
emissions would be estimated as well. For this facility, the CO
2
tank vent
concentration is assumed to be approximately 4.5 volume %. Calculate the flashing loss
emissions using the EUB rule-of-thumb approach.

Equation 5-20 will be used to estimate the tank flashing loss emissions. First, the input
parameters must be converted to the proper SI units for use in the equation, using the conversion
factors presented in Table 3-4:

3
3
o
451 bbl 0.1589873 m
V = =71.7 m oil/day
day bbl

Note that the separator gauge pressure, 28.6 psig, is equal to the pressure drop from the separator
to the atmospheric storage tank (i.e., 43.3 psia - 14.7 psia = 28.6 psi). Thus, the pressure drop in
kPa is:

6.894757 kPa
P = (28.6 psi) =197.2 kPa
psi

The flash gas vent flow rate is calculated below, using the parameters in the proper units:

3
s
V 0.0257 (71.7) (197.2)=363.4 m /day =

4
4
content.
The tank vent CH
4
content is not known so the recommended default concentration of 27.4
volume % CH
4
4

4
4
3 3
4
CH 3
4
4
CH 4
27.4 lbmole CH 363.4 m gas 35.3147 ft (scf) gas lbmole gas 365 day
E =
day m 379.3 scf gas 100 lbmole gas yr
16 lb CH tonne

lbmole CH 2204.62 lb

=

5-50 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.14(c): Sample Calculation for Flashing Loss Emissions EUB Rule-of-
Thumb, continued

2
2
3 3
2
CO 3
2
2
CO 4
4.5 lbmole CO 363.4 m gas 35.3147 ft (scf) gas lbmole gas 365 day
E =
day m 379.3 scf gas 100 lbmole gas yr
44 lb CO tonne


=

Flashing Loss Chart Based on API Gravity and Pressure
The EPA Gas STAR program provides a chart that can be used to estimate crude oil flashing
losses. The chart provides the flash gas volume-to-oil ratio from the crude oil tank as a function of
the crude oil API gravity and pressure of the separator immediately upstream of the tank. Gas
STAR reports that the graph was constructed using empirical flash data from laboratory studies
and field measurements (EPA, Lessons Learned Installing Vapor Recovery Units on Crude Oil
Storage Tanks, October 2003). The flashing loss chart is presented in Figure 5-6 and is taken from
a Gas STAR Lessons Learned presentation (EPA, August 2007).

Figure 5-6. Flashing Losses Chart
Source for chart: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Vapor Recovery Tower/VRU Configuration, Lessons Learned from Natural Gas
STAR, Occidental Petroleum Corporation and California Independent Petroleum Association, Producers Technology Transfer Workshop, Long
Beach, California, August 21, 2007. http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/vrt_vru_configuration_08_21_07.pdf
5-51 August 2009
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the chart taken from EPA Gas STAR to estimate
flashing losses is given below in Exhibit 5.15.

EXHIBIT 5.15: Sample Calculation for Tank Flashing Losses Chart Approach

INPUT DATA:
The facility is the same oil and natural gas production facility described in Exhibit 5.13(a) for the
VBE correlation approach. Namely, 451 bbl/day of crude (48.8 API gravity) is produced, and
flashing losses occur as the oil flows from a separator at 28.6 psig and 112F to an atmospheric
tank. The atmospheric temperature (and thus the storage tank temperature) is assumed to be
80F (299.8 K). Note that the separator and the tank temperatures are not needed for the chart
approach. Calculate the CH
4
emissions using the chart approach.

The chart provided in Figure 5-6 will be used to estimate the tank flashing loss emissions. Given
a separator pressure of 28.6 psig, and an API gravity of 48.8, Figure 5-6 shows that the flash
vapor-to-oil ratio is approximately 47 scf/bbl (reading on the line indicated in the chart as 40
API and Over). Thus, the GOR is:

GOR = 47 scf/bbl

4
4
content.
The tank vent CH
4
content is not known so the recommended default concentration of 27.4
volume % CH
4
4
emissions are estimated by multiplying the GOR by
the oil production rate (assuming 365 days/yr of operation) and the assumed CH
4
concentration
in the tank flash gas, as shown below:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
27.4 lbmole CH 16 lb CH 47 scf gas 451 bbl oil 365 day lbmole gas
E =
bbl crude day yr 379.3 scf 100 lbmole gas lbmole CH
tonne

2204.62 lb

5-52 August 2009
Flashing Losses from Computer Software Programs
If sufficient input data are available, users may choose to estimate flashing losses with software
programs such as APIs E&P TANK or with process simulators instead of the correlation
approaches described above. The results could differ between the software programs/process
simulators and the correlation equations or chart approach due to different assumptions used by
each approach. However, if very limited input data are available, a simple emission factor
approach must be used as described in the next subsection.
Emission Factor Approach For Crude Oil Tank Flashing
Data from two published studies, one by API/GRI (Ogle, March 1997; Ogle, May 1997) and the
other by the Canadian Petroleum Association (Picard, Vol. III, 1992), were used to derive an
emission factor for production crude oil storage tanks. A summary of the results of these studies,
including development of the average tank CH
4
flashing loss emission factor, is included in
Appendix B. The CH
4
emission factor is provided in Table 5-8.

Table 5-8. Methane Flashing Loss Emission Factors for Crude Oil Storage Tanks
Source
CH
4
Flashing Loss Emission
Factor
a,b,c

Uncertainty
d

()
Notes
Combined API/GRI
and CPA data
1.954
8.86E-04
5.57E-03
lb/bbl crude
tonnes/bbl crude
tonnes/m
3
crude
110 Factor based on separator CH
4
content
of 78.8% (vol.); can ratio to other
separator concentrations
a
Ogle, L.D. Validation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report, GRI-97/0117. American Petroleum Institute and Gas
Research Institute, March 1997.
b
Ogle, L.D. Evaluation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report. American Petroleum Institute, Gas Research Institute,
and Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, May 1997.
c
Picard, D. J., B. D. Ross, and D. W. H. Koon. Inventory of CH
4
and VOC Emissions from Upstream Oil and Gas Operations in Alberta, Volume
III: Results of the Field Validation Program, Canadian Petroleum Association, March 1992, pp. 75-81.
d
Uncertainty based on a 95% confidence interval.
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the simple emission factor is given below in
Exhibit 5.16.

EXHIBIT 5.16: Sample Calculation for Tank Flashing Losses - Simple Emission
Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production facility produces 451 bbl/day of crude oil (same as the
previous exhibit). The separator gas (to sales pipeline) CH
4
content is 58 volume %. Calculate
the CH
4
emissions using the simple emission factor.
5-53 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.16: Sample Calculation for Tank Flashing Losses - Simple Emission
Factor Approach, continued

The CH
4
flashing losses are calculated using the emission factor provided in Table 5-8. Please
note that this emission factor is based on 78.8 mole % CH
4
in the separator gas, so this emission
factor must be corrected to 58 mole % based on the composition for this example.

4
4
-4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4

8.86 10 tonnes CH 58 mole % CH 451 bbl crude 365 day
E
day yr bbl crude 78.8 mole % CH
E =107.4 tonne CH /yr
=

Exhibits 5.14(a), (b), and (c) demonstrate the use of the VBE, standing, and EUB rule-of-thumb
correlation approaches, respectively. Additionally, Exhibits 5.15 and 5.16 demonstrate the use of
the chart and simple emission factor approaches, respectively. These exhibits were based on
operating parameters presented in a testing program prepared for API, GRI, and CAPP to evaluate
APIs E&P TANK software (Ogle, May 1997). Site number 5 from this study was used for the
exhibit calculations. This study presented both measured flashing loss data as well as the results
obtained for the test site using E&P TANK software, version 3.0.
Table 5-9 summarizes tank flashing loss emission estimates for the various approaches presented.
As shown, the EUB rule-of-thumb approach results in the highest flashing loss emission estimate
for the three correlation approaches. This is consistent with information from CAPP, which states
that this approach provides estimates biased high. The VBE correlation results in an emission
estimate that is higher than the standing correlation for the exhibit calculation. The measured
emission estimate is less than all of the correlation approaches except the standing correlation. The
chart approach yields an estimate that is higher than the correlation approaches but less than the
simple emission factor approach. The simple emission factor approach provides an estimate that is
much higher than all of the other approaches; however, it did not rely on many of the input
parameters (except for the flow rate and separator gas CH
4
content, which were taken from the
Ogle report for site number 5).

5-54 August 2009
Table 5-9. Summary of Production Tank Flashing Losses Using Different
Correlation Equation Approaches
Correlation
CH
4
Flashing Losses
(tonnes/yr)
Vasquez-Beggs Equation (VBE) 8.04
a

Standing Correlation 6.44
b

EUB Rule-of-Thumb 24.56
c

Chart Approach 40.6
d

Simple Emission Factor Approach 107.4
e

E&P TANK, Version 3.0 12.75
f,g

Measured 9.54
f,g

a
Calculation shown in Exhibit 5.13(a).
b
Calculation shown in Exhibit 5.13(b).
c
Calculation shown in Exhibit 5.13(c).
d
Calculation shown in Exhibit 5.14.
e
Calculation shown in Exhibit 5.15.
f
Ogle, L.D. Evaluation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report.
American Petroleum Institute, Gas Research Institute, and Canadian Association of
Petroleum Producers, May 1997. Based on data for Site number 5.
g
E&P TANK also uses the pressurized oil composition as an input. Annual emissions for
the measured data are estimated from the hourly rate assuming continuous annual operation.

Note that the comparison in Table 5-9 is not comprehensive because it is for only one set of
conditions presented at one site. Thus, no conclusion can be drawn with regard to the relative
estimates provided by the different approaches for this single example. However, Gas STAR notes
that the chart approach will provide estimates that have an uncertainty of 50% (EPA, August
2007). Gas STAR also notes that the E&P TANK software and VBE approach provide emission
estimates that are 20%, while measured data using recording manometer and well tester or
ultrasonic meter over several cycles will provide estimates that are 5%. Derivation of the simple
emission factor (provided in Appendix B) results in an uncertainty of 110%.
The choice of using the EUB rule-of-thumb versus the VBE or standing correlation depends on the
available data; the EUB rule-of-thumb requires less input data than the other two approaches. If
sufficient data are available for the VBE or standing correlation approaches, the choice of one
approach over the other is left to the discretion of the user. The simple emission factor should only
be used when very limited input data are available (and, thus the other approaches cannot be used).
Emissions from Methane Entrained in Condensate
Condensate collected in the production segment may contain entrained CH
4
, which can result in
flashing losses as the condensate is brought to atmospheric conditions. Small quantities of
5-55 August 2009
condensate may also be collected at transmission compressor stations or in pipeline knockout
drums.
Methane emissions from condensate flashing in the production segment are calculated in a manner
very similar to crude tank flashing losses. The most rigorous approach is to use direct
measurements. In the absence of measured data, other estimation methods include process
simulators, if sufficient input data are available, or the VBE or standing correlation, provided the
physical properties of the condensate are used instead of the physical properties for crude oil.
However, the EUB rule-of-thumb correlation should not be used for condensate since this
approach does not take into account the condensate physical properties. A default emission factor
for production condensate flashing was derived from a measurement program conducted in east
Texas for the Houston Advanced Research Center (Hendler et al., 2006), and is presented below.
The development of this CH
4
emission factor is presented in Appendix B.

Production Condensate Flashing Default Emission Factor
5.068 lb CH
4
/bbl condensate 101%
a

2.3010
-3
tonnes CH
4
/bbl condensate 101%
a

1.4510
-2
tonnes CH
4
/m
3
condensate 101%
a

a
Methane emissions from condensate flashing in the transmission segment can also be calculated
with a simplified flashing loss emission factor. The emission factor was derived from EPA
GasSTAR PRO Fact Sheet No. 504, and is presented below (EPA, 2004).

Transmission Condensate Flashing Default Emission Factor
160,000 scf CH
4
per year/1.7510
9
bbl-day (original data)
5.2910
-12
tons CH
4
/bbl (converted)
4.8010
-12
tonnes CH
4
/bbl (converted)

5.4.2 Tanks Working/Standing Losses
Liquid petroleum storage tanks can produce hydrocarbon emissions through working and standing
(breathing) losses. These storage tanks include crude oil tanks in production and intermediate
tanks at a refinery. Tank types include fixed roof tanks as well as floating roof tanks. Working
loss emissions occur during the filling and emptying of the tanks as evaporative losses occur and
5-56 August 2009
vapor space is displaced. Standing losses occur during storage of the liquid, and can result from
diurnal temperature changes.
Because most of the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions from crude storage tanks occur as a result of flashing
(refer to Section 5.4.1), working and breathing loss emissions of these gases are very small in
production and virtually non-existent in the downstream segments. Unless site-specific data
indicate otherwise, weathered crude and other refined petroleum products are assumed to contain
no CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore, it is also assumed that there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from the
working and breathing losses of tanks containing weathered crude or other refined petroleum
products. This assumption is described in more detail in Appendix E.
EPA provides a methodology for estimating tank hydrocarbon emissions (as total hydrocarbon
[THC] or VOC) due to tank working and standing losses, where sites choose to estimate CH
4
and
CO
2
emissions from this source. EPAs methodology can be found in Chapter 7 of AP-42 (EPA,
Supplement D, 1998).
4
This methodology also forms the basis for the TANKS software program
(EPA, 1999).
5

EPAs methodology is primarily directed at estimating THC or VOC. The user would have to
estimate the total emissions from the tank and then multiply the total emissions by the
concentration of CH
4
and/or CO
2
in the tank vent stream. The CH
4
and/or CO
2
concentrations
should be based on site data if they are available.
5.4.3 Produced Water Tank Emissions
Produced water tank emissions occur in a manner similar to crude oil storage tank flashing losses,
though at a smaller relative rate. Methane emissions from produced water tanks are lower than
crude tank flashing losses because CH
4
has a stronger affinity for hydrocarbon oil than it does for
water. Thus, more CH
4
is dissolved in the oil phase than the water phase.
Direct measurement, process simulation, and general industry emission factors can be used to
quantify flashing losses from produced water tanks. However, APIs E&P TANK program (API,
1997) and the VBE are based on properties specific to crude oil and, therefore are not applicable to
water tanks.

4
The emission estimation equations in Chapter 7 of AP-42 were developed by API (API retains the copyright of the
equations but has granted EPA permission to publish them).
5
The TANKS software is available on the Internet at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/tanks/index.html
5-57 August 2009
Table 5-10 presents emission factors from produced (salt) water tanks. These emission factors
were developed from data presented in Volume 6 of the 1996 GRI/EPA study (Shires and
Harrison, 1996). The GRI/EPA study estimated produced water emissions based on process
simulator modeling for salt contents of 2, 10, and 20%, and pressures of 50,250, and 1000 psi. The
original emission factors are converted from a total CH
4
mass rate to tonnes CH
4
per volume of
produced water based on the national produced water volume used in the original process
simulations (Energy Environmental Research Center, 1995).
Table 5-10. Produced Salt Water Tank Methane Flashing Emission Factors
Separator
Pressure
(psi)
Produced Water
Salt Content
GRI/EPA Emission
Rate
a
, Original Units
(10
6
lb CH
4
/yr)
Water Tank Emission Factor
tonnes CH
4
/1000 bbl
produced water
b

tonnes CH
4
/1000 m
3

produced water
50 20% 1.6 0.0015 0.009185
250 20% 10.8 0.00986 0.06200
250 10% 16.4 0.0150 0.09414
250 2% 19.4 0.0177 0.11137
250 Average of 10.7%
c
-- 0.0142 0.08917
1000 20% 38.8 0.0354 0.22273
1000 10% 58.7 0.0536 0.33697
1000 2% 69.5 0.0634 0.39896
1000 Average of 10.7%
c
-- 0.0508 0.31955
a
Emission factors developed from Table 5-5 of Shires, T.M., and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6:
Vented and Combustion Source Summary, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Process simulation modeling based on 1990 annual salt water production of 497 million barrels from Energy Environmental Research Center, 1995.
c
Average of emission factors at 20, 10, and 2% salt.

The ARPEL provides another source of general emission factors for produced water flashing losses
(ARPEL, 1998). Table 5-11 presents CH
4
emission factors for produced water from shallow gas
wells (76 psi or less). These factors are based on produced water at a temperature of 50C (122F).
The base emission factor, developed from Chapter 9 of the API Technical Data Book (API, 1984),
is reported to be extremely approximate (ARPEL, 1998).

Table 5-11. Methane Emission Factors from Produced Water from Shallow
Gas Wells
Source
Information
CH
4
Water Tank Emission
Factor
a
, Original Units
(kg/m
3
produced water)
CH
4
Water Tank Emission Factor,
Shallow gas well
(76 psi or less, 50C)
0.036 0.0057 tonnes/1000 bbl produced water
0.036 tonnes/1000 m
3
produced water
a
Table 3.6 of ARPEL, Atmospheric Emissions Inventories Methodologies in the Petroleum Industry. ARPEL Guideline #
ARPELCIDA02AEGUI2298, Prepared by Jaques Whitford Environment Limited, December 1998.
5-58 August 2009
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the simple emission factor for produced water
emissions is presented below in Exhibit 5.17.

EXHIBIT 5.17: Sample Calculation for Water Tank Emissions Simple
Emission Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production facility produces 50 bbl/day of water. The salt content of the
water is not known. The separator pressure (immediately upstream of the water tank) is 200
psig. Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

The CH
4
flashing losses are calculated using the emission factor provided in Table 5-10 for
250 psi. It is recognized that this emission factor biases the estimate high since the actual
separator pressure is less than 250 psi. Because the salt content of the produced water is
unknown, the emission factor provided for the average salt content is used. The CH
4
emissions
are estimated as shown below.

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.0142 tonnes CH 50 bbl water 365 day
E =
day yr 1000 bbl water

5.4.4 Natural Gas Blanketed Tank Emissions
Some tanks are blanketed with natural gas to prevent air from collecting in the headspace. Blanket
gas may be used for tank storage of: crude, condensate, produced water, glycol, amine and other
bulk chemicals. If the blanket gas supply is taken downstream of the total fuel gas meter, then the
vented blanket gas volume must be subtracted from the total fuel gas volume (used to determine
combustion emissions).
If the tanks are uncontrolled (i.e., the vapor space vents to atmosphere), CH
4
emissions (and
possibly CO
2
emissions, if present in the natural gas) occur as the natural gas is displaced by the
liquid pumped into the tanks. The recommended approach for estimating emissions from this
source is the material balance equation for cold process vents presented in Section 5.3
(Equation 5-15), converted to an annual basis.

x
x x
MW
E VR F
=
(Equation 5-15
from Section 5.3)
5-59 August 2009
where
E
x
= emissions of x in units of mass (pounds, kg, tonnes) per unit of time;
x = the GHG compound of interest (CH
4
or CO
2
, for CO
2
rich streams);
VR = the vent rate in volume units at STP conditions per unit of time (e.g., scfm
or m
3
/min);
F
x
MW
x
= molecular weight of compound x; and
Molar volume
conversion
= Conversion from molar volume to mass (379.3 scf/lbmole or 23.685
m
3
/kgmole.

The blanket natural gas is generally charged to the tank intermittently rather than continuously.
Thus, the emissions are based on vapor displacement when liquid fills the tank rather than based on
a continuous flow of the natural gas to the tank. The vent rate (VR) term in Equation 5-19 is
assumed to be the vapor displacement due to filling the tank with liquid. It is the total increase in
liquid height, without taking reductions for decreases in the liquid height. Note that filling and
emptying a tank simultaneously at the same flow rate would result in no net change in the liquid
height and consequently no displacement of natural gas to the atmosphere. Thus, the volumetric
increase in liquid level should be used in the calculation. However, a site may not monitor liquid
level changes. In this case, the site may only know liquid throughput rates. This liquid throughput
rate can be used for the VR term in the absence of liquid level data, recognizing that this will likely
overestimate emissions since it does not take into account the liquid level effects caused by
emptying the tank at the same time as filling.
A sample calculation for natural gas blanketed tank emissions is shown below in Exhibit 5.18.

EXHIBIT 5.18: Sample Calculation for Natural Gas Blanketed Tank Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A natural gas blanketed tank has an annual liquid throughput of 36,500 bbl/year. However, the
facility records the tank liquid level, and the total increase in liquid height during the year is
32,000 bbl. The total volumetric increase in liquid height is less than the total throughput since
emptying of the tank occurs while simultaneously filling during some periods of the year. The
blanket natural gas contains approximately 82 mole % CH
4
and 1 mole % CO
2
. The estimated
annual temperature in the tank vapor space is 75F. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions.

Equation 5-15 is used to estimate the annual emissions. However, the VR term in the equation is
on a standard ft
3
basis (scf), and the annual volumetric rate is on an actual ft
3
basis at 75F (acf),
so the actual vent rate must be converted to standard conditions of 1 atm and 60F.
5-60 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.18: Sample Calculation for Natural Gas Blanketed Tank Emissions,
continued

The actual volumetric displacement rate of 32,000 bbl/yr is used instead of the annual liquid
throughput of 36,500 bbl/yr since it represents the actual natural gas displaced. First, the
volumetric displacement is converted from barrels to actual cubic feet.

3
3
32,000 bbl 42 gal ft
V = =179,667 ft (at 75F)
yr bbl 7.4805 gal

Next, Equation 3-5 is applied to convert from acf to scf (note that the actual and standard
conditions are both at 1 atm). Also note that the equation requires absolute temperatures (R).

3
scf
(1 atm) (60 459.7)
V (179, 667 ft ) =174,627 scf (at 60 F and 1 atm)
(1 atm) (75 459.7)
+
=

+

Lastly, Equation 5-15 is used to calculate the emissions.

CH
4
Emissions:

4
4
4 4 4
CH
4 4
CH 4
0.82 scf CH 16 lb CH /lbmole CH 174,627 scf tonnes
E
yr scf gas 379.3 scf CH /lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
=
=

CO
2
Emissions:

2
2
2 2 2
CO
2 2
CO 2
0.01 scf CO 44 lb CO /lbmole CO 174,627 scf tonnes
E
yr scf gas 379.3 scf CO /lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E 0.09 tonnes CO / yr
=
=

5.5 Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Emissions
The transportation sector consists of crude and natural gas transport from the production segment
to downstream operations and the transport of refined products from refineries to marketing or
5-61 August 2009
distribution centers. Transporting petroleum liquids via tank trucks, rail tank cars, and marine
vessels, and the loading of petroleum products into these vessels, results in evaporative losses of
the hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon emissions occur during loading operations as the organic vapors
in the cargo tanks are displaced into the atmosphere by the petroleum liquid that is being loaded.
Evaporative hydrocarbon emissions can also occur during marine ballasting operations as crude oil
loaded from a marine cargo vessel is replaced by ballasting water then can displace hydrocarbon
vapors in the marine vessel. Transit losses occur due to a mechanism that is similar to storage tank
breathing losses.
Due to the fact that there is no CH
4
or CO
2
in most petroleum products (including weathered
crude), calculating evaporative emissions associated with loading, ballasting, and transit operations
is recommended only for live crude oil or if measured CH
4
or CO
2
content data are available for
weathered crude or other petroleum vapors. (Refer to Appendix E for more information on the
CH
4
and CO
2
content of weathered crude and other petroleum products.) This section presents
simple calculation approaches for these activities in crude service. More detailed methods and
approaches for loading, ballasting, and transit operations for crude oil are provided in Appendix B.
Several approaches are available for estimating emissions from loading, ballasting, and transit
operations. In many cases, the specific estimation approach depends on the type of liquid, type of
information available, and other specific operation conditions. Each of the approaches calculates
TOC emissions, which requires a vapor phase CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) content to convert to CH
4

(or CO
2
) emissions. The vapor phase CH
4
content of live crude oil is assumed to be 15 wt% if
site-specific data are not available, recognizing that this will overestimate emissions (EPA, AP-42
Section 5.2, 2008). Equations for calculating CH
4
emissions from TOC emission factors are
provided in Section 6.1.3. As mentioned earlier, weathered crude and other petroleum products
contain no CH
4
or CO
2
, and thus would have no evaporative losses of CH
4
or CO
2
.
Note that if loading losses are routed to a combustion device such as a thermal oxidizer or VCU,
the mass of vapors sent to the combustion device can be estimated using the methodology
described in this section. Emissions from the combustion of the vapor should be calculated using
the methodology described in Section 4.
5-62 August 2009
5.5.1 Loading Loss Emissions
Table 5-12 provides simplified TOC emission factors for loading loss emissions for crude oil
(EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, 2008). TOC emissions should be converted to CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present)
emissions based on the CH
4
(or CO
2
) content of the loading vapors.

Table 5-12. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Loading Losses
Loading Type Units Crude Oil
a,b,c

Rail / Truck Loading
d
Submerged
Loading Dedicated normal
service
Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
2
240
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.91
0.240
d
Submerged
Loading Vapor balance service
Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
3
400
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
1.51
0.400
d
Splash
Loading Dedicated normal
service
Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
5
580
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
2.20
0.580
d
Splash
Loading Vapor balance service
Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
3
400
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
1.51
0.400
Marine Loading
f
Ships/ocean
barges
Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
0.61
73
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.28
0.073
Marine Loading
f
Barges Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
mg TOC/L loaded
1.0
120
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/ 10
6
gal loaded
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.45
0.120
a
The factors shown are for total organic compounds. AP-42 reports that the VOC comprises approximately 85% of the TOC for crude oil. Thus,
a simplifying assumption for the CH
4
content of the TOC is 15% in the absence of site-specific data, recognizing that this will likely overestimate
emissions.
b
EPA, AP-42, Section 5, Tables 5.2-5 and 5.2-6, 2008.
c
The example crude oil has an RVP of 5 psia.
d
The rail/truck loading emission factors were derived using Equation B-5 assuming a liquid temperature of 60F.
e
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off errors may result in some small differences
when converting from the emission factors provided in units of lb/10
3
gallons.
f
Marine loading factors based on a loaded liquid temperature of 60F.

Exhibit 5.19 provides a sample calculation illustrating the use of the loading loss emission factors
for crude oil loading.
5-63 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.19: Sample Calculation for Estimating Loading Loss CH
4
Emissions
Using Simplified Emission Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
50,000 bbl/yr of crude oil is loaded into rail tankers via splash loading and dedicated normal
service. The crude vapors contain 12 wt% CH
4
. Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

From Table 5-12, the emission factor corresponding to crude loading losses from rail splash
loading, dedicated service is 2.20 tonnes TOC/million gallons loaded. The loading emissions are
calculated by converting the TOC emissions to CH
4
and applying the annual loading rate, as
shown below:

4
4
4
CH 6
CH 4
12 tonne CH 2.20 tonnes TOC 42 gal 50,000 bbl
E =
10 gal bbl yr 100 tonne TOC

=

5.5.2 Ballasting Emissions
Ballasting operations are used to improve the stability of empty tanker ships after their cargo tanks
have been unloaded. After the ships filled with petroleum liquid are unloaded at marine terminals,
sea water or ballast water is loaded into the empty cargo tank compartment. The ballast water
displaces the vapor in the empty cargo tank to the atmosphere resulting in ballasting emissions.
Table 5-13 provides average emission factors for estimating TOC emissions from crude ballasting
operations (EPA, AP-42 Table 5.2-4, 2008).
The emission factors are for TOC and should be converted to CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) emissions
based on the CH
4
(or CO
2
) content of the ballasting vapors. The factors are categorized according
to how full the cargo tank is prior to discharge. The fully loaded cargo category applies to those
compartments that have a true ullage of less than 5 feet prior to crude discharge (ullage refers to
the distance between the cargo surface level and the deck level). The lightered or previously short
loaded category applies to those cargoes that have an arrival ullage of more than 5 feet.
Exhibit 5.20 demonstrates the use of the crude oil ballasting emission factors.

5-64 August 2009
Table 5-13. Average TOC Emission Factors for Crude Oil Ballasting
Operations
Compartment Condition
Before Cargo Discharge
Average TOC Emission Factors
a,b
,
Original Units
Average TOC Emission Factors
c
,
Converted to Tonnes
lb TOC/10
3
gal
ballast water
mg TOC/L
ballast water
tonne TOC/10
6

gal ballast water
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3

ballast water
Fully loaded
d
0.9 111 0.420 0.111
Lightered or previously
short loaded
e

1.4 171 0.647 0.171
Typical overall situation
f
1.1 129 0.488 0.129
a
EPA, AP-42, Section 5, Table 5.2-4, 2008.
b
The factors shown are for total organic compounds. The average factors were derived assuming an average crude temperature of 60F and a
crude RVP of 5 psi. AP-42 reports that the VOC comprises an approximate average of 85% of the TOC for crude. Thus, a simplifying
assumption for the CH
4
content of the TOC is 15% in the absence of site-specific data, recognizing that this will likely overestimate emissions.
c
3
gallons.
d
Based on assumed typical arrival ullage of 0.6 m (2 feet).
e
Based on assumed typical arrival ullage of 6.1 m (20 feet).
f
Typical overall situation based on the observation that 70% of tested compartments had been fully loaded before ballasting.

EXHIBIT 5.20: Sample Calculation for Crude Oil Ballasting Emissions Based on
Unknown Ullage

INPUT DATA:
Crude oil (RVP 5) is unloaded from ships at a marine terminal. The annual ballast water
throughput is 1 million bbl/year. The ullage of the arriving ships is unknown. Calculate the CH
4

emissions, assuming that the ballasting operations at this facility are typical.

TOC emissions are calculated using the emission factor provided in Table 5-13.

The ballasting TOC emissions are calculated by multiplying the ballasting emission factor by the
annual ballast water throughput loaded into the ships. The TOC emissions must be multiplied by
the CH
4
content of the vapors to obtain the CH
4
emissions. As a simplifying assumption, the
CH
4
content of the vapors will be assumed to be 15 wt% per AP-42 (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2,
2008). Thus, the CH
4
emissions from the ballasting operations are:

4
4
6
4
CH 3
CH 4
15 lb CH 1.1 lb TOC 42 gal 1 10 bbl tonne
E
10 gal bbl yr 100 lb TOC 2204.62 lb
=
=

5-65 August 2009
5.5.3 Transit Loss Emissions
In addition to emissions resulting from loading operations and marine ballasting operations,
hydrocarbon emissions also occur during petroleum transit. The mechanism resulting in transit
losses is similar to breathing losses that occur for storage tanks. The conditions that affect transit
emissions are the vapor tightness of the cargo vessel, the cargo vessel pressure at the beginning of
the trip, the pressure relief valve settings, the liquid vapor pressure, and the degree of vapor
saturation in the vapor void space of the cargo tank.
Table 5-14 provides simple transit TOC emission factors for marine transit of crude oil (EPA,
AP-42 Section 5.2.2.1.3, 2008).

Table 5-14. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses
Units Crude Oil
a,b,c

Original Units lb TOC/week-10
3
gal transported
mg TOC/week-L transported
1.3
150
Converted Units
d
tonne TOC/week-10
6
gal transported
tonne TOC/week-10
3
m
3
transported
0.57
0.150
a
The factors shown are for TOCs. AP-42 reports that the VOC comprises approximately 85% of the TOC for crude.
Thus, a simplifying assumption for the CH
4
content of the TOC is 15% in the absence of site-specific data,
recognizing that this will likely overestimate emissions.
b
c
The example crude oil has an RVP of 5 psia.
d
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off errors may result in
some small differences when converting from the emission factors provided in units of lb/10
3
gallons.
Alternatively, the Australian Government Department of Climate Changes provides the following
CO
2
e emission factor for crude oil transport (Australian Government, 2008):

7.3E-04 tonne CO
2
e/tonne crude transported
Exhibit 5.21 illustrates the use of the simple crude oil transit emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.21: Sample Calculation for Estimating CH
4
Emissions Using Simplified
Transit Emission Factors

INPUT DATA:
500,000 barrels of crude oil (RVP 5) are transported via ships with an average trip duration of 10
days. The company transports the crude 25 times during the given reporting year. Calculate the
CH
4
emissions using the AP-42 emission factors.

5-66 August 2009
EXHIBIT 5.21: Sample Calculation for Estimating CH
4
Transit Emission Factors, continued

Transit loss emissions are calculated by multiplying the transit loss emission factor given in
Table 5-14 for crude oil, by the volume transported and the CH
4
content of the vapors. As a
simplifying assumption, the CH
4
content of the vapors is assumed to be 15 wt% (EPA, AP-42
Section 5.2, 2008).

4
4
CH 6
4
CH 4
0.57 tonne TOC 42 gal 10 days 25 trips
E = 500,000 bbl
week-10 gal transported bbl trip yr
15 lb CH week

7 days 100 lb TOC

5.6 Other Venting Sources
5.6.1 Gas-Driven Pneumatic Devices
Natural gas-driven pneumatic devices are a source of CH
4
emissions (and CO
2
, if present in the
gas). Pneumatic devices may be designed to vent gas continuously (such as when designed with a
pilot gas stream) or intermittently (i.e., only when actuated). Low vent and no vent pneumatic
devices may also be used. Pneumatic devices may also be operated using compressed air.
If fuel gas is used as the pneumatic gas and is taken downstream of the total fuel gas meter, then
the vented gas volume must be subtracted from the total fuel gas volume (used to determine
Methane emissions from pneumatic devices were evaluated as part of the 1996 GRI/EPA CH
4

emissions study (Shires, 1996). This study observed that most of the pneumatic devices used in
the production segment were valve actuators and controllers that used natural gas pressure as the
force for the valve movement. Gas from the valve actuator is vented to the atmosphere during the
valve stroke, and gas may also be continuously bled from the valve controller pilot in some
pneumatic devices.
5-67 August 2009
Emissions from pneumatic devices in the transmission and processing segments were also
evaluated during the 1996 GRI/EPA CH
4
study (Shires, 1996). In the transmission segment,
compressor and storage stations commonly employed gas-operated isolation valves, as well as a
few continuous bleed devices. There were essentially no pneumatic devices associated with the
pipeline itself. Compressed air was used to power a majority of the pneumatic devices at gas
processing plants, though some devices were operated with natural gas. Many processing plants
used gas-driven pneumatic controllers on isolation valves for emergency shut-down conditions or
for maintenance work.
Distribution pneumatic devices were evaluated as part of a study of Canadian greenhouse gas
emissions (Shires, 2001). Some distribution metering and pressure regulating (M&R) stations use
gas-operated pneumatic control loops or isolation valves.
The most rigorous approach for estimating CH
4
emissions (and CO
2
emissions if CO
2
is present in
the gas stream) from gas-driven pneumatic devices is to use site-specific device measurements or
manufacturers data.
6
Another rigorous approach to calculate the emissions from a high or
continuous bleed pneumatic device is to calculate the volume of gas vented as shown in
Equation 5-21 (GPSA, 1987, Equation 3-12).

( )
4
2
f
d 520 1.0000
V = 16,330 1+ d H 29.32+ 0.3H
D 460+T G

(Equation 5-21)

where
V = gas flow rate, scf/day
d = orifice diameter, in
D = pipe/tubing inner diameter, in
H = pressure, inches Hg
T
f
= gas temperature, R
G = specific gravity at 60 F, unitless

After calculating the volume of gas loss, CH
4
and CO
2
emissions can then be calculated using the
CH
4
and CO
2
content of the gas, such as described in Section 5.7.1.
Alternatively, simplified CH
4
emission factors are provided in Table 5-15 for each industry sector.
Table 5-15 presents the corresponding CH
4
content of the gas used as the basis for the emission

6
Note, manufacturer emission rates tend to be lower than emissions observed for the same devices in the field due to
actual operating conditions and maintenance practices.
5-68 August 2009
factors. The emission factors can be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of the site-specific gas
used to drive the devices if the natural gas is significantly different from the default basis. Also, if
the pneumatic devices are driven with gas that contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4

4
and CO
2
in the gas to
estimate the CO
2
emissions.
In production, the continuous bleed, intermittent bleed, and average pneumatic device emission
factors shown in Table 5-15 are taken from the 1996 GRI/EPA report (Volumes 2 and 12)
(Harrison, 1996; Shires, 1996). The pneumatic device emission factors from the GRI/EPA reports
were derived using vendor and/or measured data for both intermittent and continuous bleed
devices. The instrument controller emission factor (pressure unspecified) is taken from a 2002
CAPP document and is based on data collected in Alberta, Canada (CAPP, 2002). Other
pneumatic device emission factors such as transmitters and controllers are taken from a 2003
CAPP report (CAPP, 2003). The emission factors from the 2003 CAPP document are most
appropriate for standard (high-bleed) components that were common prior to 1985 and are a
function of the device operating pressure (factors are given at 140 kPa or 240 kPa, both gauge
pressure).
4
Emission Factors

Device Type
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
Uncertainty
b
(%)
Emission Factor
c
,
Production Segment Based on 78.8 mole% CH
4
a
Continuous bleed
a
654 scfd gas/device 40.3 3.608 tonnes/device-yr
Continuous bleed, low/no-bleed
d
33.4 scfd gas/device 107 0.184 tonnes/device-yr
Continuous bleed, high-bleed
d
Intermittent bleed
a
Production average
a

(if device type is unknown)
345 scfd CH
4
/device 49.5 2.415 tonnes/device-yr
Transmitter (140 kPag)
e
0.12 m
3
gas/hr/device 0.56 tonnes/device-yr
Transmitter (240 kPag)
e
0.2 m
3
Controller (140 kPag)
e
0.6 m
3
Controller (240 kPag)
e
0.8 m
3
Controller
(pressure not specified)
f

0.1996 m
3
gas/hr/device Uncertainty
not specified
0.9333 tonnes/device-yr
I/P Transducer (140 kPag)
e
0.6 m
3
I/P Transducer (240 kPag)
e
0.8 m
3
P/P Positioner (140 kPag)
e
0.32 m
3

5-69 August 2009
4
Emission Factors, continued
Device Type Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
Uncertainty
b
(%)
CH
4
Emission Factor
c
,
Production Segment, continued Based on 78.8 mole% CH
4
a

P/P Positioner (240 kPag)
e
0.5 m
3
I/P Positioner (140 kPag)
e
0.4 m
3
I/P Positioner (240 kPag)
e
0.6 m
3
Processing Based on 86.8 mole% CH
4
a
Continuous bleed 497,584 scf gas/device-yr 35.5 8.304 tonnes/device-yr
Piston valve operator 48 scf gas/device-yr 60.9 8.010E-04 tonnes/device-yr
Pneumatic/hydraulic valve operator 5,627 scf gas/device-yr 134 0.0939 tonnes/device-yr
Turbine valve operator 67,599 scf gas/device-yr 407 1.128 tonnes/device-yr
Processing average
164,949 scf CH
4
/plant-yr
170
3.164 tonnes/plant-yr
7.431
g
scf CH
4
/MMscf
processed
1.425E-04
5.034E-03
tonnes/10
6
scf processed
tonnes/10
6
m
3
processed
Transmission and Storage Based on 93.4 mole% CH
4
a
Continuous bleed 497,584 scf gas/device-yr 35.5 8.915 tonnes/device-yr
Pneumatic/hydraulic valve operator 5,627 scf gas/device-yr 134 0.1008 tonnes/device-yr
Turbine valve operator 67,599 scf gas/device-yr 407 1.211 tonnes/device-yr
Transmission or Storage average
162,197 scf CH
4
/device-yr 96.3 3.111 tonnes/device-yr
Distribution
Pneumatic isolation valves
h

based on 93.4 mole% CH
4

0.366 tonnes
CH
4
/device-yr
Pneumatic control loops
h

based on 94.4 mole% CH
4

3.465 tonnes
CH
4
/device-yr
Uncertainty
not specified
Distribution average
based on 94.9 mole% CH4 weighted avg.
2.941 tonnes
CH
4
/device-yr
a
Shires, T.M. and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 12: Pneumatic Devices, Final Report, GRI-
94/0257.29 and EPA-600/R-96-080l, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996; and
Harrison, M.R., L.M. Campbell, T.M. Shires, and R.M. Cowgill. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The
average CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors is provided in Table E-4.
b
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original emission
factor.
c
CH
4
emission factors converted from scf or m
3
are based on 60F and 14.7 psia.
d
High-bleed devices refer to devices with leak rates greater than 6 scf/hr while low-bleed devices are 6 scf/hr or lower. Developed from data used
for Volume 12 of the GRI/EPA natural gas industry CH
4
emissions study (Shires, 1996). Refer to Appendix B for the development of these
emission factors.

e
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1-12, Canadian Association of Petroleum
Producers, Publication Number 2003-03, April 2003. Note that the emission factors provided by this source are for the total gas emitted and were
converted to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
content shown in the table. I/P refers to a device that converts electric current to pneumatic pressure. P/P
refers to a device that converts pneumatic pressure to pneumatic pressure.
f
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities, Table
3-4, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Publication Number 2002-0009, May 2002. Factor shown is based on data collected in
Alberta, and was converted from a total gas basis to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
content shown in the table.
g
Shires, T.M. and C.J. Loughran. Updated Canadian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1995, Emission Factor Documentation, Technical
Memorandum, August 23, 2001.
h
Derived from estimated processing pneumatic devices vented CH
4
emissions (0.1196 133% Bscf/YR) (Harrison, et al., Vol 2, 1996), and
estimated annual gas processed (16,450.855 Bscf/YR (DOE, 1993)).
5-70 August 2009
The production sector continuous bleed device emission factor was further split out according to
whether the device is high-bleed or low-bleed, based on the amount of gas vented when the device
is not actuating. The EPA Gas STAR program defines a pneumatic device that bleeds more than 6
scfh as a high-bleed device, with low-bleed/no-bleed devices venting less than 6 scfh (EPA
Gas STAR, Lessons Learned, July 2003). Therefore, the same data set that was used to develop
the production sector continuous bleed device emission factor for the 1996 GRI/EPA study
(Volume 12) was also used to develop the high- and low-bleed device emission factors by
stratifying the data according to whether the leak rate is greater than or less than 6 scfh. The
development of these emission factors is provided in Appendix B.
The processing segment pneumatic device emission factors in Table 5-15 are primarily taken from
the 1996 GRI/EPA report (Volumes 2 and 12) (Harrison, 1996; Shires, 1996). The average
processing pneumatic device emission factor on a throughput basis is derived from estimated
processing devices vented CH
4
emissions (Harrison, et al., Vol 2, 1996) and estimated annual gas
processed (DOE, 1993).
The transmission pneumatic device emission factors are also taken from the 1996 GRI/EPA report
(Shires, 1996).
In the distribution segment, the pneumatic isolation valve emission factor is taken from the 1996
GRI/EPA report (Volume 12) (Shires, 1996). The emission factors for pneumatic control loops
and average distribution devices are taken from a Canadian GHG inventory for 1995 (Shires,
2001).
An example calculation is provided below in Exhibit 5.22 that demonstrates the use of the
pneumatic device emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.22: Sample Calculation for Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas production facility has 80 natural gas-driven pneumatic devices. The average CH
4
content
of the gas is 70 mole %. There is also 9 mole % CO
2
in the gas so CO
2
emissions from the
pneumatic devices are also estimated. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions.

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the number of pneumatic devices by the emission factor
from Table 5-15. The average pneumatic device emission factor for production is used since the
type of device is not known.
5-71 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.22: Sample Calculation for Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device Emissions,
continued

The base pneumatic device CH
4
emission factor is also adjusted from the default basis provided
in Table E-4 of 78.8 mole % CH
4
to the site-specific basis of 70 mole % CH
4
. Because the gas
contains a significant quantity of CO
2
, emissions of CO
2
are also estimated using the relative
CO
2
and CH
4

2.415 tonne CH 70 mole % CH
4 4
E = 80 pneumatic devices
CH
device - yr 78.8 mole % CH
4
4
CH 4
4

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
2.415 tonne CH 70 mole % CH tonne mole CH
E = 80 pneumatic devices
device - yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH
0.09 tonne mole CO 44 tonne CO tonne mole gas

0.70 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas
2
2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CO

5.6.2 Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pumps
Natural gas-driven chemical injection pumps (CIPs) are a source of CH
4
emissions due to venting
of the gas used to act on a piston or diaphragm to pump chemicals into the process equipment
lines. The CIPs can also be a source of CO
2
emissions if the gas used to drive the pump contains a
significant amount of CO
2
.
If fuel gas is used as the pneumatic gas and is taken downstream of the total fuel gas meter, then
the vented gas volume must be subtracted from the total fuel gas volume (used to determine
The 1996 GRI/EPA study observed that gas-powered chemical injection pumps are most
commonly found in the production segment where electricity may not be readily available
(Shires, 1996). Typical chemicals injected into the process lines include biocides, demulsifiers,
5-72 August 2009
clarifiers, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, hydrate inhibitors, paraffin dewaxers, surfactants,
oxygen scavengers, and H
2
S scavengers.
The most rigorous approach for estimating GHG emissions from CIPs is to use site-specific gas
usage measurements or manufacturer data. Another rigorous approach is to calculate the volume
of natural gas emitted from the volume of liquid pumped. The volume of natural gas emissions
from a pneumatic pump is a function of the amount of liquid pumped (displacement volume), the
liquid outlet pressure from the pump, the gas pressure and temperature used as the pneumatic
power gas, and the mechanical efficiency loss across the pump. In manufacturers information
this relationship is typically described using a set of pump curves. However it can be described
mathematically using Equation 5-22.
[ ]
O A A
G L
G
P +P T
V = V 1+I
14.7 459.7+T

(Equation 5-22)

where
V
G
= gas loss from natural gas driven pneumatic pump, scf/yr;
P
O
= outlet pressure from the pump, psig;
P
A
= atmospheric pressure, psig;
14.7 = atmospheric pressure, psig;
T
A
= atmospheric temperature, R;
459.7 = conversion from F to R;
T
G
= gas temperature, F;
V
L
= volume of liquid pumped, ft
3
/yr, from measurement data
or calculated using equation 5-2; and
(1 + I) = manufacturer-specific pump inefficiency,
or assumed default of 30%.

The volume of liquid pumped in Equation 5-22 can be calculated as shown in Equation 5-23.
S
L
V
V = NT
7.48
(Equation 5-23)

where
V
S
= volume of liquid pumped per stroke, gal/stroke;
7.48 = conversion from gal to scf;
N = number of strokes/min; and
T = annual operational time, min/year.

After calculating the volume of gas loss, CH
4
and CO
2
emissions can then be calculated using the
CH
4
and CO
2
content of the gas, such as described in Section 5.7.1.
5-73 August 2009
Alternatively, the simplified emission factors in Table 5-16 can be used to estimate CH
4
emissions
from gas-driven CIPs. The factors are given for piston and diaphragm type pumps, and an average
emission factor is given if the type of pump is unknown.
Table 5-16. Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pump CH
4
Emission Factors
Type of Chemical Injection
Pump
Emission Factor, Original
Units
Uncertainty
a
(%)
CH
4
Emission Factor,
b

Based on 78.8 mole% CH
4
c

Piston pumps (207 kPag) 48.9
c
scfd CH
4
/pump 141 0.342 tonnes/pump-yr
d
m
3
gas/hr/pump Not specified 0.19 tonnes/pump-yr
d
m
3
Diaphragm pumps (pressure
unspecified)
446
c
scfd CH
4
Diaphragm pumps (140 kPag) 0.4
d
m
3
Diaphragm pumps (240 kPag) 0.6
d
m
3
Average pump (if type not known) 248
c
scfd CH
4
0.3945
e
m
3
Footnotes and Sources for Table 5-16:
a
factor.
b
CH
4
3
c
Shires, T.M. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 13: Chemical Injection Pumps, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.30 and
EPA-600/R-96-080m, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The average CH
4
concentration associated
with these emission factors is provided in Table E-4.
d
converted to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
e
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities,
Table 3-4, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Publication Number 2002-0009, May 2002. Factor shown is based on data collected in
Alberta, and was converted from a total gas basis to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
The emission factors are taken from three sources: the 1996 GRI/EPA report (Volume 13)
(Shires, 1996) and two guidance documents from the CAPP (CAPP, 2002; CAPP, 2003). The
piston pump emission factor from the GRI/EPA report was based on the manufacturers data while
the diaphragm pump factor from the GRI/EPA report was based on a combination of manufacturer
data and measurements carried out in Canada. The emission factor for the average CIP in the
GRI/EPA study was derived using estimated populations of the piston and diaphragm pumps from
site visits conducted in the United States (Shires, 1996). The emission factors from the 2003
CAPP document were based on a separate study of upstream oil and natural gas operations in
Canada, and are a function of the pump operating pressure (factors are given at 140 kPa or 240
kPa, both gauge pressure). The average pump factor from the 2002 CAPP guidance document was
based on data collected in Alberta.
5-74 August 2009
The CIP emission factors can be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of the site-specific gas used to
drive the pumps if the natural gas has a significantly different CH
4
content from the default basis.
Also, if the pumps are driven with gas that contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission
factor can be adjusted based on the relative concentrations of CH
4
and CO
2
in the gas to estimate
the CO
2
emissions.
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.23 that illustrates the use of the CIP emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.23: Sample Calculation for Gas-Driven Chemical Injection Pump
Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas production facility in the United States has 25 gas-driven CIPs that are piston type pumps.
The average operating pressure for these pumps is 32.6 psig (200 kPa gauge). The CH
4
content
of the gas is not known, but is assumed to be similar to other typical facilities. There is no
significant quantity of CO
2
in the gas. Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the number of chemical injection pumps by the
appropriate piston pump emission factor from Table 5-16. The actual operating pressure falls
between the piston pump factor at 207 kPa and the piston pump factor at 240 kPa, so the factor at
207 kPa is chosen because it is based on a U.S. report. The emission factor is not corrected by
the gas CH
4
content because the facility is assumed to have a gas CH
4
content similar to other
typical facilities. Emissions are calculated as shown below:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.342 tonne CH
E (25 CIPs)
pump - yr
=
=

5.6.3 Mud Degassing
During well drilling operations, drilling fluid (otherwise known as drilling mud) is used for many
important purposes, including lubricating and cooling the drill bit, carrying cuttings away from the
drill bit, and maintaining desired pressure within the well. During these operations, gas from the
well bore may become entrained in the mud, requiring the mud to be degassed. During mud
degassing, gases entrained in the mud are separated from the mud and vented directly to the
5-75 August 2009
atmosphere. This venting results in emissions of CH
4
contained in the gas, and possibly CO
2

emissions. Site-specific CH
4
(and CO
2
if present) concentration data should be used to estimate
these emissions. However, in the absence of site-specific data, the simplified mud degassing
emission factors presented in Table 5-17 can be used.
Table 5-17 provides mud degassing THC vented emission factors on a drilling day basis. The base
THC factors are taken from U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service
guidance (Wilson et al., 2007). The CH
4
factors are derived from the THC factors based on an
assumed CH
4
concentration. However, the factors can be adjusted using actual site-specific
concentrations if they are available and different from the defaults shown in the table.

Table 5-17. Mud Degassing Vented CH
4
Emission Factors

THC Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH4 Emission Factor
b
,
Mud Type (lb THC/drilling day) (tonnes CH
4
/drilling day)
Water-based Mud 881.84 0.2605
Oil-based Mud 198.41 0.0586
Synthetic Mud 198.41 0.0586
a
Wilson, Darcy, Richard Billings, Regi Oommen, and Roger Chang, Eastern Research Group, Inc. Year 2005 Gulfwide
Emission Inventory Study, U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Services, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New
Orleans, December 2007, Section 5.2.10.
b
Based on gas content of 65.13 weight percent CH
4
, derived from sample data provided in the original source of the emission
factors. Original sample data is as follows, in terms of mole%: 83.85% CH
4
, 5.41% C
2
H
6
, 6.12% C
3
H
8
, 3.21% C
4
H
10
, and 1.40%
C
5
H
12
(Wilson et al., 2007).

An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.24 to illustrate the use of the mud degassing emission
factors.

EXHIBIT 5.24: Sample Calculation for Mud Degassing Vented Emissions

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production facility performed well drilling activities with water-based
mud 85 days during the year. The average CH
4
content of the gas is 70 mole %; there is also 9
mole % CO
2
4
and CO
2
emissions.

5-76 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.24: Sample Calculation for Mud Degassing Vented Emissions, continued

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the number of days of drilling activities by the CH
4

emission factor from Table 5-17. The base mud degassing vented CH
4
emission factor is
adjusted from the default basis of 83.85 mole% CH
4
to the site-specific basis of 70 mole % CH
4
.
Because the gas contains a significant quantity of CO
2
, emissions of CO
2
are also estimated
using the relative CO
2
and CH
4

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4

0.2605 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH 85 day
E =
yr day 83.85 mole % CH

=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2 2
4 2
CO
0.2605 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH tonne mole CH 85 day
E =
yr day 83.85 mole % CH 16 tonne CH

0.70 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas tonne mole CO
E

2
2
= 6.54 tonnes CO /yr

5.6.4 Heavy Oil and Crude Bitumen Casing Gas Vents
Casing gas vents are a particular concern for heavy oil and crude bitumen wells. Heavy oil wells
are relatively shallow (typically 300 to 900 m deep) and, thus are characterized by low reservoir
pressures (typically 4000 kPa or less). To achieve reasonable flow potential, it is necessary to
relieve gas pressure from the well bore. The wells are not usually equipped with a production
packer (a device that isolates the annulus from the formation), which allows the well pressure to be
controlled using the casing vent. Because of the low volumes of gas associated with primary
heavy oil casing gas, the gas may be vented directly to atmosphere. For thermal heavy oil projects,
the gas is usually flared or conserved because of the potential for H
2
S in the gas.
Casing gas venting associated with heavy oil production may result in emissions of CH
4
contained
in the gas, and possibly CO
2
emissions. Site-specific volumetric flow rate and CH
4
concentration
data (and CO
2
if present) provide the most rigorous estimation of these emissions. However, in the
absence of site-specific data, the simplified casing gas vented emission factors presented in
Tables 5-18 and 5-19 can be used.
5-77 August 2009
Table 5-18 provides casing gas THC vented emission factors on a heavy oil production throughput
basis. The base THC factors are taken from CAPP, 2003. The THC factors in CAPP are based on
an assumed percentage vented for each type of oil. However, the factors can be adjusted using
actual site-specific venting percentages if they are available and different from the defaults shown
in the table.
4
Emission
Factors Throughput Basis

THC Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,
4
c

Type of Oil
(m
3
THC/m
3
oil
produced)
(tonnes/1000 bbl
oil produced)
(tonnes/1000 m
3
oil
produced)
Primary Heavy Oil (63.2% casing gas vented)
d
37.4 3.17 20.0
Thermal Heavy Oil (4.7% casing gas vented)
d
2.53 0.215 1.35
Crude Bitumen (18% casing gas vented)
d
2.3 0.20 1.2
a
converted to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
b
CH
4
3
c
Shires, T.M., and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6: Vented and Combustion Source Summary, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
d
Percentage shown is the assumed percent of total casing gas vented. If the actual percent casing gas vented is known, the factor and percentage
shown for each crude type can be used to estimate the CH
4
emission factor for the actual percent casing gas vented if it is different from the default
value shown in the table.
If the oil production throughput is not known, Table 5-19 can be used. This table provides
simplified casing gas vented THC emission factors for active and suspended wells based on data
from Alberta, Canada (CAPP, 2002). The active and suspended well emission rate data were
based on 883 and 910 wells, respectively.

4
Emission
Factors Well Basis
THC Emission Factor
a
, Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
, Converted to Tonnes Basis
4
c

Source (m
3
THC/well-day) (tonnes CH
4
/well-day)
Active Wells 37.1 0.0198
Suspended Wells 20.1 0.0107
a
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities, table
on page 3-24, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Publication Number 2002-0009, May 2002. Factors shown are based on data
collected in Alberta, and were converted from a total gas basis to a CH
4
basis using the CH
4
b
CH
4
3
c
Shires, T.M., and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6: Vented and Combustion Source Summary,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
5-78 August 2009
The THC emission factors from the two CAPP guidance documents were converted to CH
4

emission factors using a default CH
4
gas content of 78.8 mole % in the production segment
provided in Table E-4. The casing gas CH
4
emission factors can be adjusted based on the CH
4

content of the site-specific gas if the natural gas has a CH
4
content significantly different from the
default basis. Also, if the gas at the site contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission
4
and CO
2
the CO
2
emissions.
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.25 that illustrates the use of the casing gas vent
emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.25: Sample Calculation for Heavy Oil Casing Gas Vented Emissions

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production facility produces 100 bbl/day of primary heavy crude oil. The
facility operates 365 days a year. The average CH
4
content of the gas is 70 mole %; there is also
9 mole % CO
2
4
and CO
2
emissions.

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the oil throughput by the primary heavy oil CH
4

emission factor from Table 5-18. The base casing gas CH
4
emission factor is also adjusted from
the default basis provided in Table E-4 of 78.8 mole % CH
4
to the site-specific basis of 70 mole
% CH
4
. Because the gas contains a significant quantity of CO
2
, emissions of CO
2
are also
estimated using the relative CO
2
and CH
4

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
3.17 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH 100 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr 1000 bbl crude 78.8 mole % CH

=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
3.17 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH tonne mole CH 100 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr 1000 bbl crude 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH
0.09 tonne mole CO tonne mole gas


2
2
2
CO 2
44 tonne CO
tonne mole CO
=

5-79 August 2009
5.6.5 Low-Pressure Gas Well Casing Vents
Casing gas migration from low-pressure natural gas wells can result in CH
4
emissions and possibly
CO
2
emissions, if CO
2
is present in the gas. This migration results from the flow of gas around the
outside of a well casing. It is typically caused by gas migrating from one or more shallow, low-
productivity gas bearing zones that were penetrated during the drilling process or as a result of
natural processes within the soil (CAPP, 2002). Similar to the approach for crude oil casing gas
venting, site-specific measurements provide the most rigorous estimate of low-pressure gas well
casing emissions. In the absence of site-specific data, the following emission factor from page
3-25 of the CAPP document, Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and
Gas Facilities, can be used (CAPP, 2002):

3.85 m
3
gas/well-day (original units) (CAPP, 2002)
0.00206 tonnes CH
4
/well-day (converted)
a

a
Note: the THC factor was converted to a CH
4
emission factor assuming 78.8 mole
% CH
4
in the gas according to the GRI/EPA study (Shires, Volume 6, 1996).

The casing gas migration emission factor was based on test data of the average vent rate for
wells with gas migration problems (CAPP, 2002).
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.26 that demonstrates the use of the gas well casing
emission factor.

EXHIBIT 5.26: Sample Calculation for Low-Pressure Casing Gas Migration
Emissions

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production facility has three low pressure wells. Sampling data show that
casing gas migration occurs, but the emission rate has not been measured. The average CH
4

content of the gas is 70 mole %; there is also 9 mole % CO
2
4
and
CO
2
emissions.

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the number of wells by the casing gas migration CH
4

emission factor. The base casing gas migration CH
4
emission factor is also adjusted from the
default basis provided in Table E-4 of 78.8 mole % CH
4
to the site-specific basis of 70 mole %
CH
4
. Because the gas contains a significant quantity of CO
2
, emissions of CO
2
are also
estimated using the relative CO
2
and CH
4

5-80 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.26: Sample Calculation for Low-Pressure Casing Gas Migration
Emissions, continued

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.00206 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH 365 day
E = 3 wells
well-day yr 78.8 mole % CH

=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
0.00206 tonnes CH 70 mole % CH tonne mole CH 365 day
E = 3 wells
well-day yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH


2
2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CO
E 0.71 tonnes CO /yr =

5.6.6 Coal Seam Exploratory Drilling and Well Testing
Methane, or natural gas, may be used for drilling coal seam CH
4
wells, if available at high
pressures. In this case, CH
4
, rather than compressed air, is used as the motive force to drill the
wells and is emitted back to the atmosphere.
Methane may also be used to clean coal fines or dust that accumulate in the well. For this use,
compressed gas is pumped into the well bore where it builds up pressure over a short duration
(20 minutes to one hour). Then the gas is released rapidly to the surface, bringing the coal fines
with it, as well as unloading accumulated water. The released gas may be vented or flared.
Emissions from these sources can be calculated based on a material balance approach. The
emissions would be recorded either as point sources, if vented to the atmosphere, or combustion
sources if vented to a flare. (If vented to a flare, emissions would be calculated as described in
Section 4.6.) An example calculation illustrating the material balance approach follows in
Exhibit 5.27.

5-81 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.27: Sample Calculation for Exploratory Drilling or Well Testing

INPUT DATA:
A coal bed CH
4
site is drilling three new wells with the following duration and gas consumption
rates:

Duration to Drill, days Gas Consumption, 10
6
ft
3
/day
Well 1 5 1.5
Well 2 2 1.5
Well 3 5 1.75

An additional 6.7610
6
scf of gas per well is flared during well testing. The gas contains 10.9
mole% CO
2
, 88.7 mole% CH
4
, and 0.4 mole% other. Calculate the vented and flared emissions.

1. Calculate the vented emissions. Assuming the drilling gas is vented to the atmosphere, the
total volume of gas vented is:
6 3 6 3 6 3
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3
6
1.510 ft 1.510 ft 1.7510 ft
V = 5 days + 2 days + 5 days
day day day
V =19.2510 scf gas

The corresponding CH
4
and CO
2
emissions resulting from this vented gas are:

4
4
6 4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.887 lbmole CH 16 lb CH lbmole gas tonne
E 19.25 10 scf gas
379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
E 327 tonnes CH
=
=

2
2
6 2 2
CO
2
CO 2
0.109 lbmole CO 44 lb CO lbmole gas tonne
E 19.25 10 scf gas
379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E 110 tonnes CO
=
=

2. Calculate the emissions released from flaring the well test gas. Details on flaring emissions
are provided in Section 4.6. We will assume that the other components in the gas analysis are
primarily ethane. Emissions are calculated assuming the default 98% combustion efficiency.
Emissions are calculated as follows.

5-82 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.27: Sample Calculation for Exploratory Drilling or Well Testing,
continued

2
6
2
CO
2 6 4
0.109 lbmole CO 6.7610 scf gas lbmole gas
E = 3 wells +
well 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas
0.0042 lbmole C (from C H ) 0.887 lbmole C (from CH )
+
lbmole gas lbmole gas

2
2 2
2
CO 2
0.98 lbmole CO formed 44 lb CO tonne

lbmole C combusted lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E =1,050 tonnes CO

4
4
6
4
CH
4 4
4 4
CH 4
0.887 lbmole CH 6.7610 scf gas lbmole gas
E = 3 wells
well 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas
0.02 lbmole residual CH 16 lb CH tonne

lbmole CH lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
E = 6.9 tonnes CH

5.6.7 Coal Mining
Underground and surface coal mining activities produce CH
4
emissions as a result of activities that
occur before, during, and after mining.
Ventilation systems are used in underground coal mines to maintain safe CH
4
concentrations.
These ventilation systems can result in significant gas volumes released to the atmosphere,
although the CH
4
concentration is generally low (usually no more than 1.5%). Some underground
coal mines may also use degasification systems to relieve natural gas from the mine. These
degasification systems use wells drilled from the surface or boreholes drilled inside the mine.
These systems are used before, during, and after mining. Some of the gas from the degasification
system may be recovered, thus reducing CH
4
emissions. Emissions from flared coal mine waste
gas should be calculated using the methodology described in Section 4 (e.g., material balance
approach).
5-83 August 2009
Surface coal mines result in CH
4
emissions as the overburden is removed and the coal is exposed,
but the emissions are lower than from underground mines. Some CH
4
emissions also occur during
the processing, storage, and transportation of the coal (referred to as post-mining activities).
Site-specific data provide the most rigorous estimate of coal mining CH
4
emissions. In the absence
of such data, simple emission factors provided in Table 5-20 or Table 5-21 may be used. The
emission factors in Table 5-20 were developed from data provided in the Annexes of the EPA
report, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006 (EPA, 2009). The
emission factors were derived by dividing the U.S. coal mining CH
4
emissions by the U.S. coal
production rates. Factors were derived for 2005 through 2007. Separate emission factors are
provided for underground and surface mining, and for coal handling. The underground mining
emission factor includes contributions from both ventilation and degasification. The derivations of
the emission factors shown in Table 5-20, as well as coal mining factors by U.S. coal supply region
are provided in Appendix B. Emission factors for Australian mining operations are provided in
Table 5-21. Additional emission factors for decommissioned underground mines in Australia are
provided in the Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, National Greenhouse
Accounts (NGA) Factors, November 2008.

Table 5-20. Average U.S. Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors

Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
Emission Factor,
Converted Units

scf CH
4
/
short ton coal
tonne CH
4
/
short ton coal
tonne CH
4
/
tonne coal
Activity 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007
Underground Mining (Ventilation
and Degasification)
241 248 242 0.00463 0.00476 0.00463 0.00511 0.00524 0.00511
Underground Post-Mining (coal
handling)
43.4 41.8 42.6 0.000833 0.000801 0.000818 0.000918 0.000883 0.000902
Surface Mining
43.3 43.6 42.8 0.000830 0.000836 0.000822 0.000915 0.000922 0.000906
Surface Post-Mining (coal
handling)
6.56 7.47 7.56 0.000126 0.000143 0.000145 0.000139 0.000158 0.000160
a
Derived from data presented in: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-
2007, Annexes, April 15, 2009. See derivation in Appendix B.
5-84 August 2009
Table 5-21. Australian Coal Mining CH
4
Emission Factors
State
tonnes CO
2
e/
tonne run-of-mine
coal extracted
a

tonnes CH
4
/ tonne
run-of-mine coal
extracted
Open Cut Coal Extraction, by State
New South Wales
0.045
0.945
Victoria
0.0007
0.0147
Queensland
0.017
0.357
Western Australia
0.017
0.357
South Australia
0.0007
0.0147
Tasmania
0.014
0.294
Coal Extraction, by Mine Type
Gassy Mine
0.305
6.405
Non-gassy mine
0.008
0.168
Post-Mining
Gassy Mine
0.014
0.294
a
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors,
Section 2.4.1, November 2008. Original units are tonnes CO
2
-eq
/tonne run-of-mine coal.
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.28 that illustrates the use of the coal mining CH
4

emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.28: Sample Calculation for Coal Mining Emissions

INPUT DATA:
During 2007, 200,000 tons of coal are produced from an underground mine in the U.S. Calculate
the CH
4
emissions.

Emissions from coal mining include both mining emissions and coal handling emissions.
Emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual coal production rate by the underground coal
mining and coal handling CH
4
emission factors from Table 5-20.

Emissions from underground coal mining are:

4
4
4
CH ,mining
CH ,mining 4
0.00511 tonnes CH 200,000 tons tonnes coal
E =
year 1.10231 tons coal tonne coal

5-85 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.28: Sample Calculation for Coal Mining Emissions, continued

Emissions from underground coal handling are:

4
4
4
CH ,handling
CH ,handling 4
0.00090 tonnes CH 200,000 tons tonnes coal
E
year 1.10231 tons coal tonne coal
=

Total emissions from coal mining are:

4 4 4
4
CH ,total CH ,mining CH ,handling 4
CH ,total 4
E = E +E = 927.14+163.29 tonnes CH /yr
E = 1,090.43 tonnes CH /yr

5.6.8 Chemical Production
Small amounts of CH
4
are released during the production of some petrochemicals. This section
presents simple emission factors, developed from EPA annual inventory data, for the following
chemical processes (EPA, 2009):
Carbon black made from the incomplete combustion of an aromatic petroleum or coal-
based feedstock. It is most commonly added to rubber to improve strength and abrasion
resistance, and the tire industry is the largest consumer.
Ethylene used in the production of plastics such as polymers.
Ethylene dichloride an important intermediate in the synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
It is also used as an industrial solvent and fuel additive.
Methanol an alternative transportation fuel as well as a principal ingredient in paints,
solvents, refrigerants, and disinfectants. Methanol-based acetic acid is used in making
certain plastics and polyester fibers.
Nitrous oxide emissions result from two additional chemical processes: adipic acid and nitric acid
production. Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of synthetic fibers, coatings, plastics, urethane
foams, elastomers, and synthetic lubricants. Food-grade adipic acid is used as a flavor additive.
Nitrous oxide is generated as a by-product of nitric acid oxidation in the second stage of a two-
stage production process. Nitric acid (HNO
3
) is an inorganic compound used primarily to make
5-86 August 2009
synthetic commercial fertilizers. It is typically produced by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia,
where N
2
O is formed as a by-product.
Table 5-22 provides average emission factors for each of the chemical processes described above
based on production rate (EPA, 2009). The CH
4
emission factors are based on material balances of
the petrochemical processes. The N
2
O emission factors are based on facility data and account for
the use of N
2
O abatement technologies, such as non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR).
Emissions are estimated by multiplying the chemical production rate by the appropriate emission
factor based on the process type, and for N
2
O, the abatement method.

Table 5-22. Chemical Production Emission Factors
Chemical Production Process
Emission Factor
a
,
Original units
Emission Factor,
Converted Units
Carbon black 11 kg CH
4
/tonne produced 0.011 tonne CH
4
/tonne produced
Ethylene 1 kg CH
4
4
/tonne produced
Ethylene dichloride 0.4 kg CH
4
4
/tonne produced
Methanol 2 kg CH
4
4
/tonne produced
Nitric acid
- with NSCR 2 kg N
2
O/tonne produced 0.002 tonne N
2
O/tonne produced
- without NSCR
b
9 kg N
2
O/tonne produced 0.009 tonne N
2
O/tonne produced
Adipic acid

- with catalyic abatement
c
0.053 kg N
2
O/kg produced 0.053 tonne N
2
O/tonne produced
- with thermal abatement
d
0.013 kg N
2
2
O/tonne produced
- without abatement 0.3 kg N
2
2
O/tonne produced
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, April 15, 2009, pgs 4-20,
4-22, and 4-26.
b
Note that selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and extended absorption are not known to reduce N
2
O emissions.
c
Catalytic abatement is assumed to have a destruction efficiency of 92.5% of N
2
O and a utility factor of 89% (IPCC, 2006).
d
Thermal abatement is assumed to have a destruction efficiency of 98.5% of N
2
O and a utility factor of 97% (EPA, 2009).

5.7 Non-Routine Activities
Non-routine emissions involve venting events that result in CH
4
emissions, and possibly CO
2

emissions for CO
2
-rich streams. Non-routine emissions are grouped into the following two
categories:
1. Maintenance or turnaround activities that are planned, and
2. Other releases that result from unplanned events.
5-87 August 2009
Maintenance and turnaround activities may cause intentional releases of process gas to the
atmosphere to provide a safer work environment. For example, the gas blowdown of process
equipment may be necessary to safely perform maintenance work. The blowdown of natural gas
from process equipment to the atmosphere results in CH
4
, and possibly CO
2
emissions.
When the process equipment is put back in service following maintenance work, it may be
necessary to purge the lines or equipment with process gas to prevent the formation of a flammable
mixture of CH
4
and oxygen. An inert gas, such as nitrogen or natural gas, can be used for the
purging process. Methane and possibly CO
2
emissions result when natural gas used for purging
equipment is vented to the atmosphere.
Emergency or upset conditions are examples of other non-routine releases that can occur
throughout the various segments of the oil and natural gas industry. Often, these conditions
automatically trigger the depressurization of process equipment to ensure safe operating
conditions. For example, PRVs and ESDs are installed to relieve pressure during emergency
conditions.
This section provides two methods for estimating non-routine emissions from petroleum
operations, as presented in Figure 5-7. The first is based on engineering calculations of the volume
released, documentation of the non-routine release events, and the concentration of CH
4
(and CO
2
,
if significant) in the gas stream. The second approach is based on simplified emission factors
developed from an inventory of company practices or from specific measurement programs. The
emission factors for these sources tend to be segment specific, so each industry segment is
discussed separately (See Sections 5.7.2 through 5.7.6).

Figure 5-7. Decision Tree for Non-Routine Activities
Use engineering calculation
approach. See Equation.5-24.
Yes
Use simplified emission factors
based on industry segment. See
Sections 5.7.2 through 5.7.6.
No
Is information available on the
number of release events and the
volume released per event?
5-88 August 2009
5.7.1 Engineering Calculation Approach
Emissions from maintenance activities or emergency conditions (e.g., well water removal or
offshore emergency shutdowns) can generally be estimated by the following equation:
4 2
4 2 4 2
CH or CO
CH or CO CH or CO
MW
Gas Volume Released #Events
E Mole%
Event Year molar volume conversion
=
(Equation 5-24)
where
E
4
CH or
2
CO
= emissions of CH
4
or CO
2
emissions in units of mass, and
Molar volume
conversion
m
3
/kgmole @ 60F and 14.7 psia).

Engineering assumptions may be required to estimate the volume of gas released. For example,
the volume released may be based on the internal volume of a piece of equipment or the volume
contained within a pipe section (assuming the entire contents are released) and converted from
actual cubic feet of gas to standard cubic feet using the density of the gas. For gas pipeline pigging
operations, the volume released would be based on the segment of pipeline depressurized plus the
volume of the pig catcher or launcher. Note that emissions associated with oil pipeline pigging
operations should be calculated in a manner similar to emissions from crude tank flashing, which is
described in Section 5.4.1.
The density of the gas can be calculated using an additional term in the gas law, presented in
Section 3.5, Equation 3-4:
PV nRT z = (Equation 5-25)
where
P = pressure (psia or atm);
V = volume;
z = compressibility factor, tables for CH
4
and CO
2
are provided in Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, Tables 3-172 and 3-166, respectively (Perry, 1984);
n = number of moles;
R = gas constant; and
T = absolute temperature (R or K).

5-89 August 2009
Rearranging, the equation becomes:
RT
PV
n
z
= (Equation 5-26)
Using this equation, the moles of gas emitted can be converted to a mass basis by applying the
molecular weight of CH
4
or CO
2
as shown in Equation 5-27.
4 2 4 2 4 2
CH or CO CH or CO CH or CO
Moles Gas Released #Events
E Mole% MW
Event Year
= (Equation 5-27)
An example of this approach is demonstrated in Exhibit 5.29.

EXHIBIT 5.29: Sample Calculation for Estimating Non-Routine Emissions

INPUT DATA:
The volume of gas vented from a vessel (e.g., a separator) must take into account whether or not
the fluids contained within the vessel will need to be removed to perform the desired maintenance
activity. For example, a low pressure separator, operating at 100 psig and ambient temperature
(~80 F), that is blown down to replace a gauge or a relief valve will likely leave the fluid levels
intact and remove only the gas. The vessel dimensions are 4 ft in diameter and 10 ft long. The gas
composition in the separator is 90% CH
4
with no CO
2
. Calculate the CH
4
emissions assuming that
the liquid volume occupies 1/3 of the vessel.

The first step in calculating emissions is to calculate the total volume (V
T
) of the vessel in the
separator. The actual volume is estimated based upon the internal dimensions:
2
2 3
4ft
V r L 10 ft (actual)=125.7 ft (actual)
2

= =

The volume of gas (VG) released is a fraction of this total volume as defined by:

( )
3
G t L T
1
V = (V -V )/V = 125.7- 125.7 /125.7 = 83.8 ft estimated
3

The moles of gas released is then calculated using Equation 5-26. The compressibility factor for
CH
4
is determined to be 0.9864 (Perry, 1984).

5-90 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.29: Sample Calculation for Estimating Non-Routine Emissions, continued

( )
3
3
o
o
(100 psig+14.7) 83.8 ft
n = 1.68 lbmoles gas/blowdown event
psi ft
0.986410.73 539.7 R
lbmole R
=

Finally, the CH
4
emissions are calculated using Equation 5-27:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.9 lbmoles CH 16 lb CH 1.68 lbmoles gas 1 blowdown tonne
E =
blowdown event lbmoles gas lbmole CH yr 2204.62 lb

The volume (V) of gas released in Equation 5-25 is typically based on equipment design
specifications for the vessel/pipeline/equipment of interest. In the absence of such design data, the
CAPP document, Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas
Facilities, provides guidance on estimating the volumes for several vessel types (CAPP, 2002,
Section 3.2.4). These vessel types include horizontal and vertical cylinders, and hemispherical and
ellipsoidal end caps. Standard engineering equations for estimating internal volumes may be
applied and are described in the CAPP document referenced above. The CAPP document also
provides volumes per meter of pipeline length for several pipe sizes and schedules (CAPP, 2002,
Table 3-8). These volumes are provided in Appendix B.
Use of the gas law is most appropriate for situations where the entire volume of the vessel is blown
down and the volume of gas released is finite. More rigorous engineering approaches are needed
for a blowdown situation where only a portion of the vessel contents is released.
5.7.2 Production Related Non-Routine Emissions
Production Segment Maintenance/Turnaround Activities
A summary of the CH
4
emission factors from production segment maintenance and turnaround
activities is presented in Table 5-23. Note that some of the factors presented in Table 5-23 are
provided on an equipment count basis, not a per-event basis. The majority of these emission
factors are taken from the GRI/EPA study (Shires, Volume 7, 1996). The gas and oil well
5-91 August 2009
workover emission factors are taken from a report by Pipeline Systems Incorporated (PSI, 1990).
Gas well completion data are taken from an Energy Information Administration report
(EIA, 2001).

4
Emission Factors for Maintenance
and Turnaround Activities
Source
CH
4
Emission
Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,
Converted to Tonnes
Basis

CH
4
Content
Basis of
Factor
c
Uncertainty
d
(%)
Vessel blowdowns 78 scfy/vessel 0.0015 tonnes/vessel-yr 78.8 mole % 326
Compressor starts
e
8,443
scfy/compressor
0.1620 tonnes/
compressor-yr
78.8 mole % 190
Compressor
blowdowns
3,774
scfy/compressor
0.07239 tonnes/
compressor-yr
78.8 mole % 179
Gas well workovers
f

(tubing maintenance)
2,454 scf/workover 0.04707
tonnes/workover
Not given 924
Oil well workovers
f

(tubing maintenance)
96 scf/workover 0.0018 tonnes/workover Not given Not available
Gathering gas pipeline
blowdowns
309 scfy/mile 0.00593 tonnes/mile-yr 78.8 mole % 39.5
0.00368 tonne/km-yr
Onshore gas well
completion
g

1,71210
3
scf/
completion-day
25.9 tonne/completion-
day
78.8 mole % Not available
Offshore gas well
completion
g

~8,70010
3
scf/
completion-day
131.5 tonne/completion-
day
Oil pump stations
(maintenance)
h

1.56 lb/yr-station 7.076E-04
tonnes/station-yr
Not given Not available
a
Shires, T.M. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 7: Blow and Purge Activities, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.24 and EPA-
600/R-96-080g, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
CH
4
3
are based on 60F and 14.7 psia. The CH
4
emission factors can be adjusted based on the relative
concentrations of CH
4
and CO
2
to estimate CO
2
emissions.
c
Shires, T.M., and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6: Vented and Combustion Source Summary,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
d
e
An EPA Gas STAR paper on engine starts reports that typical production compressor engine start-ups vent 1,000 to 5,000 scf of gas with each
start-up attempt (EPA Gas STAR, PRO Fact Sheet No. 101, September 2004). This equates to 0.015 to 0.076 tonnes CH
4
/start-up attempt
assuming 78.8 mole % CH
4
in the gas.
f
Factor taken from: Tilkicioglu, B.H. Annual Methane Emission Estimate of the Natural Gas Systems in the United States, Phase II, Pipeline
Systems Incorporated (PSI), September 1990. An EPA Gas STAR paper on installing plunger lift systems in gas wells presents a gas well
workover emission factor of 2000 scf CH
4
/workover, which equates to 0.0384 tonnes CH
4
/workover (EPA Gas STAR, Lessons Learned -
Installing Plunger Lift Systems in Gas Wells, October 2003). Gas STAR also reports that the number of gas well workovers conducted in a year
typically ranges from 1 to 15.
g
EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Markets: Mid-Term Prospects for Natural Gas Supply, December 2001. Cites data for initial rates of production for
completions in 2000. Offshore factor interpolated from chart "Initial Flow Rates of New Natural Gas Well Completions, 1985-2000." The total
gas basis was converted to a CH
4
basis assuming 78.8 mole % CH
4
in production using the GRI/EPA average CH
4
composition for production
operations.
h
Tilkicioglu, B.H and D.R. Winters. Annual Methane Emission Estimate of the Natural Gas and Petroleum Systems in the United States.
Pipeline Systems Incorporated (PSI), December 1989.

5-92 August 2009
The maintenance emission factors given in Table 5-23 can be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of
the site-specific gas, if the natural gas has a significantly different CH
4
content from the default
basis (if given). Also, if the facility gas contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission
4
and CO
2
the CO
2
emissions.
The maintenance activities listed in Table 5-23 are non-routine activities that result in intentional
releases of gas (including CH
4
) to the atmosphere. Vessel blowdowns refer to blowdowns of the
various production process vessels including separators, dehydrators, and in-line heaters.
Compressor starts are vented emissions of the natural gas used to start the engine. If the
compressor is started with air, there would be no CH
4
emissions from this activity. Compressor
blowdowns occur when the compressor is depressurized to the atmosphere when it is shutdown.
Pipeline blowdowns may occur for repair work or when lines are put out of service.
Well workovers refer to activities performed to restore or increase production. Workover activities
involve pulling the tubing from the well to repair tubing corrosion or other downhole equipment
problems. If the well has positive pressure at the surface, the well is killed by replacing the gas
and oil in the column with a heavier fluid, such as mud or water, to stop the flow of oil and natural
gas. A small amount of gas is released as the tubing is removed from the open surface casing.
Derivation of the GRI/EPA emission factors for well workovers was based on data from a limited
number of production fields collected by Pipeline Systems Incorporated (PSI, 1990).
Well completions are associated with the final step of the well drilling. After a well is drilled, the
well bore and reservoir near the well have to be cleaned. This is accomplished by producing the
well to pits or tanks where sand, cuttings, and other reservoir fluids are collected for disposal. This
step is also useful to evaluate the well production rate to properly size the production equipment.
The vented gas well completion CH
4
emission factors were derived based on the initial rates of
production in 2000 (EIA, 2001). Actual data on the volume of gas vented due to completion
activities would provide a more rigorous emission estimate. The emission factors from Table 5-23
may be used when producing the wells to pits or tanks after the completion, in the absence of such
data. The natural gas from the completion process can either be vented to the atmosphere or flared.
Note that if well completion gas is flared, emissions should be calculated using the combusting
methodology discussed in Section 4.6.
A method known as green completions may be utilized where the well completion gas is
captured by temporary equipment brought to the site to clean up the gas to the point that it can be
5-93 August 2009
sent to the sales line, thus avoiding vented emissions. If green completion methods are used to
recover any of the well completion emissions, the uncontrolled (vented) CH
4
emission factor must
be multiplied by the non-recovered fraction associated with the green completion method. The
percent recovery via green completions should be based on site-specific data.
The oil pump station emission factor is based on an estimate of annual maintenance activities and
an assumed CH
4
content of 100 ppm in the crude (Tilkicioglu and Winters, 1989).
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.30 below that illustrates the use of the production
segment maintenance/turnaround-related emission factors.

EXHIBIT 5.30: Sample Calculation for Production Maintenance/Turnaround-Related
Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas production field has 10 low-pressure gas wells that send produced gas through 5 miles of
gathering pipeline. All of the wells required unloading and there were two well workovers
during the year. The field also has five process vessels and a compressor. The gas contains 70
mole % CH
4
and 8 mole % CO
2
. Calculate the maintenance/turnaround-related emissions, by
activity.

The equipment count for each maintenance related activity (vessel blowdowns, compressor
starts, etc.) is multiplied by the appropriate emission factor from Table 5-23. The emission
factors are corrected by the ratio of the site CH
4
content to the emission factor default CH
4

content. The well workover emission factor is not adjusted based on the site gas CH
4
content
because the default content for this emission factor is not given. Carbon dioxide emissions are
also estimated to account for the CO
2
content of the gas. Carbon dioxide emissions are
determined by adjusting the CH
4
emission factors based on the relative concentrations of CH
4

and CO
2
in the gas.

Emissions are calculated below, by maintenance activity.

Vessel blowdowns:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E = 5 vessels
vessel - yr 78.8 mole % CH

5-94 August 2009


2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2 2
4
E = 5 vessels
vessel - yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH

0.70 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas tonne mole
2
2
CO 2
CO

Compressor starts:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E = 1 compressor
compressor - yr 78.8 mole % CH

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2 2
4
E = 1 compressor
compressor - yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH

0.7 tonne mole CH tonne mole gas tonn
2
2
CO 2
e mole CO

Compressor blowdowns:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E = 1 compressor
compressor - yr 78.8 mole % CH

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E = 1 compressor
compressor - yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH

2
2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CO

5-95 August 2009


Gas well workovers:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.04707 tonne CH 2 well workovers
E =
yr workovers

2
2
4 4
CO
4 4
2 2
2
CO
0.04707 tonne CH tonne mole CH 2 well workovers tonne mole gas
E =
yr workovers 16 tonne CH 0.7 tonne mole CH
0.08 tonne mole CO 44 tonne CO

tonne mole gas tonne mole CO
E = 0.030 ton
2
nes CO /yr

Gathering pipeline blowdowns:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E = 5 miles
mile-yr 78.8 mole % CH

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4 4
2 2
0.00593 tonne CH 70 mole % CH tonne mole CH tonne mole gas
E = 5 miles
mile - yr 78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH 0.70 tonne mole CH

tonne mole gas tonne mole C
2
2
CO 2
O

With the exception of gas well completions, emission factors are not provided in this subsection for
well activities and events that can be calculated based on field data. Such activities include:
1. CO
2
well stimulation. Emissions from CO
2
well stimulation should be calculated using
an engineering approach. In the absence of site-specific data, a simplifying assumption is
5-96 August 2009
that the entire volume of CO
2
purchased for well stimulation is released to the
atmosphere.
2. Well unloading. Emissions from well unloading should be calculated using an
engineering approach.
3. Well blowouts. Well blowouts are very rare, unplanned events. Well blowouts result in
uncontrolled releases, the emissions from which can be calculated using well test data or
production data and duration.
Well unloading (also referred to as well blowdowns) is sometimes performed to remove water that
has accumulated in the tubing. During well unloading, the well is opened to the atmosphere;
downhole pressure then forces water out of the tubing. The quantity of gas vented from well
unloading depends on the duration of the unloading, which can be calculated based on field
conditions (formation, depth, etc.) Methane and CO
2
emissions from well unloading can be
estimated using an engineering approach based on the ideal gas law equation. Assuming a
standard gas temperature of 60F, the casing diameter, well depth, shut-in pressure, species
concentration, and species molecular weight can be substituted into the ideal gas law equation and
rearranged in terms of the mass emission rate as shown in the following equation:
4 2
4 2
7 2
CH or CO casing 4 2
CH or CO
1
E = (9.781 10 ) (D ) (Depth) (P) (CH or CO mole fraction)
# Blowdowns tonnes
(MW )
Year 2204.62 lb
z

(Equation 5-28)
where
E
4
CH or
2
CO
= CH
4
or CO
2
emissions (tonnes/year);
z = compressibility factor, tables for CH
4
and CO
2
are provided in Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook, Tables 3-172 and 3-166, respectively
(Perry, 1984). Assumed to be 1 for an ideal gas;
D
casing
= casing diameter (inches);
Depth = well depth (feet);
P = shut-in pressure (psig);
MW
4
CH
= molecular weight of CH
4
(16 lb/lb-mole); and
MW
2
CO
= molecular weight of CO
2
(44 lb/lb-mole).

A more detailed method for estimating emissions from well unloading is provided in Appendix B.
Note that emissions from well unloading include emissions from well workover activities;
applying the engineering approach and the well workover emission factor provided in Table 5-23
may overestimate emissions from this activity. Exhibit 5.31 illustrates the use of the engineering
equation to estimate well unloading emissions.
5-97 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.31: Sample Calculation for Estimating Well Unloading Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A well is unloaded once per month (or a total of 12 times per year). The casing diameter is 10
inches, the well depth is 12,000 feet, and the shut-in pressure is 250 psig. The gas that is vented
contains approximately 80 mole % CH
4
and 3 mole % CO
2
. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2

emissions.

The unloaded gas is assumed to be ideal (i.e., z is taken to be 1). The CH
4
emissions are estimated
using Equation 5-28:

4
4
7 2
CH
CH 4
1 12 Blowdowns tonnes
E = (9.781 10 ) (10) (12,000) (250) (0.80) (16)
1 Year 2204.62 lb

Similarly, CO
2
emissions are estimated using the same equation as used for CH
4
, with the
concentration and molecular weight for CO
2
substituted into the equation:

2
2
7 2
CO
CO 2
1 12 Blowdowns tonnes
E = (9.781 10 ) (10) (12,000) (250) (0.03) (44)
1 Year 2204.62 lb

Other Production Segment Releases
A summary of the CH
4
emission factors from other production segment venting releases is given in
Table 5-24. These non-routine activities are the result of unplanned events (such as during
emergency or upset conditions) that result in releases of gas (including CH
4
, and possibly CO
2
) to
the atmosphere. All of the emission factors given in Table 5-25 are taken from the GRI/EPA study
(Harrison, 1996; Shires, 1996), and are provided on an equipment count basis.
The GRI/EPA study developed emission factors for station ESD systems at offshore facilities and
for PRVs associated with either onshore or offshore production activities. ESDs are manual or
automatic safety systems that shut down and vent all rotating equipment when an emergency is
detected. The emission factor is based on an average number of ESD blowdowns vented to the
atmosphere on an annual basis.
5-98 August 2009
Similarly, the GRI/EPA study developed a PRV emission factor based on the average size and
duration of release events at production facilities. The amount of gas released through a PRV is
highly dependent on upstream gas pressure and valve size. A more detailed estimation method for
PRV releases is provided in Appendix B (CAPP, 2002, Section 3.2.3).
4
Emission Factors for Other
Non-Routine Releases
Source
CH
4
Emission
Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,
Converted to Tonnes
Basis

CH
4
Content
Basis of
Factor
Uncertainty
c
(%)
Pressure relief valves
releases
34 scfy/PRV 0.00065 tonnes/PRV-yr 78.8 mole % 310
Gathering gas pipeline
mishaps (dig-ins)
669 scfy/mile 0.0128 tonnes/mile-yr
0.00797 tonnes/km-yr
78.8 mole % 2,350
Offshore emergency
shutdown (ESD)
256,888
scfy/platform
4.9276 tonnes/platform-yr 78.8 mole % 276
a
Shires, T.M. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 7: Blow and Purge Activities, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.24 and
EPA-600/R-96-080g, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
CH
4
3
4
emission factors can be adjusted based on the
relative concentrations of CH
4
and CO
2
to estimate CO
2
emissions.
c
factor.
Dig-ins of gathering gas lines in production are unintentional mishaps that result in gas being
released to the atmosphere. Gathering crude pipelines may emit CH
4
, entrained in the crude at
pipeline pressure, but dig-in or leak emission factors for these pipelines are not readily available.
As with the maintenance emission factors presented earlier, the other release emission factors can
be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of the site-specific gas, if the natural gas has a significantly
different CH
4
content from the default basis (if given). Also, if the facility gas contains a
significant quantity of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission factor can be adjusted based on the relative
4
and CO
2
in the gas to estimate the CO
2
emissions.
An example calculation is given in Exhibit 5.32 that illustrates the use of emission factors from
other production segment non-routine emission sources.

5-99 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.32: Sample Calculation for Other Production Segment Non-routine
Emission Sources

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas production field has 60 PRVs. The gas from the field is transported
through 6 miles of gathering pipeline. The site gas has a typical CH
4
content and no CO
2
.
Calculate the non-routine emissions by activity.

The PRV count and gathering pipeline miles are each multiplied by the appropriate emission
factor from Table 5-24. The CH
4
emission factors are not corrected by the site CH
4
content
because it is similar to the default concentration associated with the emission factors. Emissions
are calculated below, by activity.

PRV releases:
4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.00065 tonne CH
E = 60 PRVs
PRV-yr

Gathering gas pipeline mishaps (Dig-ins):

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.0128 tonne CH
E = 6 miles
mile-yr

5.7.3 Gas Processing Related Non-Routine Emissions
Unlike the production segment, the gas processing segment emission factor is not separated into
the categories of maintenance and turnaround and other releases because of the data used in
their development (Shires, 1996). The GRI/EPA study developed emission factors associated with
station blowdown practices at gas processing facilities based on similarities between gas
processing and transmission station maintenance practices (Shires, 1996). Maintenance
blowdowns at gas plants include compressor blowdowns, compressor starts, and other
miscellaneous sources.
The processing plant blowdown emission factor is presented in Table 5-25. This emission factor
can be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of the site-specific gas if the natural gas has a
5-100 August 2009
significantly different CH
4
content from the default basis. Also, if the facility gas contains
significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission factor can be adjusted based on the relative
4
and CO
2
2
emissions.

Table 5-25. Gas Processing Segment CH
4
Emission Factor for Non-Routine
Activities
Source
CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
b
,

CH
4
Content
Basis of Factor
Uncertainty
c
(%)
Gas
processing
non-routine
emissions
184 scf/10
6
scf processed 3.524E-03 tonne/10
6
scf
processed

0.1244 tonnes/10
6
m
3

processed

a
Derived from estimated processing blowdown vented methane emissions (2.9475 Bscf/yr, [Harrison et al., Vol. 2, 1996]) and estimated annual
gas processed (16,045.855 Bscf/yr [DOE, 1993]).
b
CH
4
3
are based on 60F and 14.7 psia. The average CH
4
concentration associated with these emission
factors is provided in Table E-4. The CH
4
4
and CO
2
to estimate CO
2

emissions.
c
factor.

Due to the hazards associated with H
2
S, venting of sour gas is generally avoided/prohibited.
Where the sour gas stream is routed to a combustion control device, the methodologies provided in
Section 4.7 should be applied.
An example is provided in Exhibit 5.33.

EXHIBIT 5.33: Sample Calculation for Processing Non-Routine Related Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A natural gas processing facility treats 2010
6
m
3
of gas per day. The facility gas has a typical
CH
4
content and no CO
2
. Estimate the blowdown emissions for this facility.

The processing plant throughput is multiplied by the emission factor presented in Table 5-25.
The CH
4
emission factor is not corrected by the site CH
4
content because the composition is
assumed to be consistent with the default emission factor CH
4
content.

Gas processing plant blowdowns:

6 3
4
4 4 6 3
0.1244 tonnes CH 20 10 m 365 days
CH : 908 tonnes CH /yr
day yr 10 m
=

5-101 August 2009
5.7.4 Transmission Related Non-Routine Emissions
Transmission related non-routine emissions are associated primarily with natural gas and LNG
systems, since the distribution of petroleum liquids is primarily associated with refined liquids that
do not contain CH
4
. Transmission of live crude should be accounted for through the use of
gathering pipelines, which are addressed in Section 5.7.2.
Consistent with the gas processing segment, the transmission segment emission factors include
both maintenance and turnaround and other releases from non-routine activities. A summary
of the CH
4
emission factors from the transmission segment non-routine activities is presented in
Table 5-26. Note that the factors shown in Table 5-26 are provided on an equipment/facility count
basis, not a per-event basis. The emission factors are based on a mixture of U.S. and Canadian
data.
The gas compressor station blowdown emission factor is an overall station factor that includes
compressor blowdowns, compressor starts, PRV releases, ESD activation, and other non-routine
venting (Shires and Loughran, 2001). The vented emission factor for meter and pressure
regulating (M&R) stations is based on company data from a Canadian study (URS Corporation,
2001). The gas transmission pipeline venting emission factor is based on transmission pipeline
blowdowns due to maintenance activities, such as pipe repairs or pigging operations (Shires and
Loughran, 2001).
Gas storage stations include both below-ground facilities and above-ground LNG facilities. The
storage stations have similar non-routine practices to those of compressor stations, and are thus
categorized with transmission sector emission factors (Shires, 1996).
The miscellaneous factor includes M&R, odorizer, drips
7
, sampling, pigging, and dehydrators.
These miscellaneous activities can be quite variable so using a material balance equation approach
would provide a better emission estimate. For example, emissions of CH
4
(and CO
2
if present in
the gas) released from drips could be estimated based on the volume of gas entrained in the liquid
and the liquid quantity captured. Any other gas venting from this operation would also be
estimated using a material balance approach based on how the separation takes place, if such gas
venting occurs.
The non-routine emission factors given in Table 5-26 can be adjusted based on the CH
4
content of
the site-specific gas if the natural gas has a significantly different CH
4
content from the default

7
Pipeline drips involve removing liquids in gas pipelines using in-line separators.
5-102 August 2009
basis (if given). Also, if the facility gas contains significant quantities of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission
4
and CO
2
the CO
2
emissions.

Table 5-26. Transmission Segment CH
4
Emission Factors for Non-Routine
Activities
Source
CH
4
Emission Factor,
Original Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Converted to Tonnes
Basis
CH
4
Content
Basis of
Factor
Uncertainty
b
(%)
Compressor blowdowns
c
2,457 10
3
scfy/station 47.14 tonnes/station-yr 93.4 mole% 168
Gas compressor station
blowdowns
d,e

5,300 10
3
scfy/station 101.7 tonnes/station-yr 93.4 mole % 64.3
Engine starts
c
1,515 10
3
PRV lifts
c
192 10
3
f

ESD activation
c
415 10
3
M&R station blowdowns
g
0.020 10
6
m
3
/sation-yr 13.75 tonnes/station-yr 95 mole % Not available
Miscellaneous (includes
M&R, odorizer, drips,
sampling, pigging,
dehydrators)
c

1,134 10
3

scfy/station
21.75 tonnes/station-yr 93.4 mole% 43.3
Gas transmission pipelines
venting/blowdowns
d,e

40,950 scfy/mile 0.7855 tonnes/mile-yr 93.4 mole % 73.3
0.4881 tonnes/km-yr
Gas storage station venting
h
4,359 10
3

scfy/station
83.61 tonnes/station-yr 93.4 mole % 334
a
CH
4
3
4
emission factors can be adjusted based on the relative
4
and CO
2
to estimate CO
2
emissions.
b
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original emission factor.
c
Developed from data used for the June 1996 GRI/EPA methane emissions study. Emission factors are based on averaging data by site. The average
CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors is provided in Table E-4.
d
See derivation in Appendix B.
e
Radian International. 1995 Air Emissions Inventory of the Canadian Natural Gas Industry, Final Report, Canadian Gas Association Standing
Committee on Environment, September 1997.
f
Based on engineering judgement.
g
URS Corporation. Updated Canadian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1995, Emission Factor Documentation. Technical Memorandum,
Final, October 2001.
h
Shires, T.M. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 7: Blow and Purge Activities, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.24 and EPA-
600/R-96-080g, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The average CH
4
concentration associated with these
emission factors is provided in Table E-4.
An example calculation shown in Exhibit 5.34 illustrates the use of the transmission segment non-
routine emissions.
Note that Table 5-27 does not provide an emission factor for surge or breakout tanks. These tanks
are used to provide excess volume to relieve pressure in a liquid pipeline system or to provide
temporary storage when switching product lines or performing maintenance on the pipeline
system. Breakout tanks is the preferred terminology for storage tanks in liquid pipeline
operations, while the term surge tanks is generally associated with processing or pipeline
pressure relief applications.
5-103 August 2009
In oil field operations, these tanks are generally open to the atmosphere and could result in flashing
losses (working and breathing losses are significantly smaller that flashing losses). Emissions from
these tanks would be estimated using the approaches presented in Section 5.4.1 (flashing losses).
If the tank type is unknown, a simplifying assumption is to estimate flashing losses for a fixed roof
tank.
In pipeline operations, these pipeline tanks typically would not experience flashing losses and
would likely have a floating roof to control emissions. Emissions from these tanks would be
estimated using the approaches presented in Section 5.4.2 (working/standing losses).

EXHIBIT 5.34: Sample Calculation for Transmission Non-Routine Related
Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas transmission system has 50 miles of gas transmission lines and two compressor stations.
The natural gas in the transmission system has a typical CH
4
content and no CO
2
. Calculate the
non-routine emissions, by activity.

The compressor station count and transmission pipeline miles are each multiplied by the
appropriate emission factor from Table 5-26. The CH
4
emission factors are not corrected by the
site CH
4
content because the composition is assumed to be consistent with the default emission
factor CH
4
content. As noted above, the gas for this exhibit does not contain CO
2
.

Compressor station blowdowns:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
101.7 tonne CH
E = 2 stations
station-yr

Transmission gas pipeline blowdowns:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.7855 tonne CH
E = 50 miles
mile-yr

5-104 August 2009
5.7.5 Distribution Related Non-Routine Emissions
Distribution related non-routine emissions are associated with natural gas systems, since the
distribution of petroleum liquids is primarily associated with refined liquids that do not contain
CH
4
. Distribution segment CH
4
emission factors from non-routine activities are presented in
Table 5-27. Note that the factors shown in Table 5-27 are provided on an equipment/facility count
basis, not a per-event basis. The M&R station blowdown emission factor and the emission factor
for odorizer and gas sampling vents are based on a Canadian study (Shires and Loughran, 2001)
while the other emission factors are taken from the GRI/EPA Study Volume 2 (Harrison, et al.,
1996).
The M&R station blowdown emission factor includes emissions from station blowdowns and
purges as well as pneumatic isolation valve venting. The pipeline blowdown emission factor is
based on gas distribution pipeline blowdowns due to maintenance activities, such as pipe repairs,
abandonment, or installation.
Table 5-27. Gas Distribution Segment CH
4
Routine Activities
Source
CH
4
Emission
Factor, Original
Units
CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Converted to Tonnes
Basis

CH
4

Content
Basis of
Factor
Uncertainty
b
(%)
M&R Station
maintenance/upsets
c

4.27 m
3
/station-yr 0.002895 tonnes/station-yr 94.8 mole % Not
available
Odorizer and gas sampling
vents
c

33.59 m
3
/station-yr 0.02275 tonnes/station-yr 94.8 mole % Not
available
Pipeline blowdowns (based on
mains and services length)
d,e
1,679 scfy/mile 0.03220 tonnes/mile-yr
93.4 mole % 117
Pipeline mishaps (dig-ins)
(based on mains and services
length)
f
1,585 scfy/mile 0.03040 tonnes/mile-yr
93.4 mole % 2,600
Pressure relief valves (based on
pipeline mains length)
f

50 scfy/mile 9.591E-04 tonnes/mile-yr
5.959E-04 tonnes/km-yr
93.4 mole % 19,300
a
CH
4
3
b
factor.
c URS Corporation. Updated Canadian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1995, Emission Factor Documentation, Technical Memorandum,
Final, October 2001.
d
See derivation in Appendix B.
e
Radian International. 1995 Air Emissions Inventory of the Canadian Natural Gas Industry, Final Report, Canadian Gas Association Standing
Committee on Environment, September 1997.
f
Harrison et.al., Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry Volume 2, June 1996.

Dig-ins are unintentional mishaps that result in gas being released to the atmosphere from main or
service distribution gas pipelines.
5-105 August 2009
Similar to the transmission segment, the non-routine emission factors given in Table 5-27 can be
adjusted based on the CH
4
content of the site-specific gas, if the natural gas has a significantly
different CH
4
content from the default basis. Also, if the facility gas contains significant quantities
of CO
2
, the CH
4
emission factor can be adjusted based on the relative concentrations of CH
4
and
CO
2
2
emissions.
An example calculation shown in Exhibit 5.35 illustrates the use of the distribution segment non-
routine emissions.

EXHIBIT 5.35: Sample Calculation for Distribution Non-Routine Related Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas distribution system has 20 miles of gas distribution main lines and three M&R stations.
The natural gas in the distribution system has a typical CH
4
content and a no CO
2
. Calculate the
non-routine emissions, by activity type.

The M&R station count and pipeline miles are each multiplied by the appropriate emission factor
from Table 5-27. The CH
4
emission factors are not corrected by the site CH
4
content because the
composition is assumed to be consistent with the default emission factor CH
4
content. As noted
above, the gas for this exhibit does not contain CO
2
. Emissions are calculated below, by activity
type.

M&R station blowdowns:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.002895 tonne CH
E = 3 stations
station-yr

Odorizer and gas sampling vents:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.02275 tonne CH
E = 3 stations
station-yr

5-106 August 2009

EXHIBIT 5.35: Sample Calculation for Distribution Non-Routine Related Emissions,
continued

Distribution gas pipeline blowdowns:

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.03220 tonne CH
E = 20 miles
mile-yr

Distribution gas pipeline mishaps (dig-ins):

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
0.03040 tonne CH
E = 20 miles
mile-yr

Distribution pressure relief valves:

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
9.59110 tonne CH
E = 20 miles
mile-yr

5.7.6 Refining Related Non-Routine Emissions
Non-routine activities in refineries include equipment or process blowdowns, heater or boiler tube
decoking, pressure relief valves, or emergency shut downs. Gas releases from these sources are
generally routed to the fuel gas system or to a flare. Therefore, emissions from these sources
would be included with the combustion source estimates.
Compressor starts at refineries generally use compressed air. However, if refinery fuel gas is used
to start compressor turbines, the emission factors presented for the production segment can be used
to estimate CH
4
emissions, adjusting for the CH
4
composition in the fuel gas. Similarly,
production segment emission factors can be used if refinery equipment blowdowns are vented
directly to the atmosphere.
5-107 August 2009
5.8 Fire Suppressant Emissions
The use of fire suppression equipment may result in high GWP emissions as a result of using
substitutes for ODSs. The GHGs of concern from such fire suppression equipment are typically
HFCs or PFCs. The global warming potentials for such HFCs and PFCs are typically several
thousand times larger than for CO
2
. Carbon dioxide may also be used as a fire suppressant.
To estimate fire extinguisher emissions, a material balance approach, such as provided by
Equation 5-29 (EPA, 2006), should be used. The material balance should consider the amount of
fire suppressant released in each event, the number of events annually, and the composition of the
particular GHG in the fire suppressant. Emissions from fuel burned during fires should be
calculated using the methodology described in Section 4.
j+1
k
j C
i=1
E = r Q
(Equation 5-29)

where
E
j
= total emissions of chemical released in year j, by weight;
r = percentage of total chemical in operation released to the atmosphere;
Q
C
= quantity of chemical used in new fire extinguishing equipment one lifetime (k) ago
(e.g., j k +1), by weight;
i = counter, from 1 to lifetime (k);
j = year of emissions; and
k = average lifetime of the equipment.
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A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 6
F U G I T I V E E MI S S I O N S


Section 6 Fugitive Emissions Estimation Methods

August 2009

6-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
6.0 FUGITIVE EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS ............................................... 6-1
6.1 Equipment Leaks ........................................................................................ 6-2
6.1.1 Facility-Level Average Emission Factors Approach ........................ 6-5
6.1.2 Equipment-Level Average Emission Factors Approach ................ 6-13
6.1.3 Component-Level Average Emission Factors Approach .............. 6-27
2
Transport ..................................................... 6-38
6.1.5 Time Basis of Fugitive Equipment Leaks ...................................... 6-38
6.2 Other Fugitive Emissions .......................................................................... 6-38
6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment ................................................................. 6-39
6.2.2 Biotreaters .................................................................................... 6-45
6.3 Fluorinated Fugitive Emissions ................................................................. 6-46
6.3.1 Emissions from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment ..... 6-46
6.3.2 Electrical Equipment ..................................................................... 6-50
6.3.3 SF
6
Emissions from Pipeline Operations ...................................... 6-52
6.4 References ............................................................................................... 6-53

6-iii August 2009
List of Figures

Figure 6-1. Emission Estimation Approaches for Fugitive Equipment Leaks ........................... 6-3
Figure 6-2. Boundaries Between Crude and Natural Gas Production Equipment .................... 6-7
Figure 6-3. Wastewater Treatment ......................................................................................... 6-40
Figure 6-4. Refrigerant Emissions .......................................................................................... 6-47

6-iv August 2009
List of Tables

Table 6-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source-Specific Considerations
for Fugitive Sources ............................................................................................... 6-1
Table 6-2. Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission Factors ................................................... 6-8
Table 6-3. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Crude Production Equipment................... 6-15
Table 64. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Natural Gas Production Equipment ........ 6-16
4
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Processing Equipment ............... 6-17
Table 66. Fugitive Emission Factors for Natural Gas Transmission and Storage
Equipment ............................................................................................................ 6-17
Table 67. Fugitive Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Equipment ................................... 6-18
Table 68. Fugitive Emission Factors for Distribution M&R Stations ...................................... 6-19
Table 69. More Detailed Fugitive Emission Factors for Natural Gas Transmission
Equipment ............................................................................................................ 6-22
Table 610. More Detailed Fugitive Emission Factors for Natural Gas Distribution
Equipment ............................................................................................................ 6-24
Table 611. Fugitive Emission Factor from Underground Plastic Pipelines by
Construction Year ................................................................................................ 6-26
Table 6-12. EPA Average Oil and Natural Gas Production Emission Factors ........................ 6-29
Table 6-13. API Average Offshore Fugitive Emission Factors ................................................ 6-29
Table 6-14. API Oil and Natural Gas Production Average Emission Factors ......................... 6-30
Table 6-15. Natural Gas Plant, Gathering Compressor Station, and Well Site Average
Emission Factors ................................................................................................. 6-31
Table 6-16. API Natural Gas Plant Average Emission Factors ............................................... 6-31
Table 6-17. Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Station Component Emission
Factors ................................................................................................................. 6-32
Table 6-18. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Average Emission Factors .................... 6-33
Table 6-19. Natural Gas Distribution Meter/Regulator Stations Average Emission
Factors ................................................................................................................. 6-34
Table 6-20. Natural Gas Distribution Commercial and Residential Sites Average
Emission Factors ................................................................................................. 6-34
Table 6-21. Additional Natural Gas Facility Average Emission Factors, ................................. 6-35
Table 6-22. Additional Oil Facility Average Emission Factors ................................................ 6-36
Table 6-23. Default MCF Values for Aerobic Industrial Wastewater Treatment ..................... 6-41
Table 6-24. Default MCF Values for Anaerobic Industrial Wastewater Treatment ................. 6-42
Table 6-25. Default Operating Emission Factors for Refrigeration / Air Conditioning
Equipment ............................................................................................................ 6-48
Table 6-26. Global Warming Potentials for Refrigeration Blends ........................................... 6-48
Table 627. Usage-Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical Equipment ..................... 6-50

6-v August 2009
Table 628. Distance-Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical Transmission and
Distribution ........................................................................................................... 6-51

6-1 August 2009
6.0
FUGITIVE EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS
Fugitive emissions refer to unintentional emissions from equipment leaks. Any pressurized
equipment has the potential to leak; these leaks generally occur through valves, flanges, seals, or
related equipment associated with live crude or gas system components. Leaks from equipment
used in association with weathered crude or other refined oil and natural gas products will not
emit CH
4
or CO
2
, because weathered crude and refined oil and natural gas products do not
contain CH
4
or CO
2
.
1

Fugitive emissions also come from non-point evaporative sources, such as from wastewater
treatment, pits, impoundments, and mine tailing pond surface emissions. This section presents
methods for estimating CH
4
and potentially CO
2
emissions from these fugitive sources. Table 6-1
illustrates the range of available options for estimating fugitive GHG emissions and associated
considerations.

Table 6-1. Emission Estimation Approaches GHG and Source-Specific
Considerations for Fugitive Sources
Types of Approaches
CH
4
Non-combustion
Emissions
CO
2
Emissions PFC, HFC, SF
6

Emissions
Published emission
factors
Based on average
equipment and
emission source
characteristics
Limited emission
factors specific to
non-combustion CO
2

emissions
May be scaled from
CH
4
emission factors
Simplified
estimations are based
on average
equipment and
emission source
characteristics are
consistent with low
contribution to
overall emissions
Engineering calculations Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
input data
Highly reliable for
many emission
sources
input data
Material balance
methods provide
good reliability
Requires data
tracking

1
For more information, see Appendix E.
Fugitive Emission Estimation Methods
6-2 August 2009
Considerations for Fugitive Sources, continued
Types of Approaches
CH
4
Non-combustion
Emissions
CO
2
Emissions PFC, HFC, SF
6

Emissions
Monitoring over a range
of conditions
and deriving emission
factors
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
Generally not
practical given the
substantial number of
emission sources
Generally not
practical given the
low contribution to
overall emissions
Generally not
practical given the
low contribution to
overall emissions
monitoring of emissions
or parameters for
calculating emissions
Highly reliable for
specific emission
sources
Generally not
practical given the
substantial number of
emission sources
Not practical given
the number of
emission sources and
the low contribution
to overall emissions
Not practical given
the number of
emission sources and
the low contribution
to overall emissions
6.1 Equipment Leaks
A variety of fugitive emission sources are related to oil and natural gas industry operations. The
type of fugitive emissions discussed in this subsection are equipment leaks from valves, flanges,
pump seals, compressor seals, relief valves, sampling connections, process drains, open-ended
lines, and other miscellaneous component types. There have been numerous documents published
outlining the estimation of fugitive emissions, some of which include CH
4
. In comparison, data on
fugitive equipment leaks of CO
2
are not generally presented because CO
2
emissions are more
commonly associated with combustion sources. It may be possible to adapt the estimation
methods presented for CH
4
to the few oil and natural gas operations for which CO
2
equipment
leaks might be of significance, such as with equipment from a CO
2
-enhanced oil production field.
This is addressed further as related to specific emission sources.
A number of emission factors and correlation equations have been developed for estimating
fugitive equipment leak emissions for VOC and TOC, for example, EPA Method 21. Many of
these approaches require monitoring data and calculations at the component level. The simpler
approaches recommended for most GHG fugitive equipment leak emissions are listed below, in
order of increasing data requirements and increasing accuracy:
1. Facility-level average emission factors;
6-3 August 2009
2. Equipment-level average emission factors;
3. Component-level average emission factors; and
4. Component-level measurement approaches.
When estimating the fugitive equipment leak contribution to a GHG inventory, the simplest
method should be used that meets the inventory accuracy needs and for which data are available.
Figure 6-1 presents the available options for consideration based on the overall contribution of the
fugitive emissions to the entitys inventory or the availability of information from a component
count program [e.g., leak detection and repair (LDAR)]. However, methodologies required by
regulations take precedence over the options provided in the decision trees.

Figure 6-1. Emission Estimation Approaches for Fugitive Equipment Leaks
The contribution of fugitive emissions to an overall facilitys GHG inventory varies with the type
of facility. For example, fugitive CH
4
emissions from a gas processing facility could be a
significant element of the total GHG inventory, so the accuracy of the fugitive emissions estimates
Use the resulting
facility-level emission
estimate.
No
Apply one of the component-level factors provided in Section 6.1.3.
OR If more detailed measurement information is available and/or
there is a requirement to use more detailed estimation methods,
apply one of the approaches provided in Appendix C.
Yes
No
Yes
facility-level approach from
Section 6.1.1.
Are the resulting emissions an
important contributor to the
facilitys overall emissions?
Estimate emissions
using the equipment-
level approach from
Section 6.1.2.
No
Yes
Are the emission results for use in
evaluating project-level emission
reductions? OR Is there a requirement to
use more detailed estimation methods?
Are gas composition
and component count
data available?
No
Yes Estimate emissions using the
facility-level approach from
Section 6.1.1 unless other
regulatory requirements apply.
Is the estimate for a
refinery operation?
6-4 August 2009
could be a determining factor in the overall facility inventory. Conversely, refinery fugitive
emissions will generally have an insignificant contribution to the total GHG inventory because
most refinery streams contain only small amounts of CH
4
(refer to Appendix E for more
information). Using a less detailed estimation method for refinery fugitive emissions would
generally be acceptable because the contribution of fugitive emissions would have very little
influence on the overall refinery inventory accuracy.
API conducted a study to quantitatively assess the contribution of fugitive CH
4
emissions from
equipment leaks to overall refinery GHG emissions. Emissions were estimated based on
component counts in natural gas and refinery fuel gas service, using average emission factors for
components in gas service provided by EPA (EPA, 1995). Fugitive CH
4
emissions were calculated
for two refineries:

A smaller fuels refinery with a rated capacity between 50,000 and 90,000 bbl feed/day; and
A larger refinery/petrochemical complex with a rated capacity between 100,000 and 199,000
bbl feed/day.
Results indicated that CH
4
emissions from equipment leaks represent 0.11% of total GHG
emissions for the smaller refinery and 0.19% of total emissions for the large refinery. Since other
large GHG emitting sources have uncertainties within the range of 1% to 5% of the overall GHG
inventory, a CH
4
fugitive emission contribution of 0.1% appears to be negligible. A summary
report on the study is provided in Appendix F.
The selection of a fugitive equipment leak estimation approach must also consider the data
available to support the estimate. Most fugitive estimation methods require a site-specific gas
composition to convert from a TOC, VOC, or default CH
4
concentration basis. The facility-level
average emission factor approach requires only identifying the type of facility and knowing its
capacity or a count of major equipment. General equipment counts are required for the second
approach. Component-level average emission factor approaches require a detailed count of
components (such as valves, connections, pump seals, etc.), and for some emissions factors, these
component counts will have to be by service type (such as for valves in gas, light liquid, or heavy
liquid service). Some of the more rigorous component-level approaches (presented in
Appendix C) also require monitoring data in addition to component counts.
Ultimately, accuracy must be balanced against the available data. If the available data will not
support an estimate of the needed accuracy, additional data gathering may be required. A balance
needs to be made as to whether the gains in accuracy justify the cost of additional data gathering.
6-5 August 2009
Methodologies need to be consistent with the contribution of particular sources to the overall
inventory.
6.1.1 Facility-Level Average Emission Factors Approach
Methane is the primary GHG in fugitive leak emissions. Applying average facility-level emission
factors is the simplest method for estimating CH
4
emissions from oil and natural gas operations.
The user simply needs to know the type of facility and its throughput or major equipment counts to
use these factors, such as onshore gas production in million standard cubic feet per day (scfd).
These facility-level factors were developed by aggregating component emission measurements and
activity factors for a typical facility, primarily for upstream gas industry facilities. Facility-level
emission factors are presented in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2 provides separate fugitive emission factors for oil and natural gas production operations.
However, oil and natural gas can be produced from the same well. For facilities that produce any
natural gas or are equipped similarly to the gas well schematic shown in Figure 6-2, the gas
production emission factors should be used. For facilities that do not market the associated gas, or
produce only crude or are equipped similar to the oil well schematic shown in Figure 6-2, the oil
production emission factors should be used.
For refineries, the facility-level approach should provide a reasonable estimate of the fugitive
emissions from the facility equipment. The level of accuracy should be sufficient for many
facilities. If the facility is atypical of the industry average or greater accuracy is needed to support
emission reduction estimates, one of the more rigorous approaches should be used. In addition,
methodologies required by regulations take precedence over the options outlined in Figure 6-1.
Fugitive equipment leaks at refineries or marketing terminals may occur from equipment handling
natural gas or fuel gas. However, leaks from equipment used in association with weathered
crude or other refined oil and natural gas products will not emit CH
4
or CO
2
, because weathered
crude and refined oil and natural gas products do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
.
2

In the absence of site-specific data for refineries, the emission factors provided in Table 6-2 may be
used to estimate CH
4
fugitive emissions from fuel gas and natural gas systems. These emission
factors were derived from data presented in the refinery CH
4
fugitive emissions study provided in
Appendix F. The study was conducted at two refineries: one with a capacity of 50,000 to 99,000

2
6-6 August 2009
bbl feed/day and the other one with a capacity of 100,000 to 199,000 bbl feed/day. The simple,
refinery facility-level fugitive emission factors for the fuel gas and natural gas systems were
estimated by dividing the CH
4
emission rates from the study by the refinery feed rate capacities.
The mid-point of the range of the capacities was used when deriving the emission factors. Since
these emission factors were derived from very limited data, they should be used with caution
because the fugitive emissions are likely to be highly variable depending on the refinery.
However, as noted earlier in Section 6.1, refinery CH
4
fugitive emissions represent a very small
fraction of the total GHG emissions based on the data provided in Appendix F.


6-7 August 2009

Figure 6-2. Boundaries Between Crude and Natural Gas Production
Equipment

F
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6-11 August 2009
In addition to CH
4
, CO
2
also may be released from fugitive sources if CO
2
is present in the gas
stream (e.g., enhanced oil recovery operations and some gas production operations). Fugitive
emission factors specific to CO
2
are limited in current, publicly available studies. As an
approximation, the CH
4
emission factor can be adjusted to account for the CO
2
composition of the
gas for fugitive sources other than underground pipelines. This conversion is shown in the
following equation and demonstrated in Exhibit 6.1.
2 2
2 4
4 4
MW CO mole% CO
CO EF CH EF
MW CH mole% CH

=

(Equation 6-1)
or
2 2
2 4
4 4
MW CO mole% CO
CO Emissions (tonnes/yr) CH Emissions (tonnes/yr)
MW CH mole% CH

=

(Equation 6-2)
where
EF = emission factor (mass/activity); and
MW = molecular weight (tonne/tonne-mole).
Fugitive emissions from leaks associated with pipeline transport of CO
2
are discussed in Section
6.1.4. Fugitive emissions from natural gas pipelines originate from two sources: (1) gas leaks that
result in CH
4
and CO
2
emissions in proportion to the gas composition and (2) the partial oxidation
of CH
4
as it migrates through the soil. The degree of oxidation depends on factors such as the
depth of cover, soil composition, and leak rate, which is a function of pipeline material. Both types
of CO
2
emissions are shown in the tables in this subsection.
Oxidation rates for different soil characteristics and fugitive leak rates for different pipeline
materials (cast iron, protected steel, unprotected steel, copper, and plastic) were measured as part
of the GRI/EPA U.S. methane emissions study (Campbell, et al., 1996). Equations 6-3 through 6-5
were used in developing the CO
2
emission factors for pipeline fugitive emissions. Equation 6-3
accounts for the portion of leaked CH
4
that is not oxidized to CO
2
.
( ) ( )
4
CH 4
EF Total CH leaked 100 % Soil Oxidation =
(Equation 6-3)
where
EF
4
CH
= emission factor for CH
4
emissions from pipeline fugitive leaks.
Equation 6-4 accounts for the CO
2
formed from the oxidation of leaked CH
4
as the gas migrates
through the soil.
6-12 August 2009
2 4
2
CO , Oxid. CH
4
MW CO 100 % Soil Oxidation
EF EF
100-% Soil Oxidation 100 MW CH

=

(Equation 6-4)
where
EF
2
CO , Oxid
= emission factor for CO
2
emissions from methane oxidation of
leaked CH
4;

100
100-% Soil Oxidation

= CH
4
emission factor correction to its "pre-oxidized" form;
% Soil Oxidation
100

= conversion from total moles of CH
4
to moles of CO
2
formed as a
result of oxidation; and
2
4
MW CO
MW CH

= conversion from molar basis to mass basis.

Equation 6-5 accounts for CO
2
that is emitted from pipeline fugitive leaks. This equation starts
with the CH
4
emission factor, which is converted to its "pre-oxidized" form by the second term.
The third term corrects for the molar ratio of CO
2
to CH
4
in the default gas composition, and the
final term corrects for the molecular weights of CO
2
and CH
4
.
2 4
2 2
CO , Leak CH
4 4
default mole% CO MW CO 100
EF EF
100-% Soil Oxidation default mole% CH MW CH

=

(Equation 6-5)
where
EF
2
CO , Leak
= emission factor for CO
2
emissions from pipeline fugitive leaks; and
2
4
default mol% CO
default mol% CH

= conversion from total moles of CH
4
to moles of CO
2
, based on
default molar concentrations for the gas.
The emission factors shown in Tables 6-2, 6-4, 6-6, 6-7, and 6-9 through 6-11 are based on average
emission rates for the types of pipelines in service in each industry sector. The fugitive emission
factors are based on default, average compositions. The default CH
4
or CO
2
content provided in
Table E-4 can be replaced with a user-specified gas analysis. In this case, the fugitive emission
estimates are adjusted by the ratio of the specified gas CH
4
or CO
2
concentration to the default CH
4

or CO
2
concentration provided in Table E-4. This correction is demonstrated in Exhibit 6.1.
Exhibit 6.1 demonstrates the use of facility-level average emission factors.

6-13 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.1: Sample Calculation for Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission
Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
An onshore oil production facility has a production throughput of 795 m
3
per day of crude. The
CH
4
content of the associated gas is 68 mole %, and the CO
2
content is 4 mole%. Assume that
the facility operates continuously throughout the year. Calculate the CH
4
and CO
2
emissions.

Methane emissions are calculated using the emission factor for onshore oil production from
Table 6-2, and correcting for the actual CH
4
composition of the gas. CO
2
emissions are
calculated by the ratio of CH
4
to CO
2
in the produced gas.

4
4
-3 3
4 4
CH 3
4
CH 4
1.47610 tonne CH 0.68 tonne mol CH actual 795 m 365 days
E =
day year m 0.788 tonne mol CH default
E = 370 tonnes CH /yr

2
2
4 4 2
CO
4 4
2
2
CO 2
370 tonne CH tonne mol CH 0.04 tonne mol CO tonne mol gas
E =
yr 16 tonne CH 0.68 tonne mol CH tonne mol gas
44 tonne CO

tonne mol CO

6.1.2 Equipment-Level Average Emission Factors Approach
The equipment-level average emission factor approach allows the fugitive emission estimate to be
tailored to a particular facility based on the population of major equipment at the facility. This
approach requires more information than the facility-level approach, but results in a slightly more
accurate emission estimate than the facility-level approach. It is especially useful when trying to
estimate GHG emissions for a planned facility that has not yet been fully designed or for an
existing facility where no detailed minor component population data are available.
The data listed in Tables 6-3 through 6-8 were developed from extensive component monitoring
and emission measurement data. The minor component emission factor data were then aggregated
using activity factors that characterized the number of each minor component per major equipment
6-14 August 2009
system. This approach of aggregating individual components into major equipment systems may
be appropriate for many GHG emission calculation efforts.
Most of these major equipment emission factors are CH
4
-specific. The default CH
4
concentration
for each industry sector is indicated in the table footnotes. Carbon dioxide emissions from buried
pipelines are based on an assumed concentration of 2 mole %. The method for estimating the
emissions using the major equipment approach is presented in the equation below:
4 2 4 2
CH (or CO ) A (CH or CO )
E F N =
(Equation 6-6)
where
E
4
CH (or
2
CO )
= emission rate of CH
4
(or CO
2
) from a population of equipment;
F
A (
4
CH or
2
CO )
= applicable average CH
4
or CO
2
emission factor for the major equipment
type A; and
N = number of pieces of equipment in the plant/process.
Tables 6-3 and 6-4 provide fugitive emission factors for equipment associated with oil and natural
gas exploration and production operations. For facilities where oil and natural gas are produced
from the same well, Figure 6-2 illustrates the boundaries between crude production equipment and
natural gas production equipment. The emission factors were developed for separate assessments
of natural gas sector equipment versus oil and natural gas industry equipment (Harrison, 1999 and
Shires, 2002). Emission factors from Table 6-3 should be applied to counts of equipment
associated with crude production and configured similar to the oil well schematic shown in Figure
6-2. Likewise,
Table 6-4 emission factors should be applied to natural gas production equipment configured
similar to the gas well schematic shown in Figure 6-2. Equipment with minimal to no gas handling
should use the emission factors for crude production equipment.
For both Tables 6-3 and 6-4, the CH
4
emission factors are based on an average CH
4
composition of
78.8 mole % as provided in Table E-4. The emission factors can be adjusted to other CH
4

concentrations by the ratio of the actual CH
4
content to the default value. In addition, in the
absence of CO
2
-specific emission factors, CO
2
emissions can be approximated from the CH
4

emission factors based on the ratio of CO
2
to CH
4
in the produced gas. (These adjustments are
demonstrated in Exhibit 6.1.)
6-15 August 2009
Table 6-3. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Crude Production Equipment
Equipment Basis
Reference CH
4
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
b
( %)

CH
4
Emission Factor
c
,
Converted Units
Oil wellheads heavy crude 0.83 scfd/well 30 6.63E-07 tonne/well-hr
Oil wellheads light crude 19.58 scfd/well 30 1.56E-05 tonne/well-hr
Oil pump stations
d
1.06 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 5.49E-08 tonne CH
4
/mile-hr
3.41E-08 tonne CH
4
/km-hr
Separators heavy crude 0.85 scfd/separator 30 6.79E-07 tonne/separator-hr
Separators light crude 51.33 scfd/separator 30 4.10E-05 tonne/separator-hr
Heater treaters light crude 59.74 scfd/heater 30 4.77E-05 tonne/heater-hr
Headers heavy crude 0.59 scfd/header 30 4.72E-07 tonne/header-hr
Headers light crude 202.78 scfd/header 30 1.62E-04 tonne/header-hr
Tanks light crude 34.4 scfd/tank 30 2.75E-05 tonne/tank-hr
Small compressors light crude 46.14 scfd/compressor 100 3.69E-05 tonne/compressor-hr
Large compressors
e
light crude 16,360 scfd/compressor 100 1.31E-02 tonne/compressor-hr
Sales areas 40.55 scfd/area 30 3.24E-05 tonne/area-hr
a
Harrison, M.R., T.M. Shires, R.A. Baker, and C.J. Loughran. Methane Emissions from the U.S. Petroleum Industry, Final Report, EPA 600/R-99-
010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
b Uncertainty was assumed based on engineering judgement (Harrison, et al., 1999).
c
Emission factors converted from scf are based on 60 F and 14.7 psia. The average CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors
provided in Table E-4 is 78.8 mole %. If the actual CH
4
content differs from the default value, the emission factors shown above can be adjusted by
the ratio of the site CH
4
content to the default concentration.
d.
PSI, 1989.
e
Large compressors are those with more than three stages of compression.

The emission factors shown in Table 6-3 for crude production equipment are derived from API
Report 4615 Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations (API, 1995) and average
component counts per equipment (Harrison et al., 1999). Separate emission factors are provided
for heavy versus light crude, since heavier crude has less entrained CH
4
and therefore lower
emissions. API Report 4638, Calculation Workbook For Oil and Gas Production Equipment
Fugitive Emissions, designates heavy crude as having an API gravity of less than 20 and light
crude as having an API gravity of greater than 20 (API, 1996). Please note that the EPA defines
light and heavy crude according to vapor pressure.
3
EPA component-level emission factors are
provided in Section 6.1.3.
Emission factors provided in Table 6-4 are derived from the GRI/EPA U.S. methane emissions
study (Harrison, et al., 1996). Emission factors for both CH
4
and CO
2
are provided for gathering
pipelines. Carbon dioxide emissions from buried pipeline leaks are discussed further at the end of

3
EPA defines gas/vapor service as material in a gaseous state at operating conditions; light crude as material in a
liquid state in which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a vapor pressure over 0.3
kilopascals (kPa) at 20
o
C is greater than or equal to 20 weight percent; and heavy crude as not in gas/vapor service
or light liquid service (EPA, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, 1995).
6-16 August 2009
Section 6.1.2. The derivation of all the emission factors presented in Table 6-4 can be found in
Appendix C.

Table 64. Fugitive Emission Factors for Onshore Natural Gas Production
Equipment
Equipment Basis
Reference Emission Factor
a,b
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
Gas wellheads
e
8,217 scfy CH
4
/well 25.7 1.80E-05 tonne CH
4
/well-hr
Separators
e
20,174 scfy CH
4
/separator 87.9 4.42E-05 tonne CH
4
/separator-hr
Gas heaters
e
20,985 scfy CH
4
/heater 173 4.60E-05 tonne CH
4
/heater-hr
Small reciprocating gas
compressor
e

97,023 scfy
CH
4
/compressor
127 2.12E-04 tonne CH
4
/compressor-hr
Large reciprocating gas
compressor
e,f
5.55E+06

scfy
CH
4
/compressor
202 1.22E-02 tonne CH
4
/compressor-hr
Large reciprocating gas
compressor stations
f, g
8,247 scfy CH
4
/station 126 6.59E-03 tonne CH
4
/station-hr
Meters/piping
e
16,073 scfy CH
4
/meter 159 3.52E-05 tonne CH
4
/meter-hr
Dehydrators
e
32,561 scfy CH
4
/dehydrator 45.1 7.13E-05 tonne CH
4
/dehydrator-hr
Gathering pipelines
e,h
826 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 113 4.28E-05 tonne CH
4
/mile-hr
2.66E-05 tonne CH
4
/km-hr
CO
2
from oxidation
e,i
84.7 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 70.2 4.38E-06 tonne CO
2
/mile-hr
2.72E-06 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
CO
2
from pipeline
leaks
e

112.8 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 114 5.84E-06 tonne CO
2
/mile-hr
3.63E-06 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
a
Harrison, M.R., L.M. Campbell, T.M. Shires, and R.M. Cowgill. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical
Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
c
Uncertainty is based on a 95% confidence interval from the data used to develop the original emission factor.
d
Emission factors converted from scfy are based on 60 F and 14.7 psia. The average CH
4
provided in Table E-4 is 78.8 mole %; the average CO
2
concentration (for buried pipelines) also provided in Table E-4 is 2 mole %. If the actual
concentration differs from the default value, the emission factors shown above can be adjusted by the ratio of the site concentration to the default
concentration.
e
Emission factor derivation provided in Appendix C.
f
Large compressors are those with more than 3 stage of compression. Large compressor stations are those with five or more compressors.
g
Because the data used to calculate the reference emission factor was unavailable, the Uncertainty at a 95% confidence interval was calculated
based on the Uncertainty at a 90% confidence interval presented in the source assuming a data set size of ten.
h
More detailed gathering pipeline fugitive emission factors are presented in Appendix C.
i
A portion of CH
4
emitted from underground pipeline leaks is oxidized to form CO
2
.
Gas processing fugitive emission factors are presented in Table 6-5. These emission factors are
taken or derived from the GRI/EPA U.S. methane emissions study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The
default CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors provided in Table E-4 is 86.8
mole %. The emission factors can be adjusted for other CH
4
concentrations by the ratio of the
actual CH
4
content to the default value. The emission factors can also be used to estimate CO
2

emissions based on the ratio of CO
2
to CH
4
in the produced gas. (These adjustments are
demonstrated in Exhibit 6.1.)
6-17 August 2009
4
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Processing
Equipment
Equipment Basis
Reference CH
4
Emission
Factor
a,b
, Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

CH
4
Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
Gas processing volume
e
130.563 scf/MMscf 58.1 2.50E-03 tonne/MMscf processed
processed 8.84E-02 tonne/10
6
m
3
processed
Reciprocating compressors 11,198 scfd/compressor 95.2 8.95E-03 tonne/compressor-hr
Centrifugal compressors 21,230 scfd/compressor 51.8 1.70E-02 tonne/compressor-hr
a
b
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
c
d
Emission factors converted from scfy are based on 60 F and 14.7 psia. The average CH
4
provided in Table E-4 is 86.8 mole %. If the actual CH
4
content differs from the default value, the emission factors shown above can be adjusted
by the ratio of the site CH
4
content to the default concentration.
e
See derivation in Appendix C.

Table 6-6 provides fugitive emission factors for equipment associated with natural gas
transmission and storage operations and Table 6-7 provides fugitive emission factors for gas
distribution equipment. Table 6-8 provides fugitive emission factors for distribution M&R
stations. Carbon dioxide emissions from buried pipeline leaks are discussed further at the end of
Section 6.1.2. The default CH
4
concentration for these emission factor tables provided in
Table E-4 is 93.4 mole %. The emission factors can be adjusted for other CH
4
concentrations by
the ratio of the actual CH
4
content to the default value. The emission factors can also be used to
estimate CO
2
emissions based on the ratio of CO
2
to CH
4
in the produced gas. (These adjustments
are demonstrated in Exhibit 6.1.)

Storage Equipment
Equipment Basis
a,b
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
Compressor stations 8,778 scfd CH
4
4
/station-hr
Compressor stations
reciprocating compressor
15,205 scfd CH
4
/comp. 84.2 1.22E-02 tonne
CH
4
/compressor-hr
Compressor stations
centrifugal compressor
30,305 scfd CH
4
/comp. 45.7 2.42E-02 tonne
CH
4
/compressor-hr
Meter/Reg. stations
e
60,011 scf CH
4
/station-yr 1,500
f
1.31E-04 tonne CH
4
/station-hr
M&R stations farm taps or
direct sales
31.2 scfd CH
4
/station 97.6 2.49E-05 tonne/station-hr
M&R stations transmission
interconnects
3,984 scfd CH
4
/station 96.1 3.18E-03 tonne/station-hr

6-18 August 2009
Storage Equipment, continued
Equipment Basis
a,b
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
Gas transmission pipeline
e
23.12 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 94.7 1.20E-06 tonne CH
4
/mile-hr
7.44E-07 tonne CH
4
/km-hr
CO
2
from oxidation
e,g
7.59 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
2.44E-07 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
CO
2
from pipeline leaks
e
1.52 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
4.89E-08 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
Storage stations 21,507 scfd CH
4
4
/station-hr
Storage reciprocating
compressor
21,116 scfd CH
4
/comp. 60.4 1.69E-02 tonne
CH
4
/compressor-hr
Storage centrifugal
compressor
30,573 scfd CH
4
/comp. 39.0 2.44E-02 tonne
CH
4
/compressor-hr
Storage wells 114.5 scfd CH
4
/well 76.0 9.15E-05 tonne CH
4
/well-hr
a
b
Campbell, L.M. and B.E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10: Metering and Pressure Regulating, Stations
in Natural Gas, and Transmission and Distribution, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and EPA-600/R-96-080j. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
c
d
4
2
concentration.
e
Emission factor derivation is provided in Appendix C.
f
Uncertainty range (0 900,158 scf CH
4
/station-yr)
g
A portion of CH
4
2
.

Table 67. Fugitive Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Equipment
Equipment Basis
a,b
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
Customer meters
e
129.15 scf/meter-yr 24.6 2.83E-07 tonne CH
4
/meter-hr
Commercial/industrial meters 47.9 scf/meter-yr 47.1 1.05E-07 tonne CH
4
/meter-hr
Residential meters 138.5 scf/meter-yr 20.6 3.03E-07 tonne CH
4
/meter-hr
Distribution meter/reg. stations
e
207,018 scf/station-yr 111 4.53E-04 tonne CH
4
/station-hr
Distribution pipelines
e
1,359 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 71.4 7.04E-05 tonne CH
4
/mile-hr
4.37E-05 tonne CH
4
/km-hr
CO
2
from oxidation
e,f
1,204 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
3.87E-05 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
CO
2
from pipeline leaks
e
105.6 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
3.40E-06 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
Distribution services (mileage basis)
e
1,067 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 140 5.53E-05 tonne CH
4
/mile-hr
3.43E-05 tonne CH
4
/km-hr
CO
2
from oxidation
e,f
54.4 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
1.75E-06 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
6-19 August 2009
Table 67. Fugitive Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Equipment,
continued
Equipment Basis
a,b
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
c
( %)

Emission Factor
d
,
Converted Units
CO
2
from service

leaks
e
63.9 lb CO
2
2
/mile-hr
2.05E-06 tonne CO
2
/km-hr
Distribution services (service basis)
e
12.7 lb CH
4
/service-yr 140 6.55E-07 tonne CH
4
/service-hr
CO
2
from oxidation
e,f
0.65 lb CO
2
/service-yr 115 3.34E-08 tonne CO
2
/service-hr
CO
2
from service leaks
e
0.76 lb CO
2
/service-yr 140 3.92E-08 tonne CO
2
/service-hr
a
Harrison, M.R., L.M,. Campbell, T.M. Shires, and R.M. Cowgill. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final Report,
GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
c
d
4
2
concentration.
e
Emission factor derivation provided in Appendix C. Additional distribution service factors (on a service basis) are presented in Appendix C.
f
A portion of CH
4
2
.

Table 68. Fugitive Emission Factors for Distribution M&R Stations
Equipment Basis
a
,
Original Units

Uncertainty
b
( %)

Emission Factor,
Converted Units
M&R >300 psig 179.8
scf CH
4
/station-hr
46.9 30.2
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
M&R 100 - 300 psig 95.6
scf CH
4
/station-hr
143 16.1
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
M&R <100 psig 4.31 scf CH
4
/station-hr 334 0.72 tonne CH
4
/station-yr
Regulating >300 psig 161.9 scf CH
4
/station-hr 70.9 27.2 tonne CH
4
/station-yr
R-Vault >300 psig 1.30
scf CH
4
/station-hr
246 0.22
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
Regulating 100 - 300 psig 40.5
scf CH
4
/station-hr
83.1 6.81
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
R-Vault 100 - 300 psig 0.180
scf CH
4
/station-hr
116 3.02E-02
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
Regulating 40 - 100 psig 1.04
scf CH
4
/station-hr
93.2 0.17
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
R-Vault 40 - 100 psig 0.0865
scf CH
4
/station-hr
79.9 1.45E-02
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
Regulating <40 psig 0.133
scf CH
4
/station-hr
172 2.23E-02
tonne CH
4
/station-yr
a
Campbell, L. M. and B. E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10: Metering and Pressure Regulating
Stations in Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and EPA 600/R-96-080j. Gas Research Institute and
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Uncertainty is based on a 95% confidence interval based on the original data found in the source.

Exhibit 6.2 presents an example of calculating CH
4
emissions using the major equipment emission
factors approach.

6-20 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.2: Sample Calculation for Major Equipment Emission Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
Assume an onshore gas production field has 15 gas wellheads, 4 separators, a heater, a small
reciprocating compressor, a metering station, and 12 miles of gathering pipelines. The
equipment operated continuously for the reporting year. The concentration of the produced gas
is 79 mole % CH
4
and 2% CO
2
. Calculate total CH
4
, CO
2
, and CO
2
e emissions.

1. Calculate CH
4
emissions. The emission factors for a natural gas exploration and production
facility are provided in Table 6-4. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment type. Because
the facility CH
4
content is approximately the same as the default composition associated with the
emissions factors, no adjustment for CH
4
is made.

4
4
-5
4
CH , wellheads
CH , wellheads 4
1.80 10 tonnes CH 8760 hours
E 15 wellheads
hr wellhead year
=

4
4
-5
4
CH , separators
CH , separators 4
E 4 separators
hr separator year
=

4
4
-5
4
CH , heaters
CH , heaters 4
E 1 heater
hr heater year
=

4
4
-4
4
CH , small recips.
CH , small recips. 4
E 1 small recip.
hr small recip. year

6-21 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.2: Sample Calculation for Major Equipment Emission Factor Approach,
continued

4
4
-5
4
CH , meter
CH , meter 4
E 1 meter
hr meter year
=

4
4
-5
4
CH , gathering pipe
CH , gathering pipe 4
E 12 miles
hr mile year
=

Total CH
4
emissions are calculated by summing the individual equipment CH
4
emissions, as
shown below.

4
4
CH , total
CH , total 4
2.36 tonnes 1.55 tonnes 0.40 tonnes 1.86 tonnes 0.31 tonnes
E
yr yr yr yr yr
= + + + +
=

2. Calculate CO
2
emissions. CO
2
emissions result from CO
2
present in the gas stream. For non-
pipeline sources, it is assumed that the CO
2
leak rate is based on the CH
4
emission rate, but
adjusted for the ratio of CO
2
to CH
4
in the gas.

2
2
4 4 2 2
CO , non-pipeline sources
4 4 2
CO , non-pipeline sources 2
6.48 tonnes CH tonne mole CH 0.02 tonne mole CO 44 tonnes CO
E =
yr 16 tonnes CH 0.79 tonne mole CH tonne mole CO

CO
2
emissions from pipeline leaks and from the oxidation of CH
4
in the soil are calculated using
the emission factors from Table 6-4.

2
2
-6
2
CO , pipeline leaks
CO , pipeline leaks 2
5.84 10 tonnes CO 8760 hours
E 12 miles
hr mile year
=

6-22 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.2: Sample Calculation for Major Equipment Emission Factor Approach,
continued

2
2
-6
2
CO , oxidation
CO , oxidation 2
4.38 10 tonnes CO 8760 hours
E 12 miles
hr mile year
=

The total CO
2
emissions from these sources are calculated by summing the individual source
CO
2
emissions, as shown below:

2
2
CO , total
CO , total 2
0.45 tonnes 0.61 tonnes 0.46 tonnes
E = + +
yr yr yr

3. Calculate CO
2
e emissions. Total fugitive emissions for this production field, in CO
2

equivalent are calculated using Equation 3-2.

2
2
4 2 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
6.48 tonnes CH 21 tonnes CO e 1.52 tonnes CO
E = +
yr tonne CH yr
E = 137.60 tonnes CO e/yr

Table 6-9 provides more detailed pipeline leak emission factors for transmission pipelines that
include both CH
4
and CO
2
emissions. The derivation of these emission factors is provided in
Appendix C.
Transmission Equipment
Source
Emission Factor
a,b
, Original
Units
Uncertainty
c

(%)
Emission Factor
d
, Converted
Units
Cast iron pipeline 10,096 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 77.0 4.5794 tonne CH
4
/mile-yr
2.8455 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
e
18,699 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 81.0 8.4817 tonne CO
2
/mile-yr
5.2703 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
from pipeline
leaks
993.6 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.2800 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
6-23 August 2009
Transmission Equipment, continued
Source
Emission Factor
a,b
, Original
Units
Uncertainty
c

(%)
Emission Factor
d
, Converted
Units
Plastic pipeline 22.55 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 233 0.01023 tonne CH
4
/mile-yr
0.00636 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
e
1.263 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 234 0.0005728 tonne CO
2
/mile-yr
0.0003559 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
from pipeline
leaks
1.352 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.0003811 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Protected steel
pipeline
15.16 lb CH
4
4
/mile-yr
0.004272 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
e
1.286 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.0003625 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
from pipeline
leaks
0.9180 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.0002587 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Unprotected steel
pipeline
275.9 lb CH
4
4
/mile-yr
0.0778 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
e
13.87 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.003910 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
from pipeline
leaks
16.51 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.004652 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
a
b
Emission factor derivations are provided in Appendix C.
c
Uncertainty based on a 95% confidence interval from the data used to develop the original emission factor.
d
The average CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors provided in Table E-4 is 93.4 mole %; the average CO
2
concentration (for
buried pipelines) also provided in Table E-4 is 2 mole %. If the actual concentration differs from the default value, the emission factors shown
above can be adjusted by the ratio of the site concentration to the default concentration.
e
A portion of CH
4
2
.

Table 6-10 includes some additional, more detailed distribution segment equipment-level emission
factors. These are similar to the level of detail shown in the Table 6-9 for the transmission
segment. The pipeline leak emission factors were derived from the GRI/EPA methane emissions
project (Campbell, et al., Volume 9, 1996). The factor derivation is provided in Appendix C.

6-24 August 2009
Distribution Equipment
Source
Emission Factor
a,b
,
Original Units
Uncertainty
c
(%)
Emission Factor,
Converted Units
Cast iron pipeline, main length 10,096 lb CH
4
/mile-yr 77.0 4.579 tonne CH
4
/mile-yr
2.845 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
18,699 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
5.270 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
from pipeline leaks 993.6 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.2800 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Plastic pipeline, main length 694.2 lb CH
4
4
/mile-yr
0.1956 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
38.87 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.01096 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
2
2
/mile-yr
0.01173 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Protected steel pipeline, main length 129.7 lb CH
4
4
/mile-yr
0.03655 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
11.01 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.003102 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
2
2
/mile-yr
0.002214 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Unprotected steel pipeline, main length 4,660 lb CH
4
4
/mile-yr
1.313 tonne CH
4
/km-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
234.4 lb CO
2
2
/mile-yr
0.0661 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
CO
2
2
2
/mile-yr
0.0786 tonne CO
2
/km-yr
Copper pipeline, services 10.76 lb CH
4
/service-yr 172 0.004878 tonne CH
4
/service-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d

0 lb CO
2
/service-yr N/A 0 tonne CO
2
/service-yr
CO
2
2
/service-yr 174 0.0002866 tonne CO
2
/service-yr
Plastic pipeline, services 0.3932 lb CH
4
4
/service-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
0.2903 lb CO
2
2
/service-yr
CO
2
2
2
/service-yr
Protected steel pipeline, services 7.464 lb CH
4
4
/service-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
0.5467 lb CO
2
2
/service-yr
CO
2
2
2
/service-yr
Unprotected steel pipeline, services 71.92 lb CH
4
4
/service-yr
CO
2
from oxidation
d
2.195 lb CO
2
2
/service-yr
CO
2
2
2
/service-yr
a
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines, Final Report,
GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
The average CH
4
concentration associated with these emission factors provided in Table E-4 is 93.4 mole %; the average CO
2
concentration (for buried
pipelines) also provided in Table E-4 is 2 mole %. If the actual concentration differs from the default value, the emission factors shown above can be adjusted
by the ratio of the site concentration to the default concentration.
c
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval from the data used to develop the original emission factor.
d
A portion of CH
4
2
.
Early plastic pipes (pre-1982) were more susceptible to leakage than plastic pipes manufactured
after 1982 that were built to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D2837
6-25 August 2009
standards. Factors such as brittle cracking may have contributed to the higher pipeline leaks from
plastic pipelines manufactured prior to 1982. Using data from the 1996 GRI/EPA study
(Campbell, et al., 1996) and data from Southern California Gas Company (SoCal, 1993), separate
buried plastic pipeline fugitive leak emission factors were developed for pre-1982 plastic pipes and
post-1982 (ASTM 2837) plastic pipelines.
Table 6-11 provides emission factors for plastic pipelines disaggregated on the basis of whether the
pipes were manufactured before or after 1982. These emission factors are provided on both a leak
basis and pipeline mileage basis. More detailed information on the derivation of these factors are
provided in Appendix C.
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6-27 August 2009
6.1.3 Component-Level Average Emission Factors Approach
The component-level average emission factor approach is based on the number of components in the
facility. Where no monitoring data are available, this approach provides a more accurate estimation
than equipment or facility level emission factors, since it is based on site-specific component
population data.
It should be noted that the component-level average emission factors were developed for estimating
TOC, also referred to as THC, or VOC, rather than CH
4
. This section includes a methodology for
converting the TOC-based emission factors to CH
4
fugitive equipment leak emissions, based on
either site-specific data or on default composition by type of facility.
For some emission factors, component counts are required for each service category, such as valves
in gas, light liquid, or heavy liquid service. According to EPA (EPA, 1995), gas service is any
material that is in a gaseous or vapor state at process conditions. Light liquid service is defined as
any material in a liquid state in which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a
vapor pressure over 0.3 kPa at 20C is greater than or equal to 20 weight percent, which generally
includes naphtha and more volatile oil and natural gas liquids. A heavy liquid is any liquid that is
not in gas/vapor or light liquid service, which would generally include kerosene and less volatile oil
and natural gas liquids.
EPA provides the following equation to estimate TOC mass emissions for a given component type:
TOC TOC
E =FAWF N (Equation 6-7)
where
E
TOC
= emission rate of TOC from all components of a given type in the stream;
F
A
= average emission factor for the component type A from the applicable tables;
WF
TOC
= average weight fraction TOC in the stream (if unknown assume 1.0); and
N = number of components of the given type in the stream.
The weight fraction concentration of TOC within the equipment is needed because equipment with
higher TOC concentrations tends to have higher TOC leak rates. When using the average emission
factor approach for streams with different TOC concentrations, the components should be grouped
according to the TOC weight fraction, prior to applying Equation 6-7.
6-28 August 2009
On the same basis, Equation 6-8 can be restated in terms of CH
4
emissions (a constituent of TOC) by
replacing the TOC weight fraction with the weight fraction of CH
4
(WF
CH4
). The derivation is
shown below:
TOC A TOC
E F WF N =
(Equation 6-8)
TOC
CH
TOC CH
WF
WF
E E
4
4
=

Combining these equations, the weight fraction of TOC cancels out, resulting in an equation stated in
terms of CH
4
emissions, as shown for Equation 6-9.
4
4
4 4
CH
CH A TOC
TOC
CH A CH
WF
E (F WF N) x
WF
E F WF N
=
=
(Equation 6-9)
where
4
CH
E = emission rate of CH
4
from all components of a given type in the stream; and
WF
4
CH
= average weight fraction of CH
4
.

EPA average emission factors for oil and natural gas production facilities are provided in
Table 6-12 (EPA, 1995). Although these emission factors are reported in terms of individual
components, the average emission factor approach is intended for application to a population of
components. Note also that the emission factors in Table 6-12 are service specific.
Please note that unlike EPA, API Report 4615 designates heavy crude as having an API gravity of
less than 20 and light crude as having an API gravity of greater than 20. The emission factors
provided in Tables 6-13, 6-14, and 6-16 are facility-specific and not service-specific. For example, a
heavy-crude production facility should use the heavy-crude emission factors provided in
Table 6-14 for all streams including any gas streams at the site. Thus, the gas production emission
factors would not be used to estimate gaseous stream fugitive emissions at the heavy-crude
production facility. Note also that these emission factors can be converted to a CH
4
basis using
Equation 6-9.
6-29 August 2009
Table 6-12. EPA Average Oil and Natural Gas Production Emission Factors
Component Service
a

Emission Factor,
Original Units
b
,
kg gas/hr/component
Emission Factor,
Converted to
tonne gas/hr/component
Valves gas 4.5E-03 4.5E-06
Valves heavy oil 8.4E-06 8.4E-09
Valves light oil 2.5E-03 2.5E-06
Valves water/oil 9.8E-05 9.8E-08
Connectors gas 2.0E-04 2.0E-07
Connectors heavy oil 7.5E-06 7.5E-09
Connectors light oil 2.1E-04 2.1E-07
Connectors water/oil 1.1E-04 1.1E-07
Flanges gas 3.9E-04 3.9E-07
Flanges heavy oil 3.9E-07 3.9E-10
Flanges light oil 1.1E-04 1.1E-07
Flanges water/oil 2.9E-06 2.9E-09
Open-ended lines gas 2.0E-03 2.0E-06
Open-ended lines heavy oil 1.4E-04 1.4E-07
Open-ended lines light oil 1.4E-03 1.4E-06
Open-ended lines water/oil 2.5E-04 2.5E-07
Pump Seals gas 2.4E-03 2.4E-06
Pump Seals light oil 1.3E-02 1.3E-05
Pump Seals water/oil 2.4E-05 2.4E-08
Others gas 8.8E-03 8.8E-06
Others heavy oil 3.2E-05 3.2E-08
Others light oil 7.5E-03 7.5E-06
Others water/oil 1.4E-02 1.4E-05
a EPA defines light liquids as liquids for which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a vapor pressure over 0.3 kPa
at 20 C is greather than or equal to 20 weight percent. EPA defines heavy liquids as liquids not in gas/vapor or light liquid service.
b
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-4.

Table 6-13 provides average fugitive emission factors for offshore facilities.
Table 6-13. API Average Offshore Fugitive Emission Factors
Component
Emission Factor,
Original Units
a
,
lb TOC/day/comp.
Emission Factor,
Converted to
tonne TOC/component-hr
Valves 0.027 5.14E-07
Pump seals 0.010 1.95E-07
Others 0.367 6.94E-06
Connectors 0.006 1.08E-07
Flanges 0.010 1.97E-07
Open-ended lines 0.054 1.01E-06
a
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations, API
Publication Number 4615, Health and Environmental Sciences Department, January, 1995, Table ES-1.
Average oil and natural gas production emission factors are provided in Table 6-14.
6-30 August 2009

Table 6-14. API Oil and Natural Gas Production Average Emission Factors
Component Facility Type
a

Emission Factor
b
,
Original Units,
lb TOC/day/component
Emission Factor,
Converted to
Valves gas production 1.39E-01 2.63E-06
Valves heavy crude production 6.86E-04 1.30E-08
Valves light crude production 7.00E-02 1.32E-06
Connectors gas production 1.70E-02 3.21E-07
Connectors heavy crude production 4.22E-04 7.98E-09
Connectors light crude production 8.66E-03 1.64E-07
Flanges gas production 6.23E-03 1.18E-07
Flanges heavy crude production 1.16E-03 2.19E-08
Flanges light crude production 4.07E-03 7.69E-08
Open-ended lines gas production 3.63E-02 6.86E-07
Open-ended lines heavy crude production 8.18E-03 1.55E-07
Open-ended lines light crude production 6.38E-02 1.21E-06
Pump Seals gas production 1.03E-02 1.95E-07
Pump Seals light crude production 1.68E-02 3.18E-07
Others gas production 4.86E-01 9.19E-06
Others heavy crude production 3.70E-03 6.99E-08
Others light crude production 3.97E-01 7.50E-06
a
These emission factors are facility specific, not service specific. For example, a facility producing light crude would apply the light crude
production emission factors regardless of service type. API Publication 4615 defines light crude as oil with an API gravity of 20 or more,
and heavy crude as oil with an API gravity of less than 20.
b
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations, API Publication Number 4615, Health and
Environmental Sciences Department, January, 1995, Table ES-1.

Tables 6-21 and 6-22 provides additional oil and natural gas production facility average emission
factors.
Table 6-15 presents natural gas plant, gathering compressor station, and well site average THC
emissions factors based on a comprehensive measurement program, conducted to determine cost-
effective directed inspection and maintenance (DI&M) control opportunities (EPA, 2006). This
report presents fugitive emission factors from two phases of site measurements. Phase I of the
program was conducted at four gas processing plants in the Western U.S. during 2000. Phase II of
the program was conducted at five gas processing plants, seven gathering compressor stations, and
12 well sites during 2004 and 2005. The report presents aggregate emission factors from gas plants,
gathering compressor stations and well sites for Phase II of the study, rather than separate emission
factors for each sector. The report also shows that the measured THC emission rates from the
leaking components during Phase II of the study were 1348 tonnes/facility-yr for gas plants, 131
tonnes/facility-yr for gathering compressor stations, and 8 tonnes/facility-yr for well sites. Based on
the counts of the facilities and measured leak rates, the measured THC leak rates were approximately
6-31 August 2009
comprised of 86.9% from gas plants, 11.8% from gathering compressor stations, and 1.2% from well
sites.

Table 6-15. Natural Gas Plant, Gathering Compressor Station, and Well Site
Average Emission Factors
Phase I (Gas Plants)
b
Phase II (Gas Plants, Gathering
Compressor Stations, and Well Sites)
c
Component
Average THC
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units,
kg/hr/source
Average THC
Emission Factor,
Converted to
tonne/hr/source
Average THC
Emission Factor
a
,
Original Units,
kg/hr/source
Average THC
Emission Factor,
Converted to
tonne/hr/source
Connectors 2.22E-03 2.22E-06 3.30E-03 3.30E-06
Block Valves 1.10E-02 1.10E-05 1.47E-02 1.47E-05
Control Valves 4.85E-02 4.85E-05 3.73E-02 3.73E-05
Pressure Relief Valves
(PRV)
6.73E-02 6.73E-05 4.70E-04 4.70E-07
Pressure Regulators 1.74E-02 1.74E-05 6.31E-03 6.31E-06
Orifice Meters 3.58E-03 3.58E-06 2.70E-03 2.70E-06
Crank Case Vents 8.83E-01 8.83E-04 1.20E-01 1.20E-04
Open-Ended Lines (OEL) 5.18E-02 5.18E-05 2.39E-01 2.39E-04
Compressor Seals
d
8.52E-01 8.52E-04 5.20E-01 5.20E-04
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA Phase II Aggregate Site Report: Cost-Effective Directed Inspection and Maintenance Control
Opportunities at Five Gas Processing Plants and Upstream Gathering Compressor Stations and Well Sites, Technical Report, prepared by National Gas
Machinery Laboratory, Clearstone Engineering, Ltd., and Innovative Environmental Solutions, Inc., March 2006, Table 4.
b
Phase I of the study was based on surveys at four gas processing facilities in the Western U.S. completed during the 4th quarter of 2000.
c
Phase II of the study was based on surveys at five gas processing plants, seven gathering compressor stations, and 12 well sites during the first quarter of
2004 and second quarter of 2005. Table 3 of the above referenced report shows that the measured THC emission rates from the leaking components were
1348 tonnes/facility-yr for gas plants, 131 tonnes/facility-yr for gathering compressor stations, and 8 tonnes/facility-yr for well sites. Based on the counts
of the facilities and measured leak rates, the measured leak rates were comprised of 86.9% from gas plants, 11.8% from gathering compressor stations, and
1.2% from well sites.
d
Compressor seals component category accounts for emissions from individual compressor seals. As compressor seal leakage was typically measured
from common vent and drain lines, emissions have been divided evenly among the seals on units with detected leakage.
Table 6-16, below, provides average natural gas plant emission factors.
Table 6-16. API Natural Gas Plant Average Emission Factors
Component
Emission Factor,
Original Units
a
,
lb TOC/day/comp.
Emission Factor,
Converted to
Valves 2.04E-01 3.86E-06
Pump seals 6.09E-01 1.15E-05
Others 2.57E-01 4.86E-06
Connectors 1.45E-02 2.74E-07
Flanges 2.32E-02 4.38E-07
Open-ended lines 5.46E-02 1.03E-06
a
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations, API
Publication Number 4615, Health and Environmental Sciences Department, January, 1995, Table ES-1.

6-32 August 2009
Table 6-17 provides natural gas transmission compressor station component emission factors for main
line pressure (500-1000 psi) and fuel gas pressure (70 100 psi) as determined for components
located on and off compressors (Howard, et al., 1999). The emission factors are based on leak rate
measurements taken at 13 compressor stations in the U.S. and Canada from 1995 to 1997.
Table 6-17. Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Station
Component Emission Factors
ON COMPRESSOR OFF COMPRESSOR
Component
Reference
Emission
Factor
a
,
Original
Units,
Mcf/yr/
source
Uncertainty
b

( %)
Emission
Factor
c
,
Converted to
tonne
CH
4
/hr/
source
Reference
Emission
Factor
a
,
Original
Units,
Mcf/yr/
source
Uncertainty
b
( %)
Emission
Factor
c
,
Converted
to tonne
CH
4
/hr/
source
MAIN LINE PRESSURE (500 to 1000 psi)
Ball/Plug Valves 0.64 163 1.31E-06 5.33 70 1.09E-05
Blowdown Valves -- -- -- 207.5 83 4.24E-04
Compressor Cylinder Joints 9.9 112 2.02E-05 -- -- --
Packing Seals - Running 865 29 1.77E-03 -- -- --
Packing Seals - Idle 1266 44 2.59E-03 -- -- --
Compressor Valves 4.1 93 8.39E-06 -- -- --
Control Valves -- -- -- 4.26 167 8.71E-06
Flanges 0.81 110 1.66E-06 0.32 66 6.54E-07
Gate Valves -- -- -- 0.61 70 1.25E-06
Loader Valves 17.2 33 3.52E-05 -- -- --
Open-Ended Lines (OEL) -- -- -- 81.8 97 1.67E-04
Pressure Relief Valves (PRV) -- -- -- 57.5 110 1.18E-04
Regulators -- -- -- 0.2 105 4.09E-07
Starter Gas Vents -- -- -- 40.8 106 8.34E-05
Threaded Connectors 0.74 62 1.51E-06 0.6 50 1.23E-06
Centrifugal Seals - Dry -- -- -- 62.7 106 1.28E-04
Centrifugal Seals - Wet -- -- -- 278 -- 5.69E-04
Unit Valves -- -- -- 3566 -- 7.29E-03
FUEL GAS PRESSURE (70 to 100 psi)
Ball/Plug Valves 0.1 100 2.05E-07 0.51 73 1.04E-06
Control Valves -- -- -- 2.46 158 5.03E-06
Flanges -- -- -- 0.2 95 4.09E-07
Fuel Valves 27.6 49 5.64E-05 -- -- --
Gate Valves -- -- -- 0.43 84 8.79E-07
Open-Ended Lines (OEL) -- -- -- 2.53 87 5.17E-06
Pneumatic Vents -- -- -- 76.6 154 1.57E-04
Regulators -- -- -- 4.03 99 8.24E-06
Threaded Connectors 1.21 137 2.47E-06 0.32 50 6.54E-07
a
Howard, T., R. Kantamaneni, and G. Jones. Cost Effective Leak Mitigation at Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Stations, Final Report. PRC
International, Gas Research Institute, and U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, August 1999, Tables 3 and 4.
b
c
Emission factors converted from scf are based on 60F and 14.7 psia. The total gas emission factors were converted to a CH
4
basis assuming a default CH
4

concentration associated with the transmission sector of 93.4 mole % (provided in Table E-4).
6-33 August 2009
Tables 6-18 through 6-22 provide emission factors and uncertainty values based on data developed
in Canada. Average natural gas transmission and storage emission factors are presented in
Table 6-18.

Table 6-18. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Average Emission
Factors
Component
Emission Factor
a
,
kg THC/hr/comp.
Emission Factor,
Uncertainty
b
( %)

Block valves 0.002140 2.14E-06 40.1
Control valves 0.01969 1.97E-05 70.2
Connectors 0.0002732 2.73E-07 19.0
Compressor seals reciprocating 0.6616 6.62E-04 38.9
Compressor seals centrifugal 0.8139 8.14E-04 71.5
Pressure relief valves 0.2795 2.80E-04 +127 / -100
Open-ended lines (OEL) 0.08355 8.36E-05 53.0
OEL - station or pressurized compressor
blowdown system
c

0.9369 9.37E-04 61.6
OEL depressurized reciprocating
(comp. blowdown system)
2.347 2.35E-03 +67.5 / -67.6
OEL depressurized centrifugal (comp.
blowdown system)
0.7334 7.33E-04 +103 / -100
OEL overall pressurized/ depressurized
reciprocating
d
1.232 1.23E-03 Not
available
OEL overall pressurized/ depressurized
centrifugal
d
0.7945 7.94E-04 Not
available
Orifice meter 0.003333 3.33E-06 +40.5 / -40.6
Other gas meter 0.000009060 9.06E-09 +116 / -100
a
D.J.Picard, M. Stribrny, and M.R. Harrison. Handbook for Estimating Methane Emissions from Canadian Natural Gas Systems. GTC
Program #3. Environmental Technologies, May 25, 1998, Table 4.
b
c
The compressor type is not specified. The emission factor is assumed to apply to either reciprocating or centrifugal compressor types or
stations.
d
Overall OEL average emission factors that account for the time that the compressor unit is pressurized and depressurized during the year have
been estimated using the annual fractions of the modes of operation taken from Table 4-20 of Volume 8 of the GRI/EPA methane emissions
study (Hummel, et al., 1996). The percentages from the GRI/EPA study are 79.1% pressurized/20.9% depressurized for reciprocating
compressors and 30% pressurized/70% depressurized for centrifugal compressors. Therefore, these percentages were applied to the base
pressurized and depressurized emission factors provided in the table above to develop overall factors that represent annual average emission
factors converted to an hourly basis.

6-34 August 2009
Table 6-19 provided average emission factors for natural gas distribution meter/regulator stations.

Table 6-19. Natural Gas Distribution Meter/Regulator Stations Average
Emission Factors
Component
Emission Factor
a
,
kg THC/hr/comp.
Emission Factor,
Uncertainty
b

( %)
Valves 0.00111 1.11E-06 +162 / -100
Control valves 0.01969 1.97E-05 70.2
Connectors 0.00011 1.10E-07 +92.0 / -92.1
Pressure relief valves 0.01665 1.67E-05 +138/-100
OEL station blowdown 0.9369 9.37E-04 61.6
Orifice meter 0.00333 3.33E-06 +40.5 / -40.6
Other gas meter 0.00001 9.06E-09 +116/-100
a
Ross, B.D. and D.J. Picard, Measurement of Methane Emissions from Western Canadian Natural Gas Facilities, Gas
Technology Canada, GTC Program #3, Environment Technology Program, September, 1996.
b

Average emission factors for natural gas distribution commercial and residential sites are provided in
Table 6-20.

Table 6-20. Natural Gas Distribution Commercial and Residential Sites
Average Emission Factors
Component
Emission Factor
a
,
kg THC/hr/comp.
Emission Factor,
Uncertainty
b

( %)
Valves 0.000003 3.33E-09 48.3
Connectors 0.000007 6.78E-09 +131 / -100
Pressure relief valves 0.000272 2.72E-07 +200 / -100
Orifice meter 0.003333 3.33E-06 +40.5 / -40.6
Other gas meter 0.000009 9.06E-09 +116 / -100
a
Picard, D. J., B. D. Ross, and D. W. H. Koon. A Detailed Inventory of CH
4
and VOC Emissions from Upstream Oil and Gas
Operations in Alberta, Volume II, Canadian Petroleum Association, March 1992.
b

6-35 August 2009
Table 6-21. Additional Natural Gas Facility Average Emission Factors
Component Service
Emission Factor
a
,
kg THC/comp/hr
Emission Factor, tonnes
THC/component-hr
Uncertainty
b

( %)
Valves - fuel gas 2.81E-03 2.81E-06
17
Valves - light liquid 3.52E-03 3.52E-06
19
Valves - gas/vapor - all 2.46E-03 2.46E-06
15
Valves - gas/vapor - sour 1.16E-03 1.16E-06 31
Valves - gas/vapor - sweet 2.81E-03 2.81E-06 17
Connectors - fuel gas 8.18E-04 8.18E-07
32
Connectors - light liquid 5.51E-04 5.51E-07
+111/-90
Connectors - gas/vapor - all 7.06E-04 7.06E-07
31
Connectors - gas/vapor - sour 1.36E-04 1.36E-07 72
Connectors - gas/vapor - sweet 8.18E-04 8.18E-07 32
Control valves - fuel gas 1.62E-02 1.62E-05 27
Control valves - light liquid 1.77E-02 1.77E-05 45
Control valves - gas/vapor - all 1.46E-02 1.46E-05 23
Control valves - gas/vapor - sour 9.64E-03 9.64E-06 4
Control valves - gas/vapor - sweet 1.62E-02 1.62E-05 27
Pressure relief valves - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
1.70E-02 1.70E-05 98
Pressure relief valves - light liquid 5.39E-03 5.39E-06 80
Pressure regulators - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
8.11E-03 8.11E-06 +238/-72
Pressure regulators - gas/vapor - sour 4.72E-05 4.72E-08 +126/-74
Pressure regulators - gas/vapor - sweet 8.39E-03 8.39E-06 +239/-72
Open ended lines - fuel gas 4.67E-01 4.67E-04 +172/-58
Open ended lines - light liquid 1.83E-02 1.83E-05 +127/-79
Open ended lines - gas/vapor - all 4.27E-01 4.27E-04 +161/-62
Open ended lines - gas/vapor - sour 1.89E-01 1.89E-04 +127/-79
Open ended lines - gas/vapor - sweet 4.67E-01 4.67E-04 +172/-58
Chemical injection pumps - fuel gas
and gas/vapor
1.62E-01 1.62E-04 60
Compressor seals - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
7.13E-01 7.13E-04 36
Compressor starts - fuel gas 6.34E-03 6.34E-06 25
Controllers - fuel gas and gas/vapor 2.38E-01 2.38E-04 27
Pump seals - light liquid 2.32E-02 2.32E-05 +136/-74
a
Clearstone Engineering Ltd.. A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Emissions by the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 5, September 2004.
b

6-36 August 2009
Table 6-22. Additional Oil Facility Average Emission Factors
Component Service
Emission Factor
a
,
kg THC/comp/hr
Emission Factor, tonnes
THC/component-hr
Uncertainty
b

( %)
Valves - fuel gas and gas/vapor 1.51E-03 1.51E-06
79
Valves - heavy liquid 8.40E-06 8.40E-09
19
Valves - light liquid 1.21E-03 1.21E-06
19
Connectors - fuel gas and gas/vapor 2.46E-03 2.46E-06 15
Connectors - heavy liquid 7.50E-06 7.50E-09 +111/-90
Connectors - light liquid 1.90E-04 1.90E-07
+111/-90
Control valves - fuel gas and gas/vapor 1.46E-02 1.46E-05 21
Control valves - light liquid 1.75E-02 1.75E-05 44
Pressure relief valves - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
1.63E-02 1.63E-05 80
Pressure relief valves - heavy liquid 3.20E-05 3.20E-08 80
Pressure relief valves - light liquid 7.50E-02 7.50E-05 80
Pressure regulators - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
6.68E-03 6.68E-06 +238/-72
Open ended lines - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
3.08E-01 3.08E-04 +129/-78
Open ended lines - light liquid 3.73E-03 3.73E-06 +127/-79
Chemical injection pumps - fuel gas
and gas/vapor
1.62E-01 1.62E-04 60
Compressor seals - fuel gas and
gas/vapor
8.05E-01 8.05E-04 36
Compressor starts - fuel gas 6.34E-03 6.34E-06 25
Controllers - fuel gas and gas/vapor 2.38E-01 2.38E-04 27
Pump seals - heavy liquid 3.20E-05 3.20E-08 +136/-74
Pump seals - light liquid 2.32E-02 2.32E-05 +136/-74
a
Clearstone Engineering Ltd.. A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Emissions by the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 5, September 2004.
b
An example calculation illustrating the use of the component-level fugitive emission factors is
provided in Exhibit 6.3.

EXHIBIT 6.3: Sample Calculation for Non-Refinery Component-Level Average
Fugitive Emission Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
There are 100 gas valves, 250 flanges, 3 pressure relief valves, and 2 open ended lines in a
stream at a production site that contains 80 weight percent non-CH
4
hydrocarbons, 10 weight
percent water vapor, and 10 weight percent CH
4
. Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

6-37 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.3: Sample Calculation for Non-Refinery Component-Level Average
Fugitive Emission Factor Approach, continued

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY FOR NON-REFINERY CASE:
CH
4
emissions would be calculated using Equation 6-9 and the average emission factor for
valves in Table 6-12 as follows.

Valves:
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
0.1 tonne CH 4.510 tonne gas 8760 hr
E = 100 valves
hrvalve tonne gas yr

Flanges:
4
4
-7
4
CH
CH 4
E = 250 flange
hrflange tonne gas yr

PRVs:
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
E = 3 PRVs
hrPRV tonne gas yr

OELs:
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
E = 2 OELs
hrOEL tonne gas yr

6-38 August 2009
2
Transport
Fugitive emissions from the pipeline transport of CO
2
, such as for EOR operations, occur in a similar
fashion to fugitive emissions from the pipeline transport of natural gas. IPCC provides a
methodology to convert CH
4
emission factors on a mass basis to CO
2
emission factors (IPCC, 2006)
for CO
2
pipelines. The methodology is based on the pressure drop through a pipe, and is shown in
Equation 6-10. The derivation of this equation is provided in Appendix C, Section C.3.8.
2 4
CO CH
44
EF EF
16
=
(Equation 6-10)
where
44
16
= mass basis CH
4
to CO
2
conversion; and
EF
4
CH
= CH
4
natural gas pipeline leak emission factor provided earlier in this section.
Equation 6-10 should be applied to estimate CO
2
emissions from CO
2
pipelines. For CO
2
-based
equipment other than pipelines, CO
2
fugitive emissions can be estimated based on the CH
4
emission
factor by applying Equation 6-1.
6.1.5 Time Basis of Fugitive Equipment Leaks
All of the fugitive approaches presented in this section and in Appendix C result in estimates of the
equipment leak rate over a short time period, such as an hour or a day. Those estimates are
multiplied by the number of hours (or days) of annual operation to result in the annual emission
estimate. The components subject to fugitive equipment leaks have the potential to leak any time the
line is filled with hydrocarbons, even if not under normal pressure or if the component is idle (such
as a pump). For this reason, most equipment leaks are calculated as if they emitted continuously for
the full year, or 8760 hours per year. If a facility shuts down and depressurizes equipment for
maintenance for a portion of the year, that time can be deducted from the annual operating hours.
Depressurized equipment that is free of hydrocarbons (e.g. purged with air) would also not have
fugitive emissions; that time can be deducted from the annual operating hours as well.
6.2 Other Fugitive Emissions
In addition to fugitive equipment leaks, there may be one or more of a variety of other non-point
emission sources associated with oil and natural gas industry operations. These other non-point
6-39 August 2009
emission sources include wastewater treating, sludge/solids handling, impoundments, pits, mine
tailing ponds, and cooling towers.
These other non-point emission sources will generally not be a significant source of CH
4
or CO
2

emissions. Few specific emission factors for CH
4
or CO
2
from these non-point sources have been
found. Several methods are used for estimating TOC (or VOC) and compound-specific emissions
from these types of sources and these methods can be adapted to estimate CH
4
or CO
2
if site-specific
composition data are available.
6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater treatment can be a source of CH
4
when treated or disposed of anaerobically. Under
aerobic conditions, it can be a source of N
2
O and CO
2
emissions that are byproducts of the digestion
of larger organic molecules. However, CO
2
emissions from wastewater are generally disregarded
because most are of biogenic origin (IPCC, 2006).
Figure 6-3 provides a decision tree for different methodologies available to estimate emissions from
wastewater treatment. These approaches are based on the volume of wastewater processed,
Biochemical or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) or Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) data,
contribution significance of resulting emissions to overall emissions, and availability of data to run
the WATER9 program.
4
Anaerobic and aerobic treatments are discussed separately in the following
subsections.
In some cases, vapors from wastewater treatment may be controlled through a combustion device or
may be captured and routed to a gas disposal well. Emissions from wastewater vents routed to a
combustion control device should be estimated using the techniques presented in Section 4.
Alternatively, if vapors are captured, a capture efficiency should be applied to the emission
estimation approaches presented in this subsection.

4
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/water/index.html. Accessed January 15, 2009. The EPA also maintains a hotline
for WATER9 at (919) 541-3608 or (919) 541-3154.
6-40 August 2009

Figure 6-3. Wastewater Treatment
A general method for estimating TOC evaporative emissions from wastewater treating,
impoundments, and pits is available in the computer program WATER9. Although CH
4
and CO
2

evaporative emissions from oil and natural gas wastewater are expected to be insignificant, facilities
with unique situations can find more information on WATER9 at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/water/index.html
IPCC provides a detailed method for estimating emissions from wastewater treatment (IPCC, 2006).
This approach can be applied to aerobic or anaerobic wastewater treatment. Methane emissions from
industrial wastewater are calculated using Equation 6-11.
5

4
CH
E = [(P W COD)-S] B MCF 0.001 (Equation 6-11)

5
Equation 6-10 combines Equations 6-4, 6-5, and 6-6 in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, Volume 5, Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and Discharge (IPCC, 2006).
Yes
See EPAs website for details on
WATER9 model:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software
/water/index.html
Yes
Are data available to run
the WATER9 computer
program?
No
Estimate CH
4
emissions using either
Equation 6-11 or 6-14 and N
2
O
emissions using Equation 6-12.
Default MCF values are provided in
Table 6-24.
Estimate CO
2
emissions using
Equation 6-13, CH
4
emissions using
Equation 6-11, and N
2
O emissions
using Equation 6-12. Default
methane conversion factors (MCF)
values are provided in Table 6-23.
No
No
Yes
See EPAs website for details on
WATER9 model:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software
/water/index.html
Yes
Are data available to run
the WATER9 computer
program?
No
Does the facility process
large volumes of water
via aerobic treatment?
Does the facility process
large volumes of water
via anaerobic treatment?
6-41 August 2009
where
E
4
CH
4
(tonnes/yr);
P = product generated (ton product/yr);
W = wastewater generation rate (m
3
/ton product);
COD = average chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater (kg/m
3
);
S = organic component removed as sludge (kg COD/yr);
B = methane generation capacity (B = 0.25 kg CH
4
/kg COD);
MCF = methane conversion factor (Table 6-23 for aerobic treatment, Table 6-24 for
anaerobic treatment); and
0.001 = conversion factor (kg to metric tonnes).

Note that if the volume of wastewater treated is known, the term P W in Equation 6-11 can be
replaced directly with the volume treated (m
3
/yr).
IPCC provides the following COD default factors and ranges for maximum CH
4
producing capacity
for oil and natural gas refineries and the organic chemical industry (IPCC, 2006):
1. For oil and natural gas refineries, a typical COD production rate of 1 kg COD per m
3
of
wastewater generation, with the COD value ranging between 0.4 and 1.6 kg COD/m
3
.
2. For the organic chemical industry, a typical COD production rate of 3 kg COD per m
3
of
wastewater generation, with the COD value ranging between 0.8 and 5 kg COD/m
3
.
IPCC also provides default factors and ranges for wastewater generation rates associated with the oil
and natural gas refineries and the organic chemical industry (IPCC, 2006):
1. For oil and natural gas refineries, the typical wastewater generation rate is 0.6 m
3
/ton product,
with the generation rate ranging between 0.3 and 1.2 m
3
/ton product.
2. For the organic chemical industry, the typical wastewater generation rate is 67 m
3
/ton product,
with a range between 0 and 400 m
3
/ton product.
Default MCF values are provided in Table 6-23 for aerobic treatment and 6-24 for anaerobic
treatment.
Table 6-23. Default MCF Values for Aerobic Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Type of Treatment Comments Default MCF MCF Range
Aerobic treatment plant Well maintained, some CH
4
may be
emitted from settling basins
0 00.1
Not well maintained, overloaded 0.3 0.20.4
Source:
IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5, Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and
Discharge, 2006.
6-42 August 2009
Table 6-24. Default MCF Values for Anaerobic Industrial Wastewater
Treatment
Type of Treatment Comments Default MCF MCF Range
Anaerobic digester for sludge CH
4
recovery not considered here 0.8 0.81.0
Anaerobic reactor CH
4
recovery not considered here 0.8 0.81.0
Anaerobic shallow lagoon Depth less than 2 meters 0.2 00.3
Anaerobic deep lagoon Depth more than 2 meters 0.8 0.81.0
Source:
IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5, Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and
Discharge, 2006.
For either aerobic or anaerobic wastewater, N
2
O emissions are calculated using Equation 6-12. Note
that the default emission factor for N
2
O (0.005 kg N
2
O-N/kg N) is a factor for domestic wastewater
nitrogen effluent (IPCC, 2006), but is assumed to be applicable for wastewater applications at oil and
natural gas facilities.
2 2
N O N O
44
E =Q N EF 0.001
28
(Equation 6-12)
where
E
2
N O
= emission rate of N
2
O (tonnes/yr);
Q = volume of wastewater treated (m
3
/yr);
N = average concentration of N in effluent (kg N/m
3
);
EF
2
N O
= emission factor for N
2
O from discharged wastewater (0.005 kg N
2
O-N/kg N);
44/28 = conversion factor (kg N
2
O-N to kg N
2
O); and
0.001 = conversion factor (kg to metric tonnes).

Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
Aerobic wastewater treatment is more common in oil and natural gas industry operations than
anaerobic treatment. In aerobic conditions, bacteria consume organic material and convert it to CO
2
.
According to IPCC, the generation of CO
2
from aerobic wastewater treatment is not included as part
of a GHG inventory because the carbon is viewed as part of the biogenic cycle (IPCC, 2006).
However, in oil and natural gas operations, oil and natural gas-based organic material in the
wastewater would not be considered biogenic, just as the oil and natural gas organic material that is
combusted or released through vented and fugitive sources is not biogenic.
Carbon dioxide emissions from aerobic wastewater are produced through two mechanisms: the
oxidation of organic material to produce new bacterial cells, and endogenous respiration. The
6-43 August 2009
oxidation of carbonaceous organic material is represented by measuring the biochemical oxidation
(BOD). Assuming that the ultimate BOD removed is represented by BOD
5
/0.7,
6
the following
equation can be used to estimate CO
2
emissions from aerobic wastewater treatment:
2
5
CO 9
BOD 3.785412 L 44 tonne
E = WW Flow
gal 0.7 32 10 mg
(Equation 6-13)
where
E
2
CO
= emission rate of CO
2
(tonnes/yr);
WW Flow = wastewater flow rate (10
6
gallons/yr);
BOD
5
/0.7 = approximation of the ultimate BOD (mg/L); and
44/32 = oxygen to CO
2
conversion factor.
Methane and N
2
O emissions from aerobic wastewater treatment are calculated using Equations
6-11 and 6-12, respectively (IPCC, 2006). For CH
4
however, aerobic conversion factors are

EXHIBIT 6.5: Sample Calculation for Aerobic Treatment Approach

INPUT DATA:
A well-maintained aerobic wastewater treatment system processes 5 million gallons per day with a
BOD removal of 120 mg/L (BOD
5
). Estimate the CO
2
emissions.

1. Calculate CO
2
emissions using Equation 6-13.
2
5
CO 9
6
9
2
BOD 3.785412 L 44 tonne
E = WW Flow
gal 0.7 32 10 mg
5 10 gal 365 days 3.785412 L 120 mg/L 44 tonne
day yr gal 0.7 32 10 mg
1, 628 tonnes CO / yr

=
=

6
The factor "BOD5/0.7" represents an estimate of the total or ultimate BOD, L (i.e., the total or ultimate first-stage BOD initially present). The
BOD5 and ultimate BOD (L) are related by the following equation: BOD5 = L (1 - e^-kt), where k is the reaction rate constant and t is time of the
BOD remaining in the water (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). For wastewater, a typical value of 0.23 day^-1 at 68F is provided by a common wastewater
engineering handbook (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Therefore, the equation for the ultimate BOD with the values substituted is L = BOD5/[1-e^-
(0.23)(5)] = BOD5/0.7.
6-44 August 2009
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment
Anaerobic water treatment is not common in the oil and natural gas industry, and it is possible to
recover the CH
4
generated for use as a fuel. For these reasons, anaerobic water treating is not
considered a significant GHG emission source for the oil and natural gas industry.
Methane and N
2
O emissions from anaerobic wastewater treatment can be calculated using Equations
6-11 and 6-12, respectively. Table 6-24 provides default CH
4
conversion factors for anaerobic
wastewater treatment for use with Equation 6-11.
Alternatively, EPA presents a relatively simple method for estimating CH
4
emissions for facilities
where CH
4
is not captured from an anaerobic water treatment system (EPA AP-42 Section 4.3.5.2,
1998). The following equation applies:
4
5 4
CH AD 3
5
lb BOD 0.22 lb CH
E = Q F 365
ft wastewater lb BOD

(Equation 6-14)
where
E
4
CH
4
in pounds per year;
Q= wastewater flow rate in cubic feet per day;
BOD
5
= biochemical oxygen demand measured using the standard five day test;
F
AD
= fraction anaerobically digested; and
365 = days per year.

A site-specific value for BOD
5
loading should be available from facility wastewater treating staff. If
it is not, EPA suggests a default value of 0.25 pounds BOD
5
per cubic foot of wastewater for the oil
and natural gas industry. The fraction anaerobically digested is that part of the wastewater flow that
is routed to anaerobic treatment rather than aerobic treatment.
The emission rate for CO
2
from anaerobic water treatment is considered to be negligible compared to
the CH
4
emission rate. No equation or emission factors have been found to estimate these emissions.
An example calculation for CH
4
emissions from anaerobic water treatment follows in Exhibit 6.6.
6-45 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.6: Sample Calculation for Anaerobic Treatment Approach

INPUT DATA:
A wastewater treatment system processes 870,000 cubic feet per day, with 10% of the water going
to anaerobic treatment (anaerobic shallow lagoon). The BOD
5
level of the influent averages 0.3
pounds per cubic foot. Calculate the CH
4
emissions using Equation 6-14 and the IPCC approach.

1. Calculate CH
4
emissions using Equation 6-14. Using Equation 6-14, the estimated emissions
are:
4
4
3 3
5 4
CH
3 3
5
CH 4
0.3 lb BOD 0.22 lb CH ft 0.1 ft anaerobic
E = 870,000
day lb BOD ft processed ft wastewater
days tonne
365
year 2204.62 lb
E 950.7 tonne CH /yr

=

2. Calculate CH
4
emissions using IPCCs approach. Using IPCCs approach (Equation 6-11),
assuming the default COD rate for a refinery (1 kg COD per m
3
of wastewater) and the default MCF
from Table 6-24 (0.2), the estimated emissions are calculated as follows:

4
4
3 3 3
4
CH
3 3 3
4
4
CH 4
0.25 kg CH ft 0.1 ft anaerobic days m 1 kg COD
E = 870,000 365
day year kg COD ft processed 35.3147 ft m
0.001 tonne CH
0.2
kg CH

6.2.2 Biotreaters
There are applications in the oil and natural gas industry where biotreaters (or biofilters) are used in
treating wastewater and/or as control devices to remove TOC from vent streams. The CO
2
emissions
from biotreaters are expected to be insignificant compared to major sources like combustion. The
CO
2
production from biotreaters can be estimated from the feed TOC rate and the biomass
conversion efficiency. The produced CO
2
is partially emitted to the air and partially converted to
6-46 August 2009
carbonates depending on system pH. In the unusual cases where biotreater emissions may be
significant, it would be best to develop the emissions estimates based on the site-specific features of
the biotreater and its feed streams.
6.3 Fluorinated Fugitive Emissions
In addition to fugitive emission sources of CH
4
or CO
2
, there may be equipment or operations
associated with oil and natural gas industry activities that result in emissions of CFCs, HCFCs,
HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
. Chlorofluorcarbons and HCFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol,
and are not typically included in a GHG inventory. However, HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
are accounted
for under most GHG registry programs. Potential fugitive emission sources of HFC emissions for
the oil and natural gas industry are leakage from the operation of chillers and air conditioning
equipment, including air conditioning for mobile sources. Emissions of SF
6
may result from
electrical transmission and distribution equipment, and from the use of SF
6
as a tracer gas to detect
leaks.
Emissions of fluorinated substances and SF
6
can be calculated using either a mass balance approach
or default operating emission factors. When using the mass balance approach, emissions are
commonly reported during the year of recharge, even though fugitive emissions of these substances
can occur over multiple years.
6.3.1 Emissions from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment
Emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment are expected to be very small for oil
and natural gas industry operations. This section discusses emissions from the operation of air
conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Although emissions can also occur from the manufacture
and disposal of fluorinated substances, these activities are generally not conducted as part of oil and
natural gas operations.
7
Figure 6-4 provides a decision tree for estimating refrigerant emissions
based on the contribution of these emissions to the entitys inventory.
8

7
An additional calculation methodology for the manufacture, installation, or disposal of refrigeration and air
conditioning equipment can be found in the following references: EPA, Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Protocol, Core Module Guidance: Direct HFC and PFC Emissions from Use of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Equipment, (EPA, 2008); IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3 Chapter
7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (IPCC, 2006); and
WRI/ WBCSD, Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation and Disposal
of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 1.0) Guide to Calculation Worksheets, (WRI/WBCSD,
6-47 August 2009

Figure 6-4. Refrigerant Emissions
A simplified estimation method for refrigerant emissions is based on knowing the type of refrigerant
and type of equipment. Annual emissions are estimated by adjusting the total charge capacity of the
equipment by an annual default leak rate, as shown in Equation 6-15 (WRI/WBCSD, 2005).
Refridgerants Operating
tonne
E =Equipment Charge (kg) EF
1000 kg
(Equation 6-15)
where
E
Refrigerant
= emission rate of the PFC or HFC from refrigeration equipment;
Equipment Charge = total full charge of equipment (kg); and
EF
Operating
= EF associated with the operating phase of the equipment.
Table 6-25 provides the default equipment capacities and operating leak rates for common types of
refrigeration equipment. This assumes that the installation and disposal of the refrigeration or air
conditioning equipment is not conducted by the oil and natural gas entity. Where this assumption is
not valid, refer to Volume 3, Chapter 7 of the IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 2007) for additional factors to
include in the emission estimation approach.
Refrigerant emissions are then converted to CO
2
e by applying the appropriate global warming
potential factors provided in Table 3-1 or Table 6-26 for refrigerant blends.

January 2005).
8
The methodology described in this subsection is consistent with the methodology described in The Climate Registry
(TCR, 2008).
Use the resulting
emission
No
No
Yes
simplified approach based on
Equation 6-14. Are the resulting
emissions an important contributor to
the facilitys overall emissions?
Estimate emissions using the mass
balance approach based on
Equation 6-15.
Are data available on the
inventory of each refrigerant,
including the base inventory
and inventory changes due to
purchases and sales?
Yes
6-48 August 2009
Table 6-25. Default Operating Emission Factors for Refrigeration / Air
Conditioning Equipment
Type of Equipment Capacity (kg) Operating Emission Factor
(% of capacity/year)
Domestic refrigeration 0.05 0.5 0.5%
Stand-alone commercial applications 0.2 6 15%
Medium & large commercial refrigeration 50 2,000 35%
Transport refrigeration 3 8 50%
Industrial refrigeration including cold storage 10 10,000 25%
Chillers 10 2,000 15%
Residential and commercial A/C,
including heat pumps
0.5 100 10%
Mobile air conditioning 0.5 1.5 20%
Source:
IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3, Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for
Ozone Depleting Substances, Table 7-9, 2007. Operating emission factors are the high end of the reported range.

Table 6-26. Global Warming Potentials for Refrigeration Blends
Refrigerant
Blend
Global Warming
Potential
Refrigerant
Blend
Global Warming
Potential Refrigerant Blend
Global Warming
Potential
R-401A 18 R-409A 0 R-419A 2,403
R-401B 15 R-409B 0 R-420A 1,144
R-401C 21 R-410A 1,725 R-500 37
R-402A 1,680 R-410B 1,833 R-501 0
R-402B 1,064 R-411A 15 R-502 0
R-403A 1,400 R-411B 4 R-503 4,692
R-403B 2,730 R-412A 350 R-504 313
R-404A 3,260 R-413A 1,774 R-505 0
R-406A 0 R-414A 0 R-506 0
R-407A 1,770 R-414B 0 R-507 or R-507A 3,300
R-407B 2,285 R-415A 25 R-508A 10,175
R-407C 1,526 R-415B 105 R-508B 10,350
R-407D 1,428 R-416A 767 R-509 or R-509A 3,920
R-407E 1,363 R-417A 1,955
R-408A 1,944 R-418A 4
Source:
WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Initiative. Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation and Disposal
of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Equipment: Guide to Calculation Worksheets, Version 1.0, 2005. Taken from ASHRAE Standard 34.
Where refrigerant emissions are a significant part of an entitys GHG inventory (defined by most
reporting programs as larger than 5% of the inventory), emissions from air conditioning equipment
can be calculated using a mass balance approach, as shown in the following equation
(WRI/WBCSD, 2005):
i
FC E,i B,i i i i
E = S -S +P -S + C (Equation 6-16)
6-49 August 2009
where
E
FC,i
= emission rate of fluorinated compound or refrigerant mixture i;
S
E,i
= quantity of refrigerant i in storage at the end of the year;
S
B,i
= quantity of refrigerant i in storage at the beginning of the year;
P
i
= purchases/acquisitions of refrigerant i during the year;
S
i
= sales/disbursements of refrigerant i during the year; and
C
i
= net change in total equipment volume for refrigerant i.

Equation 6-16 should be applied to each type of refrigerant or mixture used. Care should be taken
that releases are not double counted (e.g., from reporting both refrigerant blend and individual
refrigerant use). Emissions from refrigerant recharges should be accounted for in the year the
recharge occurred. An example calculation for HFC emissions from air conditioning equipment is
shown in Exhibit 6.7.

EXHIBIT 6.7: Sample Calculation for Air Conditioning HFC Emissions

INPUT DATA:
An oil and natural gas industry company owns and operates 680 vehicles utilizing Freon-134a
(otherwise known as R-134a or HFC-134a). The vehicles range from small passenger vehicles to
heavy-duty transport vehicles. Calculate the emissions by pollutant and as CO
2
e.

Because the specific capacity of the vehicles is unknown, it is assumed that the median capacity of
the vehicles is equal to the high-range capacity listed in Table 6-25. Using Equation 6-15, the
estimated emissions would be:

R-134a
R-134a
1.5 kg tonne
E = 680 vehicles 0.2
vehicle 1000 kg
E = 0.204 tonnes R-134a

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
e
e
1300 tonne CO e
E = 0.204 tonnes R-134a
tonne R-134a
E = 265.2 tonne CO e

6-50 August 2009
6.3.2 Electrical Equipment
Electrical transmission and distribution systems may use SF
6
as an insulator or interrupter, due to its
dielectric strength. Sulfur hexafluoride may be found in substations, circuit breakers, and
switchgears. A potential source of SF
6
emissions in the oil and natural gas industry is equipment
leaks (e.g., through seals) and servicing of electrical transmission and distribution equipment, where
an oil and natural gas company operates this equipment.
Electrical equipment-based SF
6
emissions can be calculated using either Equation 6-17 or 6-18.
Equation 6-16 is appropriate in instances where electrical equipment that use SF
6
have been in use
for 10-20 years or more, and emissions from sealed-pressure systems are likely to be negligible.
Equation 6-17 is appropriate for sealed-pressure equipment and all types of equipment where
electrical equipment has been used for less than 10-20 years.
6
SF Recharge Recovered
E = (Q -Q ) (Equation 6-17)
6
SF Recharge Recovered
E = (Q -Q ) C EF
(Equation 6-18)
where
E
6
SF
= annual emissions of SF
6
;
Q
Recharge
= SF
6
used to recharge closed pressure equipment at servicing;
Q
Recovered
= SF
6
recovered from closed pressure equipment at servicing;
C = nameplate capacity of equipment installed, excluding equipment covered in
(Q
Recharge
Q
Recovered
); and
EF = usage based emission factor (see Table 6-27).
Usage-based emission factors for SF
6
emissions from electrical equipment are provided in
Table 6-27.
Table 627. Usage-Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical
Equipment
Equipment Region/Country Reference Factor
a,b
, Units
Sealed pressure electrical equipment (MV
Switchgear)
Europe 0.002 Fraction per year of nameplate
capacity of all equipment installed
Japan 0.007
Closed pressure electrical equipment Europe 0.026
Japan 0.007
U.S. 0.14
c

Gas insulated transformers Japan 0.007
a
IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3, Chapter 8, April 2007, Tables 8.2 through 8.4.
b
Factors include leakage, major failures/arc faults and maintenance losses. Factors reflect the practices and technologies in place in 1995.
c
Includes emissions from installation.
6-51 August 2009
SF
6
emissions from electrical transmission and distribution can be calculated using Equation 6-19.
Distance-based emission factors for SF
6
emissions from electrical transmission and distribution are
6
SF
E = TD EF (Equation 6-19)
where
E
6
SF
= annual emissions of SF
6
;
TD = transmission distance (mi), for lines carrying voltage at or above 34.5 kV; and
EF = distance based emission factor.

Table 628. Distance-Based Fugitive Emission Factors for Electrical
Transmission and Distribution
Emission Basis
a
,
Original Units

Emission Factor,
Converted Units
Less than 10,000 transmission
miles
0.89 kg SF
6
/mi-yr 8.90E-04 tonne SF
6
/mi-yr
5.53E-04 tonne SF
6
/km-yr
More than 10,000 transmission
miles
0.58 kg SF
6
/mi-yr 5.80E-04 tonne SF
6
/mi-yr
3.60E-04 tonne SF
6
/km-yr
Footnote and Source::
a
EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, April 2009, pg. 4-69.

Exhibit 6.8 presents an example of calculating SF
6
emissions using the major equipment emission
factors approach.

EXHIBIT 6.8: Sample Calculation for Electrical Equipment Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A company specializing in the delivery of natural gas and electricity operates 135 miles of electric
transmission and distribution lines (at or above 34.5 kV), with various electrical equipment used to
support electric transmission and distribution. The company uses SF
6
for electrical insulation and
current interruption.

Service records for the past year indicate that a total of 79,878 lb SF
6
was used to recharge
electrical equipment, while a total of 79,480 lb SF
6
was recovered from electrical equipment.
Calculate the SF
6
and CO
2
e emissions using both the equipment usage methodology and
transmission mileage methodology, for comparison purposes.

6-52 August 2009

EXHIBIT 6.8: Sample Calculation for Electrical Equipment Emissions, continued


1. Calculate emissions associated with the equipment. Emissions of SF
6
are calculated using a
material balance.

( )
6
SF 6
79,87879,480 lb
tonne
E = 0.18 tonne SF / yr
yr 2204.62 lb
=

CO
2
e emissions are calculated using Equation 3-2.

2
2
6 2
CO e
6
CO e 2
0.18 tonne SF 23,900 tonne CO
E =
yr tonne SF
E = 4,314.67 tonne CO e

2. Calculate emissions using associated with transmission mileage. Using Equation 6-19 (for
mileage based emissions) and the global warming potential from Table 3-1, the estimated
emissions would be:

6
SF 6
0.89 kg tonne
E = 135 miles =0.12 tonne SF /yr
mile-yr 1000 kg

CO
2
e. emissions are calculated using Equation 3-2.

2
2
6 2
CO e
6
CO e 2
0.12 tonne SF 23,900 tonne CO
E =
yr tonne SF
E 2,839.32 tonne CO =

Note the difference between the emissions calculated with the two methods. As with any
methodology, a mass balance approach will be more accurate than the use of emission factors.

6.3.3 SF
6
Emissions from Pipeline Operations
Natural gas pipeline operations may use SF
6
as a tracer gas to detect leaks. Emissions from these
activities can be determined using a mass balance approach, similar to that shown for refrigerant
emissions:
6-53 August 2009
6
SF E B
E = S -S +P-S+C (Equation 6-20)
where
E
6
SF
= emission rate of SF
6
;
S
E
= quantity of SF
6
in storage at the end of the year;
S
B
= quantity of SF
6
in storage at the beginning of the year;
P = purchases/acquisitions of SF
6
during the year;
S = sales/disbursements of SF
6
during the year; and
C = net change in total equipment SF
6
volume.
Alternatively, SF
6
emissions can be determined by scaling pipeline fugitive CH
4
emissions based on
the relative concentration of SF
6
in the gas compared to CH
4
, similar to the adjustment shown in
Equation 6-1 for CO
2
emissions.
6.4 References
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations,
API Publication No. 4615, Health and Environmental Sciences Department, January 1995.

American Petroleum Institute (API). Calculation Workbook For Oil and Gas Production
Equipment Fugitive Emissions, API Publication 4638, Health and Environmental Sciences
Department, July 1996. Available for purchase from: http://global.ihs.com, accessed May 4, 2009.

Draft, April 14, 2006.
http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/aqb/GHG/Docs/API-IPIECA_Review_finaldraft_4-06.pdf,

Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-
080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/9_underground.pdf, accessed May 4,
2009.

Campbell, L.M. and B.E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10:
Metering and Pressure Regulating, Stations in Natural Gas, and Transmission and Distribution,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and EPA-600/R-96-080j. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/10_metering.pdf, accessed May 4, 2009.
Gas Research Institute (GRI). GRI-GHGCalc Version 1.0, Software, GRI-99/0086, December
1999. Available for purchase from: http://www.gastechnology.org, accessed May 4, 2009.
6-54 August 2009

Harrison, M.R., L.M. Campbell, T.M. Shires, and R.M. Cowgill. Methane Emissions from the
Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-
96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
2009.

February 1999.

Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h.
Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/8_equipmentleaks.pdf, accessed May 4,
2009.

Eggleston H.S., L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, K. and Tanabe (eds). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions, Volume 2,
Chapter 5: Carbon Dioxide Transport, Injection and Geological Storage, Volume 3, Chapter 8:
Other Product Manufacture and Use, and Volume 5, Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and
Discharge, 2006. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm, accessed May 4,
2009.

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, Third Edition,
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Revised by George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1991.

4
and VOC Emissions
from Upstream Oil and Gas Operations in Alberta, Volume II, Canadian Petroleum Association,
March 1992 (Cited Tables 12 through 15).

Picard, D.J., M. Stribrny, and M.R. Harrison, Handbook for Estimating Methane Emissions from
Canadian Natural Gas Systems. GTC Program #3. Environmental Technologies, May 25, 1998.

Ross, B.D. and Picard, D.J. Measurement of Methane Emissions from Western Canadian Natural
Gas Facilities, Gas Technology Canada, GTC Program #3, Environment Technology Program,
September, 1996.


Southern California Gas Company (SoCal). A Study of the 1991 Unaccounted-for Gas Volume at
the Southern Gas Company, April 1993.
6-55 August 2009

UK Offshore Operators Association Limited (UKOOA). Environmental Emissions Monitoring
System, Guidelines for the Compilation of an Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, Document A-D-
UM-0020, Revision Number 4.0, December 2002. (Cited Appendix I, Table 7.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Protocol, Core Module Guidance: Direct HFC and PFC Emissions from Use of Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning Equipment, EPA430-K-03-004, May 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/resources/mfgrfg.pdf, accessed May 4, 2009.

of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and
C, 1996; Supplement D, 1998; Supplement E, 1999; Supplement F; and Section 4.3.5.2, 2000.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, accessed May 4, 2009.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates,
(EPA-453/R-95-017), U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efdocs/equiplks.pdf, accessed May 4, 2009.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990-2007. EPA-430-R-09-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.,
April 15, 2009. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/Annexes.pdf, accessed
May 4, 2009.

World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/
WBCSD). Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation
and Disposal of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 1.0) Guide to calculation
worksheets, January 2005. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools, accessed May 4,
2009.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 7
I N D I R E C T E MI S S I O N S


Section 7 Indirect Emissions Estimation Methods

August 2009

7-ii August 2009
Table of Contents

7.0 INDIRECT EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS ............................................. 7-1
7.1 Emissions Associated with Purchased or Imported Energy ........................ 7-1
7.1.1 Electricity from a Known Generator ................................................ 7-1
7.1.2 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator State or
Regional Basis ................................................................................ 7-5
7.1.3 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator National
Basis ............................................................................................. 7-10
7.1.4 Renewable Energy ....................................................................... 7-16
7.1.5 Steam/Heat Utility Emissions ........................................................ 7-17
7.1.6 District Cooling Water Emissions .................................................. 7-20
7.2 Allocation of Emissions Among Energy Streams ...................................... 7-21
7.2.1 Cogeneration of Electricity and Steam .......................................... 7-21
7.2.2 Cogeneration Within An Entity ...................................................... 7-39
7.2.3 Cogeneration of Product Streams and Heat ................................. 7-39
7.3 References ............................................................................................... 7-40

7-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table 7-1. Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Method of Generation ................................. 7-3
Table 7-2. Average U.S. Electricity Usage Emission Factors by eGRID Subregion -
2005 ......................................................................................................................... 7-6
Table 7-3. Average Australian Electricity Usage Emission Factors .......................................... 7-8
Table 7-4. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Province (2006
data) ......................................................................................................................... 7-9
Table 7-5. OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission Factors
(Generation Basis) ................................................................................................. 7-11
Table 7-6. Non-OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission Factors
(Generation Basis) ................................................................................................. 7-13
Table 7-7. Typical Chiller Coefficients of Performance ........................................................... 7-20

List of Figures

Figure 7-1. Decision Tree for Purchased Electricity Emissions ................................................ 7-2
Figure 7-2. eGRID Subregion Map ........................................................................................... 7-7

7-1 August 2009
7.0 INDIRECT EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS
Indirect emissions are emissions that are a consequence of activities of the reporting company, but
which result from sources owned or controlled by another party (IPIECA, 2003). This section
addresses indirect emissions from the purchase of energy, the largest source of indirect emissions
for the oil and natural gas industry. Carbon dioxide, CH
4
, and N
2
O are emitted when fuel is
combusted to generate electricity or to produce heat, steam, or cooling water. This section provides
methodologies for estimating the emissions associated with these activities, where these energy
sources are generated off site and purchased for use on site. In addition, this section addresses the
allocation of emissions among co-produced streams, such as those associated with the cogeneration
of electricity and steam. For transparency, indirect energy emissions, also referred to as Scope 2,
should be reported separately from direct emissions (WRI, 2005).
7.1 Emissions Associated with Purchased or Imported Energy
Figure 7-1 provides a decision tree for selecting an approach for estimating emissions associated
with purchased electricity. As shown, the emission estimation approach for purchased or imported
electricity varies depending on whether the power was purchased from the grid or from a known
generator.
7.1.1 Electricity from a Known Generator
It is often difficult to track purchased electricity back to the source. However, where electricity is
supplied from a known generator, emissions associated with purchased or imported electricity can
be based on fuel-derived emission factors provided by the generator or fuel data using the
combustion emission approach presented in Section 4.3. Figure 7-1 depicts several approaches to
estimate indirect emissions from electricity. These approaches are based on having generation
facility data such as publicly reported emissions factors, fuel composition and quantity consumed,
and fuel/generation type, or knowing the region from which the electricity is generated. If only
general information is available on the type of fuel and combustion method, Table 7-1 provides
CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emission factors for electricity generation on a power consumed basis
(megawatt-hours) from the U.S. EIA or the U.S. DOE (EIA, 2007; DOE, 1994).
Indirect Emissions Estimation Methods
7-2 August 2009

Figure 7-1. Decision Tree for Purchased Electricity Emissions
Is the electric generation
facility known?
Does the generator provide
emission or publicly report
emission factors?
Is the fuel composition and
quantity consumed known?
Is the fuel/generation type
known?
Apply quantity of electricity
purchased/imported from
generator to specific
emission factors.
Is the location or general region from
which the electric power is generated
known?
For the U.S., Canada, and Australia,
state and provincial emission factors
are provided in Tables 7-2 through 7-4.
National emission factors are provided
for other countries in Tables 7-5 and
7-6.
Use national emission factors provided
in Tables 7-5 and 7-6.
See Section 4.3.
Use emission factors from
Table 7-1.
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7-3 August 2009
Table 7-1. Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Method of Generation
Carbon Dioxide
a
Methane
b
Nitrous Oxide
b

Method of Generation Fuel Type
lb/
10
6
W-hr
tonnes/
10
6
W-hr
lb/
10
6
W-hr
tonnes/
10
6
W-hr
lb/
10
6
W-hr
tonnes/
10
6
W-hr
Advanced combustion Natural Gas 1,102.31 0.50 No Data
turbine Distillate Oil 1,499.14 0.68 No Data
Residual Oil 1,609.37 0.73 No Data
Advanced gas / oil Natural Gas 815.71 0.37 No Data
combined cycle Distillate Oil 1,124.36 0.51 No Data
Combined cycle
c
Natural Gas 881.85 0.40 0.015 6.80E-06 0.063 2.86E-05
Distillate Oil 1,190.49 0.54 0.013 5.90E-06 0.268 1.22E-04
Residual Oil 1,300.73 0.59 0.013 5.90E-06 0.268 1.22E-04
Combustion turbine
d
Natural Gas 1,278.68 0.58 0.16 7.26E-05 0.24 1.09E-04
Distillate Oil 1,741.65 0.79 0.021 9.53E-06 0.276 1.25E-04
Residual Oil 1,873.93 0.85 0.021 9.53E-06 0.276 1.25E-04
Distributed generation - Natural Gas 1,102.31 0.50 No Data
baseload Distillate Oil 1,499.14 0.68 No Data
Distributed generation - Natural Gas 1,212.54 0.55 No Data
peak Distillate Oil 1,653.47 0.75 No Data
Fuel cells Natural Gas 881.85 0.40 No Data
Geothermal unspecified 268.96 0.122
e
No Data
Geothermal all, including
binary
180
f
0.0816 1.66E-03
f
7.53E-07 No Data
Geothermal flash/dry steam 56.7 0.0257 No Data
Integrated coal gasification
combined cycle
Coal 1,653.47 0.75 No Data
Municipal solid waste boiler
g
3,747 1.70 0.02 9.07E-06 0.55 2.49E-04
Pulverized coal Coal 1,970 0.89 0.04 1.81E-05 0.34 1.54E-04
Renewables (wind, hydro,
solar, and nuclear)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Scrubbed coal Coal 1,851.88 0.84 No Data
Steam turbine Natural Gas 968 0.44 0.05 2.27E-05 0 0
Oil 1,452 0.66 0.002 9.07E-07 0 0
Wood waste biomass boiler
h
3,400 1.54 0.14 6.35E-05 0.55 2.49E-04
a
Emission factors taken from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Technical Guidelines Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605(b))
Program, Table 1.F.3, January 2007, unless otherwise noted. Only CO
2
emission factors are available for these Generator Types.
b
U.S. Department of Energy, Sector-Specific Issues and Reporting Methodologies Supporting the General Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting
of Greenhouse Gases under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Appendix B, DOE/PO-0028, Washington, DC, October 1994.
c
Gas - Combined Cycle CH
4
and N
2
O factors used for Natural Gas; Oil - Combined Cycle CH
4
and N
2
O factors used for both distillate oil and
residual oil.
d
Gas - Combustion Turbine CH
4
and N
2
O factors used for Natural Gas; Oil - Combustion Turbine CH
4
and N
2
O factors used for both distillate oil
and residual oil.
e
Factor for unspecified plant type. Source: International Geothermal Association (Bertani and Thain, 2001).
f
Factors for all geothermal plant types (including binary). Source: Geothermal Resources Council (Bloomfield and Moore, 1999).
g
Municipal solid waste normally contains inorganic materialsprincipally plasticsthat contain carbon that is not biogenic. The proportion of
plastics in municipal solid waste varies considerably depending on climate, season, socio-economic factors, and waste management practices. As
a result, EIA does not estimate a non-biogenic CO
2
emission factor for municipal solid waste.
h
Under international GHG accounting methods developed by the IPCC, biogenic carbon is considered to be part of the natural carbon balance and
does not add to atmospheric concentrations of CO
2
.
7-4 August 2009
Note that these emission factors do not include transmission and distribution losses, but are
applicable to megawatt-hr of metered electricity usage. Emissions resulting from transmission and
distribution losses are accounted for by the entity that owns the transmission or distribution service
lines. As such, any losses that occur downstream of the customer meter are incorporated into the
customers emission inventory by basing the emission estimate on the metered energy usage.
Exhibit 7.1 demonstrates the use of the generation-based emission factors provided in Table 7-1.

EXHIBIT 7.1: Sample Calculation for Electric Utility (Indirect) Emissions Using
Generation-based Emission Factors

INPUT DATA:
A facility purchases 500,000 kilowatt-hrs of electricity during a given year generated from an
offsite natural gas combined-cycle system. Calculate the CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions.

Emission factors for a natural gas combined-cycle system are provided in Table 7-1. The
emission factors are multiplied by the quantity of electricity purchased to calculate the annual
emissions, as follows:

2
2
4
4
2
CO
CO 2
-6
4
CH
CH
0.40 tonne CO 500,000 kilowatt-hr 1 megawatt
E =
yr 1000 kilowatt megawatt-hr
E 200 tonnes CO /yr
6.80 10 tonne CH 500,000 kilowatt-hr 1 megawatt
E =
E 0.0034 tonnes CH

=

=
2
2
4
-5
2
N O
N O 2
/yr
2.86 10 tonne CO 500,000 kilowatt-hr 1 meagwatt
E =
E 0.0143 tonnes N O/yr

=

In the U.S., general emission factors from EPA can be applied if the generator of purchased
electricity is known but fuel-based data are not available. Currently, EPA maintains a database with
7-5 August 2009
information from virtually every power plant and company that generates electricity in the U.S.
(eGRID). The database is available at the following website:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htm
1

The database is a comprehensive inventory of environmental attributes of electric power systems,
integrating information from both utility and non-utility companies. eGRID is based on available
plant-specific data for all U.S. electricity generating plants that provide power to the electric grid
and report data to the U.S. government. The database provides CO
2
emission rates (in addition to
NOx, SO
2
, and Hg) in terms of boiler, generator, power plant, electric generating company, parent
company, state, power control area, and North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)
region. Recently, eGRID added CH
4
and N
2
O emissions rates.
Ideally, the emissions would be based on the most detailed information available. For example, if a
facility knew that the electricity was primarily supplied by a specific power plant, emissions data at
this level would provide the highest accuracy. If company-specific information were not available,
state or regional grid average values would be appropriate.
7.1.2 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator State or Regional
Basis
In the case where electricity is imported directly from a third party power supplier, generation and
fuel information may not be available in all cases. Where the detailed data are unavailable, the
default approach is to assume that the electricity was supplied from the grid. Regional or national
grid emission factors may be available from federal governments.
Since electric transmission and distribution lines do not adhere to state boundaries, it is often
difficult to identify a specific generation source. In the U.S., the EPAs eGRID database provides
GHG emission factors based on electric generation from all electricity generating plants that provide
power to the electric grid and report to the U.S. government. eGRID subregions are subsets of
NERC regions, with similar emissions and resource mix characteristics. eGRID emission factors
are summarized in Table 7-2, with the corresponding subregions illustrated in Figure 7-2.
Subregions can also be determined by ZIP code using the EPA Power Profiler Tool, which can be
found at the following address:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/powerprofiler.htm
2

1
Accessed June 19, 2009.
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8
.


7-8 August 2009
Note that these emission factors are for the year 2005, the most current data at the time of
publication. When possible, electric grid emission factors corresponding to the emissions inventory
year should be applied. The most recent eGRID information can be found online at:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htm
3

The EIA provides additional information related to energy generation emissions in the U.S., such as
electric generation by independent power producers, and electric generation by fuel type
4
.
The Australian Government publishes emission factors for purchased electricity according to state,
territory, or grid description, as shown in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3. Average Australian Electricity Usage Emission Factors
CO
2
Equivalent (CO
2
eq.)
a

Location tonnes/10
6
W-hr
New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory 0.89
Victoria 1.22
Queensland 0.91
South Australia 0.84
South West Interconnected System in Western Australia 0.87
Tasmania 0.12
Northern Territory 0.69
Australia Average 0.79
a
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors, Table 5, November
2008. Original source units are kg/kW-hr. Australia Average factors are derived.

Environment Canada provides emission factors for purchased electricity according to province.
These factors are shown in Table 7-4.

3
4
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html, accessed June 19, 2009.

7-9 August 2009
Table 7-4. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Province
(2006 data)
a

Location
CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
g/
kW-hr
tonnes/
MW hr
g/
MW hr
tonnes/
MW hr
g/
MW-hr
tonnes/
MW-hr
Newfoundland 10 0.010 0.00 0.00E+00 0.29 2.90E-07
Prince Edward Island 150 0.150 1.90 1.90E-06 3.06 3.06E-06
Nova Scotia 730 0.730 14.76 1.48E-05 9.71 9.71E-06
New Brunswick 350 0.350 17.14 1.71E-05 6.71 6.71E-06
Quebec 10 0.010 1.43 1.43E-06 0.16 1.60E-07
Ontario 180 0.180 9.05 9.05E-06 3.19 3.19E-06
Manitoba 10 0.010 0.48 4.80E-07 0.26 2.60E-07
Saskatchewan 800 0.800 36.19 3.62E-05 18.58 1.86E-05
Alberta 920 0.920 27.62 2.76E-05 17.23 1.72E-05
British Columbia 20 0.020 4.29 4.29E-06 0.48 4.80E-07
Yukon, Northwest Territories
and Nunavut
80 0.080 3.81 3.81E-06 11.39 1.14E-05
Canada Average 296.36 0.296 10.61 1.06E-05 6.46 6.46E-06
a
Environment Canada, Energy Section, Greenhouse Gas Division. (Cited by The Cilmate Registry, General
Reporting Protocol, Version 1.1, Updates and Clarifications, April 27, 2009.) Factors do not include emissions
from transmission and distribution losses. Emission factors were converted from units of g/kW-hr or g/MW-hr
to units of tonne/MW-hr. Canada Average factors are derived.
An example calculation illustrating how to estimate electricity-related CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O emissions
using regional or provincial emission factors follows in Exhibit 7.2.

State Emission Factors

INPUT DATA:
A facility in Colorado purchases 500,000 kilowatt-hr of electricity during a given year. The
method of electricity generation is unknown, but the electricity is produced in Colorado.
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O emissions.

From Figure 7-2, the only eGRID subregion serving Colorado is RMPA. With this knowledge,
emission factors are taken from Table 7-2 for eGRID subregion RMPA. Annual emissions are
calculated by multiplying the emission factors by the quantity of electricity purchased by the
plant, as follows:

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
0.854 tonne CO 500,000 kilowattW-hr 1 megawatt
E =


7-10 August 2009

State Emission Factors, continued

4
4
2
2
-5
4
CH
CH 4
-5
2
N O
N O
1.0410 tonne CH 500,000 kilowatt-hr 1 megawatt
E =
1.3010 tonne CO 500,000 kilowatt-hr 1 megawatt
E =
E = 0.00
2
65 tonnes N O/yr

7.1.3 Purchased Electricity from an Unknown Generator
National Basis
Tables 7-5 and 7-6 provide national emission factors from published sources or developed from IEA
data. Table 7-5 is applicable to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
member countries, whereas Table 7-6 is applicable to Non-OECD countries. These emission factors
are based on electricity generation only and do not include district heating or transmission/
distribution line losses.
The emission factors presented in Tables 7-5 and 7-6 were derived from data provided in the IEAs
Electricity Information 2007, which contains electricity generation data for OECD countries for the
years 1960 through 2005, and data provided in IEAs Electricity Information 2007 Edition:
Documentation for Beyond 2020 Files, which contains electricity generation data for non-OECD
countries for 2005 and electricity generation data for OECD countries for 2006 (IEA, 2007a and
2007b). The factors provided in Table 7-5 (for OECD countries) are for the years 2003 through
2006, continuing where the emission factors in the previous version of the API Compendium ended
(Appendix D provides the 2000-2002 emission factors from the previous API Compendium).
Emission factors for non-OECD member countries are for 2005 only (Appendix D provides the
2001-2002 emission factors from the previous API Compendium). The approach used to develop
the emission factors from IEA data is provided in Appendix D.
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l
e
d
o
n
i
a
,

P
a
p
u
a

N
e
w

G
u
i
n
e
a
,

S
a
m
o
a
,

S
o
l
o
m
o
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
s
,

E
a
s
t

T
i
m
o
r
,

T
o
n
g
o
a
,

a
n
d

V
a
n
u
a
t
u
.


7-16 August 2009
In the United States, Canada, and Australia, regional data should be used over national emission
factors. If the applicable region or province is not known, country averages are also presented in
Table 7-5. Emission factors for the United States are taken from eGRID (EPA, 2009). Emission
factors for Canada were taken from Environment Canada (TCR, 2009). The CO
2
emission factor
for the United Kingdom is taken from the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs,
Guidelines to Defras GHG conversion factors for company reporting, Annexes (Defra, 2008); the
CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors for the United Kingdom were derived from IEA.
7.1.4 Renewable Energy
Footnotes to Table 7-1 address some unique characteristics for electricity generated from renewable
energy sources. Although a CO
2
emission factor is provided for wood waste biomass, by GHG
emission accounting convention, CO
2
emissions from combustion of biogenic fuels
5
are not
considered anthropogenic under the Framework Convention on Climate Change
6
. Rather, these
emissions are presumed to be carbon neutral, meaning that CO
2
emissions resulting from the
combustion of wood waste are offset by the CO
2
absorbed from the atmosphere prior to harvesting
the tree. Carbon dioxide emissions from biomass should not be included in either direct or indirect
emissions. However, the combustion of biomass does result in net additions of CH
4
and N
2
O to the
atmosphere. These emissions should be accounted for.
For municipal solid waste, the waste may contain plastics, synthetic textiles, rubber, yard waste, and
paper products; with the proportion varying considerably depending on location, season, and waste
management practices. An emission factor should be derived based on the anthropogenic carbon
contained in the solid waste. If plant-specific estimates of the waste stream composition are not
available, the EIA has developed a default emission factor of 919 lbs CO
2
per short ton of municipal
solid waste, or 92 lbs CO
2
per million Btu (assuming a municipal solid waste energy content of
5,000 Btu/lb) (DOE, 2007).
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is a renewable resource that utilizes heat and steam produced in the earths core
for heating and energy generation. The three primary uses of geothermal energy are: direct use and
district heating systems, electricity generation, and geothermal heat pumps. GHG emissions do

5
Biogenic carbon refers to carbon that was recently contained in living and breathing tissues (WRI/WBSCD GHG
Protocol, Stations Combustion Guidance, July 2005).
6
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php, accessed April 30, 2009.

7-17 August 2009
result from geothermal electricity generation; however, compared to other methods of generation,
emissions from geothermal power plants are very low.
There are three basic types of geothermal power plants: dry steam plants, flash steam plants, and
binary power plants. Dry and flash steam plants use the geothermal steam (or geothermal hot water
converted to steam) to drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it is converted to water and
injected back into the ground to be used again. In both dry and flash steam plants, the gases
contained in the geothermal streams do not condense at the turbine exhaust outlet and so are
released to the atmosphere. Binary power plants use geothermal hot water to heat another liquid,
which is then vaporized and used to drive the generator turbines. Binary plants do not expose the
geothermal stream to the atmosphere, so the non-condensable gases contained in the geothermal
streams are not released.
The emission factors provided in Table 7-1 for geothermal energy generation are taken from three
separate sources. The International Geothermal Association conducted a survey to determine CO
2

emissions from geothermal power plants from around the world (Bertani and Thain, 2001).
Emission data were collected from 85 geothermal power plants operating in 11 countries,
representing 85% of the worldwide geothermal power plant capacity. Bloomfield and Moore
(Bloomfield and Moore, 1999) conducted a survey of data from geothermal operators, utilities, and
U.S. state air-quality boards. The primary sources of data were the operators of dry steam and flash
plants, although the emission rate is for all geothermal plants (including binary power plants). The
EIA emission factor is based on EIA estimates.
7.1.5 Steam/Heat Utility Emissions
Imported steam/heat or steam/heat generated on site results in GHG emissions due to combustion
that occurs to produce the steam. If the method of generation for the steam/heat is known, the
approach to estimate combustion emissions given in Sections 4.3 through 4.5 can be used.
To estimate GHG emissions from imported steam or district heating, or where information about the
steam/heat generator is unknown, a simple approach of assuming that the steam/heat was generated
in a natural gas boiler is suggested. A thermal-based emission factor for this approach can be
developed by dividing a boiler emission factor on a lower heating value (LHV) basis by an assumed
boiler efficiency. For example, the LHV natural gas combustion emission factors given in Table 4-3
for CO
2
and Table 4-7 for CH
4
and N
2
O (controlled) can be converted to a thermal basis by dividing
by an assumed 92% boiler efficiency, shown below as follows. The assumed 92% boiler efficiency

7-18 August 2009
does not account for steam transport losses. The efficiency should be reduced to account for
inefficiencies in transporting the steam for the specific application.

-2 6
2
-2 6
2
-2
2
5.90 10 tonne/10 Btu
CO Emission Factor
0.92
6.41 10 tonne CO /10 Btu (steam/heat energy basis, LHV)
6.41 10 tonne CO

10
=
=
=
6
-5 6
2
-6 6
4
Btu
Btu 1055.056 J
6.08 10 tonne CO /10 J (steam/heat energy basis, LHV)
1.1 10 tonne/10 Btu
CH Emission Factor
0.92
1.20
=
=
6 6
4
-6
4
6
-9 6
4
10 tonne CH /10 Btu (steam/heat energy basis, LHV)
1.20 10 tonne CH Btu

10 Btu 1055.056 J
1.14 10 tonne CH /10 J (steam/h
=
=
-7 6
2
7 6
2
eat energy basis, LHV)
3.0 10 tonne/10 Btu
N O Emission Factor
0.92
3.26 10 tonne N O/10 Btu (steam/heat energy basis, LHV)

=
=
-7
2
6
-10 6
2
3.26 10 tonne N O Btu

10 Btu 1055.056 J
3.09 10 tonne N O/10 J (steam/heat energy basis, LHV)
=
=

The quantity of steam consumed may be expressed in energy units or mass units. Where steam
consumption is measured in mass units, the pressure and temperature of the steam are needed to
convert to an equivalent energy basis. As demonstrated by Equation 7-1, the mass quantity of the
steam is converted to an equivalent thermal energy basis by quantifying the difference in enthalpy at
the temperature and pressure of the steam compared to a reference condition of saturated water at
212F (100C).
Actual Reference
Steam Thermal Equivalent =Mass steam (Enthalpy -Enthalpy ) Equation 7-1
The enthalpy of the steam at actual and reference conditions can be found in standard steam tables.
The steam factors given above can then be applied to determine the CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O indirect
emissions from the imported steam.

7-19 August 2009
Exhibit 7.3 illustrates this simplified approach.

EXHIBIT 7.3: Sample Calculation for Steam (Indirect) Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A facility purchases 15 million pounds of 600 psig, 700F steam during a given year. The
method of steam generation is unknown. Calculate the emissions.

Because the method of steam generation is unknown, the simple approach of assuming that the
steam was generated in a natural gas boiler with an efficiency of 92% is used. The efficiency is
reduced further by 10% to account for the steam transport losses. The first step is to convert the
mass of steam generated into an equivalent thermal basis using 212F saturated water as the
reference basis. Using a commonly available steam thermodynamic table, the enthalpy of the
steam at the two conditions are:

Steam, 600 psig, 700F = 1350 Btu/lbm
Saturated Water, 212F = 180 Btu/lbm

Thus, the equivalent steam thermal energy is:

Btu/yr 10 1.755 Btu/lbm) 180 - Btu/lbm (1350 lbm/yr) 10 (15 equivalent thermal Steam
10 6
= =

The emissions are now estimated using the emission factors presented in the preceding
discussion:

( )
( )
2
2
4
4
2
-2 10
2
CO 6
CO 2
-6 10
4
CH 6
CH 4
10
N O
5.9010 tonne CO 1.75510 Btu 1
E =
yr 10 Btu 0.92 0.10
1.1010 tonne CH 1.75510 Btu 1
E =
yr 10 Btu 0.92 0.10
3.01 1.75510 Btu
E =
yr

( )
2
-7
2
6
N O 2
0 tonne N O 1

10 Btu 0.92 0.10


7-20 August 2009
7.1.6 District Cooling Water Emissions
Similar to purchased heat or steam, facilities may also purchase cooling water or chilled water.
Chilled water is typically generated by pressurizing a gaseous substance with a compressor and then
allowing the substance to return to standard pressure. When the pressure is released from the gas, it
absorbs thermal energy as it expands, lowering the temperature. The compressor system that
produces the cooling water may be driven by electricity or fossil fuel combustion. Thus, the
estimate of indirect emissions is similar to that of purchased heat or steam. Indirect emissions from
district cooling for a given facility represent the share of the total cooling demand from the cooling
plant to the facility, multiplied by the total GHG emissions generated by the cooling plant. The
quantity of cooling water may be expressed in energy units (Btu or J), or in units of mass-hours (e.g.
ton-hours, where 1 ton-hour = 12,000 BTUs). Equation 7-2 is used to determine the energy input
resulting from a facilitys cooling demand.
Cooling Demand (MMBtu or J)
Energy Input (MMBtu or J)
COP
=
Equation 7-2
where
COP = Coefficient of Performance, which is based on the type of chiller.
The COP for common types of chillers is provided in Table 7-7.

Table 7-7. Typical Chiller Coefficients of Performance
Equipment Type
Coefficient of
Performance (COP)
a
Energy Source
Absorption Chiller 0.8 Natural Gas
Engine-driven Compressors 1.2 Natural Gas
Electric-driven Compressor 4.2 Electricity
a
California Climate Action Registry (CCAR). California Climate Action Registry General Reporting Protocol:
Reporting Entity-Wide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 3.1, January 2009.

For cooling plants that use absorption chillers or natural gas-driven compressors, emissions are
estimated based on the energy input determined from Equation 7-2 and the natural gas combustion
emission factor from Table 4-3. For cooling plants that use electric-driven compression, the energy
input from Equation 7-2 must be converted to megawatt hour (MW-hr) (1 MW-hr = 3.4121
10
6
BTU from Table 3-4) to apply the emission factors presented in Sections 7.1.1 through 7.1.3.

7-21 August 2009
7.2 Allocation of Emissions Among Energy Streams
In ongoing efforts to improve energy efficiency, many operations co-produce energy streams or
utilize excess process heat for energy generation. Processes that simultaneously produce energy
streams used by two or more different parties present a special case for estimating GHG emissions.
This includes the cogeneration of electricity and heat/steam, as well as operations that produce heat
(steam) and other product streams (hydrogen or coke). For these processes, attributing total GHG
emissions to each product stream would result in double counting emissions.
The general process for estimating emissions from co-produced streams is:
1. Obtain the total GHG emissions associated with the generation of all energy and product
streams;
2. Determine emissions or emission factors attributable to net energy and product stream
energy content using one of the methods discussed below;
3. Calculate GHG emissions (CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O) associated with your entitys portion of
the energy or product streams; and
4. Convert to units of CO
2
equivalent emissions.
Data required for the allocation approaches presented in this section include the quantity of fuel
consumed, quantity of energy streams generated and sold, electricity generated and sold, energy
content of product streams generated and sold, and for the WRI/WBCSD efficiency allocation
approach, the efficiencies of heat and power production (although default efficiencies may also be
used).
7.2.1 Cogeneration of Electricity and Steam
Cogeneration of electricity and steam, also known as CHP, is the simultaneous production of
electricity and process heat from the same fuel. In these units, the heat produced from the electricity
generating process (e.g., from the exhaust systems of gas turbines or from conventional boilers with
steam turbines) is captured and used for process steam, hot water heating, space heating, and other
thermal needs, or to produce additional electricity. Lower emissions result from these processes
because process heat is generated with little or no additional fuel usage. Note that for some
processes, additional energy from a secondary combustion unit is required to generate steam. GHG
emissions should also be considered from this supplemental combustion source.

7-22 August 2009
Where electricity and/or steam/heat produced from the cogeneration facility is transferred, sold, or
otherwise used by two or more entities, GHG accounting may require allocating the emissions
resulting from the CHP among the energy streams. Several registries and GHG reporting programs;
have published approaches for allocating emissions between energy streams in cases where these
streams are used by two or more different parties (CCAR, 2008; Defra, 2008b; DOE, 2007; TCR,
2008; and WRI/WBCSD, 2006). The three most common methods are:
1. Efficiency method: GHG emissions are allocated based on the energy input used to
produce the separate steam and electricity products;
2. Energy content method: GHG emissions are allocated based on the energy content of the
output steam and electricity products; and
3. Work potential method: GHG emissions are allocated based on the contribution to the
total work potential of the steam and electricity products.
These approaches apply to emissions associated with the direct import/export of electricity from a
CHP facility. Each approach partitions the total emissions resulting from fuel combustion in the
cogeneration unit between the electricity and steam energy streams. As a result, the sum of the
emissions assigned to the individual energy streams is equivalent to the total emissions resulting
from the fuel combusted to produce the energy. These allocation methodologies are discussed
further and illustrated through calculation exhibits.
GHG emissions from cogeneration plants could also be allocated based on:
The economic value of the steam and electricity products;
Allocating 100% of GHG emissions to electricity production (steam production is
emissions free);
Allocating 100% of GHG emissions to steam production (electricity production is
emissions free);
Allocating savings to electricity production (electricity emissions equal total
emissions less emissions from conventional steam production, and steam emissions
equal emissions of conventional steam production);
Allocating savings to steam production (steam emissions equal total emissions less
emissions from conventional electricity production, and electricity emissions equal
emissions of conventional electricity production); or
Allocating emissions according to a contractual agreement or other understanding
between the parties.

7-23 August 2009
Efficiency Allocation Method
The efficiency method allocates GHG emissions according to the amount of fuel energy used to
produce each output energy stream. Allocation is based on the assumption that the conversion of
fuel energy to steam is more efficient than converting fuel to electricity.
To apply the efficiency allocation method, the first step is to calculate the total direct CO
2
emissions
from the combustion of fuel (generally natural gas) at the cogeneration facility. The second step is
to calculate the thermal equivalent of the steam. The mass of steam generated is converted to an
equivalent thermal basis using 212F saturated water as the reference basis. A commonly available
steam table provides the enthalpy of the steam at the actual and reference conditions. The third step
is to apply the allocation equation to the electricity and steam streams. Two allocation methods are
presented: one from the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and a second from the
WRI/WBCSD.
The UK ETS allocation approach is based on the assumption that the efficiency of heat generation is
twice that of electricity generation (Defra, 2008b).
7
The equations are provided below.

Electricity Emission Factor from Cogeneration Facility:

[ ]
2 2
2
2
2 CO direct emissions (tonnes CO )
CO EF from electricity

(tonnes CO /megawatt-hr)
2 Electricity produced (megawatt-hr) Steam produced (megawatt-hr)
=
+
(Equation 7-3)

Steam Emission Factor from Cogeneration Facility:

[ ]
2 2
2
2
CO direct emissions (tonnes CO )
CO EF from steam

(tonnes CO /megawatt-hr)
2 Electricity produced (megawatt-hr) Steam produced (megawatt-hr)
=
+
(Equation 7-4)

This approach is illustrated in the Exhibit 7.4.

7
As of this printing, EU ETS does not currently address the allocation of emissions from cogeneration units. This
topic is noted for consideration in Phase III (post-2012).

7-24 August 2009

EXHIBIT 7.4: Cogeneration Emissions Allocation UK ETS Efficiency
Allocation Method

INPUT DATA:
A cogeneration facility operates three natural gas-fired combustion turbines, three heat
recovery steam generators with supplemental duct firing capability, and a steam turbine.

The cogeneration facility consumes 8,131,500 million Btu of natural gas, producing
3,614,000 million Btu steam and 1,100,600 megawatt-hr of electricity (gross) on an annual
basis. A nearby refinery purchases 2,710,000 million Btu of steam and 206,000 megawatt-hr
of electricity. The cogeneration facility also consumes 38,500 megawatt-hr of electricity to
operate (referred to as the Parasitic load). The net electricity (856,100 megawatt-hrs,
metered at the custody transfer point) is sold to the electric grid.

Using the UK ETS Efficiency Allocation Method, calculate the cogeneration facility
emissions, refinery emissions, and emissions associated with electricity sold to the grid.

This example applies the UK Emissions Trading System approach to allocating emissions
between steam and electricity. Note that the UK ETS program does not currently address
CH
4
and N
2
O emissions, but the approach presumably applies to CO
2
equivalent emissions.

Step 1: Combustion Emissions from Cogeneration:
For the cogeneration unit, emissions are calculated based on the natural gas consumed using
the emission factors in Table 4-3 for CO
2
and Table 4-7 (natural gas turbines) for CH
4
and
N
2
O:

2
2
6 2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0531 tonnes CO
E = 8,131,500 10 Btu
10 Btu natural gas
E 431,783 tonnes CO

=

2
2
2 2
CO e
4
2
CO e 2
21 tonnes CO e 310 tonnes CO e
E = 431,783+ 31.7 + 11.4
tonnes CH tonnes N O
E = 435,983 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen)


7-25 August 2009

Allocation Method, continued

Step 2: Steam Thermal Equivalent
The total amount of steam generated from the cogeneration facility needs to be converted
from a Btu basis to a megawatt-hr basis. The conversion factor is provided in Table 3-2.

The steam thermal equivalent (S
Eq.
) is calculated below:

-4
6
Eq
Eq
2.931 10 kilowatt-hr meagwatt-hr
S = 3,614,000 10 Btu steam
Btu 1000 kilowatt-hr
S 1,059,263 megawatt-hr/yr

=

Step 3: Calculate Electricity and Steam Emission Factors
The third step is to apply the UK ETS equations (Equations 7-3 and 7-4) for allocating
emissions between the electricity and steam energy to generate emission factors.

Electricity allocation (E
Electricity
):

2
Electricity
Electricity Steam
Electricity 2
2 435,982 tonnes CO e
E
2 1,100, 600 megawatt hr 1, 059, 263 megawatt-hr
E 0.267 tonnes CO e /megawatt-hr
=
+

=

Steam allocation (E
Steam
):

2
Steam
Electricity Steam
Steam 2
435,983 tonnes CO e
E
2 1,100, 600 megawatt hr 1, 059, 263 megawatt-hr
E 0.134 tonnes CO e /megawatt-hr
=
+

=

Step 4: Allocate Emissions to Electricity and Steam
Emissions are allocated between electricity and steam used for energy on site (direct
emissions) and the exported electricity and steam (indirect emissions) by applying the
emission factors calculated in Step 3.

CO
2
Equivalent emissions for electricity sold to the refinery (E
Elec, refinery
):

2
Elec, refinery
Elec, refinery 2
0.267 tonnes CO
E 206, 000 megawatt-hr
megawatt-hr electricity
E 55, 002 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
=
=


7-26 August 2009


CO
2
Equivalent emissions for electricity sold to the grid (E
Elec, grid
):
2
Elec, grid
Elec, grid 2
0.267 tonnes CO
E = 856,100 megawatt-hr
E = 228,579 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Grid Consumer)

CO
2
Equivalent emissions for steam sold to the refinery (E
Steam, ref
):

-4
6 2
Steam, Ref
Steam, ref 2
0.134 tonnes CO 2.93110 kW-hr MW-hr
E = 2,710,00010 Btu steam
Btu 1000 kW-hr MW-hr steam
E =106,436 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)

Step 5: Calculate Net Cogeneration Facility Emissions
Net cogeneration facility emissions are calculated by subtracting emissions from steam and
electricity sold to the refinery and electricity sold to the grid from the total emissions
calculated in Step 1.

Net Cogeneration Facility CO
2
Emissions (E
Net
):
( )
Net 2 2
Net 2
E = 435,983 tonnes CO e - 55,002+228,579+106,436 tonnes CO e

Accounting for round-off error, the sum of the emissions assigned to onsite and offsite steam
and electricity should equal the total direct emissions from combustion. This is summarized
in the table below.

Summary of Cogeneration Emissions UK ETS Efficiency Allocation Method

Emissions, tonnes CO
2
e
Cogeneration Facility (Direct, Cogen)
Direct Emissions from Fuel
Consumption
435,983
Emissions Associated with Electricity
Sold to the Grid (Direct, Cogen, and
Indirect, Grid Consumer)
228,579

S
u
m
s

t
o

4
3
5
,
9
3
8

Net Facility Emissions 45,966
Refinery Emissions (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
Purchased electricity 55,002
Purchased Steam 106,436


7-27 August 2009
WRI/WBCSD presents a slightly different efficiency allocation approach (WRI/WBCSD, 2006),
which relies on actual efficiencies of heat and power production or assumed values. The equations
associated with the WRI/WBCSD efficiency allocation approach are:
Heat
Heat Total
Heat Electricity
Heat Output
Efficiency
Emissions Emissions
Heat Output Electricity Output
Efficiency Efficiency
=
+ (Equation 7-5)
and
Total Heat Electricity
Emissions Emissions Emissions = + (Equation 7-6)
where
Emissions
Total
= total emissions from CHP plant;
Emissions
Heat
= emissions share attributable to heat production;
Emissions
Electricity
= emissions share attributable to electricity production;
Efficiency
Heat
= actual or assumed efficiency of typical heat production; and
Efficiency
Electricity
= actual or assumed efficiency of typical power production.

Heat output and electricity output are reported in the same units (Joule, Btu or kilowatt-hr). Where
actual efficiencies are not available, EPAs Climate Leaders reporting guidelines provide default
values for U.S. operations of 35% efficiency for electricity production and 80% efficiency for heat
production (EPA, 2008). It should be noted that the use of default efficiency values may violate the
energy balance constraints of some cogeneration systems. However, the impact on the emission
estimates should be minimal since the total emissions are still allocated between the energy outputs.
This efficiency allocation approach using Equations 7-5 and 7-6 is demonstrated in Exhibit 7.5.
Note that this approach is also preferred by EPAs Climate Leaders Program (EPA, 2008), The
Climate Registry (TCR, 2008), DOEs 1605(b) program (DOE, 2007), and Californias Air
Resources Board (CARB, 2008) for Topping Cycle Plants
8
.

8
Note that Topping Cycle Plants, which generate electricity at the start of the cycle and use the resulting heat or
steam for a process stream, are different than Bottoming Cycle Plants, which use steam or heat from a process
stream to generate electricity at the end of the cycle.

7-28 August 2009

EXHIBIT 7.5: Cogeneration Emissions Allocation WRI/WBCSD Efficiency
Allocation Method

INPUT DATA:
For the same scenario as described in the previous exhibit (Exhibit 7.4), this example applies
the WRI/WBCSD Efficiency Allocation approach

3,614,000 million Btu steam and 1,100,600 megawatt-hr of electricity (gross) on an annual
basis. The refinery purchases 2,710,000 million Btu of steam and 206,000 megawatt-hr of
electricity. The cogeneration facility itself requires 38,500 megawatt-hr to operate (Parasitic
load), with the net electricity (856,100 megawatt-hrs) sold to the electric grid.

For this example, the efficiency of steam generation is assumed to be 80% and the efficiency
of the electricity generation is assumed to be 33% based on the default values suggested by
Climate Leaders.

Using the WRI/WBCSD Efficiency Allocation Approach, calculate the cogeneration facility
emissions, refinery emissions, and emissions associated with electricity sold to the grid.

The total direct emissions are calculated as shown in Exhibit 7.4, resulting in 435,983 tonnes
CO
2
e emissions (Direct, Cogen).

Step 2: Define Power and Heat Production on the Same Units
The electric power output (P) from the cogeneration unit needs to be converted from a
megawatt-hr basis to Btu. The conversion factor is provided in Table 3-4.

4
12
1000 kilowatt-hr Btu
P 1,100, 600 megawatt-hr
megawatt-hr 2.931 10 kilowatt-hr
P 3.755 10 Btu (Electricity Output)
=

Step 3: Calculate the Emissions Allocated to Steam
Estimate the emissions associated with the steam generation by applying Equation 7-5.


7-29 August 2009


6
Heat 2 6 12
Heat 2
Heat 2
3,614,000 10 Btu
0.80
E 435, 983 tonnes CO e
3,614,000 10 Btu 3.755 10 Btu
0.80 0.33
E 435, 983 tonnes CO e 0.284186
E 123, 900.2 tonnes CO e
=

+
=
=

Step 4: Calculate the Emissions Allocated to Electricity
Applying Equation 7-6, the emissions allocated to electricity are calculated based on the
difference between the total emissions and those allocated to steam.

E
Electricity
= 435,983 tonnes CO
2
e (Total) 123,900.2 tonnes CO
2
e (Heat)

E
Electricity
= 312,092.8 tonnes CO
2
e (Electricity)

Step 5: Allocate Emissions for Energy Exports
The total steam and electricity emissions can be estimated for exports based on the ratio of
the total electricity and steam generated versus the energy sold.

CO
2
Equivalent Emissions for electricity sold to the refinery (E
Elec, ref
):

Elec, ref 2
Elec, ref 2
206, 000 megawatt-hr (Refinery)
E = 312, 082.8 tonnes CO e (Total Electricity)
1,100,600 megawatt-hr (Total)
E 58, 412.7 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
=

CO
2
Equivalent Emissions for electricity sold to the grid (E
Elec, grid
):

E
Elec, grid
=312,082.8 tonnes CO
2
e (Total Electricity) 58,412.7 tonnes CO
2
e (Refinery)

E
Elec, grid
= 253,670.1 tonnes CO
2
e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Grid Consumer)


7-30 August 2009


CO
2
Equivalent Emissions for steam sold to the refinery (E
Steam, ref
):

6
Steam, ref 2 6
Steam, ref 2
2, 710, 000 10 Btu (Refinery)
E 123, 900.2 tonnes CO e (Total Heat)
3, 614, 000 10 Btu (Total)
E 92, 908 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
=


2
Emissions (E
Net
):

( )
Net 2 2
Net 2
E =435,983 tonnes CO e- 58,412.7+253,670.1+92,908 tonnes CO e
E = 30,992.2 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen)

The results for the allocation of emissions based on energy efficiency are shown in the table
below.

Summary of Cogeneration Emissions WRI/WBCSD Efficiency Allocation Method

2
e
Consumption
435,983
253,670
S
u
m
s

t
o

4
3
5
,
9
8
3



7-31 August 2009
Energy Content Method
The energy content method allocates emissions based on the amount of useful energy contained in
each energy output stream. The energy content of the electrical power is simply the amount of
electricity produced by the system (converted to units of Btu or Joules). The energy content of the
steam (or hot water) is equivalent to the energy content of the output stream less any energy in the
returned condensate. Losses due to inefficient use of either the electricity or steam outputs are not
considered. This allocation method is particularly well suited for applications where steam is used
for process heat, but may not be appropriate where heat is used for mechanical work because it may
overstate the amount of useful energy in the heat, resulting in a low emission factor associated with
the heat stream.
This approach starts with obtaining the total fuel consumption emissions associated with generating
the heat and steam. For electricity, the energy content is equal to the energy output, converted to
units consistent with the steam energy (Btu or Joules). The energy content of the steam is calculated
by applying Equation 7-1.
For steam, only the fraction of the total energy in the steam (or hot water) that can be used for
process heating is considered. It is also assumed that the steam is used for indirect heating, with
condensates returned to the CHP system. If the condensates are not returned or if a hot water output
stream is considered in the allocation, different reference conditions than shown below should be
applied (e.g., the temperature and pressure of boiler feed water).
The values of enthalpy at the actual and reference conditions can be found in standard steam tables.
The reference conditions of 212F (100C) and 1 atm (101.325 kilo-Pascals) correspond to
condensates returned to the CHP.
The emissions allocated to the individual energy streams are then calculated as:
Heat/Steam
Heat/Steam Total
Heat/Steam Electricity
Energy
Emissions Emissions
Energy Energy
=
+
(Equation 7-7)
y Electricit Heat/Steam
y Electricit
Total y Electricit
Energy Energy
Energy
Emissions Emissions
+
= (Equation 7-8)
An example is provided in Exhibit 7.6. The basis for this calculation method was from Annex E of
the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) report Calculation Tools for
Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pulp and Paper Mills (November 2002). This

7-32 August 2009
approach has since been included in WRI/WBCSDs Allocation of GHG Emissions from a
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plant, Guide to Calculation Worksheets, v1.0 (September, 2006).

EXHIBIT 7.6: Cogeneration Emissions Allocation WRI/WBCSD Energy
Content Method

INPUT DATA:
For the same scenario as described in the previous exhibits, this example applies the energy
content approach.

The cogeneration facility consumes 8,131,500 million Btu of natural gas, producing 3,089
million pounds of 600 psig and 700 F steam and 1,100,600 megawatt-hr of electricity
(gross) on an annual basis. The refinery purchases 2,710,000 million Btu of steam and
206,000 megawatt-hr of electricity. The cogeneration facility also consumes 38,500
megawatt-hr of electricity to operate (referred to as the Parasitic load), with the net electricity
(856,100 megawatts) sold to the electric grid.

Using the Energy Content Method, calculate the cogeneration facility emissions, refinery
emissions, and emissions associated with electricity sold to the grid.


The total direct emissions are calculated as shown in Exhibit 7.4, resulting in 435,983 tonnes
CO
2
e emissions (Direct, Cogen).

Step 2: Calculate the Energy Associated with the Electricity

The electric power output (P) from the cogeneration unit needs to be converted from a
megawatt-hr basis to Btu. The conversion factor is provided in Table 3-2.

4
12
P = 1,100, 600 megawatt-hr
=

Step 3: Calculate the Energy Associated with the Steam

Estimate the emissions associated with the steam generation by applying Equation 7-1.


7-33 August 2009

Content Method, continued

6
Steam
12
Steam
Energy (3,089 10 lbm/yr) (1350 Btu/lbm-180 Btu/lbm)
Energy 3.614 10 Btu/yr
=
=

The emissions allocated to electricity are calculated based on Equation 7-8.

12
Electricity
Elec 2 12 12
Steam Electricity
3.755 10 Btu
E 435,983 tonnes CO e
3.614 10 Btu 3.755 10 Btu
=
+

E
Elec
= 222,163 tonnes CO
2
e

The total steam and electricity emissions can be divided among onsite and offsite usage
based on the ratio of electricity and steam used on site versus the energy sold for use off site.

CO
2
Elec, ref
):

Elec, ref 2
Elec, ref 2
206,000 megawatt-hr (Refinery)
E = 222,163 tonnes CO e (Total Electricity)
1,100,600 megawatt-hr Total
E = 41,582 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)

CO
2
Elec, grid
):

E
Elec, grid
= 222,163 tonnes CO
2
e (Total Electricity) 41,582 tonnes CO
2
e (Refinery)

E
Elec, grid
= 180,581 tonnes CO
2
e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Grid Consumer)

CO
2
Steam ,ref
):

E
Steam
= 435,983 tonnes CO
2
e (Total)-222,163 tonnes CO
2
e (Electricity)

E
Steam
= 213,980 tonnes CO
2
e (Direct, Cogen)

6
Steam,ref 2 6
Steam,ref 2
2,710,00010 Btu (Refinery)
E = 213,820 tonnes CO e (Total Steam)
3,614,00010 Btu Total
E = 160,335 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)


7-34 August 2009

Content Method, continued


2
Emissions (E
Net
):

( )
Net 2 2
Net 2
E = 435,983 tonnes CO e- 41,582+180,581+160,335 tonnes CO e


The results for the allocation of emissions based on energy efficiency are shown in the table
below.

Summary of Cogeneration Emissions Energy Content Approach

2
e
Consumption
435,983
180,581
S
u
m
s

t
o

4
3
5
,
9
8
3


Work Potential Allocation Method
This method allocates emissions based on the useful energy represented by the electric power and
heat, and defines useful energy on the ability of heat to perform work. This method assumes that
the useful energy in steam corresponds to the maximum amount of work that could be done by the
steam in an open (flow) steady state and thermodynamically reversible process. This method is
most appropriate when heat is to be used for producing mechanical work.

7-35 August 2009
In applications where steam is used for process heat, the useful energy in the steam corresponds to
the heat content of the steam, or its enthalpy. As a result, the work potential method would
underestimate the amount of useful energy in the steam and should not be used.
The work potential for steam is calculated from the specific enthalpy (H) and specific entropy (S) of
the steam. This approach sums the work potential of all streams and allocates the total emissions to
the individual streams.
As with the other allocation methods, the first step is to calculate the total direct emissions from the
combustion of natural gas at the cogeneration facility. The second step is to calculate the work
potential of the steam, using 212F (100C) saturated water as the reference basis. The enthalpy and
entropy of the steam can be determined from a steam table at the reference and actual conditions.
The work potential of the steam is calculated using the following equations.
In U.S. units:
i ref ref i ref Steam work potential (Btu/lb) (H H ) (T 460) (S S ) = + (Equation 7-9)

In SI units:
) S (S ) 273 (T ) H (H J/tonne) (10 potential work Steam ref i ref ref i
9
+ = (Equation 7-10)

where
H
i
= specific enthalpy of the process steam (Btu/lb or 10
3
J/kilogram);
H
ref
= specific enthalpy at the reference conditions (BTU/lb or 10
3
J/kilogram);
T
ref
= reference temperature (F or C);
S
i
= specific entropy of the process steam (Btu/lb R or 10
3
J/kilogram K); and
S
ref
= specific entropy at the reference conditions (Btu/lb R or 10
3
J/kilogram K).
The third step is to allocate the total emissions from the cogeneration facility in proportion to their
work potential, as shown in Equation 7-11.

yr
hr - megawatt
potential Work
yr
hr - megawatt
potential Work
/yr) CO (tonnes emissions direct CO

hr) - /megawatt CO (tonnes steam or y electricit from EF CO
y electricit steam
2 2
2 2
=
(Equation 7-11)
This allocation approach is demonstrated in Exhibit 7.7. This approach is referenced by
WRI/WBCSD (WRI/WBCSD, 2006).


7-36 August 2009

EXHIBIT 7.7: Cogeneration Emissions Allocation Work Potential Allocation
Method

This example applies the Work Potential Allocation method to allocating emissions between
steam and electricity for the same facility described in Exhibit 7.4.

3,614,000 million Btu steam at 700F and 600 psia, and 1,100,600 megawatt-hr of electricity
(gross) on an annual basis. The refinery purchases 2,710,000 million Btu of steam and
206,000 MW-hr of electricity. The cogeneration facility also consumes 38,500 megawatt-hr
of electricity to operate (referred to as the Parasitic load), with the net electricity (856,100
megawatt-hrs) sold to the electric grid.

Using the Work Potential Allocation method, calculate the cogeneration facility emissions,
refinery emissions, and emissions associated with electricity sold to the grid.


Direct emissions are calculated as shown in Exhibit 7.4, resulting in 435,983 tonnes CO
2
e
emissions (Direct, Cogen).

Step 2: Steam Work Potential
Steam work potential requires the enthalpy and entropy of the steam at both actual and
reference conditions. These values can be determined using a steam table.

Enthalpy: Steam, 600 psia, 700F = 1,350 Btu/lb (H
i
);
Saturated Water, 212F = 180 Btu/lb (H
ref
)

Entropy: Steam, 600 psia, 700F = 1.5872 Btu/lb-R (S
i
);
Saturated Water, 212F = 0.31213 Btu/lb-R (S
ref
)

The work potential of the steam (SWP) is calculated using these values and Equation 7-9:

( ) ( )
Btu Btu
SWP = (1,350-180) - 212+460 R 1.5872-0.31213
lb lb-R
SWP = 313.2 Btu/lb

In addition, the steam needs to be expressed on a mass basis (M
S
) to apply the work potential
equations.


7-37 August 2009

Method, continued

6
S
steam conditions reference conditions
9
S
lb steam
M = 3,614,000 10 Btu steam
1,350 Btu -180 Btu
M = 3.08910 lbs steam

Next, the mass of steam and the steam work potential are combined and converted to
megawatt-hrs:

-4
9
313.2 Btu 2.93110 kilowatt-hr megawatt-hr
S = 3.08910 lbs steam/yr
lb steam Btu 1000 kilowatt-hr
S = 283,567 megawatt-hr/yr

Step 3: Calculate Electricity and Steam Emission Factors

The third step is to apply Equation 7-11 for allocating emissions between the electricity and
steam energy to generate emission factors.

2
steam electricity
2
435, 983 tonnes CO e
EF
283,567 megawatt-hr 1,100, 600 megawatt-hr
EF 0.315 tonne CO e/megawatt-hr
=
+
=

Step 4: Apply Emission Factor to Estimate Emissions

The emissions associated with exported electricity and steam are determined by applying the
appropriate MW-hrs to this emission factor.

CO
2
Elec, ref
):

2
Elec, ref
Elec, ref 2
0.315 tonnes CO
E 64,890 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
=
=


7-38 August 2009

Method, continued

CO
2
Elec, grid
):

2
Elec, grid
Elec, grid 2
0.315 tonnes CO
E 856,100 megawatt-hr
E 269,672 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Grid)
=
=

CO
2
Steam, ref
):

6
Steam, ref 6
Steam, ref
283,567 megawatt-hr/yr
E = 2,710,000 10 Btu steam
3,614,000 10 Btu steam
E 212,636 megawatt-hr/yr

=

2
Steam, ref
Steam, ref 2
0.315 tonnes CO
megawatt-hr steam
E 66,980 tonnes CO e (Direct, Cogen; Indirect, Refinery)
=
=

electricity sold to the refinery, and electricity sold to the grid from the total emissions

2
Emissions (E
Net
):

( )
Net 2 2
Net 2
E = 435,983 tonnes CO e- 64,890+269,672+66,980 tonnes CO e

The following table summarizes the results for the work potential method.


7-39 August 2009

Method, continued

Summary of Cogeneration Emissions Work Potential Allocation Method

2
e
Consumption
435,983
269,672
S
u
m
s

t
o

4
3
5
,
9
8
3


7.2.2 Cogeneration Within An Entity
In cases where the energy streams from a cogeneration unit are consumed by the same entity that
produced the energy streams, there is no need to allocate emissions among the streams. Direct
emissions from the combustion of fuels to generate the energy streams are accounted for as direct
emissions in the entitys inventory.
There may, however, be situations within an entity where the energy streams cogenerated by one
facility are consumed by one or more other facilities owned or operated by the entity. Within the
entitys boundary, these emissions should be accounted for as direct emissions (Scope 1 per The
GHG Protocol; WRI/WBCSD, 2004). The facility that purchases or consumes the electricity or heat
output streams should not also account for the emissions associated with these streams as indirect
emissions.
7.2.3 Cogeneration of Product Streams and Heat
Other processes associated with oil and natural gas industry operations (e.g., hydrogen and coke
production) co-produce product streams with heat/steam. The basic principles demonstrated above
can be applied to allocate emissions based on the energy content of the output streams and products.

7-40 August 2009
For example, the energy content method presented in Section 7.2.1 can be applied to allocate
emissions based on the amount of energy in the steam and the Btu content of the produced coke or
hydrogen.
7.3 References
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change. National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA)
Factors, ISBN: 978-1-921298-26-4, November 2008.
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/workbook/pubs/workbook-nov2008.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
Bertani, Ruggero (Enel GreenPower, Italy), Ian Thain, (Geothermal & Energy Technical
Services Ltd, New Zealand). Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO
2
Emission Survey,
International Geothermal Association, August 2001.
http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no49/geothermal_power_generating_plant.htm, accessed
May 1, 2009.
Bloomfield, K.K., and Joseph N. Moore. Production of Greenhouse Gases from Geothermal
Power Plants, Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, Volume 23, p. 221-223, October
1999.
California Air Resources Board (CARB). Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, December 2, 2008.
http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2007/ghg2007/frofinoal.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
California Climate Action Registry (CCAR). General Reporting Protocol, Version 2.2, March
2007.
California Climate Action Registry (CCAR). California Climate Action Registry General
Reporting Protocol: Reporting Entity-Wide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 3.1, January
2009. http://www.climateregistry.org/resources/docs/protocols/grp/GRP_3.1_January2009.pdf,
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). 2008 Guidelines to Defra's GHG
Conversion Factors, Annexes updated April 2008. (2008)
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/ghg-cf-guidelines2008.pdf and
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/ghg-cf-guidelines-
annexes2008.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra). Guidelines to Defras
Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors for Company Reporting, June 2008. (2008b)
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/ghg-cf-guidelines2008.pdf,

7-41 August 2009
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2007. IEA Energy Statistics
Division, 2007. (2007a) Electricity Emissions Database purchased from http://www.iea.org,
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2007 Edition: Documentation for
Beyond 2020 Files. IEA Energy Statistics Division, 2007 (2007b).
http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/doc_ELEINFO.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA),
International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and American Petroleum Institute
(API). Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, December
2003.
The Climate Registry (TCR). General Reporting Protocol, Version 1.1, Updates and
Clarifications, April 27, 2009. http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/Protocols/general-
protocols/general-reporting-protocol/grp-updates-and-
clarifications/09.04.27_GRP_Updates_and_Clarifications.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Technical Guidelines, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse
Gases, 1605(b) Program, Office of Policy and International Affairs, Washington, DC January,
2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/January2007_1605bTechnicalGuidelines.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Sector-Specific Issues and Reporting Methodologies
Supporting the General Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases under
Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Appendix B, DOE/PO-0028, Washington, DC
October 1994. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/gg-app-tables.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
Protocol Core Module Guidance Indirect Emissions from Purchases/Sales of Electricity and
Steam. EPA430K-03-006, June 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/resources/indirect_electricity_guidance.pdf,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). eGRID2007 Version 1.1 Year 2005 Summary
Tables, December 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/egridzips/eGRID2007V1_1_year05_GHGOutputRa
tes.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

7-42 August 2009
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD). Allocation of GHG
Emissions from a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plant: Guide to calculation worksheets
v1.0, September, 2006. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools, accessed May 1,
2009.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD). The Greenhouse Gas
Protocol. A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. Revised Edition, March 2004.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghg-protocol-revised.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
S E C T I O N 8
E MI S S I O N I N V E N T O R Y E X A MP L E S


Section 8 Emission Inventory Examples

August 2009

8-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
8.0 EMISSION INVENTORY EXAMPLES ................................................................. 8-1
8.1 Exploration and Production ......................................................................... 8-2
2
Content ....................................... 8-2
8.1.2 Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform ....................... 8-28
8.1.3 Natural Gas Processing Plant ....................................................... 8-56
8.1.4 Production Gathering Compressor Station ................................... 8-79
8.2 Transportation ........................................................................................... 8-95
8.2.1 Transmission/Distribution .............................................................. 8-95
8.2.2 Marketing Terminal ..................................................................... 8-105
8.3 Refining ................................................................................................... 8-124
8.3.1 Refinery ...................................................................................... 8-124
8.4 Retail ....................................................................................................... 8-146
8.4.1 Retail .......................................................................................... 8-146

8-iii August 2009
List of Figures

Figure 8-1. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Summary of Emissions ............................ 8-25
Figure 8-2. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform ............................................... 8-53
Figure 8-3. Natural Gas Processing Summary of Emissions .................................................. 8-75
Figure 8-4. Production Gathering Compressor Station Summary of Emissions ..................... 8-93
Figure 8-5. Transmission/Distribution Summary of Emissions ............................................. 8-103
Figure 8-6. Marketing Terminal Summary of Emissions ....................................................... 8-122
Figure 8-7. Refinery Summary of Emissions ........................................................................ 8-144
Figure 8-8. Retail Summary of Emissions ............................................................................. 8-150

8-iv August 2009
List of Tables

Table 8-1. Gas Composition for Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) ................................... 8-2
Table 8-2. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Emissions Sources ..................................... 8-3
2
Content) Fugitive Emission Sources ......................... 8-5
2
Content) Fugitive Emission Factors ....................... 8-22
2
Content) Fugitive Emissions .................................. 8-23
2
Content) Emissions ................................................ 8-26
Table 8-7. Gas Composition for Offshore Production Platform ............................................... 8-28
Table 8-8. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Emissions Sources ................ 8-29
Table 8-9. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Emission Sources ..... 8-32
Table 8-10. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Liquid Weight
Percents ........................................................................................................................... 8-32
Table 8-11. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Emission
Factors ............................................................................................................................. 8-51
Table 8-12. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Emissions ............... 8-53
Table 8-13. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Emissions............................. 8-54
Table 8-14. Gas Composition for Natural Gas Processing Plant ............................................ 8-56
Table 8-15. Natural Gas Processing Emission Sources ......................................................... 8-57
Table 8-16. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Sources ........................................... 8-60
Table 8-17. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors ............................................. 8-73
Table 8-18. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emissions ........................................................ 8-74
Table 8-19. Natural Gas Processing Emissions ..................................................................... 8-76
Table 8-20. Gas Composition for Production Gathering Compressor Station ........................ 8-79
Table 8-21. Production Gathering Compressor Station Combustion and Vented Sources .... 8-80
Table 8-22. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive............................................. 8-81
Table 8-23. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive Emission Factors ................ 8-89
Table 8-24. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive Emissions ........................... 8-90
Table 8-25. Production Gathering Compressor Station Emissions ......................................... 8-94
Table 8-26. Transmission/Distribution Emission Sources ....................................................... 8-96
Table 8-27. Transmission/Distribution Emissions ................................................................. 8-104
Table 8-28. Marketing Terminal Emission Sources .............................................................. 8-106
Table 8-29. Marketing Terminal Fugitive Emission Sources ................................................. 8-107
Table 8-30. Marketing Terminal Emissions ........................................................................... 8-123
Table 8-31. Refinery Fuel Streams ....................................................................................... 8-124
Table 8-32. Refinery Emissions Sources .............................................................................. 8-126
Table 8-33. Refinery Cogeneration Emission Summary WRI/WBCSD Efficiency
Allocation Approach .......................................................................................... 8-144
Table 8-34. Refinery Emissions ............................................................................................ 8-145

8-v August 2009

Table 8-35. Retail Emissions Sources .................................................................................. 8-147
Table 8-36. Retail Emissions ................................................................................................ 8-151

8-1 August 2009

8.0 EMISSION INVENTORY EXAMPLES
Oil and natural gas industry facility operations and their associated equipment vary significantly.
The designs of these operations and equipment differ based on performance requirements and site-
specific considerations. In general, the resultant GHG emissions will be determined by:
Intensity of energy usage;
Degree of internal capture and reprocessing;
Installation of end-of-pipe controls; and
Venting practices.
This section provides emission inventory examples for each industry segment to demonstrate the
use of the emission factors provided in Sections 3 through 7. These examples are not intended to
represent some average facility or to reflect actual operations. Rather, the examples illustrate
emission calculations one might encounter in preparing an emissions inventory, based on
hypothetical data. For each example, specific, simplifying assumptions about throughput
volume, types of equipment utilized, and other design considerations are presented.
The examples are meant to be inclusive of all GHG emission source types for a given facility
type; however, in actual operations, a particular facility may have other emission sources not
covered in these examples. Similarly, some emission sources indicated in the examples may not
be applicable to other facilities.
The examples provide an indication of the significance of a particular source type and relative
magnitude of emissions from sources within a given facility. In reality, for a particular facility,
the relative magnitude of its GHG emission sources might be different due to its design and
operating practices. Exclusion of an emission source is not meant to be an indicator of emissions
insignificance, and should not be construed as an indicator de minimis.
Emission Inventory Examples
8-2 August 2009

Uncertainty values ( %) were calculated for all examples using the guidance presented in
Section 3. All uncertainty data presented in this section are based on a 95% confidence interval.
Assumptions were made where uncertainty values were not available for the emission factors or
fuel-based data presented in Section 3 through 7; these assumptions are documented in the text.
Step-by-step calculation of the uncertainty values for the Onshore Oil Field subsection is
provided in detail in the API Uncertainty document (API, Concawe, and IPIECA, 2009).
8.1 Exploration and Production
2
Content
Facility Description: An onshore oil field in Texas consists of 320 producing oil wells.
Throughput: The average daily oil and natural gas production rates are 6,100 bbl/day and
3010
6
scf/day, respectively.
Operations: The facility operates approximately 343 days per year. The facility imports 917
MW-hr annually from the eGRID subregion ERCOT All. The facility gas composition is
presented in Table 8-1 and results in a heating value of 928 Btu/scf. The uncertainty for the
heating value is 4%, based on engineering judgment.
Table 8-1. Gas Composition for Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content)
Gas Compound Produced Gas Mole % Uncertainty
a

(%)
CO
2
12 4
N
2
2.1 4
CH
4
80 4
C
2
H
6
4.2 4
C
3
H
8
1.3 4
C
4
H
10
0.4 4
Footnote:
a
Uncertainty is based on engineering judgment at a 95% confidence interval.
Note: the values shown above are for example only. They do not reflect average operations.

Tables 8-2 and 8-3 summarize the emission sources associated with this facility. Equipment at
the site that do not have GHG emissions are also included in Table 8-2.
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

I
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

8
-
3

A
u
g
u
s
t

2
0
0
9

2
0
0
9

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n

P
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

T
a
b
l
e

8
-
2
.

O
n
s
h
o
r
e

O
i
l

F
i
e
l
d

(
H
i
g
h

C
O
2

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
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1
5

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5

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8
7
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0

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1

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r
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(
0
.
5

m
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%

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8
,
9
9
7
1
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6

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6
4

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6
4

p
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d
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5

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p
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8
-
4

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2
0
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2
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9

A
m
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T
a
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8
-
2
.

O
n
s
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O
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l

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2

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c
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7

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7

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4

w
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8
,
7
6
0

h
r
/
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r

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a
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8
-
3

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f
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r
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t
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n

R
-
1
3
4
a

5

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0

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n
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t

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9
1
7

M
W
-
h
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2

F
o
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:

a

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b
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d

o
n

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n
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r
i
n
g

j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t

a
t

a

9
5
%

c
o
n
f
i
d
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n
c
e

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.

N
o
t
e
:

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

s
h
o
w
n

a
b
o
v
e

a
r
e

f
o
r

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

o
n
l
y
.

T
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

r
e
f
l
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c
t

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

8-5 August 2009
2
Content) Fugitive Emission Sources
Component Service Average Component Count
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Liquid and Gas 2,740 75
Pump seals Liquid and Gas 185 75
Connectors Gas 110 75
Flanges Liquid and Gas 10,000 75
Open-ended lines Gas 6 75
Others Liquid and Gas 710 75
Footnote:
a

The remainder of this subsection presents emission calculations for the sources identified in
Tables 8-2 and 8-3, and a summary of facility emissions (presented at the end of this subsection).
Stationary Combustion Devices CO
2
Emissions
Natural Gas Combustion
Boilers, heater/reboilers, and compressor engines-turbines use natural gas at this facility. Carbon
dioxide emissions from combustion are calculated using the gas composition approach provided
in Section 4.3.
The first step in calculating CO
2
emissions is to determine the total volume of fuel combusted
(V) at the facility. Total fuel consumption is shown below, by equipment type.
Boilers and heaters:
6 6
6
40 10 scf 210 Btu 24 hr 343 days scf
V 3 Units 93.2 10 scf/yr
yr hr-unit day yr 928 Btu

= + =

Turbines
Turbine fuel consumption (presented in Table 8-2):
6
V 250 10 scf/yr =

Carbon dioxide emissions from equipment burning natural gas are calculated using the gas
composition approach provided in Section 4.3. First, the fuel analysis is converted from a molar
8-6 August 2009
basis to a mass basis, as shown in Exhibits 3.3 and 3.4. The molecular weight of the mixture is
calculated below, using Equation 3-8:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
12.044.01 + 2.128.01 + 8016.04
MW = 100 = 20.77 lb/mole
+ 4.230.07 + 1.344.10 + 0.458.12

The individual weight percents are then calculated by rearranging Equation 3-7. The calculation
is shown below for CH
4
.
4
4
4
4
4 4
CH
=61.78 wt. % CH

16.04 lb CH
lbmole CH
80 lbmole CH 0.6178 lb CH
Wt.% = =
20.77 lb mixture 100 lbmole mixture lb mixture
lbmole mixture

To calculate emissions, the carbon content of the fuel composition provided in Table 8-1 is
determined. The first step is to calculate the carbon content of the individual components, using
Equation 4-9. The carbon content calculation for an individual component is shown below for
ethane (C
2
H
6
).
2 6
2 6
C H
2 6 2 6
lbmole C H 12.01 lb C 2 lbmoles C
Wt% C 100% =79.9% C
=

After the calculation has been performed for all constituents, the carbon content for the mixture
is calculated using Equation 4-10, as shown below:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
25.43 27.3 2.83 0 61.78 74.9
1
Wt% C 61.24 Wt% C 0.6124 lb C/lb fuel
100 6.08 79.9 2.76 81.7 1.12 82.7
+ +
= = =
+ + +

Completing the calculations for the fuel analysis presented in Table 8-1 results in the fuel
mixture molecular weight and carbon content as follows.

8-7 August 2009

Compound

CO
2

N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

Mole
%
12.0
2.1
80.0
4.2
1.3
0.4

MW

44.01
28.01
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
Wt%
(Calculated)

25.43
2.83
61.78
6.08
2.76
1.12

Uncertainty
a
(%)
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
27.3
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
Mixture
Carbon
Content
(wt%C)
6.94
0
46.3
4.86
2.26
0.925

Uncertainty
a
(%)
4.82
NA
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
Fuel Mixture 100
20.77
2.69%
a

100.0 61.24 3.71
Footnote:
a
Uncertainty is at a 95% confidence interval.

Carbon dioxide emissions can then be calculated using a mass balance approach. Emissions are
calculated below, by equipment type.
Boilers and Heaters:
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO
93.210 scf fuel lbmole fuel 20.77 lb fuel 0.6124 lb C lbmole C
E
yr 379.3 scf fuel lbmole fuel lb fuel 12.01 lb C
lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO tonne

lbmole C lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E = 5,200 tonnes
=
2
CO /yr

Turbines:
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO
25010 scf fuel lbmole fuel 20.77 lb fuel 0.6124 lb C lbmole C
E

E = 13,900 tonne
=
2
s CO /yr

Diesel Combustion
Carbon dioxide emissions from diesel combustion are calculated using the diesel emission factor
provided in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10% based on engineering judgment.
Because the emission factor is provided on a energy input basis, the equipment ratings are
converted to volume of fuel consumed on a energy input basis using the conversion factors
8-8 August 2009
provided in Table 4-2, assuming an uncertainty of 5% based on engineering judgment. Diesel
combustion CO
2
emissions are calculated below.
6
1, 800 hp 8,089 Btu 200 hr 460 hp 8,089 Btu 24 hr
V = 1 Unit + 1 Unit 0.87 = 2989.710 Btu/yr
unit hp-hr yr unit hp-hr yr

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonnes CO 2,989.710 Btu
E
year 10 Btu
E 219 tonnes CO /yr
=
=

Stationary Combustion Devices CH
4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
Methane and N
2
O combustion emission factors for natural gas-fired equipment are provided in
Table 4-7 for controlled boilers and heaters, and Table 4-9 for uncontrolled turbines, assuming
an uncertainty of 25% for all CH
4
emission factors and 150% for all N
2
O emission factors
based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the
GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are
6 6
6
4010 scf 928 Btu 210 Btu 24 hr 343 days
V = + 3 Units =86,51210 Btu/yr
yr scf hr-unit day yr

4
-6 6
4
CH 6
1.0 10 tonne CH 86,512 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
4
CH 4
E 0.0865 tonnes CH /yr =
8-9 August 2009
2
2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2.8 10 tonne N O 86,512 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
5, 200 tonne CO 0.0865 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH
0.0242 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e

yr tonne N

=
=

= +

+
2
2
CO e 2
O
E 5,210 tonne CO e/yr

=

Turbines:
6
6
250 10 scf 928 Btu
V 232,000 10 Btu/yr
yr scf

= =

4
4
2
2
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
-6 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
3.9 10 tonne CH 232,000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
1.4 10 tonne N O 232,000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

=
=

2
2
2 4 2 2 2
CO e
4 2
CO e 2
13,900 tonne CO 0.905 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e 0.325 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e
E = + +
yr yr tonne CH yr tonne N O
E = 14,100 tonne CO e/yr

8-10 August 2009
Diesel Combustion
The diesel-operated emergency generator emissions are estimated using the Large Bore Engine
Diesel emission factors (for engines rated greater than 600 hp) from Table 4-9. Because the
emission factor is provided on a energy input basis, the equipment ratings are converted to
volume of fuel consumed on a energy input basis using the conversion factors provided in Table
4-2, assuming an uncertainty of 5% based on engineering judgment. The diesel-operated fire
water pump emissions are estimated using the IC Engine Diesel emission factors from Table
4-9 (for diesel engines rated less than 600 hp). An uncertainty of 25% was assumed for all CH
4

emission factors and an uncertainty of 150% was assumed for all N
2
O emission factors based
on engineering judgment. Table 4-9 also provides an assumed CH
4
content of 9 wt% to convert
from TOC emissions if the exhaust composition is unknown, assuming the uncertainty of the
TOC emission factor is 25%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for
any of the GWPs. Because diesel CO
2
emissions are calculated by fuel type, diesel CO
2
e
emissions are also calculated by fuel type. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment type.
Diesel engine >600 hp (emergency generator):
4
4
-6
4
CH 6
CH 4
3.7 10 tonne CH 1,800 hp 8,089 Btu 200 hr
E = 1 Unit
unit hp-hr yr 10 Btu

=

2
2
-7
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 1, 800 hp 8,089 Btu 200 hr
E = 1 Unit

=

Diesel engine <600 hp (fire water pump):
4
4
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.09 tonne CH 460 hp 8,089 Btu 24 hr 0.00016 tonne TOC
E = 1 Unit 0.87 load
unit hp-hr yr 10 Btu tonne TOC

=

8-11 August 2009
2
2
-7
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 460 hp 8,089 Btu 24 hr
E = 1 Unit 0.87 load

=

Diesel CO
2
e Emissions:
2
2
2 4 4 2
CO e
4
2 2 2
2
CO e 2
219 tonne CO 0.0108 tonne CH 0.00112 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr yr tonne CH
0.00175 tonne N O 0.0000467 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e
+ +
yr yr tonne N O
E 220 tonne CO e/yr

= + +

=

Combustion Sources Flares
Flaring emissions are calculated based on the guidance given in Section 4.6, which states CO
2

emissions are based on 98% combustion efficiency and CH
4
emissions are calculated assuming
that 2% of the CH
4
remains uncombusted. A 20% uncertainty is assumed for both, based on
engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide emissions are estimated as the sum of the CO
2
already
present in the gas and the CO
2
that results from the product of flared gas carbon combustion.
Nitrous oxide emissions are estimated using an emission factor from Table 4-11, assuming an
uncertainty of 200%, based on engineering judgment. It is assumed that the flare gas
composition is equal to the field gas composition. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are
calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the
GWPs.
8-12 August 2009
Carbon dioxide emissions:
2
6
2
CO
2
2 6 4
4 2 6
44.01 lb CO 50010 scf gas lbmole gas tonne
E =
yr 379.3 scf gas lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
0.042 lbmole C H 0.80 lbmole CH 1 lbmole C 2 lbmole C
+
lbmole gas lbmole CH lbmole gas lbmol C H
+
3 8 4 10
3 8 4 10
2 2
C
0.013 lbmole C H 0.004 lbmole C H 3 lbmol C 4 lbmole C
+
lbmole gas lbmole C H lbmole gas lbmole C H
0.98 lbmole CO formed 0.12 lbmole CO

E

+

2
O 2
= 27,400 tonnes CO /yr

Methane, N
2
O, and CO
2
e emissions:
4
4
6
4 4
CH
4
4
4
CH 4
0.80 lbmole CH 16.04 lb CH 50010 scf gas lbmole gas
E
yr 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lbmole CH
0.02 lb uncombusted CH tonne

lb CH 2204.62 lb
=

2
2
4
2
N O
N O 2
1.0 10 tonnes N O 6,100 bbl 365 days
E =
day yr 1, 000 bbl

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
27, 400 tonne CO 153 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E 30, 700 tonne CO e/yr

= +
=

8-13 August 2009
Combustion Sources Fleet Vehicles
The calculations for fleet vehicle emissions are demonstrated below. The fuel-based emission
factor for CO
2
is presented in Table 4-3 for motor gasoline, assuming an uncertainty of 10%,
based on engineering judgment. Because the emission factor for CO
2
is in units of tonne CO
2

per MMBtu, the volume of fuel consumed is converted to energy input using the heating value of
gasoline (provided in Table 3-8), assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering
judgment. The emission factors for CH
4
and N
2
O are provided in Table 4-17; the vehicles are
assumed to be Tier 1. The uncertainty for both the CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors is assumed to
be 150%, based on engineering judgment. The fuel economy is taken from Table 4-13, for
gasoline light trucks, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no
uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
6
6
40,000 mi gal bbl 5.25 10 Btu
V = 1,790 10 Btu/yr-truck
yr-truck 14 mi 42 gal bbl
=

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0709 tonne CO 1,790 10 Btu
E = 5 trucks
yr-truck 110 Btu
E 127 tonne CO /yr
=

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
4.5 10 tonne CH 40,000 mi gal Mgal
E = 5 trucks
yr-truck 14 mi Mgal 1000 gal

=

2
2
-4
2
N O
N O 2
6.1 10 tonne N O 40,000 mi gal Mgal
E = 5 trucks
yr-truck 14 mi Mgal 1000 gal
E 0.00871 tonne N O/yr

=

8-14 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
127 tonne CO 0.00643 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = +
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O
E 129 tonne CO e/yr

+

=

Vented Sources - Gas Dehydration
Dehydration emissions are from the dehydrator vents and Kimray pumps. Methane emissions
from the dehydrator vents are estimated using the production segment emission factor and
associated uncertainties given in Table 5-2. The Kimray pump emissions are estimated using the
production segment emission factor and associated uncertainties in Table 5-4. For both of these
sources, emissions are based on the quantity of gas processed. Methane emissions are adjusted
based on the facility CH
4
content. The default CH
4
content and associated uncertainty are
provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are estimated by using a ratio of the facility
CO
2
and default CH
4
concentrations in the gas. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are
calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the
GWPs.
( ) ( )
4
4
CH Dehydrator vents Kimray pumps
6 4 4
CH 4 6 6
EF EF EF
0.0052859 tonne CH 0.01903 tonne CH
EF 0.024326 tonne CH /10 scf
10 scf 10 scf

=

= +
= +

4
4
6
4 4
CH 6
4
CH 4
0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 0.024326 tonne CH 30 10 scf 343 day
E
day gas processed yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default) 10 scf
E 254 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

8-15 August 2009
2
6
4 4 4
CO 6
4 4
0.024326 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 30 10 scf 343 day
E =
day gas processed yr 10 scf 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole
2
2 2
4 2
CO 2
0.12 tonne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

CH tonne mole gas tonne mole CO
E =105 tonnes CO /yr

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
105 tonne CO 254 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources - Storage Tank Flashing
Methane emissions from flashing losses are estimated using the simple emission factor provided
in Table 5-8, in the absence of the more detailed information necessary for the other calculation
approaches provided in Section 5.4.1. The uncertainty for the CH
4
emission factor is assumed to
be 90% based on engineering judgment. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility
CH
4
4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4.
Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents.
Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1.
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions from storage tank flashing are
calculated below.
4
4
-4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 8.86 10 tonne CH 6,100 bbl 343 day
E =
day yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default) bbl
E 1,880 tonnes CH /yr

=

2
-4
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
8.86 10 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 6,100 bbl 343 day
E =
day yr bbl 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
0.12 tonne tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole CH
2
2 2
2
CO 2
mole CO 44.01 tonne CO


8-16 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
775 tonne CO 1,880 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources Other Storage Tank Emissions
There are no GHG emissions from the other tanks at the facility (chemical tank, naphtha tank,
etc.) because the materials do not contain GHG constituents.
Vented Sources - Acid Gas Removal (Amine Unit Emissions)
Methane emissions from the amine unit are estimated based on the emission factor and
associated uncertainties provided in Table 5-5 and the quantity of gas processed. Methane
emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4
content and
associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using
Equation 5-2. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in
Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Amine unit emissions are calculated
below.
4
4
6
4 4
CH 6
4
CH 4

0.0185 tonne CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 30 10 scf 343 day
E
day processed yr 10 scf 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
E 193 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
2
6 6
CO 2 2
sour sweet
lb
lbmole
scf
lbmole
CO 2
30 10 scf 343 day 8,99710 scf
E = 12 mole% CO - 0.5 mole% CO
day processed yr yr
44 tonne

379.3 2204.62 lb
E = 62,600 tonne CO /yr

8-17 August 2009
2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
190 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E 62,600 tonne CO /yr
yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources - Pneumatics and CIPs
The pneumatic devices and CIPs at the facility are actuated by natural gas. Methane emissions
from pneumatic devices and CIP vents are estimated using CH
4
emission factors and associated
uncertainties presented in Tables 5-15 and 5-16, respectively. The type of pneumatic device and
CIP are not specified, so the Production Average device and the "Average Pump" emission
factor are used. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
content. The default
CH
4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are
calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for
any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment type.
Pneumatic Devices:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 2.415 tonne CH
E (64 pneumatic devices)
0.788 tonne mole CH (default) device - yr
E 157 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
2.415 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility)
device - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
0.12 ton tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
ne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
64.6 tonne CO 157 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

8-18 August 2009
CIPs:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
1.736 tonne CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility)
E (67 CIPs)
CIP - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
E 118 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E (67 CIPs)
CIP - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)

0.8 tonne mole CH tonne
=

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
mole gas tonne mole CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources - Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
Methane emissions from vessel blowdowns, compressor starts, compressor blowdowns, and oil
well workovers are estimated using the emission factors and associated uncertainties presented in
Table 5-23. The uncertainty for the well workovers emission factor is assumed to be 300%
based on engineering judgment. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4

4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon
dioxide emissions are estimated using the known CO
2
and CH
4
concentrations in the gas.
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Maintenance emission calculations are shown
below, by activity type.
Vessel blowdowns:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (112 vessels)
vessel - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

8-19 August 2009
2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (112 vessels)
vessel - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
0.12 tonne mole C tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
O 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
0.0702 tonne CO 0.171 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH
E 3.65 tonne CO e/yr

= +

=

Compressor starts:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (11 compressors)
compressor - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (11 compressors)
compressor - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)

0.8 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (11 compressors)
compressor - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

8-20 August 2009
2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (11 compressors)
compressor - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
0.12 tonn tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
e mole CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Oil well workovers:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.0018 tonne CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 24 well workovers
E
yr workovers 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
0.0018 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.80 tonne mole CH (facility) 24 well workovers
E
yr workovers 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)
0.12 tonne mo tonne mole gas

0.8 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
le CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources PRVs
Methane emissions from PRVs are estimated using the PRV emission factor and corresponding
uncertainty from Table 5-24. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
content.
8-21 August 2009
The default CH
4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. The CO
2

emissions are estimated using the ratio of the facility gas CO
2
to the default CH
4
content.
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. PRV emissions are calculated below.
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (482 PRVs)
PRV - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)

=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E (482 PRVs)
PRV - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH (default)

0.8 tonne mole CH to
=

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
nne mole gas tonne mole CO
=

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
0.318 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E 0.131 tonne CO /yr
yr tonne CH

= +

=

Fugitive Sources - Equipment Leaks
Table 8-4 provides average component emission factors associated with the high CO
2
content
onshore oil field facility. The emission factors are based on the API average oil and natural gas
production emission factors given in Table 6-14. Because factors are taken from API 4615, the
weight fraction of CH
4
is taken from Table C-6 for light crude, assuming an uncertainty of 15%
based on engineering judgment. Note that Table C-6 does not provide CO
2
speciation data;
therefore, these emission are not calculated.

8-22 August 2009
2
Content) Fugitive Emission Factors
Component Service
Component EF, tonnes
TOC/comp./hr
a
Uncertainty
b
(%)

Valves Liquid and Gas 1.32E-06 100
Pump seals Liquid and Gas 3.18E-07 100
Connectors Gas 1.64E-07 100
Flanges Liquid and Gas 7.69E-08 100
OELs Gas 1.21E-06 100
Others Liquid and Gas 7.50E-06 100
Footnotes:
a
Note that for this example, the TOC weight fraction of the gas stream is not 100%. However, the TOC emissions are not
adjusted here since such an adjustment cancels out when calculating CH
4
emissions as shown in Equation 6-9.
b
Uncertainty based on engineering judgment at a 95% confidence interval.

Using Equation 6-9, CH
4
emissions are calculated for each component by multiplying the
component emission factor by the component count, the annual hours of operation (8,760
hours/year, assuming that the equipment remains pressurized year-round), and the weight fraction
of CH
4
. As a simplifying assumption, the gas service compositions are used for the liquid fugitive
emissions because the liquid composition is not known, recognizing that this overestimates
emissions. The total fugitive emissions are then the sum of each of the component emissions.
Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There
are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
An example calculation for liquid and gas pump seals is shown below.
4
4
-7
4
CH
CH 4
0.613 tonne CH 3.18 10 tonne TOC 8,760 hr
E (185 pump seals)
seal - hr yr tonne TOC
=
=

2
2
4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr tonne CH
=
=

Completing the calculations for the rest of the components results in the emissions shown in
Table 8-5.
8-23 August 2009
2
Content) Fugitive Emissions
Component Service
CH
4

Emissions
(tonnes/yr)
Uncertainty
a

(%)
CO
2
e
Emissions
(tonnes/yr)
Uncertainty
a
(%)
Valves Liquid and Gas 19.4 126 408 126
Pump seals Liquid and Gas 0.316 126 6.63 126
Connectors Gas 0.0969 126 2.03 126
Flanges Liquid and Gas 4.13 126 86.7 126
OELs Gas 0.0390 126 0.819 126
Others Liquid and Gas 28.6 126 600 126
Total
b
52.6 83.3 1,105 83.3
Footnotes:
a
b
Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.


Fugitive Sources Fleet Vehicle Refrigeration
Because the actual vehicle refrigerant capacities are unknown, the capacity is assumed to be the
midpoint of the range presented in Table 6-25 for mobile air conditioning, assuming an uncertainty
of 100%, based on engineering judgment. The percentage of capacity emitted per year is also
taken from Table 6-25, assuming an uncertainty of 50%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWP provided in Table 3-1 (for HFC-134a).
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. The calculations for fleet vehicle refrigeration
emissions are shown below.
R 134a
R 134a
1.0 kg tonne R-134a
E 5 vehicles 0.20 capacity
vehicle 1000 kg
E 0.00100 tonne R-134a/yr
=
=

2
2
2
CO e
CO e 2
1300 tonne CO e 0.00100 tonne R-134a
E
yr tonne R-135a
=
=

8-24 August 2009
Indirect Sources - Electricity Consumption
Emissions associated with the electricity purchased by the facility are calculated using emission
factors in Table 7-2 for eGRID subregion ERCOT All. The uncertainties for the emission factors
are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4
and N
2
O, based on engineering judgment.
2
2
4
2
CO
CO 2
-6
4
CH
0.601 tonne CO 917 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr
8.46 10 tonne CH 917 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr

4
2
2
CH 4
-6
2
N O
N O 2
6.85 10 tonne N O 917 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E 553 tonne CO e/yr

=

=

Facility Summary
Total emissions for this facility are summarized in Table 8-6. A summary of the emissions for this
facility is given in Figure 8-1.
8-25 August 2009
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Combustion Vented Fugitive Indirect
Emission Source Category
G
H
G

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-1. Onshore Oil Field (High CO
2
Content) Summary of Emissions

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

I
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

8
-
2
6

A
u
g
u
s
t

2
0
0
9

2
0
0
9

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n

P
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

T
a
b
l
e

8
-
6
.

O
n
-
S
h
o
r
e

O
i
l

F
i
e
l
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F
o
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n
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e
s
:

a

U
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y

i
s

a
t

a

9
5
%

c
o
n
f
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c
e

i
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r
v
a
l
.

b

T
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m
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d
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t
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p
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d
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g
.

N
o
t
e
:

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

s
h
o
w
n

a
b
o
v
e

a
r
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f
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a
m
p
l
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l
y
.

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h
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d
o

n
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t

r
e
f
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c
t

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

8-28 August 2009
8.1.2 Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform
Facility Description: An offshore platform has an average daily production of 1,500 bbl/day crude
oil and an average gas production rate of 1610
6
scf/day.
Operations: The facility operates continuously throughout the year. The produced gas
composition is provided in Table 8-7 which results in a heating value of 1,033 Btu/scf. An
uncertainty of 4% is assumed for both the composition and heating value, based on engineering
judgment.
Table 8-7. Gas Composition for Offshore Production Platform
a
(%)
CO
2
1.09 4
N
2
2.39 4
CH
4
90.95 4
C
2
H
6
4 4
C
3
H
8
1.14 4
i-C
4
H
10
0.14 4
n-C
4
H
10
0.16 4
i-C
5
H
12
0.02 4
n-C
5
H
12
0.02 4
C
6
H
14
0 4
Other C
6
0.02 4
C
7
H
16
0.07 4
Footnote:
a
Note: the values shown above are for example only. They do not reflect actual operations.

Table 8-8 summarizes the emission sources associated with this facility. Equipment at the site that
does not have GHG emissions is also included in this table.

E
m
i
s
s
i
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I
n
v
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E
x
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8
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8
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.

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a
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a
(
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a

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F
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(
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N
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1
4
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1
2
6
1
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3

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2
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/
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4
7
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6

s
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2
0

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6
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6
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2
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m
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r
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P
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m

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b
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8
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8
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f
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a
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d

N
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s

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)

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%
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F
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m
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s

N
/
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1

p
l
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t
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0

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R
V
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1
7
5

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7
5

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R
V
s

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0

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m
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n

I
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m
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a
b
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8
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8
.

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f
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r
e

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l

a
n
d

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m
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f

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n
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t
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(
%
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n
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t

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r

u
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t
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a
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v
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O
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p
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r

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n
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y

a
(
%
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c
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v
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F
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r

(
a
l
l

u
n
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s

c
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m
b
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n
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d
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a

(
%
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F
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S
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s

E
q
u
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p
m
e
n
t

l
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a
k
s

N
/
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N
/
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N
/
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8
,
7
6
0

h
r
/
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r

0

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e

T
a
b
l
e

8
-
9

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m
p
s

N
/
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3

0

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N
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M
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c
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t
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r
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o
f
f

b
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N
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A

I
n
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r
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c
t

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F
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:

a

U
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r
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r
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n
g

j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t

a
t

a

9
5
%

c
o
n
f
i
d
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n
c
e

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n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.

b

A
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n
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g
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s

p
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d
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p
l
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f
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P
R
V
s

m
a
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b
e

t
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d

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f
l
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s
y
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,

t
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P
R
V
s

f
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r

t
h
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s

f
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c
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l
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a
r
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n
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t

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d

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n
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o

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h
e

f
l
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r
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
.

N
o
t
e
:

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

s
h
o
w
n

a
b
o
v
e

a
r
e

f
o
r

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

o
n
l
y
.

T
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

r
e
f
l
e
c
t

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

8-32 August 2009
Table 8-9 provides the fugitive component count for equipment at the offshore facility. The split
between oil and natural gas service for these components is approximately 85% with oil service
and the remaining 15% associated with gas service.
Table 8-9. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Emission
Sources
Component Service
Average
Component Count
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Light oil 1870 75
Gas 330 75
Connectors Light oil 7480 75
Gas 1320 75
OELs Light oil 276 75
Gas 49 75
Others Light oil 60 75
Gas 10 75
Footnote:
a

Table 8-10 provides the fugitive component liquid composition for equipment at the offshore
facility.
Table 8-10. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform Fugitive Liquid
Weight Percents
Compound Liquid Weight % Uncertainty
a
(%)
CO
2
0.315 4
CH
4
1.19 4
C
2
H
6
1.45 4
C
3
H
8
3.25 4
C
4
H
10
6.05 4
C
5
H
12
7.89 4
C
6
H
14
9.31 4
C
7
H
16
22.95 4
C
8
H
18
9.23 4
C
9
H
20
6.39 4
C
10
H
22
17.21 4
C
6
H
6
0.964 4
C
7
H
8
4.36 4
C
8
H
10
0.196 4
C
8
H
10
9.26 4
Footnote:
a
8-33 August 2009
Table 8-8 and a summary of facility emissions (presented at the end of this subsection).
2
Emissions
2
emissions is to determine the total volume of fuel combusted (V)
at the facility. This calculation is shown below, by equipment type.
Boilers and heaters fuel consumption is presented in Table 8-8.
6
V 14.126 10 scf / yr =
Turbines:
( )
6 6
V 470 200 10 scf / yr 670 10 scf / yr = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
1.0944.01 + 2.3928.01 + 90.9516.04
+ 430.07 + 1.1444.10 + 0.1458.12
MW = 100=17.73 lb/mole
+ 0.1658.12 + 0.0272.15 + 0.0272.15
+ 086.18 + 0.0286.18 + 0.07100.20

The individual weight percents are then calculated by rearranging Equation 3-7. The calculation is
shown as follows for CH
4
.
8-34 August 2009
4
4
4
4 4
CH 4
16.04 lb CH
lbmole CH
90.95 lbmole CH 0.8226 lb CH
Wt.% = = =82.26 wt. % CH
lbmole mixture

To calculate emissions, the carbon content of the fuel composition provided in Table 8-7 is
calculated. The first step is to calculate the carbon content of the individual components, using
ethane (C
2
H
6
).
2 6
2 6
C H
2 6 2 6
Wt% C 100% 79.9% C
= =
After the calculation has been performed for all constituents, the carbon content for the mixture is
calculated using Equation 4-10, as shown below:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
2.71 27.3 3.77 0 82.26 74.9 6.78 79.9 2.83 81.7 0.46 82.7
1
Wt% C
100 0.52 82.7 0.08 83.2 0.08 83.2 0 83.6 0.10 83.6 0.40 83.9
71.43 Wt% C 0.7143 lb C/lb fuel
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + + +
= =

Completing the calculations for the fuel analysis results in the fuel mixture molecular weight and
carbon content below:

Compound

CO
2

N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

i-C
4
H
10

n-C
4
H
10

i-C
5
H
12

n-C
5
H
12

i-C
6
H
14

Other C6
C7+

Mole %

1.09
2.39
90.95
4
1.14
0.14
0.16
0.02
0.02
0
0.02
0.07

MW

44.01
28.01
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
72.15
72.15
86.18
86.18
100.20
Wt%
(Calculated)

2.71
3.77
82.26
6.78
2.83
0.46
0.52
0.08
0.08
0
0.10
0.40
Uncertainty
a
(%)

5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
NA
5.19
5.19
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
27.3
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
82.7
83.2
83.2
83.6
83.6
83.9
Mixture
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0.738
0
61.6
5.42
2.32
0.379
0.434
0.0677
0.0677
0
0.0813
0.332
Uncertainty
a
(%)

5.19
NA
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
NA
5.19
5.19
Fuel Mixture 100
17.74
3.31%
a

100.0 71.43 4.50
Footnote:
a
8-35 August 2009

2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO 2
14.126 10 scf fuel lbmole 17.74 lb fuel 0.7143 lb C lbmole C
E

E 784 tonnes CO / y
=

= r

Turbines:
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO 2
670 10 scf fuel lbmole 17.74 lb fuel 0.7143 lb C lbmole C
E

E 37,200 tonnes CO / y
=

= r

Diesel Combustion
provided in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10% based on engineering judgment. Because
the emission factor is provided on a energy input basis, the volume of fuel consumed is converted
to a energy input using the heating value of the fuel, provided in Table 3-8, or using the power
output to energy input conversion factors, presented in Table 4-2. The uncertainty of the heating
value of the fuel in Table 3-8 is assumed to be 5% based on engineering judgment.
8-36 August 2009
6
6
6
160,000 gal bbl 5.7510 Btu
V =
yr 42 gal bbl
210 hp 7,100 Btu 2,920 hr 10 Btu
+ 1 unit
unit hp-hr yr 1,000,000 Btu
200 hp 7,100 Btu 2,920 hr 10 Btu
+ 1 unit

6
6
280 hp 7,000 Btu 200 hr 10 Btu
+ 1 unit
1,000 hp 7,000 Btu 200 hr 10 Btu
+ 2 units
1,800 hp 7,000 Btu
+ 1 unit
unit hp

6
6
6
200 hr 10 Btu

-hr yr 1,000,000 Btu
2,400 hp 7,000 Btu 1,100 hr 10 Btu
+ 1 unit
3,000 hp 7,000 Btu 200 hr 10 Btu
+ 1 unit = 5

6
8,797 10 Btu/yr

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonne CO 58, 797 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu
E 4,300 tonnes CO /yr

=

4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
Combustion emission factors for natural gas-fired equipment are provided in Table 4-7 for
controlled boilers and heaters, and Table 4-9 for uncontrolled turbines. Emission factors for
electricity generating natural gas-fired turbines are provided in Table 7-1. For the electricity
generating natural gas-fired turbines, a power output to fuel input factor of 10,833 Btu/kW-hr is
taken from Table 4-2 assuming a Conventional Combustion Turbine. An uncertainty of 30% is
assumed for this conversion power, based on engineering judgment. The uncertainties are assumed
to be 25% for all CH
4
emission factors and 150% for all N
2
O emission factors, based on
engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs
8-37 August 2009
provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Because natural gas
turbine CO
2
emissions are calculated together (not calculated separately as electricity generation
turbine and compression turbine CO
2
emissions), natural gas turbine CO
2
e emissions are also
calculated together.
4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
2.3 lb CH 14.126 10 scf 1 tonne
E =
yr 10 scf 2,204.62 lb

=

2
2
6
2
N O 6
N O 2
0.64 lb N O 14.126 10 scf 1 tonne
E =
yr 10 scf 2,204.62 lb

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O
E 786 tonne CO e/yr

+

=

Turbines Electricity Generation:
4
4
-5 6
4
CH
CH 4
7.26 10 tonnes CH 470 10 scf 1033 Btu kW hr 1 MW-hr
E =
yr scf 10,833 Btu 1,000 kW-hr MW-hr

=

2
2
-4 6
2
N O
N O 2
1.09 10 tonnes N O 470 10 scf 1033 Btu kW hr 1 MW-hr
E =
yr scf 10,833 Btu 1,000 kW-hr MW-hr

=

8-38 August 2009
Turbines Compression:
4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.0086 lb CH 200 10 scf 1033 Btu 1 tonne
E =
yr scf 10 Btu 2,204.62 lb

=

2
2
6
2
N O 6
N O 2
0.003 lb N O 200 10 scf 1033 Btu 1 tonne
E =
yr scf 10 Btu 2,204.62 lb

=

Turbines CO
2
e:
2
2 4 2 4 2
CO e
4 4
2 2 2
2
37,200 tonne CO 0.806 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e 3.25 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = + +
yr yr tonne CH yr tonne CH
0.281 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e 4.89 tonne N O 310

yr tonne N O yr

+ +

2
2
2
CO e 2
tonne CO e
tonne N O

=

Diesel Combustion Emissions
The first step in calculating diesel combustion CH
4
and N
2
O emissions is to sum the firing rates for
two groups of equipment: equipment <600 hp per unit and equipment >600 hp per unit. The firing
rates are then multiplied by the appropriate CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors, presented in Table 4-9.
Because the emission factor is provided on a energy input basis, the volume of fuel consumed is
converted to a energy input using the heating value of the fuel, provided in Table 3-8, assuming an
uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Table 4-9 provides emission factors for IC
engines burning diesel, which are used to estimate emissions from diesel-fired equipment rated less
than 600 hp per unit (crane engines and fire water pump). The emissions from diesel-fired
equipment rated greater than 600 hp per unit (emergency generators, forklifts, and Whittaker
escape capsules) are estimated using the Large Bore Engine Diesel emission factors (for
engines rated greater than 600 hp) from Table 4-9. Table 4-9 also provides an assumed CH
4

8-39 August 2009
content of 9 wt% to convert from TOC emissions if the exhaust CH
4
composition is unknown. The
uncertainties are assumed to be 25% for all CH
4
and TOC emission factors and 150% for all
N
2
O emission factors, based on engineering judgment. An uncertainty of 100% is assumed for
the TOC to CH
4
conversion, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the
GWPs. Because diesel CO
2
emissions are calculated by fuel type, diesel CO
2
calculated by fuel type. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment type. Emissions from the
boat and helicopter are described under Combustion Sources Mobile Sources.
Diesel engines <600 hp:
6
6
160,000 gal bbl 5.7510 Btu
V = = 21,90510 Btu/yr
yr 42 gal bbl

6
6
6
7,100 Btu 2920 hr 10 Btu
Diesel firing rate 21,905 10 Btu/yr 210 hp
hp-hr yr 1,000,000 Btu
7,100 Btu 2920 hr 10 Btu
200 hp

= +

+

6
6
7,000 Btu 200 hr 10 Btu
280 hp 30,800 10 Btu/yr

+ =

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.09 tonne CH 30,800 10 Btu 0.00016 tonne TOC
E =
yr 10 Btu tonne TOC

=

2
2
7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 30,800 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

8-40 August 2009
Diesel engines >600 hp:

1,000 hp 7,000 Btu 200 hr 7,000 Btu 200 hr
Diesel firing rate 2 units 1,800 hp
Unit hp-hr yr hp-hr yr
7,000 Btu 1,100 hr 7,000 Btu
2,400 hp 3,000 hp
hp-hr yr h
= +
+ +

6
200 hr
28,000 10 Btu/yr
p-hr yr
=

4
4
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
3.7 10 tonne CH 28,000 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 28, 000 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

Diesel Combustion CO
2
e Emissions:
2
2
2 4 4 2
CO e
4
2 2 2
2
CO e 2
4,300 tonne CO 0.443 tonne CH 0.103 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E =
yr yr yr tonne CH

yr yr tonne N O

+ +

+ +

=

Combustion Sources Mobile Sources
The diesel-fired supply boat and aviation gas-fired helicopter engine CO
2
emissions are estimated
using the fuel basis "gas/diesel oil" and "aviation gas" emission factors, respectively, given in
Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10% for all CO
2
emission factors, based on engineering
judgment. Methane and N
2
O emission factors are obtained from Table 4-17, assuming an
uncertainty of 25% for CH
4
emission factors and 150% for N
2
O emission factors. The emission
factors for diesel ships and conventional aircraft are used for the supply boat and the helicopter,
8-41 August 2009
respectively. Heating values for diesel fuel and aviation gas are obtained from Table 3-8,
assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any
of the GWPs. Emission calculations are shown below, by equipment type.
Boats:
6
7,500 Btu 1,100 hr 7,500 Btu 110 hr
Diesel firing rate 5,000 hp 5, 000 hp 45,400 10 Btu/yr
hp-hr yr hp-hr yr
= + =

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonne CO 45,400 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

4
4
-4 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
5.7 10 tonne CH 45,400 10 Btu bbl 42 gal
E
yr 5.75 10 Btu bbl 1000 gal

=
=

2
2
-3 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
4.2 10 tonne N O 45,400 10 Btu bbl 42 gal
E

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
3,320 tonne CO 0.189 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

= +

+

=

8-42 August 2009
Helicopters:
3
6
6
3
50 min hr 650 lb fuel gal 0.0037854 m
Firing rate 1095 Trips
Trip 60 min hr 5.89 lb fuel gal
bbl 5.05 10 Btu
12,108 10 Btu/yr
0.15898 m bbl
=
=

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0692 tonne CO 12,108 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu
E 838 tonnes CO /yr

=

4
4
-3 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
8.3 10 tonne CH 12,108 10 Btu bbl 42 gal
E =

=

2
2
-4 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
8.7 10 tonne N O 12,108 10 Btu bbl 42 gal
E

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E =
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O
E 883 tonne CO e/yr

+

+

=

Based on the guidance given in Section 4.6, CO
2
emissions are calculated using a 98% combustion
efficiency and CH
4
emissions from flares are calculated assuming that 2% of the CH
4
remains
uncombusted. An uncertainty of 20% is assumed for both the CO
2
combustion efficiency and
uncombusted percent CH
4
, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide emissions are
estimated as the sum of the CO
2
already present in the gas and the CO
2
that results from the
8-43 August 2009
product of flared gas carbon combustion. Nitrous oxide emissions are estimated using emission
factors from Table 4-11, assuming an uncertainty of 150%, based on engineering judgment. Note
that the N
2
O emissions factor is based on gas produced, not gas flared. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs.
6 6
Natural gas firing rate (0.395 1.7 3.1 20) 10 scf/yr 25.195 10 scf/yr = + + + =

2
6
2
CO
2
2 6 4
4
44.01 lb CO 25.195 10 scf gas lbmole gas tonne
E =
0.04 lbmole C H 0.9095 lbmole CH 1 lbmole C 2 lbmole C
+
lbmole gas lbmole CH lbmole gas lbmole C

2 6
3 8 4 10
3 8 4 10
5 12 6 14
5 12
H
0.0114 lbmole C H 0.0014 lbmole C H 3 lbmole C 4 lbmole C
+ +
0.0002 lbmole C H 0 lbmole C H 5 lbmole C 6 lbmole C
+ +
lbmole gas lbmole C H lbmole gas lbmo
6 14
6
6
2 2
le C H
0.0002 lbmole Other C 6 lbmole C 0.0007 lbmole C7+ 7 lbmole C
+ +
lbmole gas lbmole Other C lbmole gas lbmole C7+
0.98 lbmole CO 0.0102 lbmole CO
+
lbmole C combusted lbmole

2
CO 2
gas

Methane, N
2
O and CO
2
e emissions:
4
4
6
4 4
CH
4
4
4
CH 4
0.9095 lbmole CH 0.02 uncombusted lbmole CH 25.195 10 scf gas lbmol gas
E
yr 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lbmole total CH
16.04 lb CH tonne

lbmole CH 2204.62 lb
E 8.79 tonnes CH
=

=

8-44 August 2009
2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
5.90 10 tonnes N O 16 10 scf gas produced 365 days
E =
day yr 10 scf gas produced

=

2
2
2 4 2 2 2
CO e
4 2
CO e 2
1,370 tonne CO 8.79 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e 0.000345 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e
E =
yr yr tonne CH yr tonne N O
+ +
=

Vented Sources Storage Tank Flashing
Methane emissions from flashing losses are estimated using the simple emission factor provided in
Table 5-8, assuming an uncertainty of 200%, based on engineering judgment. Methane emissions
are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4
content and associated uncertainty
are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility
CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs
provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated
below.
( )
( )
4
4
-4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.9095 tonne mole CH facility
8.86 10 tonne CH 1,500 bbl 365 day
E =
day yr bbl 0.788 tonne mole CH default

( )
( )
2
-4
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
0.9095 tonne mole CH facility 8.86 10 tonne CH tonne mole CH 1,500 bbl 365 day
E =
day yr bbl 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default

0.9095 tonne mole CH

2
2 2
2
CO 2
E =18.4 tonnes CO /yr

8-45 August 2009
2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
E = 18.4 tonne CO /yr
yr tonne CH

+

=

Vented Sources Other Storage Tank Emissions
Because weathered crude contains no CH
4
or CO
2
, there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from the
tank battery standing and working losses.
Vented Sources - Gas Dehydration
Methane emissions from the gas dehydrator vents are estimated using the production segment
emission factor and uncertainty given in Table 5-2. The Kimray pump emissions are estimated
using the production segment emission factor and uncertainty in Table 5-4. For both of these
sources, emissions are based on the annual quantity of gas processed. Methane emissions are
adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4
provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4

and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided
in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below.
( ) ( )
4
4
6 4 4
CH 4 6 6
EF EF EF
EF 0.024326 tonne CH / 10 scf
10 scf 10 scf
= +

= + =

4
4
6
4 4
CH 6
4
CH 4

E
day yr 0.788 tonne mole CH (default) 10 scf
E 164 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

8-46 August 2009
( )
( )
2
6
4 4 4
CO 6
4 4
4
0.9095 tonne mole CH facility 0.024326 tonne CH tonne mole CH 16 10 scf 365 day
E =
day yr 10 scf 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0109 t tonne mole gas


2
2 2
2
CO 2
onne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO
E =5.39 tonnes CO /yr

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources Pneumatics and CIPs
The pneumatic devices and CIPs at the facility are actuated by natural gas. Methane emissions
from pneumatic device and CIP vents are estimated using CH
4
emission factors and uncertainties
presented in Tables 5-15 and 5-16, respectively. The type of pneumatic devices and CIPs are not
specified, so the Production Average device and the Average Pump emission factor are used.
Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4
content and
associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by
using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment
type.
Pneumatic Devices:
( )
( )
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.9095 tonne mole CH facility 2.415 tonne CH
E = (7 pneumatic devices)
device - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default

=

( )
( )
2
CO
4
4 4
4 4
4
=

2.415 tonne CH tonne mole CH
device - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0109 tonne mole gas

2
2 2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

8-47 August 2009
2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH
E 410 tonne CO e/yr

+

=

CIPs:
( )
( )
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (2 CIPs)
CIP - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4
4
4
CO
4
2
4
tonne mole CH
16.04 tonne CH
1.736 tonne CH
E = (2 CIPs)
CIP - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default

0.9095 tonne mole CH tonn

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
e mole gas tonne mole CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
E = 0.132 tonnes CO /yr +
yr tonne CH

=

Vented Sources Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
Methane emissions from vessel blowdowns, compressor starts, and compressor blowdowns are
estimated using the emission factors and uncertainties presented in Table 5-23. Note that the
factors are provided on an equipment count basis, not a per-event basis. Methane emissions are
4
4
4

and CO
2
contents. Emissions are calculated as follows, by activity type.
8-48 August 2009
Vessel blowdowns:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
E (9 vessels)
vessel-yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4
4
4
CO
4
4
tonne mole CH
16.04 tonne CH
0.0015 tonne CH
E = (9 vessels)
vessel-yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0109 tonne mole C tonne mole gas


2
2 2
2
CO 2
O 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH

+

=

Compressor starts:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
E (6 compressors)
compressor - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4
4
4
CO
4
4
tonne mole CH
16.04 tonne CH
0.1620 tonne CH
E = (6 compressors)
0.0109 to tonne mole gas


2
2 2
2
CO 2
nne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH

+

=

8-49 August 2009
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
E = (6 compressors)

=

( )
( )
2
4
4
4
4
CO
4
4
tonne mole CH
16.04 tonne CH
0.07239 tonne CH
E = (6 compressors)
0.0109 t tonne mole gas


2
2 2
2
CO 2
onne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH

+

=

Vented Sources Offshore ESD Systems and PRVs
Methane emissions from ESDs and PRVs are estimated using emission factors and uncertainties
from Table 5-24. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
content. The default
CH
4
4
and CO
2
contents. Emissions are calculated below,
by activity.
ESD System:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
E (1 platform)
platform - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

8-50 August 2009
( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
4
E = (1 platform)
platform-yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0109 tonne mole tonne mole gas


2
2 2
2
CO 2
CO 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH
E 120 tonne CO e/yr

+

=

PRV Releases:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
E (175 PRVs)
PRV-yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E = (175 PRVs)
PRV-yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default

0.9095 tonne mole CH to

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
nne mole gas tonne mole CO

2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
yr tonne CH

+

=

8-51 August 2009
Fugitive Sources: Equipment Leaks
Table 8-11 provides fugitive component emission factors associated with this offshore production
facility, taken from the corresponding EPA average component emission factors given in
Table 6-12.

Emission Factors
Component
Service
Component EF
(tonnes
TOC/comp./hr)
Uncertainty
(%)
a

Valves Light oil 2.5E-06 100
Gas 4.5E-06 100
Connectors Light oil 2.1E-07 100
Gas 2.0E-07 100
OELs Light oil 1.4E-06 100
Gas 2.0E-06 100
Others Light oil 7.5E-06 100
Gas 8.8E-06 100
Footnote:
a

4
and CO
2
hours/year, assuming the equipment remains pressurized year round), and the liquid weight
fraction of either CH
4
or CO
2
presented in Table 8-10. The total fugitive emissions are the sum of
each of the component emissions. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the
GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
An example calculation for oil valves is shown below.
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
0.0119 tonne CH 2.50 10 tonne gas 8,760 hr
E (1870 valves)
valve-hr yr tonne gas
=
=

8-52 August 2009
2
2
-6
2
CO
CO 2
0.0315 tonne CO 2.50 10 tonne gas 8,760 hr
E (1870 valves)
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

An example calculation for gas valves is shown below using the gas component count, emission
factor, and gas compositions.
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
0.8226 tonne CH 4.5 10 tonne gas 8,760 hr
E (330 valves)
=
=

2
2
-6
2
CO
CO 2
0.0271 tonne CO 4.5 10 tonne gas 8,760 hr
E (330 valves)
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH
E 225 tonne CO e/yr

= +

=

Table 8-12.
8-53 August 2009
Emissions
Component Service
Emissions
(tonnes
CH
4
/yr)
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Emissions
(tonnes
CO
2
/yr
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Emissions
(tonnes
CO
2
e/yr)
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Oil 0.487 125 0.129 125 10.4 124
Gas 10.7 125 0.352 125 225 125
Connectors Oil 0.164 125 0.0433 125 3.48 124
Gas 1.90 125 0.0626 125 40.0 125
OELs Oil 0.0403 125 0.0107 125 0.857 124
Gas 0.706 125 0.0232 125 14.9 125
Others Oil 0.0469 125 0.0124 125 0.998 124
Gas 0.634 125 0.0209 125 13.3 125
TOTAL
b
14.7 93.1 0.654 73.5 309 92.9
Footnotes:
a
b
Note: the values shown above are for example only. They do not reflect actual operations.
Facility Summary
Total emissions for this facility are summarized in Table 8-13. A summary of the emissions for
this facility is given in Figure 8-2.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
G
H
G

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-2. Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Production Platform
Summary of Emissions
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a

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b

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8-56 August 2009
8.1.3 Natural Gas Processing Plant
Facility Description: The facility consists of a natural gas processing plant.
Throughput: The plant processes 80010
6
scf/day of gas. An uncertainty of 10% is assumed for
the throughput, based on engineering judgment.
Operations: Compositions of the produced and processed gas streams are provided in
Table 8-14. The composition of the processed gas results in a heating value of 1,251 Btu/scf.
An uncertainty of 4% is assumed for both composition and heating value, based on engineering
judgment.
Table 8-14. Gas Composition for Natural Gas Processing Plant
Gas Compound Produced Gas
Mole %
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Processed Gas
Mole %
Uncertainty
a

(%)
H
2
S 1.13 4 0.02 4
CO
2
3.5 4 2.0 4
N
2
2.39 4 1.2 4
CH
4
70 4 90 4
C
2
H
6
12.5 4 4.7 4
C
3
H
8
5.1 4 1.2 4
C
4
H
10
3.7 4 0.5 4
C
5
H
12
0.76 4 0.3 4
C6+ 0.92 4 0.08 4
Footnotes:
a

Tables 8-15 and 8-16 summarize the emission sources associated with this facility. Equipment at
the site that does not have GHG emissions are also included in these tables.
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8-60 August 2009
Table 8-16. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Sources
Component Service
Average Component
Count
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Gas and Liquid 4,430 25
Pump seals Liquid 90 25
Flanges Gas and Liquid 17,600 25
Compressor seals Gas 20 25
Footnote:
a

Tables 8-15 and 8-16, and a summary of facility emissions (presented at the end of this
subsection).
2
Emissions
Natural Gas Combustion CO
2
Emissions
2
emissions is to determine the total volume of fuel combusted (V)
at the facility. Power output to energy input conversion factors for a conventional combustion
turbine (presented in Table 4-2) are used to convert the turbine operational data to fuel
consumption, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. This calculation is
shown below, by equipment type.
Boiler and heaters:
6
6
6
130 10 Btu 8,400 hr
2 boilers
boiler yr
scf
V 2,820 10 scf/yr
1,251 Btu
80 10 Btu 8,400 hr
2 heaters
heater yr

+

= =

8-61 August 2009
Turbines:
6
ICOM
36, 300 hp 8,078 Btu 8,665 hr
2 turbines 0.46 load
turbine hp-hr yr
V 3,717 10 scf/yr
35, 900 hp 8,078 Btu 8,665 hr
2 turbines 0.46 load
turbine hp-hr yr

+

= =

scf

1,251 Btu

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
1.13x34.08 + 3.544.01 + 2.3928.01
MW = + 7016.04 + 12.530.07 + 5.144.10 100=23.32 lb/mole
+ 3.758.12 + 0.7672.15 + 0.9286.18

shown below for CH
4
.
4
4
4
4
4 4
CH
=48.14 wt. % CH
16.04 lb CH
lbmole CH
Wt.% = =
lbmole mixture

To calculate emissions, the carbon contents of the fuel compositions provided in Table 8-14 are
ethane (C
2
H
6
).
2 6
2 6
C H
2 6 2 6
Wt% C 100% 79.9% C
= =

calculated using Equation 4-10, shown as follows (for produced gas):
8-62 August 2009
( )
# components
Mixture i i
i 1
1
Wt%C Wt% Wt%C
100
=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
1.65 0 6.60 28.3 2.87 0 48.14 74.9 16.12 79.9
1
Wt% C
100 9.64 81.7 9.22 82.7 2.35 83.2 3.40 83.6
71.03 Wt% C 0.7103 lb C/lb fuel
+ + + +
=

+ + + +

= =

Completing the calculations for the produced gas fuel analysis results in the fuel specific molecular
weight and carbon content below:

Compound

H
2
S
CO
2

N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12

C6+
Mole
%

1.13
3.5
2.39
70
12.5
5.1
3.7
0.76
0.92

MW

34.08
44.01
28.01
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
Wt%
(Calculated)

1.65
6.60
2.87
48.14
16.12
9.64
9.22
2.35
3.40
Uncertainty
a

(%)

4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0
27.3
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
83.2
83.6
Mixture
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0
1.80
0
36.1
12.9
7.88
7.62
1.96
2.84
Uncertainty
a

(%)

NA
4.53
NA
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
Fuel
Mixture
100
23.32
2.13%
a

100.0 71.03 2.55
Footnote:
a

Completing the calculations for the processed gas fuel analysis results in the fuel molecular weight
and carbon content below:

Compound

H
2
S
CO
2

N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12

C6+
Mole
%

0.02
2
1.2
90
4.7
1.2
0.5
0.3
0.08

MW

34.08
44.01
28.01
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
Wt%
(Calculated)

0.04
4.84
1.85
79.42
8.77
2.91
1.60
1.19
0.38
Uncertainty
a
(%)

5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0
27.3
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
83.2
83.6
Mixture
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0
1.32
0
59.5
6.21
2.38
1.32
0.991
0.317
Uncertainty
a

(%)

NA
5.12
NA
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
Fuel
Mixture
100
18.18
3.20%
a

100.0 72.01 4.26
Footnote:
a
8-63 August 2009
Carbon dioxide emissions can then be calculated using a mass balance approach. (Note that
processed gas is used for combustion.) Natural gas combustion emissions are calculated below.
( )
2
2
6 6
CO
2 2
2
CO
2,820 10 +3,717 10 scf fuel
lbmole 18.18 lb fuel 0.7201 lb C
E
yr 379.3 scf fuel lbmole fuel lb fuel
lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO lbmole C tonne

12.01 lb C lbmole C lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
E 375, 00

=

=
2
0 tonnes CO / yr

Diesel Combustion
provided in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10%, based on engineering judgment. Because
the emission factor is provided on a energy input basis, the equipment ratings are converted to
volume of fuel consumed on a energy input basis using the No. 2 fuel oil IC engine conversion
factor provided in Table 4-2, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment.
Diesel combustion CO
2
emissions are calculated below.
6
460 hp 8,089 Btu 24 h
V = 2 pumps 0.87 load +
pump hp-hr yr
425 hp 8,089 Btu 24 h
+ 2 pumps 0.92 load = 30710 Btu /yr
pump hp-hr yr

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonnes CO 307 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
=
=

4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
Combustion emission factors for natural gas-fired equipment are provided in Table 4-7 for
controlled boilers and heaters, and Table 4-9 for uncontrolled turbines. The electricity generation
8-64 August 2009
turbine emission factors are taken from Table 7-1 for natural gas Combined Cycle units. An
uncertainty of 25% is assumed for all CH
4
emission factors and an uncertainty of 150% is
assumed for all N
2
O emission factors, based on engineering judgment. The electricity generation
turbine power (P) conversion from hp output to kw output is presented in Table 3-4. Carbon
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Because CO
2
emissions from natural gas combustion were not
calculated on an equipment basis, CO
2
e emissions are also not calculated on an equipment basis.
6
6
6
130 10 Btu 8,400 hr
(2 boilers )
boiler yr
V 3, 528, 000 10 Btu/yr
80 10 Btu 8,400 hr
(2 heaters )
heater yr

= =

+

4
4
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
1.00 10 tonne CH 3,528,000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
2.80 10 tonne N O 3,528,000 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

Turbines for Recompression:
6

36, 300 hp 8,078 Btu 8,665 hr
V 2 turbines 0.46 load 2, 337, 582 10 Btu/yr
turbine hp-hr yr

= =

8-65 August 2009

4
4
2
2
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
-6 6
2
N O 6
N O 2

3.9 10 tonne CH 2,337,582 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
1.4 10 tonne N O 2,337,582 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

=
=

Gas Combustion Turbine for Electrical Generation:
35,900 hp 0.7457 kW-hr 8,665 hr MW-hr
P = 2 units 0.46 load = 213,410 MW-hr
unit hp-hr yr 1,000 kW-hr

4
4
2
2
-6
4
CH
CH 4
-5
2
N O
N O 2
6.8010 tonne CH
E = 213,410 MW-hr
MW-hr
E =1.45 tonnes CH /yr
2.8610 tonne N O
213,410 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr

2
e Emissions:
2
2 4 4 4 2
CO e
4
2 2 2 2
375,000 tonne CO 3.53 tonne CH 9.12 tonne CH 1.45 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = + +
yr yr yr yr tonne CH
0.988 tonne N O 3.27 tonne N O 6.10 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e

yr yr yr tonn

+ +

+ + +

2
2
CO e 2
e N O


=

8-66 August 2009
Diesel Combustion
Diesel-operated fire water pump emissions are estimated using the IC Engine Diesel emission
factors from Table 4-9 (for diesel engines rated less than 600 hp). An uncertainty of 25% is
assumed for all CH
4
emission factors and an uncertainty of 150% is assumed for all N
2
O
emission factors, based on engineering judgment. Table 4-9 also provides an assumed CH
4
content
of 9 wt% to convert from TOC emissions if the exhaust composition is unknown. An uncertainty
of 100% is assumed for the conversion of TOC to CH
4
, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below.

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.09 tonne CH 307 10 Btu 0.00016 tonne TOC
E
yr 10 Btu tonne TOC
=
=

2
2
7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 307 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

+

=

The first step in calculating the flare emissions is to calculate the volume flared. This is shown as
follows, by flared stream.
8-67 August 2009
(a) Pilot gas (processed gas) flaring
6
Pilot
0.007210 scf 365 day
V = 2,628,000 scf gas/yr
day yr
=
(b) Sour gas flaring
6 6
Sour gas
1010 scf day 156 hr 3510 scf day 156 hr
V = + =65,000,000+227,500,000 scf/yr
day 24 hr yr day 24 hr yr

Based on the guidance given in Section 4.6, CH
4
emissions from flares are calculated assuming 2%
of the CH
4
remains uncombusted, and CO
2
emissions are based on 98% combustion efficiency,
assuming an uncertainty of 20% for both, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide
emissions are estimated as the sum of the CO
2
already present in the gas and the CO
2
that results
from the product of flared gas carbon combustion. Nitrous oxide emissions are estimated using
emission factors from Table 4-11, assuming an uncertainty of 150%, based on engineering
judgment. The sour gas processing flare emission factor will be used as a simplifying assumption
to obtain an emissions estimate. Note that the N
2
O emissions factor is based on gas feed, not gas
produced. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in
Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Because N
2
O emissions are calculated
for the flare as a whole (not split by flared stream), CO
2
e emissions are also calculated for the flare
as a whole. Emissions are calculated below, by pollutant.
(a) Flare Pilot gas (processed gas)
2
2
6
2
CO
2
2
CO 2
lbmole CO 2.628 10 scf gas lbmole gas 18.18 lb gas 0.7201 lb C lbmole C
E
yr 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lb gas 12.01 lb C lbmole C
44.01 lb CO tonne

E 151 tonnes CO /yr
=

=

8-68 August 2009
2
2
CO
2
2 6 4
4
44.01 lb CO (65,000,000 227,500,000) scf gas lbmole gas tonne
E
0.124 lbmole C H 0.70 lbmole CH 1 lbmole C 2 lbm
lbmol gas lbmole CH lbmole gas

+
=
+
2 6
3 8 4 10
3 8 4 10
5 12 6 14
5 12
ole C
lbmole C H
0.051 lbmole C H 0.037 lbmole C H 3 lbmole C 4 lbmole C
0.0076 lbmole C H 0.0092 lbmole C H 5 lbmole C
lbmole gas lbmole C H lbmole ga
+ +
+ +
2
6 14
2 2
CO 2
6 lbmole C
s lbmole C H
0.98 lbmole CO 0.035 lbmole CO


+

=

Methane emissions:
(a) Pilot gas flaring
4
4
CH 6
4
CH 4
E
2.3lb CH 2,628,000 scf gas tonne
yr 10 scf gas 2204.62 lb
=
=

4
4
4 4
CH
4
4
4
CH 4
0.7 lbmole CH 16.04 lb CH (65,000,000 227,500,000) scf gas lbmole gas
E
yr 379.3scf gas lbmole gas lbmole CH
0.02 lb uncombusted CH tonne

lb CH 2204.62 lb
+
=

=

Nitrous Oxide emissions:
(a) Pilot gas flaring
2
2
2
N O 6
N O 2
2.2 lb N O 2,628,000 scf gas tonne
E =
yr 10 scf gas 2204.62 lb

=

8-69 August 2009
6 6
365 days
V 800 10 scf/day =292,00010 scf/yr
yr
=

2
2
6 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
1.50 10 tonnes N O 292,000 10 scf
E =
yr 10 scf gas receipts

=

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent emissions:
2
2 2 4 4 2
CO e
4
2 2 2
2
C
151 tonne CO 20,800 tonne CO 0.00274 tonne CH 78.5 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = + +
yr yr yr yr tonne CH
+
yr yr tonne N O
E

+

+

2
O e 2
22, 800 tonne CO e/yr =

Vented Sources Gas Dehydration
Methane emissions from the gas dehydrator vents are estimated using the gas processing segment
emission factor and uncertainty given in Table 5-2. The Kimray pump emissions are estimated
using the gas processing segment emission factor and uncertainty in Table 5-4. For both of these
sources, emissions are based on the annual quantity of gas processed. Methane emissions are
4
4
4

and CO
2
in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated as follows.
8-70 August 2009
( ) ( )
4
4
4
4 4
CH 6 6
6
CH 4
EF EF EF
0.0023315 tonne CH 0.0034096 tonne CH
EF
10 scf 10 scf
EF 0.0057411 tonne CH / 10 scf
= +

= +

=

4
4
6
4 4
CH 6
4
CH 4
E
day yr 0.868 tonne mole CH (default) 10 scf
E 1,740 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
6
4 4 4
CO 6
4 4
4
0.0057411 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.90 tonne mole CH (facility) 800 10 scf 365 day
E =
day yr 10 scf 16.04 tonne CH 0.868 tonne mole CH (default)
0.035 tonne mole gas

0.90 tonne mole CH
2
2 2
2
CO 2
tonne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO


2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
1, 740 tonne CO 186 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources Venting from Sour Gas Processing
Carbon dioxide emissions from sour gas processing are estimated by material balance around the
process, using the known throughput and CO
2
concentrations of the inlet and outlet gas streams as
described in Section 5.1.5. The volumes of gas and CO
2
contents of the inlet and outlet streams are
provided in Table 8-15. Methane emissions are calculated using the default emission factor from
Table 5-5 for uncontrolled acid gas removal (AGR) units. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the
GWPs. Sour gas processing emissions are calculated as follows.

8-71 August 2009
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
CO 2 2 2 2
E CO CO CO CO
inlet outlet sour sweet
= =

2
6
2 2
CO
2
6
0.035 lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO 800 10 scf 365 day lbmole gas tonnes
E
day yr 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lbmole CO 2204.62 lb
0.02 622 10 scf 365 day lbmole gas
-
day yr 379.3 scf gas

2
2 2
2
CO 2
lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO tonnes
lbmole gas lbmole CO 2204.62 lb

=

4
4
6
4
CH 6
CH 2
0.0185 tonne CH 800 10 scf 365 day
E =
10 scf day yr

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E =
yr yr tonne CH

+

=

Vented Sources Storage Tanks
Methane emissions from condensate flashing losses occur upstream of this facility, in the
production segment. There is no CH
4
or CO
2
in weathered crude or condensate and therefore
there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from the storage of these products.
Similarly, tank storage of LPG, C5+, propane, and butane will not result in CH
4
or CO
2
emissions
because these processed liquids do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. (As a side note, these liquids are
typically stored in pressurized vessels that do not vent to the atmosphere.)
Vented Sources Loading Operations
The marine loading of LPG, C5+, propane, and butane will not result in emissions of CH
4
or CO
2

because these processed liquids do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
.
8-72 August 2009
Vented Sources: Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
Methane emissions from processing maintenance/non-routine activities are estimated using the
emission factor presented in Table 5-25, assuming an uncertainty of 100%, based on engineering
judgment. Note that the emission factor is based on the total quantity of gas processed. This
overall emission factor includes CH
4
emissions from compressor/turbine starts, compressor
blowdowns, miscellaneous vessel blowdowns, and pressure relief valves. Methane emissions are
4
4
4

and CO
2
in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
4
4
3 6
4 4
CH 6
4
CH 4
3.524 10 tonne CH 0.900 tonne mole CH (facility) 800 10 scf 365 days
E
day yr 10 scf 0.868 tonne mole CH (default)
E 1,070 tonnes CH / yr

=
=

2
3 6
4 4 4
CO 6
4 4
4
3.524 10 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.900 tonne mole CH (facility) 800 10 scf 365 days
E =
day yr 10 scf 16.04 tonne CH 0.868 tonne mole CH (default)
0. tonne mole gas

0.900 tonne mole CH

2
2 2
2
CO 2
02 tonne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO
2
2
4 2
CO e 2
4
CO e 2
1,070 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
yr tonne CH

+

=

Vented Sources: Fire Suppression Emissions
Fire suppression emissions are calculated using a mass balance approach. The quantity of CO
2

emitted can be calculated using the information provided in Table 8-15. Fire suppression
8-73 August 2009
emissions are calculated below. Carbon dioxide emissions are the same as the CO
2
e emissions if
there are no CH
4
, N
2
O, or other GHG emissions.
( )
2 2
CO e CO
E E =
2
2
CO
CO 2
10 cylinders 30 lb 1 tonne
E
yr 1 cylinder 2204.62 lb
=
=

Table 8-17 provides the API average component emission factors and CH
4
content based on the
average gas plant emission factors given in Table 6-16. Note that the API average emissions
factors and recommended CH
4
content are not service (liquid or gas) specific.
Table 8-17. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors
Component Service
Component EF (tonnes
TOC/comp./hr)
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Liquid and gas 3.86E-06 100
Pump seals Liquid 1.15E-05 100
Flanges Liquid and gas 4.38E-07 100
Others
(compressor seals)
Gas 4.86E-06 100
Footnote:
a
4
hours/year, assuming the equipment remains pressurized year-round), and the weight fraction of
CH
4
. Because factors are taken from API 4615, the weight fraction of CH
4
is taken from
Table C-6, assuming an uncertainty of 15% based on engineering judgment. Note that Table C-6
does not provide CO
2
speciation data; therefore, these emissions are not calculated. The total
fugitive emissions are the sum of each of the component emissions. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs.

8-74 August 2009
An example calculation for liquid pump seals is shown below.
4
4
-5
4
CH
CH 4
E (90 seals)
seal-hr yr tonne TOC
=
=

2
2
4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr tonne CH
E 107 tonne CO e/yr
=
=

Table 8-18.
Table 8-18. Natural Gas Processing Fugitive Emissions
Component Service
CH
4

Emissions,
tonnes
CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a
(%)
CO
2
e
Emissions,
tonnes
CO
2
e/yr
Uncertainty
a
(%)
Valves Liquid and gas 84.5 104 1,770 104
Pump seals Liquid 5.11 104 107 104
Flanges Liquid and gas 39.1 104 800 104
Others Gas 0.480 104 10.1 104
Total
b
128 75.4 2,690 75.4
Footnotes:
a
b
Fugitive Sources: Industrial Refrigeration
Although refrigerant loss occurs over many years, emissions are being reported during the year the
equipment is recharged. The facilitys industrial refrigeration emissions are calculated using a
mass balance approach. The quantity of refrigerant emitted is provided in Table 8-15, assuming an
uncertainty of 10%, based on engineering judgment. The CO
2
e emission is estimated using the
GWP presented in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
Emissions are calculated as follows.
8-75 August 2009
HFC-134a
HFC-134a
50, 000 lb HFC-134a tonne HFC-134a
E
yr 2204.62 lb HFC-134a
E 22.7 tonnes HFC 134a/yr
=
=

2
2
2
CO e
CO e 2
1300 tonne CO e 22.7 tonnes HFC-134a
E
yr tonne HFC-134a
=
=

Facility Summary
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
G
H
G

E
m
i
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i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-3. Natural Gas Processing Summary of Emissions
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.

8-79 August 2009
8.1.4 Production Gathering Compressor Station
Facility Description: A 3,400-hp gathering compressor station, located in Oklahoma, operates four
reciprocating compressors. Eighty miles of gathering pipelines are associated with this compressor
station.
Operations: The facility operates continuously throughout the year. Heat rates for the
compressors are based on manufacturers data and test data. The composition of the field fuel
gas used to operate the compressors is provided in Table 8-20. The heating value for the
produced gas is 1,155 Btu/scf, assuming an uncertainty of 4%, based on engineering judgment.
Table 8-20. Gas Composition for Production Gathering Compressor
Station
a
(%)
CO
2
0.8 4
N
2
1.8 4
CH
4
83 4
C
2
H
6
8 4
C
3
H
8
5 4
C
4
H
10
1 4
C
5
H
12
0.3 4
C6+ 0.1 4
Footnote:
a

Details on the emission sources associated with this facility are provided in Tables 8-21 and 8-22.
Equipment at the site that do not have GHG emissions are also included in these tables.
Tables 8-21 and 8-22 and a summary of facility emissions (presented at the end of this subsection).
E
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8-81 August 2009
Table 8-22. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive
Emission Sources
Component Service
Average Component
Count
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Gas 675 75
Control valves Gas 30 75
Connectors Gas 3,000 75
Compressor seals Gas 15 75
Pressure relief valves Gas 15 75
Footnote:
a

2
Emissions
2
emissions is to calculate the total volume of fuel combusted (V) at
the facility. This calculation is shown below.
6
2,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr
(3 rich burn )
engine hp-hr yr
scf
V 627 10 scf/yr
1,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr 1,155 Btu
(1 lean burn )
engine hp-hr yr

= =

+


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Mixture
0.844.01 + 1.828.01 + 8316.04
MW = + 830.07 + 544.10 + 158.12 100=19.66 lb/mole
+ 0.372.15 + 0.186.18

shown as follows for CH
4
.
8-82 August 2009
4
4
4
4
4 4
CH
= 67.70 wt. % CH
16.04 lb CH
lbmole CH
Wt.% = =
lbmole mixture

C
2
H
6
.
2 6
2 6
C H
2 6 2 6
Wt% C 100% 79.9% C
= =
calculated using Equation 4-10, as shown below (for produced gas).
( )
=
=
components #
1 i
i i Mixture
Wt%C Wt%
100
1
Wt%C

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
1.79 28.3 2.56 0 68.70 74.9 12.23 79.9
1
Wt% C
100 11.21 81.7 2.96 82.7 1.10 83.2 0.44 83.6
73.85 Wt% C 0.7385 lb C/lb fuel
+ + +
=

+ + + +

= =

Completing the calculations for the field fuel gas analysis results in the fuel mixture molecular
weight and carbon content below.

Compound

CO
2

N
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12

C6+
Mole
%

0.8
1.8
83.0
8.0
5.0
1.0
0.3
0.1

MW

44.01
28.01
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
Wt%
(Calculated)

1.79
2.56
67.70
12.23
11.21
2.96
1.10
0.44
Uncertainty
a

(%)

4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
28.3
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
83.2
83.6
Mixture
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0.489
0
50.7
9.78
9.16
2.44
0.916
0.367
Uncertainty
a

(%)

4.88
NA
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
Fuel Mixture 100
19.66
2.79%
a

100.0 73.85 3.47
Footnote:
a
8-83 August 2009
calculated below.
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO 2
62710 scf lbmole fuel 19.66 lb fuel 0.7385 lb C lbmole C
E =


4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
Combustion emission factors for natural gas-fired engines are provided in Table 4-9, assuming an
uncertainty of 25% for CH
4
and 150% for N
2
O, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Methane and N
2
O emissions are calculated below, by
equipment type. Because CO
2
emissions are calculated by fuel type, CO
2
calculated by fuel type.

4 stroke, rich burn engines:
4
4
2
2
4
CH 6
CH 4
-8
2
N O 6
N O
0.00010 tonne CH 2,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr
E 3 units
9.50 10 tonne N O 2,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr
E 3 units
E 0.0582 tonnes
=
=
=
=
2
N O/yr

8-84 August 2009
4 stroke, lean burn engine:
4
4
4
CH 6
CH 4
0.00057 tonne CH 1,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr
E 1 unit
=
=

2
2
-8
2
N O 6
N O 2
9.50 10 tonne N O 1,200 hp 10,600 Btu 8,760 hr
E 1 unit
=
=

Natural gas-fired engines CO
2
e emission:
2
2
4 4 2
CO e 2
4
2 2 2
2
CO e 2
61.3 tonne CH 63.5 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = 39,900 tonne CO /yr + +
yr yr tonne CH
+ +
yr yr tonne N O

=

Combustion Sources Vehicles
Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using the CO
2
emission factor for motor gasoline
presented in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10%, based on engineering judgment.
Because the emission factor for CO
2
is in terms of energy input, the volume of fuel consumed
(gallons) is converted to energy input (Btu) using the heating value of gasoline provided in Table
3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. The emission factors for
CH
4
and N
2
O are provided in Table 4-17. The uncertainty for both CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors
is assumed to be 150%, based on engineering judgment. It is assumed that the car is a Tier 1 light
duty vehicle. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in
Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below.

6
6
975 gal bbl 5.25 10 Btu
V = 121 10 Btu/yr
yr 42 gal bbl
=

8-85 August 2009
2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0709 tonne CO 121 10 Btu
E
yr 1 10 Btu
E 8.64 tonne CO /yr
=

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
4.5 10 tonne CH 975 gal Mgal
E
yr Mgal 1000 gal
=
=

2
2
-4
2
N O
N O 2
6.1 10 tonne N O 975 gal Mgal
E
yr Mgal 1000 gal
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2
2
2
CO e 2
E = + +
yr yr tonne CH
310 tonne CO e 0.000595 tonne N O

yr tonne N O
E = 8.83 tonne CO e/yr

Vented Sources Pneumatic Devices
Methane emissions from pneumatic device vents are estimated using the Production segment
average CH
4
emission factor and uncertainty presented in Table 5-15. Methane emissions are
4
4
4

and CO
2
in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.

8-86 August 2009
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
2.415 tonne CH
device - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
E 102 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
4
E = (40 pneumatic devices)
device - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0080 ton tonne mole gas

0.830 tonne mole CH

2
2 2
2
CO 2
ne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources: Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
Methane emissions from compressor starts, compressor blowdowns, and production gathering
pipeline blowdowns are estimated using the production segment emission factors and uncertainties
presented in Table 5-23. Note that the emission factors are on an equipment basis, not a per-event
basis. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4
content
and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by
using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are
calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
Maintenance emissions are calculated below, by activity.

Compressor starts:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.1620 tonne CH
E (4 compressors)
=
=

8-87 August 2009
( )
( )
2
4
4
CO
4
2
4
0.1620 tonne CH
E = (4 compressors)
compressor-yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0080 tonne mole CO tonne mo tonne mole gas


2
4 2
4 2
CO 2
le CH 44.01 tonne CO
16.04 tonne CH tonne mole CO

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.07239 tonne CH
E (4 compressors)
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
4
E = (4 compressors)
compressor - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default
0.0080 tonn tonne mole gas

0.830 tonne mole CH

2
2 2
2
CO 2
e mole CO 44.01 tonne CO

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Pipeline blowdown venting:
( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.00593 tonne CH
E (80 miles)
mile - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

8-88 August 2009
( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E = (80 miles)
mile - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default

0.830 tonne mole CH t

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
onne mole gas tonne mole CO

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Vented Sources: Other Releases
Methane emissions from PRVs are estimated using an emission factor and uncertainty presented in
Table 5-24. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
4

4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs. PRV emissions are calculated below:

( )
( )
4
4
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.00065 tonne CH
E (14 PRVs)
PRV - yr 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
4
4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E = (14 PRVs)
PRV-yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.788 tonne mole CH default

0.830 tonne mole CH tonne

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
mole gas tonne mole CO

8-89 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +
=

Table 8-23 provides fugitive component emission factors associated with the gathering compressor
facility, taken from the corresponding average component emission factors based on the EPA
average oil and natural gas production emission factors given in Table 6-12. The factor for
compressor seals and pressure relief valves is taken from the Others component type.

Factors
Component Service
Component EF, tonnes
TOC/comp./hr
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Gas 4.5E-06 100
Control valves Gas 4.5E-06 100
Connectors Gas 2.0E-07 100
Open-ended lines Gas 2.0E-06 100
Compressor seals Gas 8.8E-06 100
PRVs Gas 8.8E-06 100
Footnote:
a

The TOC emission factors are converted to a CH
4
and CO
2
basis. Using Equation 6-9, CH
4
and
CO
2
emissions are calculated for each component by multiplying the component emission factor
by the component count, the annual hours of operation (8,760 hours/year), and the weight fraction
of either CH
4
or CO
2
(calculated under Stationary Combustion CO
2
Emissions). Total fugitive
emissions are equal to the sum of each of the component emissions. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs.
An example calculation for connectors is shown as follows.
8-90 August 2009
4
4
-7
4
CH
CH 4
E (3, 000 connectors)
connectors-hr yr tonne TOC
=
=

2
2
-7
2
CO
CO 2
0.0179 tonne CO 2.00 10 tonne TOC 8,760 hr
E (3, 000 connector)
connector-hr yr tonne TOC
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Table 8-24.

Table 8-24. Production Gathering Compressor Station Fugitive Emissions
Component Service
CH
4
Emissions,
tonnes
CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a
(%)
CO
2
Emissions,
tonnes
CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a

(%)
CO
2
e

Emissions,
tonnes
CO
2
/yr
Uncertainty
a
(%)
Valves Gas 18.8 120 0.498 120 396 120
Connectors Gas 3.56 125 0.0941 125 74.8 125
Open-ended lines Gas 0.712 125 0.0188 125 15.0 125
Other Gas 1.57 88.5 0.0414 88.5 32.9 88.3
Total
b
24.7 93.5 0.652 93.5 518 93.4
Footnotes:
a
b

Pipeline leaks also result in fugitive emissions. Emission factors for these sources are provided in
Table 6-4. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4
content. Default CH
4
and
CO
2
contents and their associated uncertainties are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide
emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions for pipeline leaks are calculated as follows.
8-91 August 2009
( )
( )
4
4
-5
4
4
CH
4
CH 4
0.830 tonne mole CH facility 4.28 10 tonne CH 8,760 hr
E (80 miles)
mi - hr year 0.788 tonne mole CH default
=
=

( )
( )
2
2
-6
2
2
CO , oxidation
2
CO , oxidation 2
0.00800 tonne mole CO facility
4.38 10 tonne CO 8,760 hr
E (80 miles)
mi-hr year 0.0378 tonne mole CO default

=
=

( )
( )
2
2
-6
2
2
CO , leaks
2
CO , leaks 2
0.00800 tonne mole CO facility 5.84 10 tonne CO 8,760 hr
E (80 miles)
mi-hr year 0.0378 tonne mole CO default

=
=

2
2
2 2 4 2
CO e, leaks
4
CO e, leaks 2
0.650 tonne CO 0.866 tonne CO 31.6 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E
yr yr yr tonne CH
E 665 tonne CO e/yr

= + +

=

Fugitive Sources: Vehicle Refrigerant
As the actual vehicle refrigerant capacity is unknown, the capacity is assumed to be the midpoint
of the range presented in Table 6-25 for mobile air conditioning, assuming an uncertainty of
100%, based on engineering judgment. The percentage of capacity emitted per year is also taken
from Table 6-25, assuming an uncertainty of 50%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. The calculations for fleet vehicle refrigeration are
shown as follows.
8-92 August 2009
2
2
R-134a
R-134a
2
CO e
CO e 2
1.0 kg tonne R-134a
E =1 vehicle 20%
vehicle 1000 kg
E = 0.000200 tonne R-134a/yr
E =
yr tonne R-134a

=

factors in Table 7-2 for eGRID subregion SPP South. The uncertainties for the emission factors
are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4
and N
2
O, based on engineering judgment.

2
2
4
4
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
-5
4
CH
CH 4
-5
2
N O
N O 2
0.752 tonne CO 680 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr
1.13 10 tonne CH 680 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr
1.03 10 tonne N O 680 MW-hr
E =
yr MW-hr
=

8-93 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O
E 514 tonne CO e/yr

= + +

=

Facility Summary
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
G
H
G

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-4. Production Gathering Compressor Station Summary of
Emissions
E
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a

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c
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b

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p
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a
t
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s
.

8-95 August 2009
8.2 Transportation
8.2.1 Transmission/Distribution
Facility Description: A company operates 312 miles of natural gas transmission pipelines in
Montana.
Operations: The company imports 26,108,159 kWh of electricity from the grid annually. Sulfur
hexafluoride is used for pipeline leak detection. The pipeline natural gas contains 94.8 mole% CH
4

and 1.7 mole% CO
2,
assuming an uncertainty of 4%, based on engineering judgment.
Emission sources associated with the facility operations are summarized in Table 8-26. Equipment
at the site that do not have GHG emissions are also included in Table 8-26.
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

I
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y

E
x
a
m
p
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s

8
-
9
6

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t

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2
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0
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a
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8
-
2
6
.

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f

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0

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p
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5
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5

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2
6
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1
0
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1
5
9

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2

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j
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m
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t

a
t

a

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5
%

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f
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v
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l
.

N
o
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e
:

t
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e

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e
s

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h
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p
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r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

8-97 August 2009
Combustion Sources Compressors
The pipeline compressors are electric so there are no combustion emissions.
Vented Sources Pneumatic Devices
The pneumatic devices operated on are instrument air driven so there are no vented emissions.
Vented Sources - Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
Methane emissions from compressor blowdowns, compressor station blowdowns, miscellaneous,
and gas transmission pipelines venting/blowdowns are estimated using the emission factors and
uncertainties presented in Table 5-26. Miscellaneous vented emissions include M&R, odorizer,
drips, sampling, pigging, and dehydrators. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility
CH
4
4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4.
Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents.
are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Maintenance emission calculations are shown below, by
activity type.
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (1 station)
station-yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (1 station)
station-yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
0.017 tonne mole tonne mole gas

0.948 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

8-98 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Compressor station blowdowns:

4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (1 station)
station - yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
E 103 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (1 station)
station - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
0.017 tonne mol tonne mole gas

0.948 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
e CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Miscellaneous:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (1 station)
station - yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
E (1 station)
station - yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
0.017 tonne mol tonne mole gas

0.948 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
e CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

8-99 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH
E 465 tonne CO e/yr

= +

=

Gas transmission pipelines venting/blowdowns:
4
4
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
E (312 mile)
mile-yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
E 249 tonnes CH /yr
=
=

2
4 4 4
CO
4 4
2
4
E (312 mile)
mile-yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)

0.948 tonne mole CH
=

2
2
2
CO 2
44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Fugitive Sources: Compressor Station Fugitives
Methane emissions from compressor station fugitives are estimated using the emission factor and
uncertainty presented in Table 6-6. Methane emissions are adjusted based on the facility CH
4

4
content and associated uncertainty are provided in Table E-4. Carbon
dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2
contents. Carbon
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Compressor station fugitive emissions are calculated as
follows.
8-100 August 2009
4
4
3
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
7.02 10 tonne CH 0.948 tonne mole CH (facility) 8760 hr
E (1 station)
station-hr yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
=
=

2
3
4 4 4
CO
4 4
4
7.02 10 tonne CH tonne mole CH 0.948 tonne mole CH (facility) 8760 hr
E (1 station)
station-hr yr 16.04 tonne CH 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
tonne mole gas

0.948 tonne mole CH
=

2
2 2
2
CO 2
0.017 tonne mole CO 44.01 tonne CO
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Fugitive Sources Pipeline Leaks
Emissions from fugitive leaks of pipelines transporting natural gas include CH
4
and CO
2
(from
both pipeline leaks and oxidation). Pipeline fugitive leak emissions are calculated using emission
factors and uncertainties presented in Table 6-6. Methane and CO
2
emissions are adjusted based
on the facility CH
4
and CO
2
content. Default CH
4
and CO
2
contents, and associated uncertainties
are provided in Table E-4. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs
provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions from pipeline
leaks are calculated below.
2
2
-7 -8
2 2 2
CO
2
CO 2
3.93 10 tonne CO -Ox 7.88 10 tonne CO -PL 0.0170 tonne mole CO (facility) 8760 hr
E 312 miles
mi-hr mi-hr yr 0.0200 tonne mole CO (default)

E 1.10 tonne CO /yr

= +
=

8-101 August 2009
4
4
6
4 4
CH
4
CH 4
1.20 10 tonne CH 0.948 tonne mole CH (facility) 8760 hr
E = 312 miles
mi-hr yr 0.934 tonne mole CH (default)
E 3.33 tonne CH /yr

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH
E = 71.0 tonne CO e/yr

= +

Fugitive Sources: Pipeline Leak Detection
Sulfur hexafluoride is used to detect pipeline leaks for this facility. It is assumed that all of the SF
6

gas escapes during the detection process. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated
using the GWP provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions
from leak detection are calculated below.

6
6
6 6
SF
6
SF 6
5, 725 lb SF tonne SF
E =
yr 2204.62 lb SF
E 2.60 tonne SF /yr
=

2
2
6 2
CO e
6
CO e 2
2.60 tonne SF 23,900 tonne CO e
E
yr tonne SF
=
=

Indirect Sources: Electricity
As shown in Figure 7-2, two eGRID subregions serve Montana: WECC Northwest and MRO
West. As electricity is purchased from an unknown subregion, the higher set of emission factors
(between WECC Northwest and MRO West) will be applied as a simplified assumption of the
emissions estimate. According to Table 7-2, emission factors are highest for MRO West. The
uncertainties for the emission factors are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4
and
8-102 August 2009
N
2
O, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using
the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are
calculated below.
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
0.826 tonne CO MWh
E =26,108,159 kWh
1000 kWh MWh
E 21, 600 tonne CO /yr

=

4
4
5
4
CH
CH 4
1.27 10 tonne CH MWh
E = 26,108,159 kWh
1000 kWh MWh

=
2
2
5
2
N O
N O 2
1.39 10 tonne N O MWh
E = 26,108,159 kWh
1000 kWh MWh

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E + +
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

=

Facility Summary
Total emissions for this company are summarized in Table 8-27. A summary of the emissions for
this company is shown in Figure 8-5.

8-103 August 2009
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
G
H
G

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-5. Transmission/Distribution Summary of Emissions
E
m
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b
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.

8-105 August 2009
8.2.2 Marketing Terminal

Facility Description: A marketing terminal facility, located in New York, includes a main pump
station with a loading capacity of 90 tank trucks per day (typically 10,000 gallon tankers).
Throughput: The terminal has an annual 300,000,000-gallon loading rack throughput.
Operations: The loading rack emissions are controlled by a vapor combustor unit.
Emission sources associated with the facility operations are summarized in Tables 8-28 and 8-29.
Equipment at the site that do not have GHG emissions are also included in these tables.

E
m
i
s
s
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I
n
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.

8-107 August 2009
Table 8-29. Marketing Terminal Fugitive Emission Sources
Component Service
Average
Component
Count
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Valves Gas 30 75
Light liquid 390 75
Heavy liquid 50 75
Pump seals Light liquid 25 75
Heavy liquid 3 75
Connectors/flanges Gas 190 75
Light liquid 3,100 75
Heavy liquid 350 75
Light liquid 20 75
Heavy liquid 3 75
PRVs Gas 1 75
Light liquid 2 75
Footnote:
a

Table 8-28 and 8-29 and a summary of facility emissions (presented at the end of this subsection).
2
Emissions
Carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas and diesel combustion are calculated using the fuel-
based emission factors provided in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10% for both fuels,
based on engineering judgment. Because the fuel-based emission factors are on a energy input
basis, the volume of diesel fuel consumed is converted to energy input using the heating value for
diesel presented in Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 4%, based on engineering judgment.
are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below, by equipment type.
Natural gas heater:
2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0531 tonnes CO 235, 000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
E 12, 500 tonnes CO / yr
=
=

8-108 August 2009
Diesel heater:
6
6
4,500 bbl 5.83 10 Btu
V =26,23510 Btu/yr
yr bbl
=

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonnes CO 26, 235 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
E 1, 920 tonnes CO / yr
=
=

Diesel Engines:
2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonne CO 12.5 22 gal 200 hr bbl 5.83 10 Btu
E
hr yr 42 gal bbl 10 Btu
+
=

=

4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
Combustion emission factors for natural gas and diesel equipment are provided in Table 4-7 for
controlled boilers and heaters and Table 4-9 for engines. An uncertainty of 25% was assumed for
all CH
4
2
O emission factors,
based on engineering judgment. Table 4-9 provides an assumed CH
4
content of 9 wt% to convert
from TOC emissions if the exhaust composition is unknown. An uncertainty of 100% was
assumed for the TOC to CH
4
conversion, based on engineering judgment. Because the engine
emission factors are on a energy input basis, the volume of diesel fuel consumed is converted to
energy input using the heating value for diesel presented in Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of
4%, based on engineering judgment. The diesel heater and diesel engine N
2
O emission factor is
taken from Table 4-5 for Gas/Diesel Oil in the absence of an equipment-specific emission factor,
assuming an uncertainty of 150%, based on engineering judgment. The volume of diesel
combusted is converted to a mass of diesel combusted using the density of diesel provided in
Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated as follows, by equipment type.
8-109 August 2009
Natural gas heater:
4
4
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
1.0 10 tonnes CH 235, 000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
2.80 10 tonnes N O 235, 000 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu
E 0.0658 tonnes N O / yr

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

= + +

=

Diesel heater:
4
4
-6
4
CH
CH 4
7.8 10 tonnes CH 4, 500 bbl 42 gal 7.07 lb tonne
E
yr bbl gal 2,204.62 lb tonnes diesel
=
=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonnes N O 4, 500 bbl 5.83 10 Btu
E
yr bbl 10 Btu
E 0.0158 tonnes N O / yr

=
=

8-110 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

= +

+

=

Diesel engines:
4
4
6
CH 6
4
CH 4
12.5 22 gal 200 hr bbl 5.83 10 Btu 0.00016 tonne TOC
E =
0.09 tonne CH

tonne TOC
+

=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
6.01 10 tonne N O 12.5 22 gal 200 hr bbl 5.83 10 Btu
E =
+

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

= +

+

=

Combustion Sources Vapor Combustor Unit (VCU)
The loading rack emissions are controlled by a vapor combustor, which results in CO
2
emissions
from combustion of the captured hydrocarbon vapors. Because the products being loaded are
refined petroleum products that do not contain CH
4
, there are no CH
4
emissions from the VCU.
8-111 August 2009
Emissions from the combustion of loading vapors are calculated in multiple steps. First the
captured hydrocarbons from the loading operation are estimated using the simplified TOC
emission factors given in Table B-10, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering
judgment. The emission factors are for submerged loading, vapor balance service for gasoline, and
submerged loading, dedicated normal service for diesel and jet fuel. The captured hydrocarbons
are calculated below, by fuel type.
Gasoline:
6
TOC-gas 6
200 10 gal 3.71 tonne TOC
E = =742 tonnes TOC/yr
yr 10 gal loaded

Diesel:
6
TOC-diesel 6
E = =0.768 tonnes TOC/yr
yr 10 gal loaded

Jet Fuel:
6
TOC-jet fuel 6
E = =0.0144 tonnes TOC/yr
yr 10 gal loaded

Carbon dioxide emissions are then estimated using the carbon content of the fuels, provided in
Table 3-8 (for liquid gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel), assuming an uncertainty of 5% for all fuels,
based on engineering judgment. Note that using the carbon content of liquid fuels instead of the
carbon content of the vapor phase of the fuel is a simplifying assumption, recognizing that this will
overestimate emissions. In reality, the carbon content of the vapor phase will be lighter than the
carbon content of the liquid, due to the fact that fuel vapors contain lighter hydrocarbons, which
are more able to volatilize. However, because the carbon content for the vapor phase of the loaded
fuels is not available, the liquid phase carbon content is used instead. Carbon dioxide emissions
are calculated as follows, by fuel type.
8-112 August 2009
Gasoline:
2
2
2
CO -gas
CO -gas 2
44.01 tonne CO 742 tonnes TOC 0.866 tonne C
E =
yr tonne TOC 12.01 tonne C

Diesel:
2
2
2
CO -diesel
CO -diesel 2
44.01 tonne CO 0.768 tonnes TOC 0.8634 tonne C
E =

Jet Fuel:
2
2
2
CO -jet fuel
CO -jet fuel 2
E =

Pilot:
Carbon dioxide emissions from burning propane for the pilot are estimated using the liquid
propane heating value from Table 3-8 and the CO
2
fuel basis emission factor from Table 4-3,
assuming an uncertainty of 5% for the heating value and 10% for the CO
2
emission factor, both
based on engineering judgment.
2
2
6
2
CO , pilot 6
CO , pilot 2
0.0631 tonne CO 6000 gal bbl 3.82 10 Btu
E =
yr 42 gal bbl 10 Btu

Total CO
2
emissions from the VCU are equal to the sum of the CO
2
emissions from the loading
rack vapors and the pilot. Thus, the total CO
2
emissions from the vapor combustor are:
8-113 August 2009
2
2
CO , Total 2 2 2 2
CO , Total 2
E = 2, 360 tonnes CO /yr+2.43 tonnes CO /yr+0.0455 tonnes CO /yr+34.4 tonnes CO /yr

Methane and N
2
O emission factors for combustion of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel are found in
Table 4-5. An uncertainty of 25% was assumed for all CH
4
emission factors and an uncertainty
of 150% was assumed for all N
2
O emission factors, based on engineering judgment. Note that
the factors in Table 4-5 are for combustion of a liquid fuel. As a result, the emission factors need
to be converted for the combustion of the fuel vapors. The emission factors are converted from
liquid combustion to vapor combustion using the heating value and density of natural gas
(processed) provided in Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 5% for both, based on engineering
judgment. Note that the more accurate way to convert from liquid combustion to vapor
combustion would be to use the heating value and carbon content of the vapor phase of the specific
fuels; however because these were not available, the properties of natural gas were used instead.
The CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors are derived below, by fuel type, along with the corresponding
emissions.
Gasoline:
4
6 3
4
CH -gas 6 3
4
4
3.01 10 tonne CH MMBtu 1, 020 Btu ft 2204.62 lb
EF =
MMBtu 10 Btu ft 0.042 lb tonne TOC vapor
=1.61 10 tonne CH /tonne TOC vapor

2
7 3
2
N O-gas 6 3
5
2
6.01 10 tonne N O MMBtu 1, 020 Btu ft 2204.62 lb
EF =
= 3.22 10 tonne N O/tonne TOC vapor

Applying these derived emission factors results in the following estimates of CH
4
and N
2
O
emissions.

4
4
4
4
CH -gas
CH -gas 4
1.61 10 tonne CH 742 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr

8-114 August 2009
2
2
5
2
N O-gas
N O-gas 4
3.22 10 tonne N O 742 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr

Diesel:
4
6 3
4
CH -diesel 6 3
4
4
EF =

2
7 3
2
N O-diesel 6 3
5
2
EF =

4
and N
2
O
emissions from diesel vapor combustion.

4
4
4
4
CH -diesel
CH -diesel 4
1.61 10 tonne CH 0.768 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr

2
2
5
2
N O-gas
5
N O-gas 4
3.22 10 tonne N O 0.768 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr
E = 2.47 10 tonne CH /yr

Jet Fuel:
4
6 3
4
CH -jet fuel 6 3
4
4
EF =

2
7 3
2
N O-jet fuel 6 3
5
2
EF =

8-115 August 2009
4
and N
2
O
emissions from jet fuel vapor combustion.

4
4
4
4
CH -jet fuel
6
CH -jet fuel 4
1.61 10 tonne CH 0.0144 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr

2
2
5
2
N O-jetfuel
7
N O-jetfuel 4
3.22 10 tonne N O 0.0144 tonne TOC vapor
E =
tonne TOC vapor yr

Methane and N
2
O emissions from the propane pilot are calculated using emissions factors from
Table 4-7, for industrial/commercial boilers, assuming an uncertainty of 25% for CH
4

emissions and 150% for N
2
O emissions, based on engineering judgment.
Pilot:
4
4
8
4
CH -Pilot
CH -Pilot 4
9.1 10 tonnes CH 6,000 gal
E =
yr gal

2
2
7
2
N O-Pilot
N O-Pilot 2
4.1 10 tonnes N O 6,000 gal
E =
yr gal

Methane, N
2
O, and CO
2
e emissions:
Total CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from the VCU are equal to the sum of the CH
4
or N
2
O emissions
from the loading rack vapors and the pilot. Thus, the total CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from the VCU
are:
8-116 August 2009
4
4
6
CH ,Total 4 4 4
4
CH ,Total 4
E = 0.120 tonnes CH /yr+0.000124 tonnes CH /yr+2.32 10 tonnes CH /yr
+0.000546 tonnes CH /yr

2
2
5
N O, Total 2 2 2
7
2
N O, Total 2
E = 0.00246 tonnes N O/yr+0.0239 tonnes N O/yr+2.47 10 tonnes N O/yr
+4.63 10 tonnes N O/yr

2
2
2 4 2
CO e, Total
4
2 2
2
CO e, Total 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O

Combustion Sources Road Tankers
Carbon dioxide emissions from road tankers are calculated using a fuel based factor from
Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty of 10%, based on engineering judgment. Methane and N
2
O
emissions from road tankers are estimated using the emission factor for the heavy-duty diesel
operated road tanker with moderate control provided in Table 4-17. An uncertainty of 25% was
assumed for all CH
4
2
O
emission factors, based on engineering judgment. Because the CO
2
emission factor is on a heat
basis, the volume of fuel consumed is converted to energy input using the heating value for diesel
provided in Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions from road tankers are calculated as follows.
8-117 August 2009
6
10
300,000 gal bbl 5.83 10 Btu
V = =4.16410 Btu/yr
yr 42 gal bbl

2
2
10
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0732 tonne CO 4.164 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
5.3 10 tonne CH 300,000 gal
E =
yr 1000 gal

2
2
-4
2
N O
N O 2
3.1 10 tonne N O 300,000 gal
E
yr 1000 gal
=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O

Combustion Sources Facility Vehicle Emissions
The facility vehicle emissions are estimated assuming the vehicle is a gasoline light truck. Carbon
dioxide emissions are calculated using the fuel-based emission factor presented in Table 4-3,
assuming an uncertainty of 10%, based on engineering judgment. Because the emission factor is
on a energy input basis, the distance traveled is converted to energy input using the fuel economy
factor presented in Table 4-13 and the heating value of gasoline provided in Table 3-8, assuming
an uncertainty of 5% for both the fuel economy and heating value, based on engineering
judgment. Because CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors are not available for model year 2007 vehicles,
8-118 August 2009
CH
4
and N
2
O emissions are calculated using the model year 2005 emission factors presented in
Table A-6. An uncertainty of 150% was assumed for CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors, based on
provided in
Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below.
2
6
6
CO
11,750 mi gal bbl 5.25 10 Btu
V 105 10 Btu/yr-truck
yr-truck 14 mi 42 gal bbl
= =
2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0709 tonne CO 105 10 Btu
E =
yr 1 10 Btu
E 7.44 tonne CO /yr
=

4
4
4
CH
CH 4
1.57E-08 tonne CH 11,750 mi
E
yr mi
=
=

2
2
2
N O
N O 2
1.01E-08 tonne N O 11,750 mi
E =
yr mi
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O

= +

+

=

8-119 August 2009
The facility storage tanks contain gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Because these fuels are refined
petroleum products, they do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore, there are no CH
4
or CO
2

emissions from these tanks.
Vented Sources Loading and Transit Operations
Emissions from loading operations are controlled by the VCU. Emissions resulting from the
combustion from this unit are estimated under Combustion Sources Vapor Combustion Unit
(VCU).
The fuel types transported in association with this facility are gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
Because these fuels are refined petroleum products, they do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore,
there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from transport (or other handling) of these materials.
Vented Sources Fire Suppression
The fire suppression system uses Purple K. Purple K is a dry powder fire suppressant, which is not
a GHG. Therefore, there are no GHG emissions from the use of Purple K.
Fugitive Sources Equipment Leaks
Table 8-29 provides fugitive component counts associated with the marketing terminal equipment.
The equipment at this facility handles refined petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel).
Because these fuels are refined petroleum products, they do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore,
there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from equipment leaks at this facility.
Fugitive Sources Vehicle Refrigerant
The vehicles at this facility utilize R-22 for mobile air conditioning. R-22 is not considered a GHG
in accordance with UNFCCC guidelines. Therefore, there are no GHG emissions from vehicle
refrigeration at this facility.
8-120 August 2009
Indirect Sources Electricity Consumption
factors in Table 7-2 for eGRID subregion NPCC Upstate New York. The uncertainties for the
emission factors are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4
and N
2
O, based on
provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions from electricity
consumption are provided below.
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
-5
4
CH
CH 4
-6
2
N O
N O
0.327 tonne CO 1,100 MW-hr
E =
yr megawatt-hr
E 360 tonnes CO /yr
1.13 10 tonne CH 1,100 MW-hr
E =
yr megawatt-hr
5.08 10 tonne N O 1,100 MW-hr
E =
yr megawatt-hr
E = 0
2
.00559 tonnes N O/yr

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

yr tonne N O
E 362 tonne CO e/yr

= +

+

=

8-121 August 2009
Indirect Sources Steam Consumption
Emissions associated with the steam purchased by the facility are calculated using the approach
described in Section 7.1.5. Because no information about the steam production is known, the
assumption of a 92% efficient natural gas boiler (as noted in Section 7.1.5) is used. Emissions are
calculated using the emission factors provided in Section 7.1.5. (Steam consumption is first
converted to the equivalent unit using the conversion factors provided in Table 3-4.) The
2
and 100% for CH
4
and
N
2
the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions from
steam consumption are calculated below.
9
6
97,600 10 J Btu
Steam energy 92, 507 10 Btu/yr
yr 1, 055.056 J
= =

2
2
-2 6
2
CO 6
CO 2
6.41 10 tonne CO 92,507 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

4
4
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
1.20 10 tonne CH 92,507 10 Btu
E
yr 10 Btu

=
=

2
2
-7 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
3.26 10 tonne N O 92,507 10 Btu
E =
yr 10 Btu

=

8-122 August 2009
2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O

=

Facility Summary
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
G
H
G

E
m
i
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i
o
n
s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-6. Marketing Terminal Summary of Emissions
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.

8-124 August 2009
8.3 Refining
8.3.1 Refinery
Facility Description: A refining facility in the UK consists of an oil refinery with a hydrogen plant.
The refinery also has a catalytic cracking unit.
Throughput: The refinery has a capacity of 250,000 bbl crude/day, assuming an uncertainty of
5%, based on engineering judgment.
Operations: The combustion sources are fired with either refinery fuel gas or natural gas. The gas
compositions are presented in Table 8-31. The refinery fuel gas has a heating value of 1,119
Btu/scf; the natural gas has a heating value of 1,050 Btu/scf, assuming an uncertainty of 4% for
both the refinery fuel and natural gas heating values, based on engineering judgment. The refinery
fuel gas feed rate is 4,000 10
6
scf/yr; the natural gas feed rate is 6,600 10
6
scf/yr.
Table 8-31. Refinery Fuel Streams
Gas Compound
Volume %
Natural
Gas
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Refinery
Fuel Gas
Uncertainty
a
(%)
CO
2
0.6 4
N
2
0.5 4
H
2
30 4
CH
4
94.4 4 35 4
C
2
H
6
3.4 4 31 4
C
3
H
8
0.6 4 3 4
C
4
H
10
0.5 4 1 4
C
5
H
12

C6+
Footnote:
a

The average molecular weight and heating value of gas flared is 72 lb/lbmole and 4,009 Btu/scf,
respectively based on assuming the properties of pentane. An uncertainty of 10% is assumed for
8-125 August 2009
the molecular weight and 25% for the heating value, based on engineering judgment. The carbon
content of the flared gas is assumed to be 83.24 wt % carbon, also based on the assumption that the
flared gas is mostly pentane, assuming an uncertainty of 4%, based on engineering judgment.
The facility imported 76,000 MW-hrs of electricity for the inventory year. The refinery has the
emission sources listed in Table 8-32. Equipment at the site that do not have greenhouse gas
emissions are also included in Table 8-32.
E
m
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a
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e
.

F
i
r
e

s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

H
F
C
-
2
2
7
e
a

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/
A

N
/
A

1
4
5

l
b
s

5

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

I
n
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8
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1
2
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9

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m
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r
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r
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m

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n
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t
i
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e

T
a
b
l
e

8
-
3
2
.

R
e
f
i
n
e
r
y

E
m
i
s
s
i
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s

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o
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c
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.

o
f

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a
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(
%
)

T
o
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a
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c
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(
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a
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(
%
)

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q
u
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p
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l
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k
s

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t
h
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r

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e
f
i
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r
y

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l

G
a
s
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r
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a
s

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e
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r
e
f
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-
1
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a

1
0

t
r
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s

0

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k
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n

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t

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/
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6
,
0
0
0

M
W
-
h
r
/
y
r

2

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l
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c
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r
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c
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r
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i
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/
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/
A

N
/
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2
4
5
,
1
0
0

M
W
-
h
r

(
T
o
t
a
l
)

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0
7
,
1
5
0

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W
-
h
r

(
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e
f
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)

2
;

2

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t
e
a
m

c
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n
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r
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t
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/
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1
,
3
7
5
,
0
0
0

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M
B
t
u

(
T
o
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l
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0

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:

a

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n
g
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r
i
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g

j
u
d
g
m
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n
t

a
t

a

9
5
%

c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.

b

A
n
n
u
a
l

a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r

w
a
s

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d

p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
y

b
y

t
h
e

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
.

N
o
t
e
:

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

s
h
o
w
n

a
b
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v
e

a
r
e

f
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r

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a
m
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y
.

T
h
e
y

d
o

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t

r
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f
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a
v
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r
a
g
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

8-128 August 2009
2
Emissions
Carbon dioxide emissions from combustion are calculated using the gas composition approach
provided in Section 4.3. First, the fuel analysis is converted from a molar basis to a mass basis, as
shown in Exhibits 3.3 and 3.4. The molecular weight of the mixture is calculated below using
Equation 3-8, for the refinery natural gas stream:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
0.644.01 + 0.528.01 + 02.02 + 94.416.04
MW = 100=17.12 lb/mole
+ 3.430.07 + 0.644.10 + 0.558.12

shown below for CH
4
in the refinery natural gas stream.
4
4
4
4
4 4
CH
=88.43 wt. % CH
16.04 lb CH
lbmole CH
94.4 lbmole CH 0.8843 lb CH
Wt.% = =
100 lbmole mixture lb mixture 17.12 lb mixture
lbmole mixture

ethane (C
2
H
6
).
2 6
2 6
C H
2 6 2 6
Wt% C 100% 79.9% C
= =

calculated using Equation 4-10, as shown below (for the refinery natural gas stream):
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
1.54 0 0.82 28.3 0 0 88.43 74.9 5.97 79.9
1
Wt% C
100 1.55 81.7 1.70 82.7 0 83.2 0 83.6
74.07 Wt% C 0.7407 lb C/lb fuel
+ + + +
=

+ + + +

= =

8-129 August 2009
Completing the calculations for the natural gas analysis results in the fuel specific molecular

Compound
CO
2

N
2

H
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12

C6+
Mole
%

0.6
0.5
0
94.4
3.4
0.6
0.5
0
0

MW

44.01
28.01
2.02
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
Wt%
(Calculated)

1.54
0.82
0
88.43
5.97
1.55
1.70
0
0
Uncertainty
a

(%)

5.35
5.35
NA
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
NA
NA
Compound
Carbon
Content
(wt%C)
27.3
0
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
83.2
83.6
Mixture
Carbon
Content
(wt%C)
0.421
0
0
66.2
4.77
1.26
1.40
0
0
Uncertainty
a
(%)

5.35
NA
NA
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
NA
NA
Fuel
Mixture
100
17.12
3.55%
a

100.0 74.07 4.79
Footnote:
a

Completing the calculations for the refinery fuel gas analysis results in the fuel specific molecular

Compound

CO
2

N
2

H
2

CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12

C6+
Mole
%

0
0
30
35
31
3
1
0
0

MW

44.01
28.01
2.02
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
Wt%
(Calculated)

0
0
3.47
32.18
53.43
8.58
3.33
0
0
Uncertainty
a
(%)

NA
NA
4.73
4.73
4.73
4.73
4.73
NA
NA
Compound
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
27.3
0
0
74.9
79.9
81.7
82.7
83.2
83.6
Mixture
Carbon Content
(wt%C)
0
0
0
24.1
42.7
6.19
2.75
0
0
Uncertainty
a
(%)

NA
NA
NA
4.73
4.73
4.73
4.73
2.52
2.52
Fuel
Mixture
100
17.45
2.52%
a

100.0 75.73 3.09
Footnote:
a

calculated as follows, by equipment type.
8-130 August 2009
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO
40,895.910 scf fuel lbmole fuel 17.45 lb fuel 0.7573 lb C lbmole C
E =

E = 2,368,000
2
tonnes CO /yr

Engines and Turbines:

2
6 6
CO
2 2
2
64010 scf fuel 6,80010 scf fuel lbmole fuel 17.12 lb fuel 0.7407 lb C lbmole C
E =
yr yr 379.3 scf fuel lbmole fuel lb fuel 12.01 lb C

lbmole C lbmole CO 220

+

2
CO 2
4.62 lb
E 413,400 tonnes CO / yr =

4
, N
2
O, and CO
2
e Emissions
The Heater Refinery fuel gas (High H
2
-content gas) emission factors from Table 4-7 are used
for the refinery fuel gas combustion equipment. Nitrous oxide emission factors for controlled
natural gas heaters (also taken from Table 4-7) are used in the absence of refinery fuel gas
emission factors. An uncertainty of 25% is assumed for all CH
4
emission factors and 150% for
all N
2
O emission factors, based on engineering judgment. Emission factors are provided in
Table 4-9 for 2-cycle lean burn engines and controlled (SCR) turbines. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs. Because the CO
2
emissions from natural gas combustion were calculated on a fuel
basis (not by equipment), CO
2
e emissions are also calculated on a fuel basis. Emissions from
steam consumption are calculated as follows, by equipment type.
8-131 August 2009
4
4
2
2
-7 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
-8 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
2.27 10 tonne CH 40,896 10 scf 1,119 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
3.69 10 tonne N O 40,896 10 scf 1,119 Btu
E =
yr scf 10 Btu
E = 1.69 tonnes N O/ yr

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
2,368,000 tonne CO 10.4 tonne CH 21 tonne CO e
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E = 2,369,000 tonne CO e/yr

Natural Gas IC Engines:

4
4
2
2
6
4
CH 6
CH 4
-8 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
0.00066 tonne CH 640 10 scf 1,050 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
E 444 tonnes CH /yr
9.50 10 tonne N O 640 10 scf 1,050 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
=
=

=
=

8-132 August 2009
Natural Gas Turbines:
4
4
2
2
-6 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
-6 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
3.9 10 tonne CH 6,80010 scf 1, 050 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
1.4 10 tonne N O 6,80010 scf 1, 050 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
=
=
=
=

2
e Emissions:
2
2
2 4 4
CO e
2 2 2 2
4 2
CO e 2
413,400 tonne CO 444 tonne CH 27.8 tonne CH
E = + +
yr yr yr
21 tonne CO e 0.0638 tonne N O 10.0 tonne N O 310 tonne CO e
+ +
tonne CH yr yr tonne N O

Flaring emissions are calculated based on the guidance in Section 4.6. Methane emissions are
calculated using the emission factor provided in Table 4-11, which is based on the barrels of crude
feed to the refinery, assuming an uncertainty of 25%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
dioxide emissions are based on the quantity of gas flared, assuming 98% combustion efficiency
assuming a 20% uncertainty, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent
of the GWPs.
8-133 August 2009
4
4
6
4
CH
CH 4
3.63 10 tonne CH 250,000 bbl 365 days
E =
day yr 1000 bbl

=

2
6
CO
2 2
2
2,400,00010 Btu gas scf lbmole gas 72 lb gas 0.8324 lb C
E =
yr 4009 Btu 379.3 scf gas lbmole gas lb gas
0.98 lbmole CO formed 44.01 lb CO lbmole C tonn

12.01 lb C lbmole C combusted lbmole CO
2
CO 2
e
2204.62 lb

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
CO e 2
E
yr yr tonne CH

= +

=

Combustion Sources Incinerators
Incinerator emissions result from both combustion emissions and from the untreated
(uncombusted) portion of the waste gas. The treatment efficiency of the waste gas is assumed to
be 99.9%. Carbon dioxide emissions are estimated using a mass balance approach. Because the
waste gas composition is unknown, only CH
4
emissions from combustion are estimated
(uncombusted CH
4
emissions are not estimated). Methane emissions are estimated using the
Heater Refinery fuel gas (High H
2
content) emission factors given in Table 4-7, assuming an
uncertainty of 25%, based on engineering judgment. In the absence of a refinery fuel gas N
2
O
factor, the N
2
O emission factor for the natural gas boiler/heater (provided in Table 4-7) is used for
conservatism, assuming an uncertainty of 150%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide
uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
8-134 August 2009
2
2
6
2
CO
2
2
CO 2
lbmole CO 307 10 scf lbmole 17.45 lb fuel 0.7573 lb C lbmole C
E
yr 379.3 scf fuel lbmole fuel lb fuel 12.01 lb C lbmole C
44.01 lb CO tonne

E 17,800 tonnes CO / yr
=
=

4
4
-7 6
4
CH 6
CH 4
2.27 10 tonne CH 307 10 scf 1,119 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu

=
=

2
2
-8 6
2
N O 6
N O 2
3.69 10 tonne N O 307 10 scf 1,119 Btu
E
yr scf 10 Btu
E 0.0127 tonnes N O/ yr

=
=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E =17,800 tonne CO e/yr

Combustion Sources Vehicle Emissions
The emission factor for CO
2
for motor gasoline is presented in Table 4-3, assuming an uncertainty
of 10%, based on engineering judgment. Because the CO
2
emission factor is on a heat basis, the
volume of fuel consumed is converted to energy input using the heating value of gasoline provided
in Table 3-8, assuming an uncertainty of 5%, based on engineering judgment. Methane and N
2
O
emission factors are in Table 4-17, assuming an uncertainty of 150%, based on engineering
judgment. It is assumed the vehicles are Tier 1 vehicles. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are
calculated using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
Vehicle emissions are calculated as follows.
8-135 August 2009
6
6
14,250 gal bbl 5.2510 Btu
V = =1,78110 Btu/yr-truck
yr 42 gal bbl

2
2
6
2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0709 tonne CO 1,781 10 Btu
E =
yr 1 10 Btu
E 126 tonne CO /yr
=

4
4
-4
4
CH
CH 4
4.5 10 tonne CH 14,250 gal Mgal
E =
yr Mgal 1000 gal

=

2
2
-4
2
N O
N O 2
6.1 10 tonne N O 14,250 gal Mgal
E =
yr Mgal 1000 gal

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E = 129 tonne CO e/yr

Vented Emissions Hydrogen Plant
Carbon dioxide emissions from the hydrogen plant are calculated using Equation 5-8, based on the
feed rate and compositions of the feed streams. The carbon contents of the streams were calculated
under Stationary Combustion Devices CO
2
Emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions are the same
as the CO
2
e emissions if there are no CH
4
, N
2
O, or other emissions.
( )
2 2
CO e CO
E E =
8-136 August 2009
Emissions are calculated below for each of the by gas streams.
Natural gas:
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO
6,60010 scf fuel lbmole fuel 17.12 lb fuel 0.7407 lb C lbmole C
E =
1 lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO tonne

E = 366,800 to
2
nnes CO /yr

Refinery fuel gas:
2
2
6
CO
2 2
2
CO
4,00010 scf fuel lbmole fuel 17.45 lb fuel 0.7573 lb C lbmole C
E =
1 lbmole CO 44.01 lb CO tonne

E = 231,600 to
2
nnes CO /yr

Vented Emissions Catalytic Cracking Regenerator Vent
Carbon dioxide emissions from the catalytic cracking regenerator vent are estimated using
Equation 5-4 because of a lack of data required for the other emission calculation approaches. It is
assumed CH
4
is not formed during the regeneration process. Carbon dioxide emissions are the
same as the CO
2
e emissions if there are no CH
4
, N
2
O, or other emissions.
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
44.01 lb CO 589,778 tonnes coke burned 0.91 lb C
E =
yr lb Coke 12.01 lb C
E 1,960,000 tonnes CO / yr

=

8-137 August 2009
Liquids stored at the facility are refined petroleum products, which contain no CH
4
or CO
2
.
Therefore, there are no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions from these tanks.
Vented Sources Loading and Transit Operations
The fuel types transported in association with this facility are refined petroleum products, which
contain no CH
4
or CO
2
4
or CO
2
emissions from transport (or other
handling) of these materials.
Vented Sources Maintenance/Turnaround Emissions
As noted in Section 5.7.6, non-routine related activities at refineries typically vent to the fuel gas
system or a flare. Thus, these activities are included with the flare emissions calculated under
Combustion Sources Flare.
Vented Sources Fire Suppression
Emissions from fire suppression are calculated using a mass balance approach. Carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWP for HFC-227ea provided in Table 3-1. There
2
2
HFC-227ea
HFC-227ea
2
CO e
CO e 2
145 lb HFC-227 ea tonne HFC-227 ea
E =
yr 2,204.62 lb
E 0.0658 tonne HFC-227 ea/yr
2,900 tonne CO e 0.0658 tonne HFC-227 ea
E
yr tonne HFC-227 ea
E 191 tonne CO e/yr
=
=
=

8-138 August 2009
Fugitive Sources Equipment Leaks
The non-fuel gas system components handle liquids such as refined petroleum products, which do
not contain CH
4
or CO
2
4
or CO
2
emissions from non-fuel gas system
components. Methane emission factors for leaks from refinery fuel gas and natural gas system
components are presented in Table 6-2, assuming an uncertainty of 300%, based on engineering
judgment. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated by using a ratio of the facility CH
4
and CO
2

content. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWPs provided in
Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. Emissions are calculated below for
each of the gas systems.
Refinery fuel gas:
4
4
6
4
CH -fuel gas
CH -fuel gas 4
1.41 10 tonne CH 250,000 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr bbl crude
E 129 tonne CH /yr

=

2
2
6
4 2
CO fuel gas
4
2 CO fuel gas
1.41 10 tonne CH 0.00 tonne CO 250,000 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr bbl crude 0.3218 tonne CH

2
2
4 2
CO e Fuel gas 2
4
CO e Fuel gas 2
yr tonne CH
E 2, 700 tonne /yr CO e

+

=

Natural gas:
4
4
6
4
CH -natural gas
CH -natural gas 4
1.01 10 tonne CH 250,000 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr bbl crude
E 92.2 tonne CH /yr

=

8-139 August 2009
2
2
6
4 2
CO natural gas
4
2 CO natural gas
1.01 10 tonne CH 0.0154 tonne CO 250,000 bbl crude 365 day
E =
day yr bbl crude 0.8843 tonne CH

2
2
4 2
CO e natural gas 2
4
CO e natural gas 2
E 161 tonnes CO /yr
yr tonne CH

= +

=

Fugitive Sources: Vehicle Refrigerant
The actual vehicle capacities are unknown and therefore the capacity is assumed to be at the
midpoint of the range presented in Table 6-25 for mobile air conditioning, assuming an uncertainty
of 100%, based on engineering judgment. The percentage of capacity emitted per year is also
taken from Table 6-25, assuming an uncertainty of 50%, based on engineering judgment. Carbon
There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. The calculations for fleet vehicle refrigeration are
shown below.
2
2
R-134a
R-134a
2
CO e
CO e 2
1.0 kg tonne R-134a
E = 10 truck 20%
truck 1000 kg
E = 0.00200 tonne R-134a/yr
E =
yr tonne R-135a

=

Indirect Sources Electricity Consumption
factors in Table 7-5 for the UK. Note that most recent CH
4
and N
2
O factors are for the year 2006.
8-140 August 2009
The uncertainties for the emission factors are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4

and N
2
O, based on engineering judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated
using the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
-5
4
CH
CH 4
-5
2
N O
N O
0.581 tonne CO 76,000 MW-hr
E
yr megawatt-hr
E 44, 200 tonnes CO /yr
2.23 10 tonne CH 76,000 MW-hr
E
yr megawatt-hr
9.14 10 tonne N O 76,000 MW-hr
E
yr megawatt-hr
E 6
=
=
=
=
=
=
2
.95 tonnes N O/yr

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O

Indirect Sources - Electricity Cogeneration
The refinery purchases electricity and steam from a cogeneration facility. The cogeneration
facility consumes 2,950,500 MMBtu of natural gas, assuming an uncertainty of 15%, based on
engineering judgment, producing 1,375,000 million BTU steam and 245,100 megawatt-hr of
electricity (gross) on an annual basis. The refinery purchases all of the steam (1,375,000 million
Btu) and 207,150 MW-hr of electricity. The cogeneration facility itself requires 38,500 MW-hr to
8-141 August 2009
operate (Parasitic load), with 5,150 megawatt-hr of electricity sold to the electric grid, assuming an
uncertainty of 2% for each parameter, based on engineering judgment.
As the actual generation efficiency is unknown, defaults from Section 7.2.1 are used instead. The
efficiency of steam generation is assumed to be 80% and the efficiency of the electricity generation
is assumed to be 35%, assuming an uncertainty of 30% for each, based on engineering judgment.
Refinery cogeneration is calculated using the WRI/WBCSD efficiency allocation approach using
Equations 7-5 and 7-6. Emissions are calculated in steps 1-5 below.
Step 1: Direct (On-site) Combustion Emissions from Cogeneration:
For the cogeneration unit, emissions are calculated based on the natural gas consumed using the
emission factors in Table 4-3 for CO
2
and Table 4-9 (uncontrolled turbines) for CH
4
and N
2
O. The
2
and 150% for CH
4
and
N
2
the GWPs provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
2
2
6 2
CO 6
CO 2
0.0531 tonnes CO
E = 2,950,500 10 Btu
10 Btu natural gas
E 156,700 tonnes CO

=

4
4
2
2
-6
6 4
CH 6
CH 4
-6
6 2
N O 6
N O 2
3.9 10 tonnes CH
E = 2,950,500 10 Btu
10 Btu natural gas
E 11.5 tonnes CH
1.4 10 tonnes N O
E = 2,950,500 10 Btu
10 Btu natural gas
E 4.13 tonnes N O

=

8-142 August 2009
2
2
2
CO e 2 4
4
2
2
2
CO e 2
21 tonnes CO e
E = 156,700 tonnes CO + 11.5 tonnes CH
tonnes CH
310 tonnes CO e
+ 4.13 tonnes N O
tonnes N O
E = 158,200 tonnes CO e

Step 2: Define Power and Heat Production on the Same Units
The electric power output from the cogeneration unit is converted from a megawatt-hr basis to Btu.
The conversion factor for is provided in Table 3-4.
4
11
P = 245,100 megawatt-hr
=

Step 3: Calculate the Emissions Allocated to Steam
Emissions associated with the steam generation are calculated by applying Equation 7-5.
6
Heat 2 6 11
Heat 2
1,375,000 10 Btu
0.80
1,375,000 10 Btu 8.36 10 Btu
0.80 0.35
=

+
=

Applying Equation 7-6, the emissions allocated to electricity are calculated based on the difference
between the total emissions and those allocated to steam.
E
Electricity
= 158,200 tonnes CO
2
e (Total) 66,200 tonnes CO
2
e (Heat)

E
Electricity
= 92,000 tonnes CO
2
e

8-143 August 2009
The total steam and electricity emissions are estimated for exports (those energy streams consumed
by the refinery) based on the ratio of the total electricity and steam generated versus the energy
sold.
CO
2
e Emissions for electricity sold to the refinery:

2
2
CO e, Ref 2
CO e, Ref 2
207,150 megawatt-hr (Refinery)
E = 92, 000 tonnes CO e (Total Electricity)
245,100 megawatt-hr (Total)
E 77, 800 tonnes CO e (Refinery)
=

CO
2
e Emissions for electricity sold to the grid:
2
2
CO e, Grid 2
CO e, Grid 2
5,150 megawatt-hr (Grid)
E 92, 000 tonnes CO e (Total Electricity)
245,100 megawatt-hr (Total)
E 1, 930 tonnes CO e (Grid)
=
=

CO
2
e Emissions for steam sold to the refinery:
2
2
6
CO e,Ref 2 6
CO e,Ref 2
1, 375, 000 10 Btu (Refinery)
E =66, 200 tonnes CO e (Total Heat)
1, 375, 000 10 Btu (Total)
E 66, 200 tonnes CO e (Refinery)
=

electricity sold to the refinery and electricity sold to the grid from the total emissions calculated in
Step 1.
2
Emissions:
( )
2
2
CO e 2 2
CO e 2
Net E = 158, 200 tonnes CO e- 77,800+1,930+66,200 tonnes CO e
Net E = 12,300 tonnes CO e (Net)

8-144 August 2009
The results for the allocation of emissions based on energy efficiency are shown in Table 8-33.

Table 8-33. Refinery Cogeneration Emission Summary WRI/WBCSD
Efficiency Allocation Approach

2
e
Uncertainty
a

(%)
Direct Emissions from Fuel Consumption 158,200 100
Emissions Associated with Electricity Sold to the
Grid (Direct, Cogen, and Indirect, Grid Consumer)
1,930 189
Net Facility Emissions 12,300 1,850
Purchased Electricity 77,800 189
Purchased Steam 66,200 108
Footnote:
a

Facility Summary
Total emissions for this case are summarized in Table 8-34. A summary of the emissions for this
facility is given in Figure 8-7.
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
G
H
G

E
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i
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o
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s
,

t
o
n
n
e
s
/
y
r
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-7. Refinery Summary of Emissions
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.

8-146 August 2009
8.4 Retail
8.4.1 Retail
Facility Description: A convenience store in central California has gasoline and diesel fuel storage
tanks for automobile refueling.
Operations: The facility purchases 315,920 kWh/yr of electricity from the grid. Table 8-35
summarizes the emission sources associated with this facility. Equipment at the site that do not
have GHG emissions are also included in Table 8-35.

E
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p
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r
a
t
i
o
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s
.

8-148 August 2009
Combustion Sources
There are no combustion sources associated with this facility.
Vented Sources Storage Tank Emissions
Gasoline and diesel, the two fuels stored at the facility, are refined petroleum products. Refined
petroleum products do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore, no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions result from
the storage tanks at this facility.
Vented Sources Passenger Vehicle Loading
Gasoline and diesel, the two fuels loaded at the facility, are refined petroleum products. Refined
petroleum products do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
. Therefore, no CH
4
or CO
2
emissions result from
the refueling operations at this facility.
Fugitive Sources Air Conditioning
As the actual air conditioning (A/C) unit capacity is unknown, the capacity is assumed to be the
midpoint of the range presented in Table 6-25 for commercial air conditioning, assuming an
uncertainty of 100%, based on engineering judgment. The percentage of capacity emitted per
year is also taken from Table 6-25, assuming an uncertainty of 50%, based on engineering
judgment. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are calculated using the GWP provided in
Table 6-26. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs. The calculation for A/C emissions is
shown below.
R-410A
R-410A
50.25 kg tonne R-410A
E = 1 A/C Unit 10%
A/C Unit 1000 kg
E 0.00503 tonne R-410A/yr

=

8-149 August 2009
2
2
2
CO e
CO e 2
1725 tonne CO e 0.00503 tonne R-410A
E
yr tonne R-410A
E = 8.67 tonne CO e
=

Central California is in the eGrid subregion WECC California. Carbon dioxide, CH
4
, and N
2
O
emissions are calculated using the emission factors provided in Table 7-2. The uncertainties for
the emission factors are assumed to be 10% for CO
2
and 100% for CH
4
and N
2
O, based on
provided in Table 3-1. There are no uncertainties for any of the GWPs.
2
2
2
CO
CO 2
0.328 tonne CO MWh
E = 315,920 kWh
1,000 kWh MWh
E 104 tonne CO /yr

=

4
4
5
4
CH
CH 4
1.37 10 tonne CH MWh
E = 315,920 kWh
1,000 kWh MWh

=

2
2
6
2
N O
N O 2
3.67 10 tonne N O MWh
E = 315,920 kWh
1,000 kWh MWh

=

2
2
2 4 2
CO e
4
2 2
2
CO e 2
E = +
yr yr tonne CH
+
yr tonne N O
E = 104 tonne CO e/yr

8-150 August 2009
Facility Summary
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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H
G

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m
i
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o
n
s
,

t
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Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Other GHGs

Figure 8-8. Retail Summary of Emissions

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.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X A
A D D I T I O N A L C O MB U S T I O N
C A L C U L A T I O N I N F O R MA T I O N


Appendix A Additional Combustion Calculation
Information

August 2009

A-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
A. ADDITIONAL COMBUSTION CALCULATION INFORMATION .......................... A-1
A.1 Methodology for Converting Between LHV and HHV Bases ....................... A-1
A.1.1 Solid Fuels ...................................................................................... A-1
A.1.2 Liquid Fuels .................................................................................... A-2
A.1.3 Gases ............................................................................................. A-4
A.2 Additional Stationary Combustion Emission Factors .................................. A-4
A.2.1 Combustion Emission Factor Comparison for Industrial
Equipment ....................................................................................... A-4
A.2.2 Combustion Emissions Based on Equipment Manufacturer
Data (Canadian) ............................................................................. A-8
A.3 Mobile Source Combustion Emissions - Operational Basis ...................... A-11
A.3.1 Automobiles/Passenger Vehicles ................................................. A-11
A.3.2 Marine Vessels ............................................................................. A-22
A.4 References ............................................................................................... A-27

A-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table A1. External Combustion Industrial Source Emission Factor Comparison .................. A-6
Table A2. Internal Combustion Industrial Source Emission Factor Comparison ................... A-7
Table A3. Waukesha Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission Factors ........................ A-9
Table A4. CAT Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission Factors ................................ A-10
Table A5. Default Distance Based CO
2
Mobile Source Emission Factors for the United
Kingdom ............................................................................................................... A-12
Table A-6. CH
4
and N
2
O Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles by Model Year ................. A-12
4
and N
2
O Mobile Source Emission Factors for
U.S. Vehicles ....................................................................................................... A-15
4
and N
2
O Mobile Source Emission Factors for
European Vehicles ............................................................................................... A-16
Table A-9. Default Distance Based CH
4
and N
2
O Emission Factors for Alternative Fuel
Vehicles ............................................................................................................... A-21
Table A10. Default Operational Based Emission Factors for Marine Vessels ..................... A-24

A. ADDITIONAL COMBUSTION CALCULATION
INFORMATION
This section presents supplemental information for the combustion emission calculation
methodologies presented in Section 4.
A.1 Methodology for Converting Between LHV and HHV Bases
Section 4.2 provides the equations for converting emission factors between a HHV and a LHV
basis for gaseous and solid/liquid fuels in Equations 4-7 and 4-8, respectively. These equations
can be simplified, and are shown in their simplified form in the footnotes to certain tables in
Section 4. Fuel-based emission factors may be reported in terms of energy on a HHV or LHV
basis. Converting emission factors between a LHV and HHV basis is different than converting
between lower and higher heating values. This subsection provides the derivation of the simplified
forms of the equations.
A.1.1 Solid Fuels
Derivation of the emission factor conversion for a solid fuel is provided below.
Starting with the IPCC assumption that LHV is 5% lower than HHV for a solid-based fuel:

( )
energy energy energy
LHV HHV - 5% HHV
mass mass mass
LHV HHV 1-0.05 0.95 HHV
mass mass mass

=

= =

The heating value is converted to an emission factor as shown:

2 2 2
2
mass CO mole CO 44 mass units CO X mass C mole C mass fuel
EF =
energy mass fuel 12 mass units C mole C mole CO energy fuel

Appendix A. Additional Combustion Calculation Information

A-2 August 2009
where
X = carbon content of the fuel;
12 = molecular weight of carbon;
mole CO
2
/ mole C = carbon to CO
2
conversion (assuming 100% carbon
oxidation);
2
; and
mass fuel/energy fuel = inverse heating value of the fuel.

For an emission factor in terms of higher heating value:
2
2
HHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO 1 mass fuel 12
EF
energy mass fuel HHV energy

=

Likewise, for an emission factor in terms of lower heating value:
2
2
LHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO 1 mass fuel 12
EF
energy mass fuel LHV energy

=

To convert from a HHV-based emission factor to LHV:
2
2
LHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO 1 mass fuel LHV 12
EF
energy mass fuel LHV energy 0.95 HHV

=

or expressed more simply:
0.95
EF
EF
HHV
LHV
=

A.1.2 Liquid Fuels
The approach used for solid fuels would also apply for a liquid fuel, except that the heating value
of a liquid fuel is typically reported in terms of energy per volume. The fuel carbon content may
be available on a mass, volume, or molar basis. As long as the units are internally consistent, the
resulting equation to convert from LHV to HHV is the same as presented for the solid fuels. This
is illustrated in the following.

A-3 August 2009
Starting with the IPCC assumption that LHV is 5% lower than HHV for a liquid-based fuel:
( )
LHV HHV -5% HHV
volume volume volume
LHV HHV 1-0.05 0.95 HHV

=

= =

The heating value is converted to an emission factor, similar to the approach shown for a solid fuel.
Additional unit conversions and a fuel density may be required to convert the units appropriately:
2 2
2
2
mass CO mole CO mass fuel X mass C mole C
EF =
energy volume fuel mass fuel 12 mass units C mole C
44 mass units CO volume fuel

mol CO energy fuel

where
mass fuel/volume fuel = fuel density; and
volume fuel/energy fuel = inverse heating value of the fuel

For an emission factor in terms of higher heating value:
2
2
HHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO mass fuel 1 volume fuel 12
EF density
energy volume fuel mass fuel HHV energy

=

Likewise, for an emission factor in terms of lower heating value:
2
2
LHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO mass fuel 1 volume fuel 12
EF density
energy volume fuel mass fuel LHV energy

=

To convert from a HHV-based emission factor to LHV:
2
2
LHV
44X
mass CO
mass CO mass fuel 1 vol. fuel LHV 12
EF density
energy vol. fuel mass fuel LHV energy 0.95 HHV

=

or expressed more simply:

A-4 August 2009
0.95
EF
EF
HHV
LHV
=
A.1.3 Gases
A gas fuel would be treated like a liquid fuel, except that the LHV is 10% lower than the HHV, as
shown:
( )
LHV HHV -10% HHV
LHV HHV 1-0.10 0.90 HHV

=

= =

Following the same approach as shown for the liquid fuel, the emission factor conversion for a gas
fuel is:
0.90
EF
EF
HHV
LHV
=
A.2 Additional Stationary Combustion Emission Factors
A.2.1 Combustion Emission Factor Comparison for Industrial Equipment
The Climate Registry presents default CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors by technology type for
industrial combustion sources. The factors are taken from IPCCs Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Volume 2, Chapter 2: Stationary Combustion. IPCC
cites U.S. EPAs Air Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) (EPA, 2005) as
the original source of the emission factors. Air CHIEF pulls emission factors from EPA
references, including AP-42, FIRE, and EIIP. Because EPA presents emission factors on a HHV
basis, IPCC converted the Air CHIEF emission factors to a LHV basis using the methodology
described in Section 4.2. The emission factors were then provided by IPCC in units of kg/TJ
energy input up to one decimal place. TCR then converted the IPCC factors back from LHV to
HHV, converted the units from kg/TJ to g/MMBtu, and presented the results up to one decimal
place.
The emission factors presented in Table 4-7, 4-8, and 4-9 are taken directly from AP-42.

A-5 August 2009
Tables A-1 and A-2 provide a comparison of the API Compendiums emission factors to TCRs
emission factors for external combustion and internal combustion sources, respectively. As shown
in Table A-1, with the exception of the emission factors for N
2
O for residual fuel oil boilers and
gas/diesel oil boilers, the factors in the API Compendium match the factors in TCR. However, the
emission factors for N
2
O for residual fuel oil boilers and gas/diesel oil boilers do not match due to
the fact that the IPCC N
2
O factors for these sources were not revised with the Errata for AP-42
Section 1.3, dated 4/28/00. The differences in emission factors presented in Table A-2 can be
explained due to roundoff error.
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A-8 August 2009
A.2.2 Combustion Emissions Based on Equipment Manufacturer Data
(Canadian)
Section 4.5.2 presents generic emission factors for internal combustion units. Tables A-3 and A-4
provide model-specific combustion emission factors for CH
4
and CO
2
. These model-specific
factors may be useful if a facility uses these specific types of engine drivers. Table A-3 applies to
Waukesha reciprocating units and is taken from Table 1-7 of the CAPP document, Calculating
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CAPP, 2003). Table A-4 is appropriate for CAT reciprocating
engines, and is taken from Table 1-8 of the CAPP document (CAPP, 2003).
The emission factors in Tables A-3 and A-4 are given on power output basis, but can be converted
to a fuel input basis using the conversion factors for each type of engine given in Table 4.2 of this
document. If available and applicable, model-specific conversion factors are more accurate than
generic factors in Section 4. CAPP states that thermal efficiencies (higher heating value basis) for
reciprocating engines typically are in the range of 28 to 31% for naturally aspirated engines and 31
to 36% for lean burn engines based on Waukesha engine specifications (CAPP, 2003). For gas-
fired turbines, CAPP reports typical thermal efficiencies (HHV basis) of 24 to 30% based on Solar
and GE manufacturer data (CAPP, 2003).
Carbon dioxide emission factors were not provided for several of the engine models shown in
Tables A-3 and A-4. For these models, the user may want to use the fuel-based CO
2
estimation
methodology or emission factors provided earlier in Sections 4.3 and 4.4. Also, model-specific
N
2
O emission factors are not available.

A-9 August 2009
Table A3. Waukesha Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission Factors
Model
Carburetor
Setting
Excess
Air
Ratio
Carbon Dioxide Methane
Original Units,
g/kW-hr
Converted to
tonnes/kW-hr
Original Units,
g/kW-hr
Converted to
tonnes/kW-hr
AT25GL Standard 1.74 580.8 5.808E-04 9.39 9.39E-06
AT27GL Standard 1.74 Not Given 6.03 6.03E-06
Ultra Lean 2.00 526.9 5.269E-04 4.16 4.16E-06
VHP G, GSI Lowest manifold 0.97 581.29 5.8129E-04 2.61 2.61E-06
Equal NO
x
& CO 0.99 581.29 5.8129E-04 2.61 2.61E-06
Catalytic converter 0.99 581.29 5.8129E-04 2.28 2.28E-06
Standard 1.06 581.29 5.8129E-04 1.68 1.68E-06
VHP 3524 GSI Equal NO
x
& CO 0.99 576.13 5.7613E-04 1.14 1.14E-06
VHP 7044 GSI Catalytic converter 0.99 573.7 5.737E-04 1.07 1.07E-06
Standard 1.06 Not Given 0.80 8.0E-07
VHP 5794 GSI Equal NO
x
& CO 0.99 568.7 5.687E-04 3.42 3.42E-06
Catalytic converter 0.99 Not Given 3.29 3.29E-06
VHP GL Standard 1.74 592.3 5.923E-04 6.03 6.03E-06
VGF Model G Lowest manifold 0.97 575.0 5.750E-04 2.28 2.28E-06
Equal NO
x
& CO 0.98 Not Given 2.28 2.28E-06
VGF Model GSID Catalytic converter 0.99 575.0 5.750E-04 1.68 1.68E-06
VGF GL, GLD 11:1
CR
Std.: high speed turbo 1.53 575.0 5.750E-04 5.7 5.7E-06
T.A. Luft emissions 1.59 Not Given 4.09 4.09E-06
VGF GL 8.7:1 CR Std.: high speed turbo 1.53 575.0 5.750E-04 4.09 4.09E-06
VSG G, GSI, GSID Lowest manifold 0.97 566.8 5.668E-04 3.42 3.42E-06
Equal NO
x
& CO 0.98 Not Given 3.42 3.42E-06
F1197G G Lowest manifold 0.97 Not Given 3.35 3.35E-06
Equal NO
x
& CO 1.0 Not Given 2.61 2.61E-06
F8176 G Lowest manifold 0.97 Not Given 2.61 2.61E-06
Equal NO
x
& CO 1.0 Not Given 2.28 2.28E-06
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1-7, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers,
Publication Number 2003-03, April 2003.
Note: All data in this table are based on maximum horsepower and engine speed. "Lowest manifold" setting refers to best power setting while "Standard"
setting refers to best economy setting.

A-10 August 2009
Table A4. CAT Reciprocating Engines Combustion Emission Factors
Power Speed Carbon Dioxide
Model kW rpm % O2
Original Units,
g/kWh
Converted to
tonnes/kW-hr
3412 SITA 447 1800 1.5 436 4.36E-04
3508 SITA 384 1200 7.7 574 5.74E-04
470 1400 8.0 590 5.90E-04
3512 SITA 604 1200 8.2 579 5.79E-04
705 1400 7.7 595 5.95E-04
3516 SITA 809 1200 8.3 567 5.67E-04
943 1200 7.9 581 5.81E-04
3606 SITA 1242 1000 12.3 347 3.47E-04
3608 SITA 1659 1000 12.3 347 3.47E-04
3612 SITA 2487 1000 12.3 347 3.47E-04
3616 SITA 3315 1000 12.3 347 3.47E-04
G398 TALCR 522 1200 2.0 Not Given
G398 TAHCR 522 1200 2.0 Not Given
Catalyst 522 1200 0.5 Not Given
G398 TAHCR 32C
(low emissions)
522 1200 6.2 Not Given
Source:
Producers, Publication Number 2003-03, April 2003.
Exhibit A.1 illustrates the use of the model-specific CH
4
and CO
2
combustion emission factors.

EXHIBIT A.1: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Model-Specific Basis
for Internal Combustion Device

INPUT DATA:
A 500-kW Waukesha Model AT25GL internal combustion engine is operated for 1000 hours at
90% load during the reporting year. The unit uses a standard carburetor setting. Calculate the
CH
4
and CO
2
emissions from this source.

The engine power output is multiplied by the model specific emission factors from
Table A-3. Note that an emission factor for N
2
O for this engine type is not available.

The annual power output from the unit is calculated as:

1000 hr
P =500 kW 0.90 =450,000 kW-hr/yr
yr


A-11 August 2009

EXHIBIT A.1: Sample Calculation for Combustion Emissions Model-Specific Basis
for Internal Combustion Device, continued

The emissions are calculated as:

4
4
2
2
-6
4
CH
CH 4
-4
2
CO
CO 2
9.39 10 tonne CH 450,000 kW-hr
E
yr kW-hr
E 4.2 tonnes CH /yr
5.808 10 tonne CO 450,000 kW-hr
E
yr kW-hr
E 261 tonnes CO /yr
=
=
=
=

A.3 Mobile Source Combustion Emissions - Operational Basis
If mobile source fuel consumption is not available, or operational parameters cannot be used in
such a way as to obtain fuel consumed, an alternate method for calculating emissions from mobile
sources is to use non-fuel consumption data, such as distance traveled or power output.
A.3.1 Automobiles/Passenger Vehicles
Table A-5 provides simplified CO
2
emission factors for mobile sources (vehicles) in the United
Kingdom based on distance traveled. These emission factors are based on Defra guidance (Defra,
2007).

A-12 August 2009
Table A5. Default Distance-Based CO
2
Mobile Source Emission Factors
for the United Kingdom
Original Units Converted to
Source kg CO
2
/miles kg CO
2
/km tonne CO
2
/miles tonne CO
2
/km
Small gasoline (petrol) car, up to 1.4 liter engine
0.2947 0.1831 0.0002947 0.0001831
Medium gasoline (petrol) car, 1.4 to 2.0 liter engine
0.3479 0.2162 0.0003479 0.0002162
Large gasoline (petrol) car, above 2.0 liter engine
0.4770 0.2964 0.0004770 0.0002964
Average gasoline (petrol) car
0.3372 0.2095 0.0003372 0.0002095
Small diesel car, up to 1.7 liter engine
0.2425 0.1507 0.0002425 0.0001507
Medium diesel car, 1.7 to 2.0 liter engine
0.3027 0.1881 0.0003027 0.0001881
Large diesel car, above 2.0 liter engine
0.4240 0.2635 0.0004240 0.0002635
Average diesel car 0.3197 0.1987 0.0003197 0.0001987
Medium gasoline (petrol) hybrid car
0.2031 0.1262 0.0002031 0.0001262
Large gasoline (petrol) hybrid car
0.3604 0.2240 0.0003604 0.0002240
Source:
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Guidelines to Defras GHG conversion factors for company reporting, Annexes updated
June 2007. Tables 6a, 6b, and 6c.
Table A-6 provides default CH
4
and N
2
O distance-based emission factors by vehicle model year.
Table A-6. CH
4
and N
2
O Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles by Model Year
Vehicle Type and Year
CH
4
N
2
O
Original Units Converted to Original Units Converted to
(g/mile) (tonne/mile) (tonne/km) (g/mile) (tonne/mile) (tonne/km)
Gasoline Passenger Cars
Model Years 1984-1993 0.0704 7.04E-08 4.37E-08 0.0647 6.47E-08 4.02E-08
Model Year 1994 0.0531 5.31E-08 3.30E-08 0.0560 5.60E-08 3.48E-08
Model Year 1995 0.0358 3.58E-08 2.22E-08 0.0473 4.73E-08 2.94E-08
Model Year 1996 0.0272 2.72E-08 1.69E-08 0.0426 4.26E-08 2.65E-08
Model Year 1997 0.0268 2.68E-08 1.67E-08 0.0422 4.22E-08 2.62E-08
Model Year 1998 0.0249 2.49E-08 1.55E-08 0.0393 3.93E-08 2.44E-08
Model Year 1999 0.0216 2.16E-08 1.34E-08 0.0337 3.37E-08 2.09E-08
Model Year 2000 0.0178 1.78E-08 1.11E-08 0.0273 2.73E-08 1.70E-08
Model Year 2001 0.0110 1.10E-08 6.84E-09 0.0158 1.58E-08 9.82E-09
Model Year 2002 0.0107 1.07E-08 6.65E-09 0.0153 1.53E-08 9.51E-09
Model Year 2003 0.0114 1.14E-08 7.08E-09 0.0135 1.35E-08 8.39E-09
Model Year 2004 0.0145 1.45E-08 9.01E-09 0.0083 8.30E-09 5.16E-09
Model Year 2005 0.0147 1.47E-08 9.13E-09 0.0079 7.90E-09 4.91E-09
Gasoline Light Trucks (Vans, Pickup Trucks, SUVs)
Model Years 1987-1993 0.0813 8.13E-08 5.05E-08 0.1035 1.04E-07 6.43E-08
Model Year 1994 0.0646 6.46E-08 4.01E-08 0.0982 9.82E-08 6.10E-08
Model Year 1995 0.0517 5.17E-08 3.21E-08 0.0908 9.08E-08 5.64E-08
Model Year 1996 0.0452 4.52E-08 2.81E-08 0.0871 8.71E-08 5.41E-08
Model Year 1997 0.0452 4.52E-08 2.81E-08 0.0871 8.71E-08 5.41E-08

A-13 August 2009
Table A-6. CH
4
and N
2
O Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles by Model
Year, continued
CH
4
N
2
O
(g/mile) (tonne/mile) (tonne/km) (g/mile) (tonne/mile) (tonne/km)
Gasoline Light Trucks (Vans, Pickup Trucks, SUVs), continued
Model Year 1998 0.0391 3.91E-08 2.43E-08 0.0728 7.28E-08 4.52E-08
Model Year 1999 0.0321 3.21E-08 1.99E-08 0.0564 5.64E-08 3.50E-08
Model Year 2000 0.0346 3.46E-08 2.15E-08 0.0621 6.21E-08 3.86E-08
Model Year 2001 0.0151 1.51E-08 9.38E-09 0.0164 1.64E-08 1.02E-08
Model Year 2002 0.0178 1.78E-08 1.11E-08 0.0228 2.28E-08 1.42E-08
Model Year 2003 0.0155 1.55E-08 9.63E-09 0.0114 1.14E-08 7.08E-09
Model Year 2004 0.0152 1.52E-08 9.44E-09 0.0132 1.32E-08 8.20E-09
Model Year 2005 0.0157 1.57E-08 9.76E-09 0.0101 1.01E-08 6.28E-09
Gasoline Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Model Years 1985-1986 0.4090 4.09E-07 2.54E-07 0.0515 5.15E-08 3.20E-08
Model Year 1987 0.3675 3.68E-07 2.28E-07 0.0849 8.49E-08 5.28E-08
Model Years 1988-1989 0.3492 3.49E-07 2.17E-07 0.0933 9.33E-08 5.80E-08
Model Years 1990-1995 0.3246 3.25E-07 2.02E-07 0.1142 1.14E-07 7.10E-08
Model Year 1996 0.1278 1.28E-07 7.94E-08 0.1680 1.68E-07 1.04E-07
Model Year 1997 0.0924 9.24E-08 5.74E-08 0.1726 1.73E-07 1.07E-07
Model Year 1998 0.0641 6.41E-08 3.98E-08 0.1693 1.69E-07 1.05E-07
Model Year 1999 0.0578 5.78E-08 3.59E-08 0.1435 1.44E-07 8.92E-08
Model Year 2000 0.0493 4.93E-08 3.06E-08 0.1092 1.09E-07 6.79E-08
Model Year 2001 0.0528 5.28E-08 3.28E-08 0.1235 1.24E-07 7.67E-08
Model Year 2002 0.0546 5.46E-08 3.39E-08 0.1307 1.31E-07 8.12E-08
Model Year 2003 0.0533 5.33E-08 3.31E-08 0.1240 1.24E-07 7.71E-08
Model Year 2004 0.0341 3.41E-08 2.12E-08 0.0285 2.85E-08 1.77E-08
Model Year 2005 0.0326 3.26E-08 2.03E-08 0.0177 1.77E-08 1.10E-08
Diesel Passenger Cars
Model Years 1960-1982 0.0006 6.00E-10 3.73E-10 0.0012 1.20E-09 7.46E-10
Model Years 1983-2004 0.0005 5.00E-10 3.11E-10 0.0010 1.00E-09 6.21E-10
Diesel Light Trucks
Model Years 1960-1982 0.0011 1.10E-09 6.84E-10 0.0017 1.70E-09 1.06E-09
Model Years 1983-1995 0.0009 9.00E-10 5.59E-10 0.0014 1.40E-09 8.70E-10
Model Years 1996-2004 0.0010 1.00E-09 6.21E-10 0.0015 1.50E-09 9.32E-10
Diesel Heavy-Duty Vehicles
All Model Years 0.0051 5.10E-09 3.17E-09 0.0048 4.80E-09 2.98E-09
Source:
EPA, Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance: Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources, May 2008.

Tables A-7 and A-8 provide CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors for mobile sources (vehicles) in the
U.S. and Europe respectively, based on distance traveled and number of cold starts. Combustion
emissions can be calculated using a distance-based formula, as shown in Equation A-2:

A-14 August 2009
D CS CS
E =(D EF )+(N EF )
(Equation A-2)
where
D = vehicle distance traveled (km or miles);
EF
D
= distance based emission factor (tonne/km or tonne/mi);
N
CS
= number of cold starts (for U.S. vehicles only); and
EF
CS
= cold start emission factor (g/start or lb/start) (for U.S. vehicles only).

Note that the portion of emissions due to cold starts is not applicable to European vehicles because
cold starts are incorporated into the appropriate emission factors. However, the distance traveled
by European vehicles needs to be proportioned into distances traveled in urban cold, urban hot,
rural, and highway conditions. IPCC notes that a typical allocation of the annual mileage of a
passenger car into the different driving conditions could be: 0.3/0.1/0.3/0.3 for urban cold, urban
hot, rural and highway respectively (IPCC, 2006).
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A-21 August 2009
Table A-9 provides CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors for alternative fuel vehicles, based on distance
traveled.
Table A-9. Default Distance Based CH
4
and N
2
O Emission Factors for
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
CH
4
N
2
O
(g/mile) (tonne/mile)(tonne/km) (g/mile) (tonne/mile)(tonne/km)
Light Duty Alternative Fuel
Methanol 0.018 1.80E-08 1.12E-08 0.067 6.70E-08
4.16E-08
CNG 0.737 7.37E-07 4.58E-07 0.050 5.00E-08
3.11E-08
LPG 0.037 3.70E-08 2.30E-08 0.067 6.70E-08
4.16E-08
Ethanol 0.055 5.50E-08 3.42E-08 0.067 6.70E-08
4.16E-08
Biodiesel (B20) 0.0005 5.00E-10 3.11E-10 0.001 1.00E-09
6.21E-10
Medium and Heavy-Duty Trucks
Methanol 0.066 6.60E-08 4.10E-08 0.175 1.75E-07
1.09E-07
CNG 1.966 1.97E-06 1.22E-06 0.175 1.75E-07
1.09E-07
LNG 1.966 1.97E-06 1.22E-06 0.175 1.75E-07
1.09E-07
LPG 0.066 6.60E-08 4.10E-08 0.175 1.75E-07
1.09E-07
Ethanol 0.197 1.97E-07 1.22E-07 0.175 1.75E-07
1.09E-07
Biodiesel (B20) 0.005 5.00E-09 3.11E-09 0.005 5.00E-09
3.11E-09
Source:
EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, Annexes, Table A-91, April 15, 2009.

Exhibit A.2 provides an illustration of how to calculate emissions from vehicles using an
operational basis.

EXHIBIT A.2: Sample Operational Basis Calculation for Combustion Emissions
from Vehicles

INPUT DATA:
A fleet of heavy-duty (HD) diesel freight trucks travels 1,000,000 miles during the year. The
trucks are equipped with advance control systems. There were approximately 1,500 cold starts
during the year. Calculate the CH
4
and N
2
O emissions using a distance-based approach and a
fuel consumption approach.


A-22 August 2009

from Vehicles, continued

1. Calculate emissions using a distance-based approach. CH
4
and N
2
O emissions are estimated
using the default distance-based approach. CH
4
and N
2
O emissions are calculated using
emission factors obtained from Table A-7, for "Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles".

4
4
-9 -8
CH
CH 4
1,000,000 miles 6.44 10 tonne 1,500 cold starts -1.1010 tonne
E = +
year mile year start

2
2
-9 -9
N O
N O 2
1,000,000 miles 4.83 10 tonne 1,500 cold starts -2.0010 tonne
E = +
year mile year start

2. Calculate emissions using a fuel consumption approach. Emissions were calculated using a
fuel consumed basis in Exhibit 4.12. The CH
4
and N
2
O emissions were calculated to be:

4
4
2
2
-4
4
CH
CH 4
-4
2
N O
N O 2
4.5 10 tonne CH 142,857 gal
E =
yr 1000 gal
3.110 tonne N O 142,857 gal
E =
yr 1000 gal
=

A.3.2 Marine Vessels
An alternate method for calculating emissions from marine vessels is to use operational data
instead of fuel consumed. Emissions can be calculated using the following equation:

A-23 August 2009
E =AH kW LF EF CF
(Equation A-3)
where
E = vessel emissions (tonnes/yr) ;
AH = annual hours per mode of operation (at sea, maneuvering) (hours);
kW= average total vessel kW (kW);
LF = engine load factor, for specified mode of operation (fraction);
EF = emission factor (g/kWh); and
CF = conversion Factor (tonne/10
6
g).
Table A-10 provides default engine load factors and emission factors for marine vessels, based on
operational mode.
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A-26 August 2009
Exhibit A.3 provides an illustration of how to calculate emissions from marine vessels using an
operational basis.

from Marine Vessels

INPUT DATA:
A fleet of 17 diesel-powered tankers operated 90 percent of the year at sea. The fuel
consumption and Gross Registered Tonnage for each ship is unknown. The vessels have an
average engine rating of 9,400 kW with an average of 2,000 kW auxiliary power. Calculate the
CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O emissions from the fleet using an operational basis. Compare the results to
the emissions calculated in Exhibit 4.12 (using a fuel consumption basis).

1. Calculate fleet emissions using an operational basis. Emissions are estimated using the
operational-based approach load and emission factors provided in Table A-10 (for "Commercial
Marine Vessels: Tankers "). Emissions are calculated using Equation A-3.

2
2
CO
CO 2
365 days 24 h 11,400 kW 588 g kg tonne
E = 17 ships0.9 0.80
year day ship kWh 1,000 g 1,000 kg
E = 718,733 tonne CO /yr

4
4
CH
CH 4
365 days 24 h 11,400 kW 0.006 g kg tonne
E = 17 ships0.9 0.80

2
2
N O
N O 2
365 days 24 h 11,400 kW 0.031 g kg tonne
E = 17 ships0.9 0.80

2. Compare the operational basis emissions to the fuel consumption basis emissions. For
comparison purposes, emissions calculated using the fuel consumed basis were calculated (in
Exhibit 4.13) to be:


A-27 August 2009
from Marine Vessels, continued

2
2
16
2
CO 12
CO 2
69.3 tonne CO 1.07 10 J
E =
yr 10 J

=

4
4
2
2
-4 3
4
CH 3
CH 4
-3 3
2
N O 3
N O 2
1.5 10 tonne CH 275,498 m
E =
yr m
1.110 tonne N O 275,498 m
E =
yr m

A.4 References
Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry, April 2004, revised 2009.
Guide, Publication Number 2003-0003, April 2003.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Guidelines to Defras GHG
conversion factors for company reporting, Annexes updated June 2007, 2007.
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/ghg-cf-guidelines2008.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.

A-28 August 2009
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2: Stationary Combustion, and
Volume 2, Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion.
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (UNECE/EMEP).
EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2006, Group 7: Road transport, European
Environment Agency, 23 August 2007.
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/group_07.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Air CHIEF, Version 12, EPA 454/C-05-001, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Washington,
DC, 2005.
Protocol Core Module Guidance: Direct Emissions from Mobile Source Combustion. EPA-430-K-
08-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, May, 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/resources/mobilesource_guidance.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and C,
October 1996, Supplement D, 1998, Supplement F, 2000, and updates 2001 to present.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
and Sinks: 1990-2007, Annexes. EPA-430-R-09-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Wilson, Darcy, Richard Billings, Regi Oommen, and Roger Chang, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Year 2005 Gulfwide Emission Inventory Study, OCS Study MMS 2007-067, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Minerals Management Services (MMS), Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans,
December 2007. http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4276.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X B
A D D I T I O N A L V E N T I N G


Appendix B Additional Venting Calculation Information

August 2009

B-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
B. ADDITIONAL VENTING CALCULATION INFORMATION ................................... B-1
B.1 Derivation of Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors ......................................... B-1
1
, K
2
, K
3
Approach ............................... B-3
B.3 Derivation of Simplified Tank Flashing Emission Factors ........................... B-6
B.3.1 Crude Oil Flashing Losses .............................................................. B-6
B.3.2 Condensate Flashing Losses .......................................................... B-7
B.4 Additional Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Methodology ................... B-8
B.4.1 Loading Loss Emissions ................................................................. B-8
B.4.2 Ballasting Emissions ..................................................................... B-19
B.4.3 Transit Loss Emissions ................................................................. B-21
B.5 Production Sector High-/Low-Bleed Pneumatic Devices Emission
Factor Development.................................................................................. B-26
B.6 Additional Coal Mining Data ...................................................................... B-28
B.7 Additional Vented Volume Calculation Methodologies .............................. B-31
B.7.1 Calculating Pressure Vessel Volume ............................................ B-31
B.7.2 Calculating Well Unloading Emissions .......................................... B-33
B.7.3 Calculating Pressure Relief Valve Release Volumes .................... B-34
B.8 Derivation of Vented Emission Factors ..................................................... B-35
B.8.1 Derivation of Transmission Pipeline and Compressor Station
Blowdown Emission Factor ........................................................... B-35
B.8.2 Derivation of Pipeline Blowdowns Emission Factor ...................... B-36
B.9 References ............................................................................................... B-37

B-iii August 2009
List of Figures

Figure B1. Decision Tree for Crude Loading Losses ............................................................. B-8
Figure B2. Decision Tree for Gasoline and Other Liquid Fuel Loading Losses ..................... B-9
Figure B3. Decision Tree for Petroleum Liquid Ballasting Emissions .................................. B-19

B-iv August 2009
List of Tables

Table B1. Default Asphalt Blowing Exhaust Composition ...................................................... B-1
Table B2. Coke Burn Rate Material Balance Conversion Factors ......................................... B-4
Table B3. Crude Oil Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor Development .............................. B-6
Table B4. Condensate Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor Development .......................... B-7
A
, for the Crude Oil Marine Vessel
Loading Emission Factor Equation ...................................................................... B-10
Table B6. Properties of Select Petroleum Liquids ............................................................... B-11
Table B7. Saturation, S, Factors for Estimating Loading Losses ......................................... B-14
Table B-8. TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Loading at Marine Terminals ...................... B-16
Table B-9. TOC Emission Factors for Marine Loading of Additional Petroleum Products ..... B-17
Table B-10. TOC Emission Factors for Rail/Truck Loading Losses ....................................... B-17
Table B-11. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Ballasting Losses ..................... B-21
Table B12. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Rail/Truck Gasoline Transit Losses ........ B-23
Table B-13. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses ............................. B-24
Table B14. Production Sector Pneumatic Device ................................................................ B-26
Table B15. U.S. Total Coal Production, 2005 - 2007 ........................................................... B-28
Table B16. U.S. CH
4
Emissions from Coal Mining Activities, 2005 - 2007 .......................... B-29
Table B17. CH
4
Emission Factors for Coal Mining .............................................................. B-29
Table B18. Coal Mining Emission Factors by Coal Supply Region ..................................... B-30
Table B19. Volume Per Meter of Pipeline Length ................................................................ B-32
Development ..................................................................................................... B-35
Table B21. Transmission Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor Development ......... B-36
Table B22. Distribution Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor Development ............ B-37

B-1 August 2009
B. ADDITIONAL VENTING CALCULATION
INFORMATION
This section presents supplemental information for the vented emission calculation methodologies
presented in Section 5.
B.1 Derivation of Asphalt Blowing Emission Factors
The asphalt blowing CH
4
emission factors provided in Section 5.2.5 were derived from asphalt
blowing exhaust composition data presented in an Oil & Gas Journal article (Dimpfl, 1980).
Because the asphalt blowing emission factor presented in AP-42 is assumed to be on an air-free
basis, the composition is also converted to an air-free basis. Both the original and adjusted samples
are presented in Table B-1, along with the molecular weight of each compound:
Table B1. Default Asphalt Blowing Exhaust Composition
Substance
Industrial Air
Blowing Flux,
Mole %
a

Adjusted
Industrial Air
Blowing Flux,
Mole%
b

Molecular
Weight
Air Free Basis,
Mol %
c

H
2
1.20% 1.20% 2.02 52.2%
H
2
S 0.10% 0.10% 34.08 4.3%
N and Ar 81.2% 81.25% 28.01 --
O
2
16.4% 16.45% 32.00 --
CO 0.10% 0.10% 28.01 4.3%
CO
2
0.20% 0.20% 44.01 8.7%
CH
4
0.30% 0.30% 16.04 13.0%
C
2
0.10% 0.10% 30.07 4.3%
C
3
0.10% 0.10% 44.10 4.3%
C
4
0.10% 0.10% 58.12 4.3%
C
5
+ 0.10% 0.10% 72.15 4.3%
Total 99.9% 100% -- 100%
a.
Dimpfl, Study Gives Insight Into Asphalt Tank Explosions, Oil and Gas Journal, December 1980.
b.
The Dimpfl results accounted for only 99.9% of the speciation; this column presents the speciation data,
adjusted to 100%. speciation.
c.
Derived from Dimpfl. Also reported in ARPEL, Atmospheric Emissions Inventories Methodologies in the
Petroleum Industry, Table 6.24, 1998.
Appendix B. Additional Venting Calculation Information
B-2 August 2009
The exhaust emission rate is typically on a mass basis. Since the exhaust analysis is on a molar
basis, the exhaust concentration must be converted to a mass basis. First, the exhaust gas
molecular weight of the mixture (MW
Mixture
) must be estimated. Equation 3-8 is used to estimate
the gas molecular weight of the air-free mixture.
( )
=
=
compounds #
1 i
i i Mixture
MW Mole%
100
1
MW (Equation 3-8)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Mixture
Mixture
52.2 2.02 4.3 34.08 4.3 28.01
1
MW 8.7 44.01 13.0 16.04 4.3 30.07
100
4.3 44.10 4.3 58.12 4.3 72.15
MW 18.56
+ + +

= + +

+ + +

=

Next, the weight percent of CH
4
is estimated using Equation 3-7 and rearranged in terms of the
weight percent (Wt%
i
).
Mixture i
i i i i
i Mixture
MW MW
Mole% = Wt% Wt% =Mole%
MW MW

4
4
2
2
CH
CH
CO
CO
13.0 16.04
Wt%
100 18.56
Wt% 11.27%
8.7 44.01
Wt%
100 18.56
Wt% 20.62%
=
=
=
=

Finally CO
2
and CH
4
emission factors are calculated, using the density of asphalt (taken from
Table 3-8), the AP-42 emission factor for blown asphalt (provided in Section 5.2.6), and the weight
percent CH
4
(calculated above). The derivation is shown as follows, for common U.S. units:
B-3 August 2009
2
2
CO
2
2
CO
42 gal 8.61 lb asphalt tonne 0.03 tonne exhaust
EF = bbl asphalt blown
bbl gal asphalt 2204.62 lb tonne asphalt blown
20.62 tonne CO

100 tonne exhaust
1.01E-03 tonne CO
EF =
bbl asphalt blown

2
2
2
CO
2
CO
20.62 tonne CO 2000 lb tonne 0.03 tonne exhaust
EF = ton asphalt blown
ton 2204.62 lb tonne asphalt blown 100 tonne exhaust
5.61E-03 tonne CO
EF =
ton asphalt blown

4
4
CH
4
4
CH
42 gal 8.61 lb asphalt tonne 0.03 tonne exhaust
EF = bbl asphalt blown
bbl gal asphalt 2204.62 lb tonne asphalt blown
11.27 tonne CH

100 tonne exhaust
5.55E-04 tonne CH
EF =
bbl asphalt blown
EF
4
4
4
CH
4
CH
11.27 tonne CH 2000 lb tonne 0.03 tonne exhaust
= ton asphalt blown
ton 2204.62 lb tonne asphalt blown 100 tonne exhaust
3.07E-03 tonne CH
EF =
ton asphalt blown

1
, K
2
, K
3
Approach
Section 5.2.1 presents two approaches to estimate CO
2
emissions from catalytic cracking
regeneration. The first approach, shown in Equation 5-4, is based on the coke burn rate and the
coke carbon fraction. The second approach, shown in Equation 5-5, is based on the air blower rate
and flue gas CO and CO
2
concentrations.
EPA rule 40 CFR 63, Subpart UUU (April 2002) and EPA rule 40 CFR 60, Subpart Ja (July 2008)
provide an approach to estimate the coke burn rate using the K
1
, K
2
, K
3
approach. This coke
burn rate equation is:
B-4 August 2009
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
xy
CO
1 r CO CO 2 a 3 r CO O
3 oxy O
P
CC K Q P +P + K Q - K Q +P +P
2
+ K Q P

=

(Equation B-1)
where
CC = coke burn rate in units of mass per year (lb/hr or kg/hr);
K
1
, K
2
, K
3
= material balance and conversion factors (see units provided in table below);
Q
r
= volumetric flow rate of exhaust gas before entering the emission control system,
calculated using Equation B-2 (dscf/min or dscm/min);
Q
a
= volumetric flow rate of air to regenerator as determined from control room
instrumentation (dscf/min or dscm/min);
Q
Oxy
= volumetric flow rate of O
2
-enriched air to regenerator as determined from
control room instrumentation (dscf/min or dscm/min);
P
2
CO
= percent CO
2
concentration in regenerator exhaust, percent by volume (dry
basis);
P
CO
= percent CO concentration in regenerator exhaust, percent by volume (dry basis);
when no auxiliary fuel is burned and a continuous CO monitor is not required,
assume P
CO
to be zero;
P
O2
= percent O
2
concentration in regenerator exhaust, percent by volume (dry basis);
and
P
Oxy
= O
2
concentration in O
2
-enriched air stream inlet to regenerator, percent by
volume (dry basis).
The coke burn rate material balance conversion factors from 40 CFR 63.1564 (July 2008) are
shown below:
Table B2. Coke Burn Rate Material Balance Conversion Factors
Variable Variable Purpose Value Unit
K
1
Carbon burn term 0.2982
0.0186
(kg min)/(hr dscm %)
(lb min)/(hr dscf %)
K
2
Hydrogen burn term from O
2
in Air 2.0880
0.1303
(kg min)/(hr dscm %)
(lb min)/(hr dscf %)
K
3
Hydrogen burn equivalent in excess
O
2
and carbon oxides
0.0994
0.0062
(kg min)/(hr dscm)
(lb min)/(hr dscf)
The volumetric flow rate of exhaust gas before entering the emission control system is calculated
using Equation B-2:
( )
xy
2 2
a O oxy
r
CO CO O
79 Q + 100-P Q
Q =
100-P -P -P

(Equation B-2)
B-5 August 2009
The coke burned is assumed to proceed completely to CO
2
. Based on this assumption and
accounting for the conversion of units, the CO
2
emission rate is then calculated from Equation B-3.
2
2
CO Avg
44 mass units CO
E CC CF
12 mass units C
= (Equation B-3)
where
2
CO
E = emissions of CO
2
CC = daily average coke burn rate in units of mass per year;
CF = fraction of carbon in the coke burned;
2
; and
12 = molecular weight of carbon (coke is assumed to be carbon).
Although the EPA rules include the use of all three K terms, CO
2
emissions can be estimated
directly from the K
1
term. The first term in Equation B-1 ([K
1
x Q
r
x (P
CO2
+ P
CO
)]) is the total
carbon content in the coke. With this knowledge, the carbon fraction (CF) can be determined by
dividing the total carbon content in the coke by the total coke burned, as shown in Equation B-4.
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
CO
2 2 2 xy
1 r CO CO
P
1 r CO CO 2 a 3 r CO O 3 oxy O 2
K Q P +P
CF =
K Q P +P + K Q - K Q + P +P + K Q P

(Equation B-4)
Substituting the CC and CF terms into Equation B-3 results in Equation B-5.
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2 2 2 xy
2
2 2 2 xy
CO
CO 1 r CO CO 2 a 3 r CO O 3 oxy O
1 r CO CO
CO
1 r CO CO 2 a 3 r CO O 3 oxy O
P
E K Q P +P + K Q - K Q +P +P + K Q P
2

K Q P +P
44
P
12
K Q P +P + K Q - K Q +P +P + K Q P
2
=

(Equation B-5)
Which reduces to the equation shown below:
( )
2 2
CO 1 r CO CO
44
E K Q P +P
12

=

(Equation B-6)
Therefore, by inspection, the CO
2
emissions can be estimated directly from the K
1
term without
introducing the error associated with K
2
and K
3
terms and the coke carbon fraction. Equation B-6
is also shown in Section 5.2.1 (Equation 5-5).
B-6 August 2009
B.3 Derivation of Simplified Tank Flashing Emission Factors
B.3.1 Crude Oil Flashing Losses
A simplified CH
4
emission factor was derived from combining crude oil flashing loss
measurement data from two separate measurement programs (Ogle, March 1997/Ogle, May 1997;
Picard, 1992). The measurement programs involved gas streams with varying CH
4
contents. In
order to combine the measurements, each was converted to a common production segment CH
4

concentration of 78.8% (Shires and Harrison, 1996). The measurement data and conversion
calculations are summarized in Table B-3.

Table B3. Crude Oil Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor Development
Measurement
Oil Fill Rate,
bbl/day
CH
4
Emissions,
scf/hr
a
Separator Mol %
CH
4

CH
4
EF,
scf/bbl
Normalized CH
4
EF,
scf/bbl/sep-% CH
4
Canadian Measurements
b

1 34.6 4.98 75.91 3.45 0.045
2 69.2 128 81.78 44.5 0.544
3 2,717 5.32 69.99 0.05 0.001
4 34.6 9.32 75.91 6.46 0.085
5 1,413 376 88.16 6.38 0.072
Canadian Average 78.35 12.16 0.15
API Measurements
c

1 188 179 57.91 22.8 0.394
2 1,600 573 24.81 8.59 0.346
3 438 19.7 49.61 1.08 0.022
4 259 35.5 80.63 3.29 0.041
5 451 56.9 58.00 3.03 0.052
6 12 73.0 No Data assume
average of 54.19
146 2.69
7 60 371 148 2.74
API Average 54.19 47.6 0.90
Combined Average
d,e
32.84106% 0.586109%
Corrected Emission Factor, scf CH
4
/bbl
d,e
46.20 110%
Corrected Emission Factor, lb CH
4
/bbl
d,e
1.954 110%
Corrected Emission Factor, tonnes CH
4
/bbl
d,e
8.86E-04 110%
Corrected Emission Factor, tonnes CH
4
/m
3
oil
d,e
5.57E-03 110%
a
Corrected to 60F and 1 atm.
b
Source: Picard, D. J., B. D. Ross, and D. W. H. Koon. A Detailed Inventory of CH
4
and VOC Emissions from Upstream Oil and Gas Operations in
Alberta, Volume III Results of the Field Validation Program, Canadian Petroleum Association, March 1992, pp. 75-81.
c
Ogle, L.D. Validation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report, GRI-97/0117. American Petroleum Institute and Gas
Research Institute, March 1997 (emission and production rates) and Ogle, L.D. Evaluation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final
Report. American Petroleum Institute, Gas Research Institute, and Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, May 1997 (separator CH
4

concentration).
d
e
Corrected to average CH
4
concentration for natural gas industry production operations of 78.8%. Source for 78.8% CH
4
concentration:
Shires, T.M., and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6: Vented and Combustion Source Summary, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
B-7 August 2009
B.3.2 Condensate Flashing Losses
A simplified CH
4
emission factor was derived for condensate flashing losses using a measurement
program conducted in east Texas for the Houston Advanced Research Center (Hendler et al.,
2006). Condensate tanks were distinguished from crude oil tanks in the measurements program
based on how the well sites were classified in the Texas Railroad Commission online database.
The measurement program presented flashing loss emission rates, compositions, and liquid
production rates. From these data, an average condensate flashing loss emission factor was
developed based on averaging the data as summarized in Table B-4.
Table B4. Condensate Tank Flashing Loss Emission Factor Development
a

HARC
Study
Tank Battery
Number
Data
Point
Number
Condensate
Production
Rate,
bbl/day
Tank Vent
Rate,
scf/day
Tank Vent
MWT,
lb/lbmole
Total Gas
Vent Mass
Rate, lb/day
b
Vent Gas
CH
4

Content,
Wt. %
CH
4

Emission
Rate,
lb/day
CH
4

Emission
Factor,
lb/bbl
2 1 105 11,406 27.3 821 39.71 325.8 3.103
3 2 87 12,642 33.4 1,113 26.30 292.7 3.364
4 3 120 1,807 34.3 163 22.07 36.0 0.300
5 4 100 863 42.2 96.1 12.06 11.6 0.116
6 5 130 6,200 36.4 594 19.27 114.5 0.881
13 6 2 793 46.4 96.9 8.53 8.3 4.133
14 7 4 2,744 30.5 221 31.52 69.5 17.373
15 8 5 584 47.6 73.3 6.52 4.8 0.956
16 9 2 1,084 50.0 143 5.83 8.3 4.167
17 10 2 4,594 36.6 443 23.26 103.0 51.501
18 11 10 1,015 38.9 104 20.24 21.1 2.108
19 12 2 291 44.3 34.0 13.81 4.7 2.345
20 13 10 3,113 46.4 380 7.91 30.1 3.010
23 14 27 1,358 51.9 186 10.28 19.1 0.707
24 15 1 53 43.0 6.01 12.35 0.7 0.742
25 16 1 926 89.0 217 0.09 0.2 0.200
27 17 2 235 54.0 33.5 6.53 2.2 1.093
28 18 30 2,846 30.2 227 31.93 72.4 2.413
29 19 61 21,601 43.5 2,474 10.04 248.4 4.072
30 20 15 1,639 34.2 148 23.10 34.1 2.277
32 21 142 77,319 50.6 10,304 2.15 221.9 1.562
26 22 1 9,210 56.2 1,365 3.93 53.6 Excluded
c

Average, lb CH
4
/bbl
d
: 5.068 101%
Average converted to tonnes CH
4
/bbl
d
: 0.00230 101%
Average converted to tonnes CH
4
/m
3
condensate
d
: 0.0145 101%
a
Hendler, Albert, Jim Nunn, Joe Lundeen, Ray McKaskle. VOC Emissions from Oil and Condensate Storage Tanks, Final Report, prepared for
Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC), October 31, 2006 (Cited Tables 3-3 and 3-5).
b
Corrected to 60F and 1 atm.
c
Data point excluded from analysis since the report indicates that the value is an anomaly due to fracking at an adjacent well.
d
B-8 August 2009
B.4 Additional Loading, Ballasting, and Transit Loss Methodology
Calculating evaporative emissions associated with loading, ballasting, and transit operations is
suggested only for live crude oil or if measured CH
4
or CO
2
content data are available for
weathered crude or other petroleum vapors.
1
Section 5.5 presents the simple calculation
approaches for loading, ballasting, and transit loss emissions for crude oil. This section provides
more detailed calculation approaches. However, due to the fact that there is typically no CH
4
or
CO
2
in most petroleum products nor in weathered crude. These methods are useful for
estimating CO
2
emissions that result when the evaporative emissions associated with loading,
ballasting, and transit operations are sent to a combustion control device, such as a thermal oxidizer
or VCU. More information on the CH
4
and CO
2
content of weathered crude and other petroleum
products is provided in Appendix E.
B.4.1 Loading Loss Emissions
Figures B-1 and B-2 provide guidance for selecting among the available techniques for estimating
loading losses. Figure B-1 applies to crude, while Figure B-2 applies to other petroleum fuels.
When loading losses are routed to a combustion device, the mass of vapors sent to the combustion
device can be estimated using the methodology described in this section. Emissions from the
combustion device should be calculated using the methodology described in Section 4.

Figure B1. Decision Tree for Crude Loading Losses

1
This is consistent with AP-42, which notes that the non-VOC (i.e., CH
4
and C
2
H
6
) portion of TOC emissions from
other petroleum liquids is generally considered negligible (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, 2008).
Use Equation B-7.
Options Based on Fuel Type and Available Information
Yes
Use Equation B-9.
No
Loading into marine
vessels?
Yes
Apply default factors provided in
Table 5-10.
No
Are the physical
properties of the crude
known?
Crude:
B-9 August 2009

Figure B2. Decision Tree for Gasoline and Other Liquid Fuel Loading Losses
For crude oil loaded into ships and ocean barges, Equation B-7, below, is applicable (EPA,
AP-42, Section 5.2, 2008).
C
L
= C
A
+C
G
(Equation B-7)
where
C
L
= total loading loss TOC emission factor, lb/10
3
gallon of crude oil loaded;
C
A
= arrival emission factor, from vapors in the empty tank vessel before loading, lb/10
3

gallon loaded (shown in Table B-5); and
C
G
= emission factor for emissions generated during loading, lb/10
3
gallon (calculated
using Equation B-8).
Equation B-8 provides the calculation for the factor C
G
(EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, Equation 3,
2008).
G
M G
C 1.84 (0.44 P 0.42)
T

=

(Equation B-8)
at
marine terminals?
Options Based on Fuel Type and Available Information
See Table B-6.
Yes
No
Is gasoline loaded at
marine terminals?
Yes
No
Apply factors in Table B-6
(for marine loading) or
Table B-8 (for rail/truck
loading).
No
Are the physical properties
of the gasoline known?
Yes
No
Yes
Are the physical
properties of the fuel
known?
Use Equation B-9.
Loading into marine
vessels?
Apply factors in Table B-7.
Apply factors in Table B-8.
Other Fuels:
Gasoline:
Use Equation B-9.
B-10 August 2009
where
P = true vapor pressure of crude oil loaded, psia;
M = molecular weight of the vapors, lb/lb-mole;
G = vapor growth factor = 1.02, dimensionless; and
T = temperature of the vapors, R (R = F + 459.7)
The arrival factor, C
A
, in the expression above is presented in Table B-5 below.

A
, for the Crude Oil Marine
Vessel Loading Emission Factor Equation
Ship/Ocean Barge
Tank Condition
Previous
Cargo
b

Arrival Emission Factor, C
A

Original Units
a,c
Converted Units
lb TOC/10
3
gallon tonnes TOC/
10
6
gal
tonnes TOC/
10
6
m
3

Uncleaned Volatile 0.86 0.39 103
Ballasted Volatile 0.46 0.21 55
Cleaned or gas-freed Volatile 0.33 0.15 40
Any condition Non-volatile 0.33 0.15 40
a
EPA, AP-42, Section 5.2, June 2008.
b
The factors shown are for TOCs. AP-42 reports that the VOC comprises 55-100% of the TOC, with a typical value of 85%. Thus, a
simplifying assumption for the CH
4
content of the TOC is 15% in the absence of site-specific data, recognizing that this likely
overestimates the CH
4
emissions.
c
"Volatile" cargo refers to those cargoes with a vapor pressure greater than 1.5 psia.

Physical properties such as the true vapor pressure of the fuel (P), Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), and
the molecular weight of the vapors (M) are required inputs for this approach. Several references
provide this information, including Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook (Perry, 1984) and the
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, 1984). Table B-6 provides these properties
for some select petroleum liquids based on the average ambient temperature of the facility (EPA,
AP-42, Section 7.1, 2006).
Average temperature information for a specific location can be found at a number of Internet sites,
such as
2
:
http://www.worldclimate.com/
http://www.weatherbase.com/
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html

2
Accessed January 9, 2009.
B-11 August 2009
Table B6. Properties of Select Petroleum Liquids
a

Petroleum
Liquid
b

Vapor
Molecular
Weight at
60F,
(lb/lbmole)
Liquid
Density
60F,
(lb/gal)
True Vapor Pressure (psi)
40F 50F 60F 70F 80F 90F 100F
Crude oil
RVP 5
50 7.1 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.8 5.7
Distillate
fuel oil
No. 2
130 7.1 0.0031 0.0045 0.0065 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.022
Gasoline
RVP 7
68 5.6 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.4
Gasoline
RVP 10
66 5.6 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.4 8.8 10.5
Gasoline
RVP 13
62 5.6 4.7 5.7 6.9 8.3 9.9 11.7 13.8
Jet
kerosene
130 7 0.0041 0.006 0.0085 0.011 0.015 0.021 0.029
Jet
naphtha
(JP-4)
80 6.4 0.8 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.7
Residual
oil No. 6
190 7.9 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00006 0.00009 0.000013 0.000019
Petroleum
Liquid
b

Vapor
Molecular
Weight at
60F,
(lb/lbmole)
Liquid
Density
60F,
(kg/m
3
)
True Vapor Pressure (psi)
4.4C 10.0C 15.6C 21.1C 26.7C 32.2C 37.8C
Crude oil
RVP 5
50
851 12.4 15.9 19.3 23.4 27.6 33.1 39.3
Distillate
fuel oil
No. 2
130 851 0.021 0.031 0.045 0.062 0.083 0.11 0.15
Gasoline
RVP 7
68
671 15.9 20.0 24.1 29.6 35.9 42.7 51.0
Gasoline
RVP 10
66
671 23.4 29.0 35.9 42.7 51.0 60.7 72.4
Gasoline
RVP 13
62
671 32.4 39.3 47.6 57.2 68.3 80.7 95.1
Jet
kerosene
130 839 0.028 0.041 0.059 0.076 0.10 0.14 0.20
Jet
naphtha
(JP-4)
80 767 5.5 6.9 9.0 11.0 13.1 16.5 18.6
Residual
oil No. 6
190 947 0.000138 0.000207 0.000276 0.000414 0.000621 0.000896 0.000131
a
EPA, AP-42, Table 7.1-2, November 2006.
b
Properties of additional petroleum liquids and petrochemicals are available in AP-42, Section 7.1, November 2006.
When estimating evaporative CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) emissions from loading operations, the fuel
CH
4
(or CO
2
) content is required to convert from the TOC emission factors provided in this
section. For crude oil, AP-42 reports that the VOC comprises 55-100 wt% of the TOC, with a
B-12 August 2009
typical value of 85%. Thus, a simplifying assumption for the CH
4
content of the live crude TOC
is 15 wt% in the absence of site-specific data. This assumption overestimates emissions because
the non-VOC portion of the TOC includes both CH
4
and ethane (C
2
H
6
). Based on composition
data presented in Appendix E, this wt% CH
4
would not be applicable to weathered crude or
refined petroleum products. However, evaporative emissions from loading operations may be
combusted in the control device, which would convert the hydrocarbons to CO
2
.
Exhibit B.6 illustrates the use of Equation B-7 for estimating evaporative CH
4
emissions from
marine vessel loading of live crude oil.

EXHIBIT B.6: Sample Calculation for Estimating Crude Oil Marine Loading Loss
CH
4
Emissions Using Equations B-7 and B-8

INPUT DATA:
50,000 bbl/yr of live crude oil with a Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) of 5 is loaded into ships at a
marine terminal. The ships are not cleaned prior to loading. The previous cargo in the ships was
also crude oil (RVP 5). The average ambient temperature at the facility is 70F (529.7R) based
on average annual meteorological data. Calculate the CH
4
emissions.

The crude oil molecular weight and vapor pressure are estimated using data provided in
Table B-6 for crude oil with an RVP of 5 psi. Using Equation B-8, the generated emission
factor or C
G
is calculated as:

G
3
G
50 1.02
C 1.84 [(0.44 3.4) 0.42]
529.7
C 0.19 lb TOC/10 gal crude

=

=

Next, the arrival emission factor, C
A
, is read from Table B-5. Because the crude (previous
cargo) has a vapor pressure greater than 1.5 psia, it is classified as volatile. Thus, for
uncleaned ships, Table B-5 gives a C
A
factor of 0.86 lb TOC/10
3
gallons of crude loaded.
With the factors C
A
and C
G
now defined, the total loading loss factor, C
L
, is estimated using
Equation B-7:

C
L
= (0.86 lb TOC/10
3
gal)+(0.19 lb TOC/10
3
gal)

C
L
= 1.05 lb TOC/10
3
gal crude loaded

B-13 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.6: Sample Calculation for Estimating Crude Oil Marine Loading Loss
CH
4
Emissions Using Equations B-7 and B-8, continued

The last step in the calculation is to estimate the loading loss emissions by multiplying the
loading loss emission factor, C
L
, by the annual crude throughput loaded into the ships. Also, the
TOC must be multiplied by the CH
4
content of the vapors to obtain the CH
4
emissions. Because
a specific CH
4
content is not available, 15% by weight is assumed, per Table B-5. Thus, the CH
4

emissions from the live crude oil ship loading are:

4
4
4
CH 3
CH 4
15 lb CH 1.05 lb TOC 42 gal 50,000 bbl tonne
E =
10 gal bbl yr 100 lb TOC 2204.62 lb

A general equation is provided for estimating loading losses for all other petroleum liquids,
including crude and gasoline, into tank trucks and rail cars (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, 2008). This
equation also applies to marine vessel loading for petroleum liquids other than crude and gasoline.
AP-42 provides an accuracy estimate of 30% associated with this approach.

T
M P S
46 . 12 L
L

= (Equation B-9)
where
L
L
= loading loss emission factor, lb/10
3
gallon of liquid loaded; this factor is for TOC;
S = saturation factor (shown in Table B-7);
P = liquid true vapor pressure, psia;
M = molecular weight of the vapors, lb/lb-mole; and
T = temperature of bulk liquid loaded, R (R = F + 459.7).
The calculated TOC emissions are then used to estimate CO
2
emissions resulting from routing the
loading loss vapors to a combustion control device, as shown in Equation B-10.
2
2 2 2
3
CO Emissions (tonnes)
44 lb CO / lbmole CO tonne CO lb TOC lb C
Volume loaded (gal) EFF
10 gal lb TOC 12 lb C/ lbmole C 2204.62 lb
=
(Equation B-10)
or
2
2 2 2
CO Emissions (tonnes)
44 lb CO / lbmole CO tonne CO tonnes TOC tonne C
= EFF
yr tonne TOC 12 lb C / lbmole C 2204.62 lb

(Equation B-11)
B-14 August 2009
where
EFF = efficiency of the control device in converting hydrocarbon to CO
2
. If site data are
not available, a 98% combustion efficiency can be assumed.
Physical properties for select petroleum fuels are provided above in Table B-6. Table B-7 presents
saturation factors used in Equation B-9, according to cargo carrier type and mode of operation.
Table B7. Saturation, S, Factors for Estimating Loading Losses
Cargo Carrier Type Mode of Operation S Factor
a

Tank trucks and rail Submerged loading of a clean cargo tank 0.50
tank cars Submerged loading: dedicated normal service 0.60
Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00
Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45
Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45
Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00
Marine vessels
b
Submerged loading: ships 0.2
Submerged loading: barges 0.5
a
EPA AP-42, Section 5.2, June 2008.
a
Marine vessel saturation factor shown above is not applicable for gasoline and crude oil loading. For marine loading of crude oil, use
Equations B-7 and B-8, and Table B-3. For marine loading of gasoline, refer to Table B-5.

As mentioned earlier, weathered crude and other petroleum liquids typically contain no CH
4
(or
CO
2
); for this reason, no evaporative CH
4
(and CO
2
) emissions result from the loading of these
liquids.
A sample calculation illustrating the use of Equation B-9 for estimating controlled emissions from
weathered crude oil tank truck loading follows in Exhibit B.7.

EXHIBIT B.7: Sample Calculation for Estimating Loading Loss CH
4
Emissions
Using General Equation Approach

INPUT DATA:
100 bbl/day of weathered crude oil (RVP 5) is loaded into tank trucks from an oil tank battery.
The tank truck loading type is submerged and dedicated normal service of the truck is utilized.
Vapors from the loading operation are sent to a thermal oxidizer, rated at 99.95% destruction
efficiency. The average ambient temperature at this facility is 70 F. Calculate the CO
2

emissions. (Note that because weathered crude oil does not contain CH
4
, there are no residual
CH
4
emissions from combustion of the loading vapors.)

B-15 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.7: Sample Calculation for Estimating Loading Loss CH
4
Emissions
Using General Equation Approach, continued

To use Equation B-9, physical properties of the crude oil and the saturation factor, S, must be
determined. Table B-6 is used to determine the physical properties of the crude oil based on the
average ambient temperature. The saturation factor, S, is taken from Table B-7 for submerged
loading, dedicated normal service of the tank truck.

Using Equation B-9, the TOC loading loss emission factor is calculated as:

L
3
L
(0.6) (3.4) (50)
L 12.46
529.7
L 2.40 lb TOC/10 gal

=
=

The loading loss emissions are calculated by multiplying the loading loss emission factor by the
throughput.

TOC 3
TOC
2.40 lb TOC 42 gal 100 bbl 365 day tonne
E =
10 gal bbl day yr 2204.62 lb
E = 1.67 tonnes TOC/yr

Carbon dioxide emissions are then calculated by converting the mass of TOC to a mass of
carbon, as shown in Equation B-11. Because the carbon content of the weathered crude oil
vapors is not available, the carbon content of crude oil given in Table 3-8 (for liquid crude oil) is
used instead. Note that using the carbon content of the liquid fuel instead of the carbon content
of the vapor phase is a simplifying assumption. In reality, the carbon content of vapor phase
crude oil will be less than the carbon content of liquid crude oil, due to the fact that vapors
contain lighter hydrocarbons, which are more able to volatilize. Carbon dioxide emissions are
calculated below.

2
2
2 2
CO
2
CO 2
0.9995 tonne CO formed 44.01 tonne CO 1.67 tonnes TOC 0.848 tonne C
E
yr tonne TOC tonne CO combusted 12.01 tonne C
=
=

In addition to the detailed methods presented above for loading loss emissions, simplified TOC
emission factors for loading loss emissions can be found in Table 5-12 (Section 5.2.2) for crude oil
B-16 August 2009
loading and in Tables B-8 through B-10 for other petroleum product loading. These simplified
loading loss emission factors should be used when specific input data for Equations B-7 through
B-9 above are not available.
Table B-8 presents TOC emission factors for gasoline loading into ships and barges (EPA, AP-42
Table 5.2-2, 2008).
Table B-8. TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Loading at Marine Terminals
a

Vessel Tank
Condition
Previous
Cargo
b
Units
Ships/Ocean
Barges
c
Barges
d

Uncleaned Volatile Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded 2.6 3.9
mg TOC/L loaded 315 465
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/106 gal loaded 1.19 1.76
tonne TOC/1000m3 loaded 0.315 0.465
Ballasted Volatile Original
Units
lb TOC/103 gal loaded 1.7
Barges are
typically
not ballasted
mg TOC/L loaded 205
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded 0.776
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.205
Cleaned Volatile Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded 1.5 No data
mg TOC/L loaded 180
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.180
Gas-freed Volatile Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
mg TOC/L loaded 85
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.085
Any condition Non-volatile Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
mg TOC/L loaded 85
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.085
Gas-freed Any cargo Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded No data 2.0
mg TOC/L loaded 245
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded No data 0.93
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.245
Typical overall
situation
Any cargo Original
Units
lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded 1.8 3.4
mg TOC/L loaded 215 410
Converted
Units
e

tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded 0.814 1.55
tonne TOC/1000m
3
loaded 0.215 0.410
a

The factors shown are for both TOC and VOC because AP-42 reports that the methane and
ethane content of the loading emissions is negligible.
b
Volatile cargo refers to those liquids with a vapor pressure greater than 1.5 psia.
c
AP-42 reports that ocean barges (tank compartment depth of ~40 feet) exhibit emission levels similar to tank ships.
d
Shallow draft barges (tank compartment depth of 10-12 feet) yield higher emissions than ocean barges.
e
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off errors may result in some small
differences when converting from the emission factors provided in units of lb/10
3
gallons.
Table B-9 presents TOC emission factors for marine loading of other petroleum products (EPA,
AP-42 Table 5.2-6, 2008).
B-17 August 2009
Table B-9. TOC Emission Factors for Marine Loading of Additional Petroleum
Products
a

Loading Type Units
Jet Naphtha
(JP-4)
Jet
Kerosene
Distillate
Oil No. 2
Residual
Oil No. 6
Ships/ocean barge
loading
Original Units lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded 0.50 0.005 0.005 0.00004
mg TOC/L loaded 60 0.63 0.55 0.004
Converted Units
b
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded 0.23 0.0024 0.0021 1.51E-05
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded 0.060 0.00063 0.00055 4.00E-06
Barge loading Original Units lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded 1.2 0.013 0.012 0.00009
mg TOC/L loaded 150 1.6 1.4 0.011
Converted Units
b
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded 0.57 0.0061 0.0053 4.16E-05
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded 0.150 0.0016 0.0014 1.10E-05
a

The factors shown are for both TOC and VOC because AP-42 reports that the methane and ethane
content of the loading emissions is negligible.
b
3
gallons.
Table B-10 presents simplified TOC emission factors for emissions resulting from rail and tank car
loading (EPA, AP-42 Table 5.2-2, 2008).
Table B-10. TOC Emission Factors for Rail/Truck Loading Losses
a

Loading Type Units Gasoline
b
Jet
Naphtha
(JP-4)
Jet
Kerosene
Distillate
Oil No. 2
Residual
Oil No.
6
Rail / Truck Loading Original Units lb TOC/10
3
gal loaded
5 1.5 0.016 0.014 0.0001
Submerged Loading - mg TOC/L loaded
590 180 1.9 1.7 0.01
Dedicated normal serviceConverted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded
2.23 0.68 0.0072 0.0064 3.79E-05
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.590 0.180 0.0019 0.0017 1.00E-05
3
gal loaded
8 2.5 --
d
--
d
--
d

Submerged Loading - mg TOC/L loaded
980 300 --
d
--
d
--
d

Vapor balance service Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded
3.71 1.14 --
d
--
d
--
d

tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.980 0.300 --
d
--
d
--
d

3
gal loaded
12 4 0.04 0.03 0.0003
Splash Loading - mg TOC/L loaded
1,430 430 5 4 0.03
Dedicated normal serviceConverted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded
5.41 1.63 0.019 0.015 1.14E-04
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
1.430 0.430 0.0050 0.0040 3.00E-05
3
gal loaded
8 2.5 --
d
--
d
--
d

Splash Loading - mg TOC/L loaded
980 300 --
d
--
d
--
d

Vapor balance service Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
gal loaded
3.71 1.14 --
d
--
d
--
d

tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
loaded
0.980 0.300 --
d
--
d
--
d

a
EPA, AP-42, Section 5, Table 5.2-5, June 2008.

The emission factors for gasoline are for both TOC and VOC because AP-42 reports that the methane
and ethane content of the loading emissions is negligible for these products.

The rail/truck loading emission factors were derived using Equation B-5
assuming a liquid temperature of 60F.
b
The example gasoline has an RVP of 10 psia.
c
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off errors may result in some small differences when
converting from the emission factors provided in units of lb/10
3
gallons.
d
Not normally used.
B-18 August 2009
A sample calculation illustrating the use of the marine gasoline loading emission factors is
presented in Exhibit B.8.

EXHIBIT B.8: Sample Calculation for Estimating Gasoline Marine Loading Loss
Vapor Combustion Unit Emissions

INPUT DATA:
50,000 bbl/yr of gasoline (RVP 7) is loaded into ships and ocean barges at a marine terminal.
The ships are cleaned prior to loading, and the previous cargo was also gasoline, RVP 7. The
average ambient temperature at the terminal is 70F. The vapors from loading operations are
captured and sent to a vapor combustion unit (VCU). The vapor combustion unit does not
require a pilot to operate. Calculate the CO
2
emissions.

To calculate the VCU CO
2
emissions, the mass of the vapors sent to the VCU from the loading
operation must be calculated. Loading losses are calculated using an emission factor from
Table B-8, for clean ships and ocean barges previously storing volatile gasoline. Based on an
average ambient temperature, the gasoline (RVP 7) vapor pressure is 4.3 psia, per Table B-6.
Because the vapor pressure is greater than 1.5 psia, the previous cargo is classified as volatile.
Loading loss emissions are calculated below.

TOC 6
TOC
0.681 tonne TOC 42 gal 50,000 bbl
E =
10 gal bbl yr

carbon, and applying the API Compendium default assumption of 100% conversion of carbon to
CO
2
. Because the carbon content of gasoline vapors is not available for this example, the carbon
content of motor gasoline given in Table 3-8 (for liquid gasoline) is used instead.

Note that using the carbon content of liquid fuels instead of the carbon content of vapor phase
gasoline is a simplifying assumption. In reality, the carbon content of vapor phase gasoline will
be less than the carbon content of liquid gasoline, due to the fact that gasoline vapors contain
lighter hydrocarbons, which are more able to volatilize. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated
below.

2
2
2
CO
CO 2
E
=
=

B-19 August 2009
B.4.2 Ballasting Emissions
Ballasting operations are used to improve the stability of empty tanker ships after their cargo tanks
have been unloaded. After the ships filled with petroleum liquid are unloaded at marine terminals,
sea water or ballast water is loaded into the empty cargo tank compartment. The ballast water
displaces the vapor in the empty cargo tank to the atmosphere, resulting in ballasting emissions.
Figure B-3 illustrates the calculation options available for ballasting emissions based on the
petroleum liquid type and other available information.

Figure B3. Decision Tree for Petroleum Liquid Ballasting Emissions
Ballasting emissions from crude oil ships and ocean barges can be estimated using Equation B-12
(EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, Equation 4, 2008), developed from test data. This equation results in a
TOC emission rate that should be converted to CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) emissions based on the
CH
4
(or CO
2
) content of the vapors. As noted earlier, weathered crude and other petroleum
products typically do not contain CH
4
(or CO
2
).
B A
L 0.31 0.20 P 0.01 P U = + + (Equation B-12)
where
L
B
= ballasting TOC emission factor, lb/10
3
gallon of ballast water;
P = true vapor pressure of crude oil unloaded, psia; and
U
A
= arrival cargo true ullage, prior to dockside discharge, feet; note: ullage refers to the
distance between the cargo surface level and the deck level.
The vapor pressure of the discharged crude oil must be known to calculate the ballasting emissions
using the equation above. This can be determined from Table B-6 using the average ambient
temperature of the facility.
A sample calculation for estimating crude oil ballasting emissions is shown in Exhibit B.9.
Use Equation B-14.
Yes
No
Is the ullage known (i.e., the
distance from the cargo
surface level and deck level)?
Use the simplified approach
based on Table 5-12.
Crude
Other Petroleum
Liquids (Gasoline)
Was the cargo tank
carrying crude or
other petroleum
liquids?
Use Table 5-13.
B-20 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.9: Sample Calculation for Crude Oil Ballasting Emissions Based on
Known Ullage

INPUT DATA:
Weathered crude oil (RVP 5) is unloaded from ships at a marine terminal. The annual ballast
water throughput is 1 million bbl/year and the average ullage of the arriving ships loaded with
crude is 5 feet (distance from deck level to the crude oil surface level). Vapors are sent to a
VCU with a destruction efficiency of 99.9%. The average ambient temperature at the facility is
70F (529.7R) based on average annual meteorological data. Calculate the CO
2
emissions.
(Note that because weathered crude oil does not contain CH
4
, there are no residual CH
4

emissions from combustion of the ballasting vapors.)

Using the average ambient temperature and Table B-6, the crude oil vapor pressure is 3.4 psia at
70F. The ballasting TOC emission factor is calculated using Equation B-12:

B
3
B
L 0.31 (0.20 3.4 psia) (0.01 3.4 psia 5 ft)
L 1.16 lb TOC/10 gal ballast water
= + +
=

The ballasting emissions are obtained by multiplying the ballasting emission factor, L
B
, by the
annual ballast water throughput loaded into the ships.

6
TOC 3
TOC
1.16 lb TOC 42 gal 1 10 bbl tonne
E
10 gal bbl yr 2204.62 lb
E 22.10 tonnes TOC/yr
=
=

carbon. Because the carbon content of the weathered crude oil vapors is not available for this
example, the carbon content of crude oil given in Table 3-8 (for liquid crude oil) is used instead.
Note that using the carbon content of the liquid fuel instead of the carbon content of the vapor
phase is a simplifying assumption. In reality, the carbon content of vapor phase crude oil will be
less than the carbon content of liquid crude oil, due to the fact that vapors contain lighter
hydrocarbons, which are more able to volatilize. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated below.

2
2
2 2
CO
2
CO 2
0.999 tonne CO formed 44.01 tonne CO 22.10 tonnes TOC 0.848 tonne C
E
yr tonne TOC tonne CO combusted 12.01 tonne C
=
=

B-21 August 2009
If the cargo ullage is unknown and data are not available to estimate the crude vapor pressure, then
average ballasting emission factors can be used to estimate ballasting emissions (EPA, AP-42
Table 5.2-4, 2008). These emission factors are provided in Table 5-13 in Section 5.5.2 (refer to
Section 5.5.2 for a sample calculation as well).
As mentioned earlier, weathered crude and other petroleum liquids typically contain no CH
4
(or
CO
2
). For this reason, evaporative CH
4
(and CO
2
) emissions do not occur. However, TOC
evaporative emissions may be routed to a combustion control device, resulting in CO
2
emissions.
Table B-11 provides simple emission factors for gasoline ballasting (EPA, AP-42 Table 5.2-6,
2008). Ballasting emissions factors are not available for petroleum products other than gasoline
due to limited data.

Table B-11. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Gasoline Ballasting Losses
a

Operation Units Gasoline
b

Tanker Ballasting Original Units lb TOC/10
3
gal ballast water 0.8
mg/L ballast water 100
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/ 106 gal water 0.379
tonne TOC/ 103 m3 water 0.100

a

The factors shown are for total organic
compounds.
b
c
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off
errors may result in some small differences when converting from the emission factors provided
in units of lb/10
3
gallons.
B.4.3 Transit Loss Emissions
In addition to emissions resulting from petroleum loading operations and marine ballasting
operations, TOC emissions also occur during petroleum transit. The mechanism resulting in transit
losses is similar to breathing losses that occur for storage tanks.
3
For marine transit, the estimation
methods are based on the availability of the fuel CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) content and other
physical properties. For other transit modes, the choice of methods is based solely on the
availability of the fuel CH
4
(or CO
2
, if present) content.
For transit by marine vessel (i.e., ships and barges), Equation B-13 provides an emission estimate
based on experimental tests on ships and barges (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2, 2008).

3
Note that, as discussed in Section 5.4.2, CH
4
and CO
2
emissions from the working and breathing losses of storage
tanks containing live crude are assumed to be negligible. In addition, it is assumed that there are no CH
4
or CO
2

emissions from the working and breathing losses of tanks containing weathered crude or other refined petroleum
products.
B-22 August 2009
L
T
= 0.1 P W (Equation B-13)
where
L
T
= ship and barge transit loss TOC emission factor, lb/week-10
3
gallon transported;
P = true vapor pressure of the liquid transported, psia; and
W= density of the condensed vapors, lb/gal.
The equation above provides a TOC emission factor, which is converted to CH
4
(or CO
2
, if
present) based on the concentration of CH
4
(or CO
2
) in the fuel vapors. The vapor pressure (P) and
vapor density (W) factors in Equation B-13 can be estimated from Table B-4 based on the average
ambient temperature of the facility. If the CH
4
concentration for live crude is unknown, a typical
value of 15 wt% can be assumed. As discussed earlier, for weathered crude and other petroleum
products, there is no CH
4
(or CO
2
). However, CO
2
emissions would result if the TOC evaporative
emissions are routed to a combustion control device.
An exhibit calculation demonstrating the use of Equation B-13 in estimating transit loss emissions
is shown in Exhibit B.10.

EXHIBIT B.10: Sample Calculation for Estimating Marine Transit Loss Emissions
Associated with Crude Oil Transportation

INPUT DATA:
500,000 barrels of weathered crude oil (RVP 5) are transported via ships with an average trip
duration of 10 days. The company transports crude 25 times during the given reporting year.
The crude TOC vapors are 75% carbon by weight. Evaporative emissions are routed to a
combustion control device. The average ambient temperature at the facility is 70F (529.7R)
based on average annual meteorological data. Calculate the CO
2
emissions resulting from
transit.

The vapor pressure and condensed vapor density of RVP 5 crude oil are taken from Table B-5.
Using Equation B-13, the ship transit loss TOC emission factor is calculated as shown below:

T
3
T
L (0.1) (3.4 psi) ( 4.5 lb/gal)
L 1.53 lb TOC/week-10 gal transported
=
=

B-23 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.10: Sample Calculation for Estimating Marine Transit Loss Emissions
Associated with Crude Oil Transportation, continued

The transit loss emissions are obtained by multiplying the transit emission factor, L
T
, by the
duration of transport and the quantity of crude transported.

TOC 3
TOC
1.53 lb TOC 42 gal 10 days 25 trips week
E 500, 000 bbl
week-10 gal bbl trip year 7 days
tonne

2204.62 lb
E 520.5 tonnes TOC/yr
=
=

The CO
2
emissions are then calculated by applying Equation B-11:

2
2
2 2
CO
CO 2
44 lb CO / lbmole CO 520.5 tonnes TOC 0.75 tonne C
E 0.99
yr tonne TOC 12 lb C/ lbmole C
E 1, 417 tonnes CO /yr
=
=

Table 5-14 in Section 5.5.3 provides simple transit TOC emission factors for marine transit of
crude oil (refer to Section 5.5.3 for a sample calculation as well). Gasoline transit TOC emission
factors via rail or truck transit are provided in Table B-12 (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2.2.1.3, 2008).
Emission factors for marine transit of gasoline are provided in Table B-13 (EPA, AP-42 Section
5.2.2.1.3, 2008). Carbon dioxide emissions would result when the TOC evaporative emissions are
routed to a combustion control device.

Transit Losses
a

Transit Type Units Gasoline
b

Loaded with Product
Typical Operation
Original Units

lb TOC/10
3
gal transported 0 - 0.01
mg TOC/L transported 0 - 1.0
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
transported 0 - 0.0010
Extreme Operation Original Units lb TOC/10
3
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
B-24 August 2009
Transit Losses
a
, continued
Transit Type Units Gasoline
b

Return with Vapor
Typical Operation Original Units lb TOC/10
3
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3
Extreme Operation Original Units lb TOC/10
3
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/10
6
tonne TOC/10
3
m
3

a
EPA, AP-42, Section 5, Table 5.2-5, 2008. The emission factors for the other products listed above
are for both TOC and VOC because AP-42 reports that the CH
4
and C
2
H
6
content of the loading
emissions is negligible for gasoline.
b
c
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off errors
may result in some small differences when converting from the emission factors provided in units of
lb/10
3
gallons.

Table B-13. Simplified TOC Emission Factors for Marine Transit Losses
a

Operation Units Gasoline
b

Marine Transit Original Units lb TOC/week-10
3
gal transported 2.7
mg TOC/week-L transported 320
Converted Units
c
tonne TOC/week-10
6
gal transported 1.21
tonne TOC/week-10
3
m
3
transported 0.320
Footnotes and Sources: .
a
EPA, AP-42, Section 5, Table 5.2-6, 2008 The factors shown are for TOCs.
b
c
Converted from original emission factors provided in units of mg/L in AP-42. Thus, round-off
errors may result in some small differences when converting from the emission factors provided
in units of lb/10
3
gallons.

The conditions that affect transit emissions are the vapor tightness of the cargo vessel, the cargo
vessel pressure at the beginning of the trip, the PRV settings, the liquid vapor pressure, and the
degree of vapor saturation in the vapor void space of the cargo tank. The rail and truck tanker
emission factors are reported as a range for both typical and extreme conditions, where the
extreme factors correspond to conditions that would result in maximum emissions. Note also
that the rail and truck emission factors are reported in terms of mass of TOC per volume
transported. Estimating emissions for these sources also requires the number of trips taken during
the reporting year.
Exhibit B.11 illustrates the use of the simple gasoline transit emission factors.
B-25 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.11: Sample Calculation for Estimating CH
4
Rail/Truck Transit Emission Factors

INPUT DATA:
8,000 gallons of gasoline (RVP 10) is transported via truck (8,000 gallons per trip). The
company transports gasoline 100 times during the given reporting year. The gasoline vapors are
85 wt% carbon and are routed to a VCU with 99.5% combustion efficiency. Calculate the CO
2

emissions associated with the transit operations.

The transit loss emission factor given in Table B-12 for the truck when loaded with product for
typical operation is 0-0.01 lb TOC/1000 gallons transported (0-0.0038 tonne TOC/10
6
gallon
transported). For conservatism, the upper bound factor is used. Thus, the transit emissions when
loaded with product are:

TOC 6
TOC
0.0038 tonne TOC 8000 gal 100 trips
E =
10 gal transported trip yr

E =0.00304 tonnes TOC/yr

Similarly, the transit emissions of the truck when returning with vapor are estimated. The transit
loss emission factor given in Table B-12 for the truck with vapor for typical operation is 0-0.11
lb TOC/1000 gallons transported (0-0.049 tonne TOC/10
6
gallon transported). For conservatism,
the upper bound factor is used. Thus, the transit emissions when loaded with product are:

TOC 6
TOC
0.049 tonne TOC 8000 gal 100 trips
E =
10 gal transported trip yr


The CO
2
emissions are then calculated by applying Equation B-11:

( )
2
2
2 2
CO
CO 2
44 lb CO / lbmole CO tonnes TOC 0.85 tonne C
E 0.0392 0.00304 0.995
yr tonne TOC 12 lb C/ lbmole C
= +
=

B-26 August 2009
B.5 Production Sector High-/Low-Bleed Pneumatic Devices Emission Factor
Development
Section 5.6.1 of the API Compendium presents simplified gas-driven pneumatic device emission
factors by industry segment, including an emission factor for continuous bleed pneumatic devices
in the production sector. This continuous bleed device emission factor was further split out
according to whether the device is high-bleed or low-bleed. The EPA Gas STAR program defines
a pneumatic device that bleeds more than 6 scfh as a high-bleed device, with low-bleed
devices venting less than 6 scf/hr (EPA Gas STAR, Lessons Learned, July 2003). Therefore, the
same data set that was used to develop the production sector continuous bleed device emission
factor in Volume 12 of the 1996 GRI/EPA natural gas CH
4
emissions study (Shires and Harrison,
1996) was also used to develop the high- and low-bleed device emission factors by stratifying the
data according to whether the leak rate is greater than or less than 6 scfh. The development of
these emission factors is provided below in Table B-14.
Table B14. Production Sector Pneumatic Device
High/Low-Bleed Emission Factor Development
a

Number Device Type
Bleed Rate
(scf/day)
Stratification
b

Low-Bleed,
6 scf/hr
(scf/day)
High-Bleed,
6 scf/hr
(scf/day)
1 Norriseal 1001A 2334.1 2334.1
2 Fisher 2513 2170 2170
3 Fisher 4100 1065 1065
4 Norriseal 1001A 428 428
5 CE Invalco 1107 1107
6 Fisher 2500 596 596
7 Fisher 2502 962 962
8 Fisher 2900 954 954
9 Fisher 4150 634 634
10 Fisher 4160 560 560
11 Fisher 4160 380 380
12 Fisher 2900 1548 1548
13 CE Natco AE 155 1056 1056
14 Fisher 4160 609 609
15 Fisher 2900 508 508
16 Fisher 4150 145 145
17 Fisher 4160 108 108
18 Fisher 4160 534 534
19 CPA Data 1.53 1.53
20 CPA Data 59.92 59.92
21 CPA Data 11.27 11.27
22 CPA Data 34.50 34.50
23 CPA Data 7.80 7.80
B-27 August 2009
Table B14. Production Sector Pneumatic Device
High/Low-Bleed Emission Factor Development
a
, continued
Number Device Type
Bleed Rate
(scf/day)
Stratification
b

Low-Bleed,
6 scf/hr
(scf/day)
High-Bleed,
6 scf/hr
(scf/day)
24 CPA Data 529.04 529.04
25 CPA Data 10.68 10.68
Average (scf total gas/day): 654.1 33.4 895.5
Uncertainty
c
, : 40% 107% 33%
Average (scf CH
4
/day)
d
: 515.4 26.3 705.7
Average (tonnes CH
4
/device-yr)
e
: 3.609 0.184 4.941
a
Developed from data used for Volume 12 of the GRI/EPA natural gas industry CH
4
emissions study (Shires and Harrison, 1996).
b
High-bleed devices refer to devices with leak rates greater than 6 scf/hr while low-bleed devices are 6 scf/hr or less based on definitions
provided by EPAs Gas STAR program (EPA Gas STAR, Lessons Learned, July 2003).
c
d
Converted from a total gas basis to a methane basis assuming 78.8 mole % CH
4
(Shires and Harrison, 1996).
e
CH
4
3
An example calculation illustrating the use of the high- and low-bleed classification for pneumatic
device emissions follows.

EXHIBIT B.12: Sample Calculation for Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device Emissions

INPUT DATA:
A gas production site has 80 natural gas-driven pneumatic devices; 60 of the devices are low-
bleed and the remaining 20 are high-bleed devices. The average CH
4
content of the gas is 70
mole %. There is also 9 mole % CO
2
4
and CO
2
emissions.

The counts of high-bleed and low-bleed devices are multiplied by their respective emission
factors from Table B-14.

4
4
4 4
CH
4
4
CH 4
E = (60 pneumatic devices) (20 pneumatic devices)
device - yr device - yr
70 mole % CH

78.8 mole % CH

+

=

B-28 August 2009

EXHIBIT B.12: Sample Calculation for Gas-Driven Pneumatic Device Emissions,
continued

2
4 4
CO
4 4
4 4
E = (60 pneumatic devices) (20 pneumatic devices)
device - yr device - yr
70 mole % CH tonne mole CH tonne mole gas

78.8 mole % CH 16 tonne CH 0.70 tonne m

+

2
2 2
4 2
CO 2
ole CH tonne mole gas tonne mole CO

=

B.6 Additional Coal Mining Data
The emission factors in Table 5-20 were developed from data provided in the Annexes of the EPA
report, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007 (EPA, 2009). The
emission factors were derived by dividing the U.S. coal mining CH
4
emissions by the U.S. coal
production rates. Factors were derived for 2005 through 2007. The derivation is shown below.
Coal production rates for the years 2005 through 2007 are provided in Table B-15.
Table B15. U.S. Total Coal Production, 2005 - 2007

Coal Production by Year
a
,
1000 tons/yr
Coal Source 2005 2006 2007
Underground
368,611 359,020 351,791
Surface
762,191 802,975 793,689
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, Table A-104,
April 15, 2009.

Table B-16 provides CH
4
emissions from coal mining activities, for the years 2005 through
2007.

B-29 August 2009
Table B16. U.S. CH
4
Emissions from Coal Mining Activities, 2005 - 2007
CH
4
Emissions
a
, Bscf/yr
Coal Mining Activity 2005 2006 2007
Total Underground Mining Emitted
89 89 85
Underground Post-Mining
16 15 15
Surface Mining
33 35 34
Surface Post-Mining
5 6 6
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, Tables A-106 and A-107, April 15, 2009.

The emission factors presented in Table B-17 were calculated by dividing the emissions
presented in Table B-16 by the coal production rates presented in Table B-154.

Table B17. CH
4
Emission Factors for Coal Mining
CH
4
Emissions
a
, scf/ton coal
Activity 2005 2006 2007
Total Underground Mining Emitted
241 248 242
Underground Post-Mining (coal handling)
43.4 41.8 42.6
Surface Mining
43.3 43.6 42.8
Surface Post-Mining (coal handling)
6.56 7.47 7.56
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, April 15, 2009.

Coal mining emission factors for the U.S. are provided in Section 5.6.7 on a national average basis.
If the coal supply region and coal type are known, the emission factors provided in Table B-18 can
be used to calculate coal mining emissions (EIA, 2008).
B-30 August 2009
Table B18. Coal Mining Emission Factors by Coal Supply Region
Coal Supply Region
Coal Rank
And Sulfur Level Mine Type
Heat Content
a
(MMBtu/ton)
CO
2
a

(lb/MMBtu)
CO
2

(tonne/MMBtu)
Northern Appalachia Metallurgical Underground 26.27 207.5 0.0941
Mid-Sulfur Bituminous All 25.24 207.5 0.0941
High-Sulfur Bituminous All 24.84 205.7 0.0933
Waste Coal (Gob and
Culm) Surface 12.70 205.7 0.0933
Central Appalachia Metallurgical Underground 26.27 205.9 0.0934
Low-Sulfur Bituminous All 24.84 205.9 0.0934
Southern Appalachia Metallurgical Underground 26.27 205.4 0.0932
Low-Sulfur Bituminous All 24.84 205.4 0.0932
East Interior Mid-Sulfur Bituminous All 22.26 204.9 0.0929
High-Sulfur Bituminous All 22.85 204.7 0.0929
Mid-Sulfur Lignite Surface 10.23 213.5 0.0968
West Interior High-Sulfur Bituminous Surface 22.66 204.4 0.0927
Gulf Lignite Mid-Sulfur Lignite Surface 13.38 213.5 0.0968
High-Sulfur Lignite Surface 12.57 213.5 0.0968
Dakota Lignite Mid-Sulfur Lignite Surface 13.26 218.8 0.0992
Western Montana
Low-Sulfur
Subbituminous
Underground 20.03 209.6 0.0951
Surface 18.72 213.5 0.0968
Mid-Sulfur
Subbituminous Surface 17.19 213.5 0.0968
Northern Wyoming
Low-Sulfur
Mid-Sulfur
Southern Wyoming
Low-Sulfur
Western Wyoming
Low-Sulfur
Subbituminous
Underground 18.53 206.5 0.0937
Surface 18.88 212.7 0.0965
Mid-Sulfur
Rocky Mountain Low-Sulfur Bituminous Underground 22.95 205.1 0.0930
Low-Sulfur
Southwest

Low-Sulfur Bituminous Surface 20.89 207.5 0.0941
Mid-Sulfur
Mid-Sulfur Bituminous Underground 19.52 208.8 0.0947
Northwest
Mid-Sulfur
a
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2008, With Projections for 2030, Report Number DOE/EIA-
0554 (2008), June 2008.
B-31 August 2009
B.7 Additional Vented Volume Calculation Methodologies
This subsection presents additional calculation methodologies for estimating the volume of gas
released in non-routine activities. After calculating the volume of gas released, CH
4
and CO
2

emissions from such releases would be calculated using an engineering approach, such as
described in Section 5.7.1
B.7.1 Calculating Pressure Vessel Volume
The volume of gas released from an equipment blowdown is typically based on equipment design
specifications for the vessel/pipeline/equipment of interest. In the absence of design data, the
CAPP document, Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes from Upstream Oil and Gas
Facilities, provides guidance on estimating the volumes for several vessel types (CAPP, 2002,
Section 3.2.4). These vessel types include horizontal and vertical cylinders, and hemispherical and
ellipsoidal end caps.
The CAPP document also provides volumes per meter of pipeline length for several pipe sizes and
schedules, which are presented in Table B-19.
Use of the gas law is most appropriate for situations where the entire volume of the vessel is blown
down and the gas blowdown volume is finite. More rigorous engineering approaches are needed
for a blowdown situation where only a portion of the vessel contents are released.
These approaches are based on modeling the releases as isentropic flow of an ideal gas through a
nozzle. This approach requires release parameters such as the open cross-sectional area of the
release, wellhead pressure, and the gas specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv). These approaches are most
appropriate for releases that do not blow down the entire volume of interest. Refer to the CAPP
document for more information on this approach, including an example calculation.
The CAPP document also provides a summary of cross-sectional areas for several pipe sizes and
schedules (CAPP, 2002, Table 3-6). These areas are useful for applying the isentropic flow
equation to estimate the blowdown rates.
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B-33 August 2009
B.7.2 Calculating Well Unloading Emissions
CAPP (CAPP, 2002, Section 3.2.1) provides information on calculating the volume of gas released
during well unloading. The total volume released is dependent on many properties, including the
duration of the event, size of the vent line, quantity of water released, and properties of the gas.
CAPP models the vent process as an isentropic flow of an ideal gas through a nozzle
4
, as shown in
Equation B-14.
( ) ( )
* 0
T
k+1 2 k-2
0
P k 1
m = A 1000
R T
k+1
2

& (Equation B-14)
where
T
m& = the total mass flow rate of gas and water vapor from the unloading (kg/s);
A
*
= the cross sectional area of the unloading valve or vent pipe (m
2
);
P
0
= wellhead pressure (kPa);
T
0
= wellhead temperature (K);
k = specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv (1.32 for natural gas); and
R = gas constant (kJ/kg K), (8314.5 / gas molecular weight).
The quantity of water produced during the unloading must be subtracted from the quantity of gas
vented. Equation B-15 can be used to calculate the quantity of water vented:
w
W
V
m =
t
& (Equation B-15)
where
W
m& = mass flow rate of water produced by the unloading event (kg/s);
V = volume of liquid water produced by the unloading event (m
3
);
w
= density of liquid water (1000 kg/m
3
); and
t = duration of the blow down event (s).
The mass flow rate of gas released is calculated using Equation B-16.
V T W
m = m - m & & & (Equation B-16)
where
v
m& = mass flow rate of gas released.
The total volume of gas released is then calculated using Equation B-17.

4
CAPP notes that modeling the system as an ideal gas yields good results up to wellhead pressures of about 50
atmospheres, but at higher pressures a more rigorous equation of state must be used (CAPP, 2002, Section 3.2.1).

B-34 August 2009
V
V
m t
V = 23.6449
W
&
(Equation B-17)
where
V = volume of gas released (m
3
);
W
V
= molecular weight of the vapor released (kg/kmole); and
23.6449 = the volume (m3) occupied by one kmole of and ideal gas at 15C and 101.325
kPa.

B.7.3 Calculating Pressure Relief Valve Release Volumes
Emission factors for PRV releases are provided in Section 5.7.2. Alternatively, CAPP (CAPP,
2002, Section 3.2.3) provides information on calculating the volume of gas released during a PRV
event. The total volume released is dependent on many properties, including the duration of the
event, size of the relief valve, and properties of the gas. As for well unloading, CAPP models the
vent process as an isentropic flow of an ideal gas through a nozzle,
5
as shown in Equation B-18.
( ) ( )
* 0
V
k+1 2 k-2
0
P k 1
m =A 1000
R T
k+1
2

& (Equation B-18)
where
V
m& = the total mass flow rate of gas through the PRV (kg/s);
A
*
= the cross sectional area of the throat (or orifice) of the valve (m
2
);
P
0
= PRV set point (kPa);
T
0
= vessel temperature (K);
k = specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv (1.32 for natural gas); and
R = gas constant (kJ/kg K), (8314.5 / gas molecular weight).
The total volume of gas released can then be calculated using Equation B-17.

5
CAPP notes that modeling the system as an ideal gas yields good results up to wellhead pressures of about 50
atmospheres, but at higher pressures a more rigorous equation of state must be used (CAPP, 2002, Section 3.2.1).

B-35 August 2009
B.8 Derivation of Vented Emission Factors
B.8.1 Derivation of Transmission Pipeline and Compressor Station Blowdown
Emission Factor
The emission factors for pipeline and compressor station blowdowns are based on combined data
from the GRI/EPA methane emissions study (Shires and Harrison, Volume 7, 1996) and the 1995
Canadian emissions study (Radian, 1997). Site data used in the development of these two studies
were combined to establish the pipeline and compressor station blowdown emission factors.
Table B-20 presents the development of the transmission compressor station blowdown emission
factor based on the combined U.S. and Canadian data.
Development
Company
Number
Annual Station
Blowdown Emissions
(Mscf/yr)
Number of
Stations
Annual Station Blowdown
Emissions
(MMscm CH
4
/station)
Blowdown/Station
a

(Mscf CH
4
/station-yr)
U.S.Data
b

1 120,757 11 10,253.37
2 272,589 15 16,973.21
3 33,731 27 1,166.84
4 Not Available 19 -
5 325,418 47 6,466.82
6 Unknown 48 -
7 60,956 69 825.11
8 194,541 47 3,865.98
Canadian Data
c

1 0.00485 171.28
2 0.2995654 10,579.06
3 0.03056 1,079.22
4 No Data -
5 0.248 8,758.05
6 0.0021015 74.21
7 0.096 3,390.21
Average Emission Factor, Mscf CH
4
/station-yr
d
5,300.2864.3%
a
U.S. blowdown/station estimated by dividing the annual blowdown emissions by the number of stations and then multiplying by the default CH
4

content for the transmission sector, provided in Table E-4 (93.4 mole %).
b
GRI/EPA methane emissions study (Shires and Harrison, 1996), Volume 7, page B-15.
c
Company information developed as part of 1995 Canadian natural gas industry emissions study (Radian, 1997).
d
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval.

Table B-21 presents the development of the transmission pipeline blowdown emission factor.


B-36 August 2009
Table B21. Transmission Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor
Development
Company
Number
Annual Pipeline
Blowdown
Emissions
(Mscf/yr)
Pipeline
Length
(Miles)

Annual Pipeline
Blowdown Emissions
(MMscm CH
4
/km)
Blowdown/
Mile
a

(Mscf CH
4
/mile-yr)
U.S. Data
b

1 189,044 3,857 45.78
2 11,358 4,000 2.65
3 138,988 5,886 22.05
4 Not Available 5,450 -
5 Unknown 4,725 -
6 161,628 7,896 19.12
7 750,000 14,666 47.76
8 315,058 9,915 29.68
Canadian Data
c

1 0.001026 58.31
2 0.003199 181.83
3 0.000211 11.97
4 0.0000272 1.54
5 0.000355 20.15
6 0.00000828 0.47
7 0.001602 91.03
4
/mile-yr
d
40.95 73.3%
a
U.S. blowdown/mile estimated by dividing the annual blowdown emissions by the number of miles and then multiplying by the default CH
4

content for the transmission sector, provided in Table E-4 (93.4 mole %).
b
: GRI/EPA methane emissions study (Shires and Harrison, 1996), Volume 7, page B-15.
c
: Company information developed as part of 1995 Canadian natural gas industry emissions study (Radian, 1997).
d

B.8.2 Derivation of Pipeline Blowdowns Emission Factor
The emission factors for distribution pipeline blowdowns are based on combined data from the
GRI/EPA (Shires and Harrison, 1996) and 1995 Canadian emissions studies (Radian, 1997; URS,
2001). Site data used in the development of these two studies were combined to establish the
distribution pipeline vented blowdown emission factor as shown in Table B-21.


B-37 August 2009
Table B22. Distribution Pipeline Blowdown Vented Emission Factor
Development
Company
Number
Annual Pipeline
Blowdown
Emissions
(Mscf/yr)
Pipeline
Length
(Miles)

Annual Pipeline
Blowdown Emissions
(MMscm CH
4
/km)
Blowdown/Mile
a
(Mscf CH
4
/mile-yr)
U.S. Data
b

1 8,972 58,024 0.1546
2 5,688 82,337 0.0691
3 2,360 24,916 0.0947
4 1,695 18,713 0.0906
Canadian Data
c

1 0.000136 7.73
2 0.00000271 0.15
3 0.0000907 5.15
4 0.00000130 0.07
5 0.000055 3.13
6 0.00000248 0.14
4
/mile-yr
d
1.68 117%
a
U.S. blowdown/mile estimated by dividing the annual blowdown emissions by the number of miles, and then multiplying by the default
CH
4
content for the distribution sector, provided in Table E-4 (93.4 mole %).
b
Source: GRI/EPA methane emissions study (Shires and Harrison, 1996), Volume 7, page B-20.
c
Source: Company information developed as part of 1995 Canadian natural gas industry emissions study (Radian, 1997).
d
B.9 References
(ARPEL). Atmospheric Emissions Inventories Methodologies in the Petroleum Industry. ARPEL
Guideline # ARPELCIDA02AEGUI2298, Prepared by Jaques Whitford Environment Limited,
December 1998.
http://portal.arpel.org/apps/arpel/ml_lib_nueva2.nsf/0/6F4BB964B96A44EC03257226006D3469/
$file/GUIDELINE%2022%20-%20OK.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). Estimation of Flaring and Venting
Producers, Publication Number 2002-0009, May 2002.
CRC Press, Inc. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready Reference Book of Chemicals
and Physical Data, 65th Edition, 1984-1985, 1984. Available for purchase from
http://www.crcpress.com, accessed May 1, 2009.

B-38 August 2009
Dimpfl, L.H., Study Gives Insight Into Asphalt Tank Explosions, Oil and Gas Journal,
December 1980.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2008, With
Projections for 2030, Report Number DOE/EIA-0554 (2008), June 2008.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/pdf/0554(2008).pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Hendler, A., J. Nunn, J. Lundeen, R. McKaskle. VOC Emissions from Oil and Condensate Storage
Tanks, Final Report, prepared for Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC), October 31, 2006
(Cited Tables 3-3 and 3-5).
http://files.harc.edu/Projects/AirQuality/Projects/H051C/H051CFinalReport.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
Ogle, L.D. Validation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report, GRI-
97/0117. American Petroleum Institute and Gas Research Institute, March 1997.
Ogle, L.D. Evaluation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emission Model, Final Report. American
Petroleum Institute, Gas Research Institute, and Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers,
May 1997. Available for purchase from: www.gastechnology.org, accessed May 1, 2009.
Perry, R.H. and D.W. Green. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1984.
4
and VOC Emissions
4
and VOC Emissions
from Upstream Oil and Gas Operations in Alberta, Volume III Results of the Field Validation
Program, Canadian Petroleum Association, March 1992, pp. 75-81.
Radian International. 1995 Air Emissions Inventory of the Canadian Natural Gas Industry, Final
Report, Canadian Gas Association Standing Committee on Environment, September 1997.
Vented and Combustion Source Summary, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f,
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/6_vented.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

B-39 August 2009
Blow and Purge Activities, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.24 and EPA-600/R-96-080g, Gas Research
Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. (Part of the GRI/EPA methane
emissions inventory project.) Available for purchase from:
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/7_blowandpurge.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996 (1996).
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/12_pneumatic.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
URS Corporation. Updated Canadian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1995, Emission
Factor Documentation. Technical Memorandum, Final, October 2001.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and C, October 1996,
Supplement D, 1998, Supplement F, 2000, and updates 2001 to present.
of Petroleum Liquids, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, June 2008.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Section 7.1: Organic Liquid Storage Tanks,
U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990-2007, Annexes. EPA-430-R-09-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

B-40 August 2009
Partners: Options for Reducing Methane Emissions from Pneumatic Devices in the Natural Gas
Industry, EPA430-B-03-004, July 2003.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/ll_pneumatics.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X C
A D D I T I O N A L F U G I T I V E


Appendix C Additional Fugitive Calculation Information

August 2009

C-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
C. ADDITIONAL FUGITIVE CALCULATION INFORMATION .................................. C-1
C.1 Additional Equipment Leak Emission Calculation Methodologies .............. C-1
C.1.1 Screening Range Factor Approach ................................................ C-1
C.1.2 Correlation Approach ..................................................................... C-7
C.1.3 Unit-Specific Correlations ............................................................ C-11
C.1.4 Methane-Specific Data for Emission Rate Calculations ............... C-11
C.1.5 Generic Component Counts ........................................................ C-15
C.2 Refinery Fugitive Emissions ..................................................................... C-19
C.3 Derivation of Fugitive Emission Factors ................................................... C-21
C.3.1 Onshore Oil Production Fugitive Emission Factor ....................... C-21
C.3.2 Onshore Gas Production Fugitive Emission Factors ................... C-22
C.3.3 Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors .................................. C-27
C.3.4 Natural Gas Storage Station Fugitive Emission Factor ................ C-29
C.3.5 Gas Transmission Fugitive Emission Factors .............................. C-30
C.3.6 Gas Distribution Fugitive Emission Factors ................................. C-35
C.3.7 Plastic Pipeline Fugitive Emission Leak Factors .......................... C-46
C.3.8 CO
2
Pipeline Fugitive Emissions ................................................. C-47
C.4 References .............................................................................................. C-48

C-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table C1. EPA Oil and Natural Gas Production Screening Factors ...................................... C-3
Table C2. API Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing Screening Factors .............. C-4
Table C3. Petroleum Industry Leak Rate/Screening Value (SV) Correlations ....................... C-8
Table C4. Default-Zero Values for the Petroleum Industry .................................................... C-8
Table C5. Pegged Emission Rates for the Petroleum Industry .............................................. C-9
Table C6. Generic Speciation Factors for Component Specific THC Emissions
Factors for Oil and Natural Gas Operations ......................................................... C-12
Table C7. Generic Production (Canadian) Composition by Service .................................. C-13
Table C8. Generic Fugitive Counts for Onshore Oil Production Facilities (per
Equipment/Process Type) .................................................................................. C-16
Table C9. Generic Fugitive Counts for Gas Production, Gas Processing, and
Offshore Facilities ............................................................................................... C-17
Table C-10. Summary of the Number of Vessels, Compressors, and Pumps Associated
with Various Natural Gas Processes .................................................................. C-18
Table C-11. EPA Average Refinery Emission Factors ........................................................... C-20
Table C12. Refinery Screening Factors ............................................................................... C-21
Table C13. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission Factor for Onshore
Oil Production ................................................................................................... C-22
Table C14. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Fugitive Emission Factor for Onshore
Gas Production ................................................................................................. C-23
Table C15. Derivation of Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission Factors for Gas
Production ......................................................................................................... C-24
4
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Gathering
Pipelines, by Pipe Material ................................................................................ C-25
4
Emission Factor for Natural Gas
Gathering Pipelines ........................................................................................... C-26
2
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Gathering
2
Emission Factors for Gas Gathering
Pipelines ........................................................................................................... C-27
Table C20. Derivation of Facility and Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission Factors for
Gas Processing ................................................................................................. C-28
Table C21. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Natural Gas Storage Station Fugitive
Emission Factor ................................................................................................ C-29
4
Emission Factor for Gas
Transmission Pipelines ..................................................................................... C-30
4
Gas Transmission Pipelines, by Pipe Material .................................................. C-31
Table C24. Derivation of Equipment-Level Gas Transmission Pipeline Fugitive CH
4

Emission Factor ................................................................................................ C-32

C-iv August 2009
2
Emission Factors for Gas Transmission
2
Gas Transmission Pipelines ............................................................................. C-33
Table C27. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Gas Transmission Pipeline Fugitive
CO
2
Leak Emission Factor ................................................................................ C-34
4
Emission Factor ............................... C-35
4
Emission Factor for Gas
Distribution Pipelines ........................................................................................ C-36
4
Distribution Mains, by Pipe Material .................................................................. C-37
4
Emission Factor for
Gas Distribution Mains ...................................................................................... C-38
2
Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Mains, by
Pipe Material ..................................................................................................... C-38
2
Emission Factor for
Gas Distribution Mains ...................................................................................... C-39
4
Emission Factors for Gas Distribution
Services, by Pipe Material ................................................................................ C-40
4
Emission Factor for
Gas Distribution Services .................................................................................. C-40
2
Emission Factors for Gas Distribution Services,
by Pipe Material ................................................................................................ C-41
2
Emission Factor for
Gas Distribution Services .................................................................................. C-42
2
Distribution Pipelines ........................................................................................ C-43
4
Emission Factor for Customer
Meters ............................................................................................................... C-44
4
Emission Factor for
Distribution/Meter Reg. Stations ....................................................................... C-45
Table C41. Derivation of Fugitive Emission Leak Factor from Plastic Pipelines by
Construction Year ............................................................................................. C-46

C-1 August 2009
C. ADDITIONAL FUGITIVE CALCULATION
INFORMATION
This section presents supplemental information for the fugitive emission calculation methodologies

C.1 Additional Equipment Leak Emission Calculation Methodologies
The following provides estimation methods for CH
4
and CO
2
fugitive emissions from equipment
leaks that are more rigorous than the methods presented in Section 6.1. The additional approaches
available for estimating fugitive equipment leak emissions, in order of increasing data
requirements and increasing accuracy are:
1. Screening ranges approach;
2. Correlation approach; and
3. Unit-Specific correlation approach.
Applicable to all of these approaches, the CH
4
composition of the fugitive stream and the
population of fugitive components must be known. Following the discussion of the different
estimation approaches, generic compositions are provided for estimating CH
4
emissions from
fugitive sources, when site specific speciation data are not available. Generic component counts
are also provided for different equipment and process types.
Note that leaks from equipment used in association with weathered crude or other refined
petroleum products will not emit CH
4
or CO
2
, as weathered crude and refined petroleum
products do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
.
1

C.1.1 Screening Range Factor Approach
The screening range factor approach, also called the leak/no-leak approach, is based on monitoring
data that have been categorized into two or more ranges. Monitoring data are broken into
categories of leakers, with U.S. EPA Reference Method 21 readings greater than or equal to
10,000 ppmv, and non-leakers with readings less than 10,000 ppmv. Each of these categories is

1
Appendix C. Additional Fugitive Calculation Information
C-2 August 2009
assigned an emission factor. The 10,000 ppmv break point is based on early leak definitions, such
as in 40 CFR 60 Subpart VV. This criterion for separating leakers from non-leakers may not
coincide with the leak definition required by local regulations that apply to each facility, but it is
the only level for which there is any significant amount of mass emission data to develop screening
range factors. The screening range approach should be more accurate than previously presented
approaches because it is based on a site-specific percent leaking measurement. This approach
could be appropriate for facilities that are already collecting monitoring data for a leak detection
and repair program, or would be willing to do so to improve their emission estimates.
When using the screening range factor approach, the components should be grouped into streams
where all the components have approximately the same TOC weight fraction and monitoring
readings within the same category. The following equation is used in the calculations:
TOC G G L L
E (F N ) (F N ) = + (Equation C-1)

where
E
TOC
= emission rate of TOC from all components of a given type in the stream;
F
G
= emission factor for components with screening values greater than or equal to
10,000 ppmv;
N
G
= number of components with screening values greater than or equal to 10,000 ppmv;
F
L
= emission factor for components with screening values less than or equal to 10,000
ppmv; and
N
L
= number of components with screening values less than or equal to 10,000 ppmv.

Methane emissions can be estimated from the TOC emission factors using Equation 6-9.
Tables C-1 and C-2 present screening emission factors for different industry segments. Note that
Table C-1 provides service specific emission factors, while Table C-2 is facility specific. Service
categories include gas, light liquid or heavy liquid service. Liquid services are defined differently
by EPA (EPA, 1995) and API (API, 1995). EPA defines light liquid service as any material in a
liquid state in which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a vapor pressure
over 0.3 kPa at 20C is greater than or equal to 20 weight percent, which generally includes
naphtha and more volatile petroleum liquids. EPA defines a heavy liquid is any liquid that is not in
gas/vapor or light liquid service, which would generally include kerosene and less volatile
petroleum liquids. Unlike EPA, API Report 4615 designates heavy crude as having an API gravity
of less than 20 and light crude as having an API gravity of greater than 20.

C-3 August 2009
Table C1. EPA Oil and Natural Gas Production Screening Factors
Component Service
c

Emission Factor,
kg TOC/hr/comp.
a,b

Emission Factor,
b

<10,000 ppmv 10,000 ppmv <10,000 ppmv 10,000 ppmv
Valves Gas 2.5E-05 9.8E-02 2.5E-08 9.8E-05
Valves Light Oil 1.9E-05 8.7E-02 1.9E-08 8.7E-05
Valves Water/Oil 9.7E-06 6.4E-02 9.7E-09 6.4E-05
Valves Heavy Oil 8.4E-06 NA 8.4E-09 NA
Pump Seals Gas 3.5E-04 7.4E-02 3.5E-07 7.4E-05
Pump Seals Light Oil 5.1E-04 1.0E-01 5.1E-07 1.0E-04
Pump Seals Water/Oil 2.4E-05 NA 2.4E-08 NA
Others Gas 1.2E-04 8.9E-02 1.2E-07 8.9E-05
Others Light Oil 1.1E-04 8.3E-02 1.1E-07 8.3E-05
Others Water/Oil 5.9E-05 6.9E-02 5.9E-08 6.9E-05
Others Heavy Oil 3.2E-05 NA 3.2E-08 NA
Connectors Gas 1.0E-05 2.6E-02 1.0E-08 2.6E-05
Connectors Light Oil 9.7E-06 2.6E-02 9.7E-09 2.6E-05
Connectors Water/Oil 1.0E-05 2.8E-02 1.0E-08 2.8E-05
Connectors Heavy Oil 7.5E-06 NA 7.5E-09 NA
Flanges Gas 5.7E-06 8.2E-02 5.7E-09 8.2E-05
Flanges Light Oil 2.4E-06 7.3E-02 2.4E-09 7.3E-05
Flanges Heavy Oil 3.9E-07 NA 3.9E-10 NA
Flanges Water/Oil 2.9E-06 NA 2.9E-09 NA
Open-ended Line Gas 1.5E-05 5.5E-02 1.5E-08 5.5E-05
Open-ended Line Heavy Oil 7.2E-06 3.0E-02 7.2E-09 3.0E-05
Open-ended Line Light Oil 1.4E-05 4.4E-02 1.4E-08 4.4E-05
Open-ended Line Water/Oil 3.5E-06 3.0E-02 3.5E-09 3.0E-05
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-8.
b
NA means that there were not sufficient examples of that emission category found to develop an emission factor.
c
EPA defines light liquids as liquids for which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a vapor pressure over 0.3 kPa at
20 C is greather than or equal to 20 weight percent. EPA defines heavy liquids as liquids not in gas/vapor or light liquid service.

C-4 August 2009
Table C2. API Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing Screening
Factors
Component Facility Type
c

Emission Factor,
lb TOC/day/comp.
a,b

Emission Factor,
b

Valves All Facility Types NA 3.381 NA 6.390E-05
Valves Gas Production 1.63E-03 3.381 3.08E-08 6.390E-05
Valves Light Crude Production 1.11E-03 3.381 2.10E-08 6.390E-05
Valves Heavy Crude Production 6.95E-04 3.381 1.31E-08 6.390E-05
Valves Offshore Production 8.50E-04 3.381 1.61E-08 6.390E-05
Valves Gas Processing 1.81E-03 3.381 3.42E-08 6.390E-05
Connectors All Facility Types NA 1.497 NA 2.829E-05
Connectors Gas Production 6.33E-04 1.497 1.20E-08 2.829E-05
Connectors Light Crude Prod. 5.25E-04 1.497 9.92E-09 2.829E-05
Connectors Heavy Crude Prod. 4.41E-04 1.497 8.33E-09 2.829E-05
Connectors Offshore Production 5.11E-04 1.497 9.66E-09 2.829E-05
Connectors Gas Processing 5.76E-04 1.497 1.09E-08 2.829E-05
Flanges All Facility Types NA 4.490 NA 8.486E-05
Flanges Gas Production 1.30E-03 4.490 2.46E-08 8.486E-05
Flanges Light Crude Production 1.24E-03 4.490 2.34E-08 8.486E-05
Flanges Heavy Crude Production 1.19E-03 4.490 2.25E-08 8.486E-05
Flanges Offshore Production 1.33E-03 4.490 2.51E-08 8.486E-05
Flanges Gas Processing 1.44E-03 4.490 2.72E-08 8.486E-05
Open-ended Lines All Facilities NA 1.600 NA 3.024E-05
Open-ended Lines Gas Production 1.26E-03 1.600 2.38E-08 3.024E-05
Open-ended Lines Light Crude
Production
2

1.50E-03 1.600
2.83E-08 3.024E-05
Open-ended Lines Heavy Crude
Production
3

8.86E-04 1.600
1.67E-08 3.024E-05
Open-ended Lines Offshore
Production
9.40E-04 1.600
1.78E-08 3.024E-05
Open-ended Lines Gas Processing 1.62E-03 1.600 3.06E-08 3.024E-05
Pump Seals All Facilities NA 3.905 NA 7.380E-05
Pump Seals Gas Production 1.03E-02 3.905 1.95E-07 7.380E-05
Pump Seals Heavy Crude Prod. No data 3.905 No data 7.380E-05
Pump Seals Light Crude Prod. 1.68E-02 3.905 3.18E-07 7.380E-05
Pump Seals Offshore Production 1.03E-02 3.905 1.95E-07 7.380E-05
Pump Seals Gas Processing 4.3E-02 3.905 8.13E-07 7.380E-05
Others All Facilities NA 3.846 NA 7.269E-05
Others Gas Production 7.92E-03 3.846 1.50E-07 7.269E-05
Others Heavy Crude Production 3.67E-03 3.846 6.94E-08 7.269E-05
Others Light Crude Production 9.01E-03 3.846 1.70E-07 7.269E-05
Others Offshore Production 3.76E-03 3.846 7.11E-08 7.269E-05
Others Gas Processing 9.09E-03 3.846 1.72E-07 7.269E-05
a
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations, API Publication No. 4615, Health and
Environmental Sciences Department, January 1995, Table ES-2.
b
NA means not available on the all facilities basis. The emission factors for leaking components were developed as a single factor across
all facility types. The emission factors for non-leaking components, however, were developed for each facility type.
c
These emission factors are facility specific, not service specific. For example, a facility producing light crude would apply the light crude
production emission factors regardless of the service type. API Publication 4615 defines light crude as oil with an API gravity of 20 or more,
and heavy crude as oil with an API gravity of less than 20.
C-5 August 2009

EXHIBIT C.1: Sample Calculation for Screening Factor Approach

INPUT DATA:
Assume that there are 100 valves in gas service at a gas production facility and that there is no
stream composition data available. Five of the valves had a screening value of >10,000 ppmv
and the remaining 95 valves had a screening factor of <10,000 ppmv. Calculate the CH
4

emissions using the ValvesGas screening factor provided in Table C-1 and for comparison
using the production emission factors provided in Table C-2.

Because no plant-specific stream composition data is available, the composition data will be
taken from Table C-7 (presented in Section C.1.4) when applied to the service specific emission
factors. Where emission factors from Table C-2 are applied, the CH
4
composition from
Table C-6 is used since these are based on an aggregated stream composition for the facility.

1. Calculate CH
4
emissions using the Valves-Gas screening factor. The emission factors in
Table C-1 are in terms of TOC. TOC emissions are calculated using Equation C-1. Emissions
are calculated below, by screening value:
For components screening >=10,000 ppmv:
5
TOC 10000
-4
TOC>10000
tonne
E 9.8 10 5 valves
hr valve
E = 4.910 tonne TOC/hr
>
=

For components screening <10,000 ppmv:
8
TOC 10000
-6
TOC<10000
tonne
E 2.5 10 95 valves
hr valve
<
=

The combined valve emissions are:
4 6
TOC Total
-4
TOC Total
E 4.9 10 2.4 10

= +

C-6 August 2009

EXHIBIT C.1: Sample Calculation for Screening Factor Approach, continued

Methane emissions are then calculated by applying the CH
4
composition from Table C-7,
expressed as weight fraction. The CH
4
composition for a sweet gas facility, with components in
gas service is 91.8796 mole %, or 84.1609 weight %.

4
4
4 4
CH
CH 4
tonne CH tonne TOC 8760 hr
E 4.92 10 0.841609
hr tonne TOC yr
=
=

2. Calculate CH
4
emissions using the Valves-Gas screening factor. Alternatively, CH
4

emissions can be calculated using the production emission factors from Table C-2 and gas
composition data from Table C-6 (presented in Section C.1.4). Emissions are calculated below,
by screening value:
For components screening >=10,000 ppmv:
5
TOC 10000
-4
TOC>10000
tonne
E 6.4 10 5 valves
hr valve
>
=

For components screening <10,000 ppmv:
8
TOC 10000
-6
TOC<10000
tonne
E 3.1 10 95 valves
hr valve
<
=

The combined valve emissions are:
4 6
TOC Total
4
TOC Total
E 3.2 10 2.94 10
E 3.23 10 tonne TOC/hr

= +
=

Methane emissions are then calculated by applying the CH
4
composition from Table C-6, for gas
production facilities (0.92 weight fraction).
4
4
4 4
CH
CH 4
tonne CH tonne TOC 8760 hr
E 3.23 10 0.92
hr tonne TOC yr
=
=

C-7 August 2009
C.1.2 Correlation Approach
The correlation approach predicts the mass emission rate as a function of the screening value for a
particular equipment type. The screening value to leak rate correlations were developed based on
data collected from petroleum industry units, including refineries, and oil and natural gas
production operations. The key difference between this approach and those previously discussed is
that the user must estimate the emission rate for each component individually, rather than in large
groups. This is generally only practical when the site maintains a specialized database that records
LDAR activities and calculates the emission rates, although a facility with few components could
use a spreadsheet to estimate emissions by the correlation approach. The specialized databases are
common in refineries, but uncommon in other oil and natural gas industry facilities. While
refineries have the database to support emission estimating by correlations, the CH
4
composition of
refinery fugitive equipment leak emissions is generally negligible (with the exception of the natural
gas system, which is not commonly covered by the LDAR database). If monitoring data and the
means to make the correlation calculations on an individual component basis are available, the
correlation approach can provide accurate estimates of equipment leak emissions.
The correlation equations apply to the entire range of the analyzer used for monitoring. The form
of the correlation is:
B
TOC
SV A E = (Equation C-2)
where
E
TOC
= emission rate expressed as kg of TOC/hour;
A and B = constants developed in the correlation fitting; and
SV = screening value in ppmv estimated according to U.S. EPA Method 21.

The correlation equations do not directly allow for estimating the emissions for components whose
monitoring value is below the lower limit of detection of the analyzer (often called default zero)
or above the upper limit of detection (often called pegged). Default zero and pegged emission
factors are used for these types of readings as an adjunct to the correlation equations. These
default zero or pegged emission factors are applied as in the following equation:
TOC A
E F N = (Equation C-3)
C-8 August 2009
where
F
A
= the applicable default zero or pegged emission factor and
N = the number of components found to be default zeros or pegged components.

Tables C-3 through C-5 presents the correlation equations, the default zero emission factors, and
the pegged emission factors.
Table C3. Petroleum Industry Leak Rate/Screening Value (SV)
Correlations
Equipment Type
Leak Rate Correlation Equation
a,b

kg TOC/hr/component tonne TOC/hr/component
Valves 2.29E-06 (SV)
0.746
2.29E-09 (SV)
0.746
Pump Seals 5.03E-05 (SV)
0.610
5.03E-08 (SV)
0.610
Connectors 1.53E-06 (SV)
0.735
1.53E-09 (SV)
0.735
Flanges 4.61E-06 (SV)
0.703
4.61E-09 (SV)
0.703
Open-Ended Lines 2.20E-06 (SV)
0.704
2.20E-09 (SV)
0.704
Others
c
1.36E-05 (SV)
0.589
1.36E-08 (SV)
0.589
a
EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-10.
b
SV stands for Screening Value, entered in units of ppmv.
c
Other equipment type was derived from instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing
boxes, and vents. This type should be applied to any refinery equipment other than valves, pump
seals, connectors, flanges, or open-ended lines.

Table C4. Default-Zero Values for the Petroleum Industry
Default-zero Emission Factors
a

Equipment Type kg TOC/hr/component tonne TOC/hr/component
Valves 7.8E-06 7.8E-09
Pump Seals 2.4E-05 2.4E-08
Connectors 7.5E-06 7.5E-09
Flanges 3.1E-07 3.1E-10
Open-Ended Lines 2.0E-06 2.0E-09
Others
b
4.0E-06 4.0E-09
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-
453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-12.
b
Other equipment type was derived from instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes,
and vents. This type should be applied to any equipment other than valves, pump seals, connectors, flanges,
or open-ended lines.
C-9 August 2009
Table C5. Pegged Emission Rates for the Petroleum Industry
10,000 ppm Pegged Emission Factor
a
100,000 ppm Pegged Emission Factor
a
Equipment Type
kg TOC/hr /
component
tonne TOC/hr /
component
kg TOC/hr /
component
tonne TOC/hr/
component
Valves 0.064 6.4E-05 0.140 1.40E-04
Pump Seals 0.074 7.4E-05 0.160 1.60E-04
Connectors 0.028 2.8E-05 0.030 3.0E-05
Flanges 0.085 8.5E-05 0.084 8.4E-05
Open-Ended Lines 0.030 3.0E-05 0.079 7.9E-05
Others
b
0.073 7.3E-05 0.110 1.10E-04
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-14.
b
The other equipment type was developed for instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, vents, compressors,
dump lever arms, diaphrams, drains, hatches, meters and polished rods. This type should be applied to any equipment other than
valves, pump seals, connectors, flanges, or open-ended lines.

It should be noted that the 10,000 ppmv pegged emission rate was based on components that
screened at greater than or equal to 10,000 ppmv. It is quite possible that many of those
components would have screened at greater than 100,000 ppmv if a dilution probe had been
available to make the measurement. Because of this overlap of data, some pegged emission factors
at the 10,000 and 100,000 ppmv levels are similar.
It should also be noted that only two data points were available for the pump seal 100,000 pegged
emission rate. Rather than base an emission factor on this small amount of data, a ratio between
the 10,000 and 100,000 ppmv emission factors for all the other equipment types was developed.
This ratio was used to extrapolate the 100,000 ppmv emission factor for pumps from the 10,000
ppmv emission factor.

EXHIBIT C.2: Sample Calculation for the Correlation Approach

INPUT DATA:
Assume there are 100 flanges in a gas plant and that no composition data are available. Ninety-five
of the flanges had a screening value of non-detect, 4 flanges had a screening value of 7,950 ppmv,
and the remaining 1 flange had a screening factor of >10,000 ppmv (note: these example
monitoring data have been simplified to make the example easier to follow). Calculate the CH
4

emissions.

Because plant-specific composition data is not available, the composition data will be taken from
Table C-6 (presented in Section C.1.4) since the components are not classified by service type. The
default CH
4
concentration is 56.4%, or a weight fraction of 0.564.

C-10 August 2009

EXHIBIT C.2: Sample Calculation for the Correlation Approach, continued

TOC emissions are calculated using Equations C-2 and C-3:

From Table C-4, emissions from default zeros are:

7
TOC, Default Zeros
-5
TOC, Default Zeros
kg
E 3.1 10 95 flanges
hr flange
E 2.95 10 kg TOC/hr
=

From Table C-5, emissions within the correlation range are:

6 0.703
TOC, Correlation
-2
TOC, Correlation
kg TOC
E 4.61 10 (7950) 4 flanges
hr flange
E 1.02 10 kg TOC/hr
=

From Table C-7, emissions from pegged components are:

TOC, Pegged
-2
TOC, Pegged
kg
E 0.085 1 flange
hr flange
E 8.5 10 kg TOC/hr
=
=

Summing these results, the total TOC emissions are:

( )
5 2 2
TOC, Total
-2
TOC, Total
E 2.95 10 1.02 10 8.5 10
E 9.5 10 kg TOC/hr

= + +
=

The CH
4
emissions are calculated using Equation 6-9:

4
4
2 4 4
CH
4
CH 4
0.564 kg CH tonne CH kg TOC 8760 hr
E 9.5 10
hr kg TOC 1000 kg CH yr
E 0.47 tonne CH /yr
=
=

C-11 August 2009
C.1.3 Unit-Specific Correlations
The previous subsection described the use of leak rate/screening value correlations using
methodologies that have been published for general petroleum industry use. It is also possible to
develop unit-specific and/or site-specific correlations that can be used in the same manner.
Developing unit-specific correlations requires the collection of screening values and measured
mass emissions for a subset of components from the subject process unit. These data must then be
statistically analyzed to develop the correlation equations. An in-depth description of the Unit-
Specific Correlation Approach may be found in the EPA Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission
Estimates, Section 2.3.4 (EPA, 1995). This approach can be quite expensive. An existing unit-
specific correlation (if available) may be used for the subject process, but it would seldom be
justified to try to develop unit-specific correlations to support GHG emission estimates.
C.1.4 Methane-Specific Data for Emission Rate Calculations
Most fugitive emission factors are for THC, TOC, or VOC. Methane emissions are included as
part of the emissions from THC and TOC emission factors, but are excluded from VOC emission
factors. It will be necessary to make some additional calculations to estimate CH
4
emissions from
these types of emission factors. Calculating CH
4
fugitive emissions from THC or TOC emission
factors is done using Equations 6-9 and C-4, and requires composition data. The best source of
composition data is test data specific to the facility. If plant-specific test data are unavailable,
Table C-6 provides generic speciation factors that can be applied to THC fugitive emissions to
obtain compound specific emissions data. The table includes data on average CH
4
fractions of the
THC fugitive emissions for various oil and natural gas industry operations. The composition data
in Table C-6 are taken from API Publication 4615 (API, 1995).
Note that the CH
4
speciation factors in Table C-6 are not specified by the type of service (gas, light
liquid or heavy liquid), but are instead provided as speciation factors (expressed as weight
fractions) of the average CH
4
fraction that can be applied to the THC fugitive emissions from
operations such as light crude production, heavy crude production, gas production, natural gas
processing plants, and offshore oil and natural gas production. These fractions are not to be
confused with actual weight fractions of the different species in the produced fluids. They are
provided as a convenient average factor that can be used to speciate fugitive emissions when using
the component specific emission factors provided in API 4615 given in Tables 6-13, 6-14, and 6-
16.

C-12 August 2009
Table C6. Generic Speciation Factors for Component Specific THC Emissions
Factors for Oil and Natural Gas Operations
Best Applied To API 4615 Emission Factors

Onshore Operations
Offshore
Oil and Natural
Gas
Compound
Light Crude Heavy Crude Gas Production Gas Plant
Methane 0.613 0.942 0.920 0.564 0.791
NMHC
a
0.387 0.058 0.080 0.436 0.210
VOC
b
0.292 0.030 0.035 0.253 0.110
C6+ 0.02430 0.00752 0.00338 0.00923 0.00673
Benzene 0.00027 0.00935 0.00023 0.00123 0.00133
Toluene 0.00075 0.00344 0.00039 0.00032 0.00089
Ethylbenzene 0.00017 0.00051 0.00002 0.00001 0.00016
Xylenes 0.00036 0.00372 0.00010 0.00004 0.00027
American Petroleum Institute (API). Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations, API Publication No. 4615, Health and
Environmental Sciences Department, January 1995, Table ES-4.
a
NMHC = Non-methane hydrocarbon.
b
VOC = Propane and heavier hydrocarbon.
Additionally, Table C-7 provides generic fugitive stream composition data based on a Canadian
study of upstream oil and natural gas operations in Alberta (Picard, Vol. II, 1992). Unlike the data
in Table C-6, the composition data in Table C-7 are specified by gas or liquid service. As noted in
the table title, these compositions are best applied to service specific emission factors, such as from
EPA Protocol factors shown in Table 6-21. Note that EMEP/CORINAIR guidance (Group 5,
Tables 8.31 and 8.32) recommends using the Canadian composition data (EEA, 2001).
The usage of the compositions provided in Table C-7 are described below.
Dry gas profile is applied to low-pressure gas gathering systems and to gas batteries;
Sweet gas profiles are used for dehydrated gas gathering systems and sweet gas processing
plants;
Sour gas profiles are dedicated to heated gas gathering systems and to sour gas processing
plants; however, all fuel gas is assumed to be sweet;
The natural gas profile is used for natural gas transmission systems; and
Conventional oil, heavy oil, and crude bitumen profiles are applied to corresponding
production and battery facilities. Heavy liquid service composition data also applies to
vapors from storage tanks.

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C-15 August 2009
C.1.5 Generic Component Counts
When using the component-level average emission factors, site-specific data should be used for the
component counts. If site-specific counts are not available, then component counts may be
estimated based on counts for similar facilities within the organization. In the absence of
component counts from other similar facilities within the organization, Table C-8 provides generic
component counts for onshore oil production facilities, and Table C-9 provides generic counts for
onshore gas production, onshore gas processing, and offshore oil and natural gas production
platform facilities. These generic counts provide the number of components per piece of process
equipment or process type. The counts are not split according to liquid or vapor service, so
equipment with components in both liquid and vapor service (e.g. separators, dehydrator) could be
assumed to have components that are 50% in liquid service and 50% in vapor service. The generic
fugitive component counts are taken from a CAPP report (CAPP, 2003), which is based on API
Publication 4589 (API, 1993). The generic counts were based on a study of 20 different sites.
CAPP also provides more detailed component counts by equipment type for the upstream oil and
natural gas industry (CAPP, 2004).
Note that the UKOOA provides adjustment factors that can be applied to the fugitive component
emission calculation based on the age of the facility. These factors are 1.0 if built after 1988, 1.3 if
built between 1980 and 1988, and 1.5 if built before 1980 (UKOOA, 2002). Thus, these factors
would be applied to the component count times the component emission factor to adjust the
emission estimate [i.e. E
CH4
= FA WF
CH4
N (age correction)]. However, using these
adjustment factors is optional, and the facility should evaluate whether they are representative for
their operations. These factors should only be used for onshore exploration and production
facilities where an LDAR program is not used. Thus, downstream facilities such as a refinery
should not use these factors.
A summary of the number of vessels, compressors, and pumps associated with various natural gas
processes is presented in Table C-10.

C-16 August 2009
Table C8. Generic Fugitive Counts for Onshore Oil Production Facilities
(per Equipment/Process Type)
Equipment/
Process
Light Onshore Oil Production
a,b,c
Heavy Onshore Oil Production
a,b,c
Connectors Valves
Open-Ended
Lines
Compressor
Seals PRVs Connectors Valves
Open-Ended
Lines
Compressor
Seals PRVs
Well 53 13 2 1 44 8 3
Header 389 109 4 108 17 4 3
Heater 146 28 3
Separator 111 24 3 1 41 10 2
Chiller 94 25 1
Meter 91 21 4
Dehydrator 119 26
Sulfur 109 34 7
Compressor 163 34 2 1
Scrubber 105 22 3
Flare 114 35 5
a
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Guide, Canadian Association of Petroleum
Producers, Publication Number 2003-0003, April 2003, Tables 1-15 through 1-19.
b
American Petroleum Institute (API). Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Operations, API Publication No. 4589, Health
and Environmental Sciences Department, December 1993.
c
Light oil refers to crude with an API gravity of 20 or more, while heavy oil refers to crude with an API gravity less than 20.
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C-18 August 2009
Table C-10. Summary of the Number of Vessels, Compressors, and Pumps
Associated with Various Natural Gas Processes
Process Vessels Compressors Pumps
Absorption 13 0 1
Adsorption 5 1 0
Chemsweet 5 1 0
Cold Bed Absorption 6 0 0
Compression 4 1 0
Cycling 12 1 2
DEA-Diethanolamine 13 0 1
DGA-Diglycolamine 13 0 1
Deepcut 14 1 2
Deethanizing 10 1 2
Dehydration 5 1 0
Demethanizing 10 1 2
Desiccant 5 1 0
Dewpoint 6 2 2
Fractionation 12 1 2
Iron Sponge 6 0 0
LoCat 5 1 0
MCRC - Sub-dewpoint sulphur recovery 6 0 0
MDEA - Monodiethanolamine 13 0 1
MEA - Monoethanolamine 13 0 1
Molecular Sieve 5 1 0
NGL - Natural gas liquid 14 1 2
Physical Solvent 12 1 1
Proprietary Sweetening 13 0 1
Refrigeration 6 2 2
Selexol 12 1 1
Separation 3 0 1
Sluri-sweet 13 0 1
Stabilization 8 0 1
Sulfacheck 12 1 1
Sulfinol 12 1 1
Sulfreen 6 0 0
Sweetening 13 0 1
Turbo Expander 1 1 0
Sources:
Clearstone Engineering Ltd. A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and
Hydrogen Sulphide (H
2
S) Emissions by the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 5, September 2004.


C-19 August 2009
C.2 Refinery Fugitive Emissions
As noted in Section 6 and Appendix F, refinery fugitive emissions will generally have an
insignificant contribution to the total GHG inventory because most refinery streams do not contain
CH
4
(as demonstrated in Appendix E). Note that leaks from equipment used in association with
weathered crude or other refined petroleum products will not emit CH
4
or CO
2
, as weathered
crude and refined petroleum products do not contain CH
4
or CO
2
.
2

The estimation method for refinery fugitive emissions provided in Section 6 is consistent with the
materiality of fugitive emissions relative to total GHG emissions from refinery operations.
Alternatively, this subsection presents more detailed emission estimation methodologies for
refineries.
Refinery component-level average emission factors are presented in Table C-11. The component-
level average factors should be used in accordance with the methodology discussed in
Section 6.1.3. The refinery component-level average emission factors are expressed as VOC,
where VOC = TOC CH
4
. To correct these factors to a CH
4
basis, the emission factor, F
A
, must
be adjusted to account for all organic compounds in the stream because the refinery factors are
expressed in non-CH
4
(VOC) organic compounds. The equation below illustrates the emission
factor adjustment that corrects the VOC emission factor to a CH
4
basis:
4
4
4
CH
CH A VOC
TOC CH
WF
E F N
WF WF
=
(Equation C-4)

where
4
CH
E = emission rate of CH
4
from all components of a given type in the stream;
F
A VOC
= average emission factor (as VOC);
WF
TOC
= average weight fraction TOC in the stream;
WF
4
CH
= weight fraction of CH
4
in the TOC; and
N = number of components of the given type in the stream.

When applied to refineries, the correction should only be applied to components containing a
mixture of CH
4
and organic compounds. The maximum CH
4
concentration correction should not

2

C-20 August 2009
exceed 10 weight percent, even if a stream contains more than 10 weight percent CH
4
. This
limitation generally is not an issue for refinery streams because they contain very little CH
4
. The
exceptions are for the refinery natural gas system and potentially the fuel gas system, in which case
the gas service emission factors from Table 6-11 may be more representative and applicable to the
higher CH
4
concentrations.
EPA average emission factors for refineries are provided in Table C-11 (EPA, 1995). As noted in
Section 6, although these emission factors are reported in terms of individual components, the
average emission factor approach is intended for application to a population of components. Note
also that the emission factors in Table C-11 are service specific.
Table C-11. EPA Average Refinery Emission Factors
a

Component Service
b

Emission Factor
kg VOC/hr/comp. tonne VOC/hr/comp.
Valves Gas 2.68E-02 2.68E-05
Valves Light Liquid 1.09E-02 1.09E-05
Valves Heavy Liquid 2.3E-04 2.3E-07
Pump Seals Light Liquid 1.14E-01 1.14E-04
Pump Seals Heavy Liquid 2.1E-02 2.1E-05
Compressor Seals Gas 6.36E-01 6.36E-04
Pressure Relief Valves Gas 1.6E-01 1.6E-04
Connectors All 2.5E-04 2.5E-07
Open-ended Lines All 2.3E-03 2.3E-06
Sampling Connections All 1.50E-02 1.50E-05
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-
453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-2. These
emission factors were developed from testing performed in the 1970s and represent average emissions
from uncontrolled components (i.e., components that are not subject to leak detection and repair
programs). These emission factors can be converted to a CH
4
basis using Equation 6-8.

b
EPA defines light liquids as liquids for which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents
with a vapor pressure over 0.3 kPa at 20 C is greather than or equal to 20 weight percent. EPA defines
heavy liquids as liquids not in gas/vapor or light liquid service.

Screening range factors for refineries are presented in Table C-12. These emission factors should
be used in accordance with the methodology described in Section C.1.1. The refinery screening
range factors are given in VOC rather than TOC. Equation C-4 presents the correction for refinery
emission factors from a VOC to a CH
4
basis.

C-21 August 2009
Table C12. Refinery Screening Factors

Component Service
b

Emission Factor
a

(kg VOC/hr/comp.)
Emission Factor
(tonne VOC/hr/comp.)
Valves Gas 6.00E-04 2.63E-01 6.00E-07 2.63E-04
Valves Light Liquid 1.70E-03 8.52E-02 1.70E-06 8.52E-05
Valves Heavy Liquid 2.30E-04 2.30E-04 2.30E-07 2.30E-07
Pump Seals Light Liquid 1.20E-02 4.37E-01 1.20E-05 4.37E-04
Pump Seals Heavy Liquid 1.35E-02 3.89E-01 1.35E-05 3.89E-04
Compressor Seals Gas 8.94E-02 1.61E+00 8.94E-05 1.61E-03
Pressure Relief Valve Gas 4.47E-02 1.69E+00 4.47E-05 1.69E-03
Connectors All 6.00E-05 3.75E-02 6.00E-08 3.75E-05
Open-Ended Lines All 1.50E-03 1.20E-02 1.50E-06 1.20E-05
a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995, Table 2-6.
b
EPA defines light liquids as liquids for which the sum of the concentration of individual constituents with a vapor pressure over 0.3 kPa at 20
C is greather than or equal to 20 weight percent. EPA defines heavy liquids as liquids not in gas/vapor or light liquid service.
Note: These emission factors do not apply to streams containing >10% CH
4
.

If a specific downstream operation has potentially significant CH
4
fugitive emissions, then the CH
4

weight fraction should be characterized using plant-specific data. In the absence of plant-specific
composition data, Table E-3 provides generic vapor phase speciation data for weathered crude
oil and refined petroleum products based on data taken from the EPAs SPECIATE computer
database program, Version 4.0 (EPA, 2006). Although the EPA compositions are not specific to
the type of service, these compositions can be applied to the refinery emission factors provided in
Table C-12.
C.3 Derivation of Fugitive Emission Factors
This section provides the derivation of fugitive emission factors provided in Section 6. Factor
derivations are presented in this section by industry segment.
C.3.1 Onshore Oil Production Fugitive Emission Factor
The onshore oil production fugitive emission factor presented in Table 6-2 was developed using
data presented in the EPA petroleum industry CH
4
emissions study (Harrison, et al., 1998). All
identified onshore fugitive emission sources are combined into this single emission factor. The
precision data was calculated using data presented in Volume 8 of the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et
al., 1996). Emissions were calculated by dividing the total CH
4
emissions for onshore oil

C-22 August 2009
production by the total volume of oil produced (DOE, 1993). The factor derivation is presented in
Table C-13.

for Onshore Oil Production
Source
U.S. Methane Emissions
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
( %)
Oil Wellheads (heavy crude) 0.012 128
Oil Wellheads (light crude) 3.879 128
Separators (heavy crude) 0.003 110
Separators (light crude) 2.118 102
Heater/Treaters (light crude) 1.687 166
Headers (heavy crude) 0.003 139
Headers (light crude) 3.500 141
Tanks (light crude) 0.681 141
Small Compressor (light crude) 0.011 192
Large Compressor (light crude) 11.585 192
Sales Areas 0.066 66.4
Pipelines
d
1.441 154
Total Emissions 24.986 95.0
Activity Data
National Onshore Crude Oil Production
e
2,042,625,000 bbl/yr 10
CH
4
Emission Factor
Emission Factor Development EF = (24.986 x 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(2,042,625,000 bbl oil/yr)

=12.232 scf CH
4
/bbl 95.5
Onshore Oil Production
Fugitive Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/bbl oil
0.5173 lb CH
4
/bbl oil
a
Harrison, M.R., T.M. Shires, R.A. Baker, and C.J. Loughran. Methane Emissions from the U.S. Petroleum Industry, Final
Report, EPA-600/R-99-010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, February 1999.
b
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8:
Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental
c
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the
original emission factor.
d
Because the data used to calculate the reference emission factor were unavailable, the precision at a 95% confidence interval
was calculated based on the precision at a 90% confidence interval presented in the source assuming a data set size of ten.
e
DOE, Petroleum Supply Annual, 1993. An uncertainty factor of 10% was assigned based on engineering judgment.
C.3.2 Onshore Gas Production Fugitive Emission Factors
The onshore gas production facility-level average fugitive emission factor presented in Table 6-2
was developed using data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study (Harrison,
et al., 1996). All identified onshore fugitive emission sources are combined into this single
emission factor. The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume 8 of the

C-23 August 2009
GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996). Emissions were calculated by dividing the total CH
4

emissions for onshore gas production by the total volume of gas produced (DOE, 1993). The
factor derivation is presented in Table C-14.

for Onshore Gas Production
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
( %)
Gas Wells (Eastern onshore) 0.3352 32.8
Gas Wells (Rest of U.S. onshore) 1.8991 29.3
Heaters (Eastern onshore) 0.0013 260
Heaters (Rest of U.S. onshore) 1.0689 131
Separators (Eastern onshore) 0.0301 43.0
Separators (Rest of U.S. onshore) 3.3257 81.8
Small Reciprocating Compressors (Eastern onshore) 0.0006 87.7
Small Reciprocating Compressors (Rest of U.S. onshore) 1.6531 111
Large Reciprocating Compressors 0.5328 162
Large Reciprocating Compressor Stations 0.0361 210
Meters/Piping (Eastern onshore) 0.2508 130
Meters/Piping (Rest of U.S. onshore) 5.8158 130
Dehydrators (Eastern onshore) 0.0083 49.0
Dehydrators (Rest of U.S. onshore) 1.2233 38.8
Pipeline Leaks 6.6060 129
Total Emissions 22.7871 52.7
Activity Data
Gross Onshore National Gas Production
d
16,808 Bscf/yr 5
CH
4
Emission Factor
Emission Factor Development EF = (22.7871 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(16,808 10
9
scf gas/yr) (10
6
/MM)

= 1,356 scf CH
4
/MMscf 52.9%
Onshore Gas Production Fugitive Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/MMscf gas
57.33 lb CH
4
/MMscf

a
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. Component
emission factors for onshore production in the Eastern U.S. were based on a measurement program of 192 well sites at 12 eastern gas production
facilities. Site visits and phone surveys of 7 additional sites provided data used for determining the number of heaters and dehydrators. Component
emissions factors for onshore production in the Western U.S. were based on a comprehensive fugitive emissions measurement program at 12 sites.
An additional 13 sites were visited as part of the GRI/EPA study to develop average component counts for each piece of major process equipment
c
factor.
d
DOE, Natural Gas Annual, 1993. An uncertainty factor of 5% was assigned based on engineering judgment.

The onshore gas production equipment level CH
4
fugitive emission factors presented in Table 6-4
were developed using emissions data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study
(Harrison, et al., 1996). All identified onshore fugitive emissions are combined into this single

C-24 August 2009
emission factor except pipeline related fugitives. The precision data were calculated using data
presented in Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). Source type emissions
were calculated by dividing the sum of the CH
4
emissions for Eastern Onshore and Rest of
U.S. by the total national equipment counts.
Component emission factors for onshore production in the Eastern U.S. were based on a
measurement program of 192 well sites at 12 eastern gas production facilities. Site visits and
phone surveys of 7 additional sites provided data used for determining the number of heaters and
dehydrators. Component emission factors for onshore production in the Rest of U.S. were based
on a comprehensive fugitive emissions measurement program at 12 sites. An additional 13 sites
were visited as part of the GRI/EPA study to develop average component counts for each piece of
major process equipment (Campbell, et al., 1996). Table C-15 presents the factor derivations by
equipment type.

Table C15. Derivation of Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission Factors for
Gas Production
a

Source
Emissions
b,c
, Bscf CH
4
/yr National Equipment Counts
b,c
Emission
Factor,
scf CH
4
/
equip.
Eastern
Onshore
d

Rest of
U.S.
e
Total
Eastern
Onshore
Rest of
U.S. Total
Gas Wellheads 0.3352
32.8%
1.8991
29.3%
2.2343
25.4%
129,157
5.97%
142,771
5.97%
271,928
4.22%
8,217
25.7%
Gas Separators 0.0301
43.0%
3.3257
81.8%
3.3557
81.0%
91,670
27.5%
74,674
68.0%
166,344
34.1%
20,174
87.9%
Gas Heaters 0.0013
260%
1.0689
131%
1.0702
131%
260
234%
50,740
114%
51,000
113%
20,985
173%
Gas Small Gathering
Compressor
0.0006
87.7%
1.6531
111%
1.6537
111%
129
66.4%
16,915
62.3%
17,044
61.8%
97,023
127%
Gas Large Gathering
Compressor
0 0.5328
162%
0.5328
162%
0 96.0
120%
96.0
120%
5,550,000
202%
Gas Meters/Piping 0.2508
130%
5.8158
130%
6.0666
125%
76,262
120%
301,180
120%
377,442
98.5%
16,073
159%
Gas Dehydrators 0.0083
49.0%
1.2233
38.8%
1.2316
38.6%
1,047
24.0%
36,777
24.0%
37,824
23.3%
32,561
45.1%
a
Uncertainty values are based on 95% confidence intervals, converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original
emission factor.
b
c
d
Component emission factors for onshore production in the Eastern U.S. were based on a measurement program of 192 well sites at 12 eastern
gas production facilities. Site visits and phone surveys of 7 additional sites provided data used for determining the number of heaters and
dehydrators (Campbell, et al., 1996).
e
Component emissions factors for onshore production in the Western U.S. were based on a comprehensive fugitive emissions measurement
program at 12 sites. An additional 13 sites were visited as part of the GRI/EPA study to develop average component counts for each piece of
major process equipment (Campbell, et al., 1996).

C-25 August 2009
The gathering pipeline fugitive emission factors presented in Table 6-4 were developed using
emissions data presented in Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). The original
emissions data in the GRI/EPA report were given in terms of CH
4
emissions on an equivalent leak
basis; the emission factors were converted to a pipeline mile basis using pipeline miles presented in
Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996).
Methane emission factors were first calculated by pipe material, as shown in Table C-16. A gathering
pipeline average CH
4
emission factor was then derived as shown in Table C-17. Emission factors for
CO
2
from pipeline oxidation and pipeline leaks were calculated using Equations 6-4 and 6-5,
respectively. Similar to the derivation of the pipeline CH
4
emission factors, CO
2
emission factors
were first derived by pipe material, as shown in Table C-18. Average CO
2
emission factors for
oxidation and pipeline leaks were then derived from the factors by pipe material, as shown in
Table C-19.

4
Gathering Pipelines, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4

Emission
Factor
b,c

(scf/leak-yr)
Activity
Factor
b,c

(e.q. leaks)
Annual CH
4

Emissions
d

(Bscf CH
4
/yr)
Pipeline
Miles
b,c,e
Emission Factor
f
(scf CH
4
/mi-yr) (lb CH
4
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron
g
0.172
77.7%

856
10%
201,418
77.0%
8,518
77.0%
Plastic 84,237
212 %
6,467
97.0%
0.545
233%
29,862
10%
18,243
233%
771.5
233%
Protected Steel 17,102
103%
53,657
92.3%
0.918
138%
268,082
10%
3,423
139%
144.8
139%
Unprotected
Steel
43,705
113%
114,655
92.1%
5.01
146%
41,400
10%
121,039
146%
5,119
146%
a
factor.
b
c
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The
cast iron leak rate was derived from 21 sample measurements, the plastic leak was derived from 6 measurements, the protected steel leak rate
was derived from 17 measurements, and the unprotected steal leak rate was derived from 20 measurements. Note that the CH
4
emission factor
shown has already been adjusted for soil oxidation.
d
Annual CH
4
emissions are estimated by multiplying the leak based emission factor by the number of equivalent leaks.
e
A confidence interval of 10% was assumed based on engineering judgment (Campbell, et al., 1996).
f
The pipeline based CH
4
emission factor is calculated by dividing the annual CH
4
emissions by the miles of pipeline.
g
For cast iron pipe, the original emission factor and activity factor are presented on a mile basis.


C-26 August 2009
4
Emission Factor for
Natural Gas Gathering Pipelines
a

Pipe Material
Annual CH
4
Emissions
b

(Bscf CH
4
/yr)
Pipeline Miles
c,d,e

(miles)
Cast Iron 0.172 77.7% 856 10%
Plastic 0.545 233% 29,862 10%
Protected Steel 0.918 138% 268,082 10%
Unprotected Steel 5.01 146% 41,400 10%
Total 6.646 113 % 340,200 8.02%
CH
4
Emission Factor
Emission Factor Development EF = (6.646 Bscf CH
4
/yr) 340,200 miles
= 19,535 scf CH
4
/mile
Gas Gathering Pipeline Fugitive
Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/mile
826 113%
lb CH
4
/mile
a
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop
the original emission factor.
b
Derived in Table C-16.
c
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2:
Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental
d
Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
e

2
Gathering Pipelines, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4
Emission
Factor
b

(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
% Soil
Oxidation
c,d,e
Pre-oxidized CH
4
Emission Factor
(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emission Factor
f

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron 8,518 77.0% 40.3% 25% 14,267 81.0% 15,808 81.0% 1,878 81.3%
Plastic 771.5 233% 2.0% 25% 787.2 234% 43.29 234% 103.6 235%
Protected Steel 144.8 139% 3.0% 25% 149.2 141% 12.31 141% 19.64 141%
Unprotected Steel 5,119 146% 1.8% 25% 5,212 148% 258.0 148% 686.0 148%
a
b
Converted from scf CH
4
/leak-yr to lb CH
4
/leak-yr from Table C-16 based on 60F and 14.7 psia.
c
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-
94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
d
e
Uncertainty of the soil oxidation values is assumed to be 25% based on engineering judgment (Campbell, et al., 1996).
f
The default contents for CH
4
and CO
2
in the production segment are 78.8 mole % and 3.78 mole %, respectively, as shown in Table E-4.


C-27 August 2009
2
Gas Gathering Pipelines
a

Pipe Material
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emission Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Pipeline
Miles
c,d,e

CO
2
Oxidation
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
Cast Iron 15,808
81.0%
1,878
81.3%
856
10%
13,531,891
81.6%
1,607,429
81.9%
Plastic 43.29
234%
103.6
235%
29,862
10%
1,292,604
233%
3,093,954
235%
Protected Steel 12.31
141%
19.64
141%
268,082
10%
3,299,731
141%
5,265,452
142%
Unprotected Steel 258.0
148%
686.0
148%
41,400
10%
10,679,253
148%
28,401,857
148%
TOTAL 340,200
8.02%
28,803,480
69.8%
38,368,692
113%
CO
2
Emission Factors
CO
2
Oxidation
Fugitive
Emission Factor
Development
EF = 28,803,480 lb CO
2
/yr 340,200 miles
= 84.7 70.2% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
CO
2
Leak
Fugitive
Emission Factor
Development
EF = 38,368,692 lb CO
2
/yr 340,200 miles
= 112.8 114% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
a
factor.
b
Dervied in Table C-18.
c
d
e

C.3.3 Gas Processing Fugitive Emission Factors
The gas processing fugitive emission factor in Table 6-2 was developed using data from in
Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The gas processing factor
is based on the total volume of gas processed, and includes emissions from compressors and other
fugitives associated with the processing plant. The precision data were calculated using data
presented in Volume 8 of the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996). The emission factor was
calculated by dividing the sum of the gas processing CH
4
emissions by the total volume of gas
processed (DOE, 1993). The factor derivation is presented in Table C-20.


C-28 August 2009
Table C20. Derivation of Facility and Equipment-Level Fugitive Emission
Factors for Gas Processing
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
( %)
Gas Processing Plants 2.095 57.3
Reciprocating Compressors 16.73 113
Centrifugal Compressors 5.626 109
Total 24.45 81.6
Activity Data
Total Gas Processed
d
16,045.86 Bscf/yr 10
CH
4
Emission Factors
Facility-Level Gas Processing
Fugitive Emission Factor
Development
EF = (24.45 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(16,045.86 10
9
scf gas/yr) (10
6
/MM) =
1,523.5 scf CH
4
/MMscf
82.2
Facility-Level Gas Processing
Converted to lb CH
4
/MMscf gas
64.43 lb CH
4
/MMscf
cited in Table 6-2
Equipment-Level Gas Processing
Development
EF = (2.095 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(16,045.86 10
9
scf gas/yr) (10
6
/MM) =
130.563 scf CH
4
/MMscf
cited in Table 6-5 58.1
Equipment-Level Gas Processing
Converted to lb CH
4
/MMscf gas
5.52 lb CH
4
/MMscf
a
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical
Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
June 1996.
b
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment
Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
June 1996.
c

d
DOE, Natural Gas Annual, 1993. An uncertainty factor of 10% was assigned based on engineering judgment.

The gas processing plant fugitive emission factor in Table 6-5, which includes fugitive emissions
from sources other than compressors, was developed using data from Appendix A of Volume 2 of
the GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The precision data were calculated using data
presented in Volume 8 of the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996). The factor derivation is
presented below and shown in Table C-20.
Known: Estimated processing plant fugitive methane emissions = 2.095 57.3% Bscf/year
(Harrison, et al., Volume 2, 1996), precision at a 95% confidence interval was calculated
using data from Hummel, et al., Volume 8, 1996.
Estimated annual gas processed = 16,045.855 Bscf/yr (DOE, 1993). A 10.0% uncertainty
value is assumed for the gas processing rate, based on engineering judgment.

C-29 August 2009
The conversion of the gas processing plant emission factor to tonnes CH
4
per volume of gas
processed follows:
6
4 4 4
4 4
4
2.095 Bscf CH lbmole CH 16 lb CH 10 scf tonne
EF =
16,045.855 Bscf gas processed 379.3 scf CH lbmole CH MMscf 2204.62 lb
EF = 2.50E-03 58.1% tonne CH /MMscf gas processed

C.3.4 Natural Gas Storage Station Fugitive Emission Factor
The natural gas storage station fugitive emission factor presented in Table 6-2 was developed using
data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The
storage emission factor is presented on a station basis, and includes fugitive emissions associated
with the station itself, as well as storage wells and compressors. The emission factor was
calculated by dividing the sum of the gas storage station CH
4
emissions by the total number of
storage stations. The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume 8 of the
GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996). The factor derivation is presented in Table C-21.

Table C21. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Natural Gas Storage
Station Fugitive Emission Factor
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
(%)
Storage Stations 3.7288 132
Storage Reciprocating Compressors 10.7594 104
Storage Centrifugal Compressors 1.5176 164
Storage Wells 0.7522 76.3
Total 16.7580 74.5
Activity Data
Total Storage Stations (Count)
d
475 5
CH
4
Emission Factor
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(475 stations) =
35.28 10
6
scf CH
4
/station-yr
74.7%
Gas Storage Station Fugitive
Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/station-yr
1,491,936 lb CH
4
/station-yr
a
b
Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental
c
d
An uncertainty factor of 5% was assigned based on engineering judgment.


C-30 August 2009
C.3.5 Gas Transmission Fugitive Emission Factors
The facility-level average gas transmission pipeline CH
4
fugitive emission factor presented in
Table 6-2 was developed using emissions data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the
GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The transmission facility-level average emission factor is
based on CH
4
emissions from all identified fugitive sources present in the segment. The CH
4

emission factor was calculated by dividing the total transmission segment CH
4
emissions by the
number of transmission pipeline miles. Pipeline miles were taken from Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA
report (Campbell, et al, 1996). The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume
8 of the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996) and Volume 10 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell,
et al., 1996). The factor derivation is presented in Table C-22.

4
Emission
Factor for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Source
a,b,c,d
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
e
,
( %)
Pipeline Leaks
f
0.1614 94.2
Transmission Compressor Stations
g
5.4467 127
Trans. Reciprocating Compressors 37.6787 88.7
Trans. Centrifugal Compressors 7.5302 58.0
Farm Taps and Direct Sales 0.8271 1,390
Transmission Interconnects 3.6834 1,380
Total 55.3274 113
Activity Data
Total Transmission Pipeline Miles
f
295,105 9.73
9
scf
CH
4
/yr) (295,105 miles) =
187,484 scf CH
4
/station-yr
113
Transmission Fugitive Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/station-yr
7,928 lb CH
4
/mile-yr
a
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical
Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
June 1996.
b
Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental
c
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment
Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
June 1996.
d
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Research and Special Programs Administration, 1991.
e
f
Total shown in Table C-24.
g
Because the data used to calculate the reference emission was unavailable, the precision at a 95% confidence interval was
calculated based on the precision at a 90% confidence interval presented in the source assuming a data set size of ten.

C-31 August 2009
The facility-level average natural gas transmission pipeline CO
2
emission factors were derived in
conjunction with the equipment-level gas transmission pipeline CO
2
emission factor; the gas
transmission pipeline CO
2
facility-level factor derivation is discussed later in this subsection.
The equipment-level average gas transmission pipeline CH
4
GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). Emission factors were calculated in the same manner as
for gas gathering pipelines. Methane emissions (and corresponding emission factors) were first
calculated by pipe material, as shown in Table C-23. A transmission pipeline average CH
4

emission factor was then derived, as shown in Table C-24. Similar to the derivation of the pipeline
CH
4
2
emission factors were first derived by pipe material, as shown in
Table C-25. Average CO
2
emission factors for oxidation and pipeline leaks were then derived
from the factors by pipe material, as shown in Table C-26. Methane and CO
2
emission factors by
transmission pipe type are also shown in Table 6-8. The precision data was calculated using data
presented in Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996).

4
Emission
Factors for Gas Transmission Pipelines, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4

Emission
Factor
b,c

(scf/leak-yr)
Activity
Factor
b,c

(e.q. leaks)
Annual CH
4

Emissions
d

(Bscf
CH
4
/yr)
Pipeline
Miles
c,e,f

(miles)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
g

(scf CH
4
/mi-yr)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
(lb CH
4
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron
h
0.0229
77.7%
96 10% 238,736
77.0%
10,096
77.0%
Plastic 99,845
212%
14 97.0% 0.00140
233%
2,621
10%
533.3 233% 22.55 233%
Protected Steel 20,270
103%
5,077
92.3%
0.103
138%
287,155
10%
358.4 139% 15.16 139%
Unprotected
Steel
51,802
113%
659
92.1%
0.0341
146%
5,233
10%
6524 146% 275.9 146%
a
factor.
b
c
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The cast
iron leak rate was derived from 21 sample measurements, the plastic leak was derived from 6 measurements, the protected steel leak rate was
derived from 17 measurements, and the unprotected steal leak rate was derived from 19 measurements. Note that the CH
4
emission factor shown
has already been adjusted for soil oxidation.
d
Annual CH
4
e
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Research and Special Programs Administration, 1991.
f
A confidence interval of 10% was assumed based on engineering judgment in the 1991 DOT RSPA database (Campbell, et al., 1996).
g
The pipeline based methane emission factor is calculated by dividing the annual methane emissions by the miles of pipeline.
h


C-32 August 2009
Table C24. Derivation of Equipment-Level Gas Transmission Pipeline
Fugitive CH
4
Emission Factor
a

Pipe Material
Annual CH
4
Emissions
b

(Bscf CH
4
/yr)
Pipeline Miles
c,d

(miles)
Cast Iron
e
0.0229 77.7% 96 10%
Plastic 0.0014 233% 2,621 10%
Protected Steel 0.103 138% 287,155 10%
Total 0.1614 94.2% 295,105 9.73%
Emission Factor Development EF = (0.1614 Bscf CH
4
/yr) / 295,105 miles
= 546.8 scf CH
4
/mile
Gas Transmission Pipeline
Converted to lb CH
4
/mile
23.12 94.7%
lb CH
4
/mile
a
b
c
d
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Research and Special Programs Administration, 1991. A confidence interval
of 10% was assumed based on engineering judgment in the 1991 DOT RSPA database (Campbell, et al., 1996).
e

Equipment-level average emission factors for CO
2
from pipeline oxidation and pipeline leaks
were calculated using Equations 6-4 and 6-5, respectively.

2
Transmission Pipelines, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4
Emission
Factor
b

(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
% Soil
Oxidation
c,d,e

Pre-oxidized CH
4
Emission Factor

(lb CH4/leak-yr)
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor
(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emission Factor
f
(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron 10,096 77.0% 40.3% 25% 16,911 81.0% 18,699 81.0% 993.6 81.1%
Plastic 22.55 233% 2.0% 25% 23.01 234% 1.263 234% 1.352 234%
Protected Steel 15.16 139% 3.0% 25% 15.62 141% 1.286 141% 0.9180 141%
Unprotected Steel 275.9 146% 1.8% 25% 280.9 148% 13.87 148% 16.51 148%
a
b
c
d
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-
94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
e
The precision of the soil oxidation values is assumed to be 25% based on engineering judgment (Campbell, et al., 1996).
f
4
and CO
2
in the transmission segment are 93.4 mole % and 2.0 mole %, respectively, as shown in Table E-4.
A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

C
.

A
d
d
i
t
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C-34 August 2009
The derivation of the facility-level average gas transmission pipeline CO
2
emission factor for CO
2

from pipeline leaks (as shown in Table 6-2) is shown in Table C-27. The factor was developed
using emissions data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al.,
1996). The factor is calculated in three steps: first, by first subtracting the pipeline leak emissions
from the total transmission emissions (calculated in Table C-22); second, by dividing the result by
the transmission pipeline miles (calculated in Table C-26); and third, by adding the equipment-
level average CO
2
leak emission factor derived in Table C-26. Note that the reason that the
pipeline leak emissions have to be considered separately is that the pipeline leak emissions shown
in Table C-22 take into account soil oxidation effects associated with buried pipelines. Therefore,
the pipeline leak emissions cannot be converted directly from the CH
4
leak emission factor as
shown for the rest of the transmission segment emissions.

Table C27. Derivation of Facility-Level Average Gas Transmission
Pipeline Fugitive CO
2
Leak Emission Factor
Source U.S. Methane Emissions, Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a
,
(%)
Total Transmission Emissions
b
55.3274 113
Pipeline Leaks
c
0.1614 94.2
Adjusted Transmission Emissions 55.166 113
Activity Data
Total Transmission Pipeline Miles
d
295,105 9.73
CO
2
Emission Factor
CH
4
9
scf CH
4
/yr) / (295,105
miles) = 186,937 scf CH
4
/station-yr 113
Transmission Fugitive Emission Factor, converted
to lb CH
4
/mile-yr
7,905 lb CH
4
/mile-yr
Equipment-Level CO
2
Leak Fugitive 1.52 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 93.2
Emission Factor Development (Derived in Table C-26)
CO
2
Leak Emission Factor Development EF = (7,905 lb CH
4
/mile-yr) (lbmole CH
4
/16 lb CH
4
)
(lbmol gas/0.934 lbmole CH
4
) (0.02 lbmol CO
2
/lbmol
gas) (44 lb CO
2
/lbmol CO
2
)
= 464.46 lb CO
2
/mile-yr + 1.52 lb CO
2
/mile-yr
Transmission Fugitive CO
2
Leak
Emission Factor, lb CO
2
/mile-yr
466.0 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 113
a
factor.
b
c
d
The gas transmission meter/regulator (M&R) station fugitive CH
4
emission factor presented in
GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). This emission factor combines the transmission

C-35 August 2009
interconnect and farm tap/direct sales M&R emission and activity data. The precision data were
calculated using data presented in Volume 10 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). The
factor development is presented in Table C-28.

4
Emission Factor
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
( %)
Farm Taps and Direct Sales 0.8271 1390
d

Transmission Interconnects 3.6834 1380
e

Total 4.5105 1150
f

Activity Data
Farm Tap and Direct Sale Stations
(Count)
72,629 991
Transmission Interconnect
Stations (Count)
2533 990
Total M&R Stations Count 75,162 958
CH
4
Emission Factor
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(75,162 stations)
1,500
g
M&R Station Fugitive
Emission Factor,
scf CH
4
/station-yr
60,011 scf CH
4
/station-yr
a
b
Campbell, L.M. and B.E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10: Metering and Pressure
Regulating, Stations in Natural Gas, and Transmission and Distribution, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and EPA-600/R-96-
080j. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
c
d
Uncertainty range (0 11.5 Bscf CH
4
/yr)
e
4
/yr)
f
4
/yr)
g
Uncertainty range (0 900,158 scf CH
4
/station-yr)

C.3.6 Gas Distribution Fugitive Emission Factors
The facility-level average gas distribution pipeline CH
4
GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al., 1996). The CH
4
emission factor is based on CH
4
emissions from
all identified fugitive emission sources in the segment. The factor was calculated by dividing the
total distribution segment CH
4
emissions by the number of transmission pipeline miles. Pipeline
miles were taken from Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA report (Campbell, et al, 1996). The uncertainty
data were calculated using data presented in Volume 8 of the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al.,

C-36 August 2009
1996) and Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). The factor derivation is
presented in Table C-29.

4
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Pipelines
Source
a,b,c
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
d
,
(%)
Pipeline Mains - Cast Iron 13.1992 77.5
Pipeline Mains - Unprotected Steel 9.0476 159
Pipeline Mains - Protected Steel 1.3846 154
Pipeline Mains - Plastic 4.9150 411
Services - Unprotected Steel 9.2630 259
Services - Protected Steel 3.5922 225
Services - Plastic 0.1644 332
Services - Copper 0.0593 215
M&R Station
e
27.3202 105
Residential Meters 5.5468 23.7
Commercial/Industrial Meters 0.2207 47.5
Total 74.7131 62.6
Activity Data
Total Main Pipeline Miles
f
888,284 3.10
CH
4
Emission Factor
9
scf
CH
4
/yr) (888,284 miles) =
84,110 scf CH
4
/mile-yr 62.7
Gas Distribution Pipeline Fugitive Emission
Factor, Converted to lb CH
4
/ mile-yr
3,557 lb CH
4
/mile-yr
a
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report,
b
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground
Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
June 1996.
c
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
d
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original
emission factor.
e
M&R station total emissions are based on the sum of emissions from the 10 M&R station categories presented in Table C-41.
f
Total distribution main miles are taken from Table C-31.

The facility-level average gas transmission pipeline CO
2
emission factor derivations were derived
in conjunction with the equipment-level gas distribution pipeline and gas distribution service CO
2

emission factors. The CO
2
facility-level factor derivation is discussed later in this subsection.
The equipment-level average gas distribution pipeline CH
4

C-37 August 2009
for gas transmission pipelines. Methane emissions (and corresponding emission factors) were first
calculated by pipe material, as shown in Table C-30. A distribution pipeline average CH
4
emission
factor was then derived, as shown in Table C-31. Equipment-level average emission factors for
CO
2
from pipeline oxidation and pipeline leaks were calculated using Equations 6-4 and 6-5,
respectively.

4
Emission Factors
for Gas Distribution Mains, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe
Material
CH
4
Emission
Factor
b,c

(scf/leak-yr)
Activity
Factor
b,c

(e.q. leaks)
Annual CH
4

Emissions
d
(Bscf CH
4
/yr)
Pipeline
Miles
b,c,e
(miles)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
f

(scf CH
4
/mi-yr)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
(lb CH
4
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron
g
13.199
77.2%
55,288
5%
238,736
77.0%
10,096
77.0%
Plastic 99,845
212%
49,226
151%
4.915
260%
299,421
5%
16,415
260%
694.2
260%
Protected
Steel
20,270
103%
68,308
75.3%
1.385
128%
451,466
5%
3,067
128%
129.7
128%
Unprotected
Steel
51,802
113%
174,657
70.3%
9.048
133%
82,109
5%
110,190
133%
4,660
133%
a
factor.
b
c
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. The
cast iron leak rate was derived from 21 sample measurements, the plastic leak was derived from 6 measurements, the protected steel leak rate
was derived from 17 measurements, and the unprotected steal leak rate was derived from 20 measurements. Note that the CH
4
emission factor
shown has already been adjusted for soil oxidation.
d
Annual CH
4
e
A confidence interval of 5% was assumed based on engineering judgment (Campbell,et al., 1996).
f
The pipeline based methane emission factor is calculated by dividing the annual methane emissions by the miles of pipeline.
g


C-38 August 2009
4
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Mains
a

Pipe Material
Annual CH
4
Emissions
(Bscf CH
4
/yr)
b,c

Pipeline Miles
(miles)
d,e,f

Cast Iron 13.199 77.2% 55,288
e
5%
Plastic 4.915 260% 299,421 5%
Protected Steel 1.385 128% 451,466 5%
Total 28.546 71.3 % 888,284 3.10%
9
scf CH
4
/yr) 888,284 miles
= 32,137 scf CH
4
/mile
Gas Pipeline Emission Factor,
Converted to lb CH
4
/mile
1,359 71.4%
lb CH
4
/mile
a
b
c
Annual CH
4
d
e
f
Similar to the derivation of the pipeline CH
4
2
emission factors were first
derived by pipe material, as shown in Table C-32. Average CO
2
emission factors for oxidation
and pipeline leaks were then derived from the factors by pipe material, as shown in
Table C-33. Methane and CO
2
emission factors by distribution pipe type are also shown in
Table 6-7. The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA
study (Campbell, et al., 1996).
2
Distribution Mains, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4
Emission
Factor
b

(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
% Soil
Oxidation
c,d,e

Pre-oxidized CH
4

Emission Factor
(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor
(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
CO
2
Leak Emission
Factor
f

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Cast Iron 10,096 77.0% 40.3% 25% 16,911 81.0% 18,699 81.0% 993.6 81.1%
Plastic 694.2 260% 2.0% 25% 708.3 261% 38.87 261% 41.62 261%
Protected Steel 129.7 128% 3.0% 25% 133.7 130% 11.01 130% 7.856 130%
Unprotected Steel 4,660 133% 1.8% 25% 4,745 135% 234.4 135% 278.8 135%
a
b
c
d
e
The uncertainty of the soil oxidation values is assumed to be 25% based on engineering judgment (Campbell, et al., 1996).
f
4
and CO
2
in the distribution segment are 93.4 mole % and 2.0 mole %, respectively, as shown in Table E-4.

C-39 August 2009
2
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Mains
a

Pipe Material
Annual CO
2

Oxidation
Emission
Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Annual CO
2

Leak Emission
Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/mi-yr)
Pipeline
Miles
c,d,e

(miles)
Annual CO
2

Oxidation
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
Annual CO
2

Leak
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
Cast Iron 18,699 81.0% 994 81.1% 55,288 5% 1,033,827,389
81.1%
54,932,088
81.3%
Plastic 38.9 261% 41.6 261% 299,421 5% 11,638,401
261%
12,460,815
261%
Protected Steel 11.0 130% 7.86 130% 451,466 5% 4,968,707
130%
3,546,543
130%
Unprotected Steel 234.4 135% 278.8 135% 82,109 5% 19,242,525
135%
22,891,417
135%
Total 888,284
3.10%
1,069,677,022
78.5%
93,830,863
67.7%
CO
2
Oxidation
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
1,069,677,022 lb CO
2
/yr 888,284 miles
=1,204 78.6% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
CO
2
Leak
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
93,830,863 lb CO
2
/yr 888,284 miles
=105.6 67.7% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
a
factor.
b
c
d
e

The equipment-level average gas distribution service CH
4
for gas distribution pipelines, except emission factors are estimated by dividing the emissions by
pipeline services instead of pipeline miles.
Methane emissions (and corresponding emission factors) were first calculated by pipe material, as
shown in Table C-34. A distribution service average CH
4
emission factor was then derived, as
shown in Table C-35. The average factor was converted from a service basis to a mileage basis by
scaling the EPA/GRI study service count to miles using 1992 pipeline statistics from the U.S.
Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration website (Volume 9,
Campbell, et al., 1996).

C-40 August 2009
4
Distribution Services, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe
Material
CH
4

Emission
Factor
b,c

(scf/leak-yr)
Activity
Factor
b,c

(e.q. leaks)
Annual CH
4

Emissions
d

(Bscf
CH
4
/yr)
Services
b,c,e

(Count)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
f

(scf CH
4
/
service-yr)
CH
4
Emission
Factor
(lb CH
4
/
service-yr)
Copper 7,684
94.2%
7,720
144%
0.0593
172%
233,246
5%
254.3 172% 10.76 172%
Plastic 2,386
193%
68,903
131%
0.1644
234%
17,681,238
5%
9.298 234% 0.3932
234%
Protected
Steel
9,196
73.3%
390,628
163%
3.592 178% 20,352,983
5%
176.5 178% 7.464 178%
Unprotected
Steel
20,204
128%
458,476
133%
9.263 185% 5,446,393
5%
1,701 185% 71.92 185%
a
factor.
b
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report,
c
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground
Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June
1996. The copper leak rate was derived from 5 sample measurements, the plastic leak was derived from 4 measurements, the protected steel
leak rate was derived from 24 measurements, and the unprotected steal leak rate was derived from 13 measurements. Note that the CH
4

emission factor shown has already been adjusted for soil oxidation.
d
Annual CH
4
e
f
The pipeline service based methane emission factor is calculated by dividing the annual CH
4
emissions by the number of services.

4
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Services
a

Pipe Material
Annual CH
4
Emissions
b

(Bscf CH
4
/yr) Pipeline Services
c,d,e

Copper 0.0593 172% 233,246 5%
Plastic 0.1644 234% 17,681,238 5%
Protected Steel 3.592 178% 20,352,983 5%
Unprotected Steel 9.263 185% 5,446,393 5%
TOTAL 13.08 140% 43,713,860 3.15%
Gas Distribution Service Fugitive CH
4

Emission Factor Development (service basis)
EF = (13.08 Bscf CH4/yr) 43,713,860 services
= 299.2 scf CH
4
/service-yr
4

Emission Factor (service basis), Converted
to lb CH
4
/service-yr
12.65 140%
lb CH
4
/service-yr
4

Emission Factor Development (mileage
basis)
Activity Factor
518,335 5.00% miles
f

EF = (13.08 Bscf CH
4
/yr) 518,335 miles
= 25,233 scf CH
4
/mile-yr
4

Emission Factor (mileage basis),
Converted to lb CH
4
/services-yr
1,067 140%
lb CH
4
/mile-yr


C-41 August 2009
Footnotes and Sources for Table C-35:
a
factor.
b
c
d
e
f
1992 pipeline statistics from U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA).

Equipment-level average emission factors for CO
2
from pipeline oxidation and pipeline leaks were
calculated using Equations 6-4 and 6-5, respectively. Similar to the derivation of the pipeline CH
4

2
emission factors were first derived by pipe material, as shown in Table C-36.
Average CO
2
emission factors for oxidation and pipeline leaks were then derived from the factors
by pipe material, as shown in Table C-37. Methane and CO
2
emission factors by distribution pipe
type are also shown in Table 6-9. The precision data were calculated using data presented in
Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996).

2
Emission Factors for Gas Distribution
Services, by Pipe Material
a

Pipe Material
CH
4
Emission
Factor
b

(lb CH
4
/leak-yr)
% Soil
Oxidation
c,d,e

Pre-oxidized CH
4
Emission Factor

(lb CH4/leak-yr)
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor
(lb CO
2
/service-yr)
CO
2
Leak Emission
Factor
f

(lb CO
2
/service-yr)
Copper 10.76 172% 0% 10.76 174% 0 0.6319 174%
Plastic 0.3932 234% 21.2% 25% 0.4990 235% 0.2903 235% 0.02932 235%
Protected Steel 7.464 178% 2.6% 25% 7.663 180% 0.5467 180% 0.4502 180%
Unprotected
Steel
71.92 185% 1.1% 25% 72.72 186% 2.195 186% 4.273 186%
a

b
c
d
e
The precision of soil oxidation is assumed to be 25% based on engineering judgment (Campbell, et al., 1996).
f
4
and CO
2
in the distribution segment are 93.4 mole% and 2.0 mole%, respectively, as shown in Table E-4.


C-42 August 2009
2
Emission
Factor for Gas Distribution Services
a

Pipe Material
CO
2
Oxidation
Emission Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/service-yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emission Factor
b

(lb CO
2
/service-yr)
Pipeline
Services
c,d,e

(Count)
CO
2
Oxidation
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
CO
2
Leak
Emissions
(lb CO
2
/yr)
Copper 0 0.6319 174% 233,246 5% 0 147,386
174%
Plastic 0.2903 235% 0.02932 235% 17,681,238
5%
5,132,001
235%
518,363
235%
Protected Steel 0.5467 180% 0.4502 180% 20,352,983
5%
11,126,159
180%
9,163,366
180%
Unprotected Steel 2.195 186% 4.273 186% 5,446,393
5%
11,954,155
187%
23,270,693
187%
Total 43,713,860
3.15%
28,212,315
115%
33,099,808
140%
CO
2
Emission Factors (Service Basis)
CO
2
Oxidation
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
28,212,315 lb CO
2
/yr 43,713,860 services
= 0.65 115% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
CO
2
Leak
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
33,099,808 lb CO
2
/yr 43,713,860 services
= 0.76 140% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
CO
2
Emission Factors (Mileage Basis)
Activity Data
Service Miles
d
518,335 5% miles
CO
2
Oxidation
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
28,212,315 lb CO
2
/yr 518,335 miles of services
= 54.4 115% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
CO
2
Leak
Fugitive Emission
Factor
Development
33,099,808 lb CO
2
/yr 518,335 miles of services
= 63.9 140% lb CO
2
/mile-yr
a
b
c
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report, Final Report,
GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
d
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines, Final
Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
e
A confidence interval of 5% was assumed based on engineering judgment (Campbell, 1996).
The facility-level average CO
2
emission factors for gas distribution pipelines are derived in
Table C-38. The facility-level average CO
2
emission factor for distribution pipeline leak oxidation
is calculated by combining the emission contributions from distribution main pipelines and
services and dividing by the total distribution pipeline miles. Carbon dioxide emissions from
distribution pipeline leaks originate from pipeline leaks and other process equipment leaks. The
CO
2
emission factor for pipeline leaks is calculated in three steps: first, by subtracting the

C-43 August 2009
emissions from pipeline mains and services from the total distribution emissions (calculated in
Table C-29); second, by dividing by the total main pipeline miles and converting to a mass basis;
and third, by adding the pre-oxidized distribution pipeline leak emissions, which are calculated by
dividing the sum of the total main pipeline leak emissions (derived in Table C-33) and total
distribution service leak emissions (derived in Table C-37) by the total miles of distribution
pipeline. Emissions data were taken from Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study
(Harrison, et al., 1996). Pipeline miles were taken from Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA report
(Campbell, et al, 1996). The precision data was calculated using data presented in Volume 9 of the
GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). The factor derivations are shown in Table C-38.

2
Emission
Factors for Gas Distribution Pipelines
CO
2
From Oxidation
Source
U.S. CO
2
Emissions,
lb CO
2
/yr
Uncertainty
a
,
( %)
Total Distribution Mains Emissions
b
1,069,677,022 78.5
Total Distribution Services Emissions
c
28,212,315

115
Total 1,097,889,337 76.6
Activity Data
Total Distribution Pipeline Miles
b
888,284 3.10
CO
2
From Oxidation Emission Factor
Emission Factor Development
EF = (1,097,889,337 lb CO
2
/yr)
(888,284 miles) =
76.6
CO
2
Oxidation Fugitive Emission
Factor 1,236 lb CO
2
/mile-yr

CO
2
from Leaks
Source
U.S. CH
4
Emissions,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a
,
( %)
Total Distribution Emissions
d
74.71 62.7
Total Distribution Mains Emissions
d
28.55 78.6
Total Distribution Services Emissions
d
13.08 115
Total 33.0878 163
Activity Data
Total Distribution Pipeline Miles
b
888,284 3.10
CO
2
From Leaks Emission Factor
EF = (33.0878 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(888,284 miles)
= 37,249 scf CH
4
/mile-yr
= 1,575 lb CH
4
/mile-yr
163


C-44 August 2009
2
Emission
Factors for Gas Distribution Pipelines, continued
Source
U.S. CH
4
Emissions,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
a
,
( %)
CO
2
From Leaks Emission Factor, continued
Emission Factor Development, continued
EF = (1,575 lb CH
4
/mile-yr)
(lbmole CH
4
/16 lb CH
4
)
(lbmol gas/0.934 lbmole CH
4
)
(0.02 lbmol CO
2
/lbmol gas)
(44 lb CO
2
/lbmol CO
2
)
= 92.55 lb CO
2
/mile-yr
163

EF = (93,830,863 lb CO
2
/yr
b
+
33,099,808 lb CO
2
/yr
c
)
(888,284 miles)
= 142.9 lb CO
2
/mile-yr
62.1

EF = (92.55 lb CO
2
/mile-yr) +
(142.9 lb CO
2
/mile-yr)
CO
2
Leak Fugitive Emission Factor 235.4 lb CO
2
/mile-yr 74.4
a
b
c
d

The customer meter CH
4
fugitive emission factor presented in Table 6-7 was developed using
emissions data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study (Harrison, et al.,
1996). This emission factor represents a combination of the commercial/industrial and residential
meter emission factors. The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume 8 of
the GRI/EPA study (Hummel, et al., 1996). The factor derivation is presented in Table C-39.

4
Emission Factor
for Customer Meters
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c
,
(%)
Residential Meters 5.5468 23.7
Commercial/Industrial Meters 0.2207 47.5
Total 5.7676 22.9
Activity Data
Residential Meters (Count)
d
40,049,306 10
Commercial/Industrial Meters (Count)
e
4,608,000 5
Total Customer Meters Count 44,657,306 8.98
EF = (5.7676 10
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(44,657,306 meters) = 24.6%
Customer Meter Fugitive CH4
Emission Factor 129.15 scf CH
4
/meters-yr

C-45 August 2009
a
Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
b
Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
c
d
e

The distribution meter/regulating stations fugitive CH
4
emission factor presented in Table 6-7 was
developed using emissions data presented in Appendix A of Volume 2 of the GRI/EPA study
(Harrison, et al., 1996). The precision data were calculated using data presented in Volume 10 of
the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al., 1996). The factor derivation is presented in Table C-40.
4
Emission Factor
for Distribution/Meter Reg. Stations
Source
a,b
,
Bscf CH
4
/yr
Uncertainty
c

( %)
M & R > 300 psig 5.451 105
M & R 100-300 psig 11.1731 239
M & R < 100 psig 0.2693 455
Regulating > 300 psig 5.6655 119
R-Vault > 300 psig 0.0266 282
Regulating 100-300 psig 4.352 121
R-Vault 100-300 psig 0.0087 155
Regulating 40-100 psig 0.3317 134
R-Vault 40-100 psig 0.0244 121
Regulating <40 psig 0.0179 213
Total 27.3202 105
Activity Data
M & R > 300 psig, stations 3,460 87.0
M & R 100-300 psig, stations 13,335 130
M & R < 100 psig, stations 7,127 145
Regulating > 300 psig, stations 3,995 83.3
R-Vault > 300 psig, stations 2,346 83.3
Regulating 100-300 psig, stations 12,273 74.8
R-Vault 100-300 psig, stations 5,514 74.8
Regulating 40-100 psig, stations 36,328 78.4
R-Vault 40-100 psig, stations 32,215 78.4
Regulating <40 psig, stations 15,377 79.7
Total Stations 131,970 35.0
9
scf CH
4
/yr)
(131,970 stations) =
111
Distribution M&R Station
207,018 scf CH
4
/station-yr


C-46 August 2009
a
Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
b
Campbell, L.M. and B.E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10: Metering and
Pressure Regulating, Stations in Natural Gas, and Transmission and Distribution, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and
EPA-600/R-96-080j. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. Emissions are
based on data collected from 95 measurements at 12 locations using downwind tracer gas measurements. The number
of stations in each inlet pressure/station category were provided by 12 distribution companies.
c
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to
develop the original emission factor.

C.3.7 Plastic Pipeline Fugitive Emission Leak Factors
The leak basis plastic pipeline emission factors presented in Table 6-11 were developed using data
(six data points) presented in Table A-2 of Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study (Campbell, et al.,
1996) and from seven data points from a SoCal gas unaccounted for study (SoCal, 1993), as
shown below in Table C-41.

Table C41. Derivation of Fugitive Emission Leak Factor from Plastic
Pipelines by Construction Year
Post-1982
Pre-1982 (ASTM D2837)
Test ID Gas Leak Rate Gas Leak Rate
Data Source Number (scf/leak-hr) (scf/leak-hr)
1996 GRI/EPA, 2014 0.008 0.008
Volume 9, 3020 0.700 0.700
Table A-2
a
3019 1.130 1.130
3039 1.620 1.620
11002 10.266
2002 61.000
SoCal NA 1.2 1.2
Unaccounted NA 1.2 1.2
Study
b, c
NA 1.2 1.2
NA 1.2 1.2
NA 1.2 1.2
NA 1.2 1.2
NA 1.2 1.2
Average Total Gas Leak Rate (scf/leak-hr): 6.394 1.078
a
Campbell, L. M., M. V. Campbell, and D. L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 9:
Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA 600/R-96-080i. Gas Research Institute and U. S.
b
Southern California Gas Company (SoCal). A Study of the 1991 Unacconted-for Gas Volume at the Southern Gas
Company, April 1993.
c
The SoCal data were taken from: California Energy Commission (CEC). Evaluation of Oil and Gas Sector Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Estimation and Reporting, California Energy Commission, Consultant Report, Final Draft, April 14, 2006.

C-47 August 2009
All six leak data points from Table A-2 of Volume 9 of the GRI/EPA study and all seven data
points from the SoCal data were averaged to develop the pre-1982 plastic pipeline emission factor
(i.e., average of the 13 total data points). As shown in Table C-41, data points 11002 and 2002
appear high, and were assumed to reflect the amount of inferior pre-1982 plastic pipelines that may
be used. Therefore, these two data points were not included in the dataset used to develop the post-
1982 (ASTM 2837) pipeline emission factors (but the other 11 out of 13 data points from the
GRI/EPA and SoCal studies were included and assumed to reflect post-1982 plastic pipeline
materials of construction).
The leak based emission factors provided in Table C-41 were further converted to a plastic pipeline
mileage basis based on the U.S. national equivalent leak/miles ratio taken from data presented in
Volume 9 of the 1996 GRI/EPA study. Equivalent leaks and plastic pipeline miles were not
provided by year of construction, so this conversion was based on the total U.S. equivalent leaks
and miles of plastic pipeline. The converted factors are presented in Table 6-11.
C.3.8 CO
2
Pipeline Fugitive Emissions
Section 6.1.4 cites an IPCC equation to estimate fugitive emissions from the pipeline transport of
CO
2
, such as for EOR operations, similar to fugitive emissions from the pipeline transport of
natural gas. IPCC starts the derivation by characterizing the pressure drop in the pipe using the
following formula for any geometry:
2
P = v
2 D
f l

(Equation C-5)
where
v = linear velocity of the gas through the leak;
= gas density;
f = the dimensionless friction number;
l = length of the system; and
D = diameter of the system.
IPCC assumes that that the friction number, f, is one due its independence from the nature of the
gas. IPCC assumes that the internal pressure and physical dimensions of the pipeline are the same
for CH
4
and CO
2
. These assumptions result in the velocity being proportional to the square root of
the density, and therefore proportional to the square root of the molecular weights when assuming
an ideal gas, as shown in the equation below.

C-48 August 2009
1 1
v ~ or v ~
Molecular Weight
(Equation C-6)
The mass emission rate is equal to the product of the velocity, area, and gas density:
Mass emission rate = v (area) (Equation C-7)
Substituting Equation C-7 into the proportionality represented by Equation C-6 and expressing the
densities as being proportional to the molecular weights (16 for CH
4
and 44 for CO
2
) yields
Equation 6-9, repeated here.
2 4
CO CH
44
EF EF
16
=
(Equation 6-9)
C.4 References
American Petroleum Institute (API). Calculation Workbook for Oil and Gas Production
Equipment Fugitive Emissions, API Publication No. 4638, Health and Environmental Sciences
Department, July 1996. Available for purchase from: http://global.ihs.com, accessed May 1,
2009.
American Petroleum Institute (API). Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas
Production Operations, API Publication No. 4589, Health and Environmental Sciences
Department, December 1993. Available for purchase from: http://global.ihs.com, accessed May 1,
2009.
Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 9: Underground Pipelines, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.26 and EPA-600/R-96-
080i. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996. (Part of the
GRI/EPA methane emissions inventory project.)

C-49 August 2009
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/9_underground.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
Campbell, L.M. and B.E. Stapper. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 10:
Metering and Pressure Regulating, Stations in Natural Gas, and Transmission and Distribution,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.27 and EPA-600/R-96-080j. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/10_metering.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Guide, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Publication Number 2003-0003, April 2003.
(Cited Tables 1-7, 1-8, and 1-15 through 1-19).
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas
(GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H
2
S) Emissions by the
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 5, Compendium of Terminology, Information Sources,
Emission Factors, Equipment Scheds and Uncertainty Data, Technical Report, Canadian
Association of Petroleum Producers, Prepared by Clearstone Engineering, Publication Number
2005-0015, September 2004. http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=86226&DT=NTV, accessed
May 1, 2009.
Draft, April 14, 2006
Harrison, M.R., Campbell, L.M., M.V. Campbell, and D.L. Epperson. Methane Emissions from
the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.1 and EPA-
600/R-96-080b. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
2009.

C-50 August 2009
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/3_generalmeth.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
February 1999.
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/8_equipmentleaks.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
4
and VOC Emissions
Southern California Gas Company (SoCal). A Study of the 1991 Unaccounted-for Gas Volume at
the Southern Gas Company, April 1993.
Stapper, B.E. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 5: Activity Factors,
Final Report, GRI-94/0257.22 and EPA-600/R-96-080e. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/5_activityfactors.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
UK Offshore Operators Association Limited (UKOOA). Environmental Emissions Monitoring
System, Guidelines for the Compilation of an Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, Document A-
DUM-0020, Revision Number 4.0, December 2002.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Natural Gas Annual 1992, Annual Report of Natural Gas
Liquids Production., Volume 1, DOE/EIA-0131(92)/1. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration (EIA), November1993.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Petroleum Supply Annual, 1993.

C-51 August 2009
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). SPECIATE Version 4.0, computer program, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer Network, Clearinghouse for Inventories
& Emission Factors (CHIEF), December 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X D
A D D I T I O N A L I N D I R E C T


Appendix D Additional Indirect Calculation Information

August 2009

D-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
D. ADDITIONAL INDIRECT CALCULATION INFORMATION .................................. D-1
D.1 Development of International Electricity Grid Emission Factors ................. D-1
D.2 Historical Electric Grid Emission Factors ................................................. D-12
D.3 References .............................................................................................. D-16

D-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table D1. Summary of Year 2006 Electricity Generation Information for OECD
Countries ............................................................................................................... D-2
Table D2. Summary of Year 2005 Electricity Generation Information for Non-OECD
Countries ............................................................................................................... D-7
Table D3. OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission Factors,
Average of 2000 2002 Data (Generation Basis) ............................................... D-13
Table D4. Non-OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission Factors,
Average of 2000 2001 Data (Generation Basis) ............................................... D-14
Table D5. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by Province (1999-
2001 data) ............................................................................................................ D-16

D-1 August 2009
D. ADDITIONAL INDIRECT CALCULATION
INFORMATION
This section presents supplemental information for the indirect emission calculation methodologies
D.1 Development of International Electricity Grid Emission Factors
Composite grid emission factors can be developed using a weighted average approach if the
electric contribution of the various generation and fuel types are known. The calculation approach
is demonstrated for international grid emission factors, but can be applied to any geographic
region. This approach can also be applied to account for green power purchases as part of a
designated electric block.
The IEA provides annual electric generation data (data for OECD countries as summarized in
Table D-1) (IEA, 2007). This information can be combined with the emission factors from
Table 7-1 using a weighted average basis to derive country-based emission factors for electricity
generation. This weighted average approach is represented by Equation D-1:

12
i
i 12 6
10 W-hr for Fuel Type tonnes
National Electric EF Base EF for Fuel/Generation Type
10 W-hr Total 10 W-hr

=

(Equation D-1)
Table 7-1 footnotes the municipal solid waste boiler and wood waste biomass boiler emission
factors, indicating that these sources are carbon neutral. This is consistent with policies adopted by
IPCC and EPA, where CO
2
emissions resulting from biomass combustion are not included based
on the assumption that biogenic carbon emitted is offset by the growth of new biomass. Therefore,
in developing the grid emission factors, zero CO
2
emissions are applied for these sources.
However, the CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors from Table 7-1 are included in the calculations.
A
p
p
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w
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(
1
0
1
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W
-
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r
)

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(
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(
1
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W
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(
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1
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9

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(
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.

Appendix D. Additional Indirect Calculation Information
D-4 August 2009
Additional IEA information provides the electrical capacity of each country within the OECD
(IEA, 2007). For the purpose of developing international grid emission factors for the API
Compendium, this information was used to assign appropriate emission factors from Table 7-1 to
the fuel types. The IEA information indicates that the majority of the electrical capacity for the
OECD countries is generated by steam turbines, followed by combined cycle. In calculating the
national emission factors, the oil steam turbine emission factor is applied to electric generation by
oil fuels and the gas combined cycle emission factor is applied to electric generation by gas fuels.
As mentioned previously, the wood waste biomass emission factors for CO
2
are not included, but
the CH
4
and N
2
O emission factors are applied to electricity generation by combustible renewables.
Similarly, the CO
2
emissions from municipal solid waste are zero, while the DOE CH
4
and N
2
O
emission factors are applied to this electric generation. The municipal solid waste boiler emission
factors are also applied to the industrial waste and other fuels and waste categories of electric
generation.
Calculation of the national emission factors is illustrated below for Italy.

Exhibit D.1 Electricity Emission Factor Development for Italy Generation Based
Approach

INPUT DATA:
Calculate the weighted average emission factors for Italy for 2006. Provide the complete
derivation for the CO
2
emission factor.

Table D-1 provides the year 2006 fuel mix for electricity production in Italy. Table 7-1 provides
the emission factors for different electricity generation types. Applying Equation D-1, the
weighted emission factors are calculated by multiplying the ratio of the electricity generation of
each fuel to the overall generation (from Table D-1) by the base emission factor (from Table 7-1),
then summing for all of the fuel types.

D-5 August 2009

Approach, continued

2
12
coal 2
CO 12 6
Total
12
12
gas
oil 2 2
12 6 12 6
Total Total
0.1416 10 W-hr 0.828 tonnes CO
EF
10 W-hr 10 W-hr
0.5214 10 Whr
0.1497 10 W-hr 0.682 tonnes CO 0.483 tonnes CO
10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr
0.0176

=

+ +

+
12
wind, hydro,
12
solar, nuclear,
chemical geothermal
2 2
12 6 12 6
Total Total
12
solid biomass
& biogas
0.1499 10 W-hr
10 W-hr
0.0764 tonnes CO 0 tonnes CO
10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr
0.0108 10 W-hr

+

+
12
industrial
waste
2 2
12 6 12 6
Total Total
12
municipal
waste
2
12 6
Total
0.0005 10 W-hr
1.700 tonnes CO 1.700 tonnes CO
10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr
0.0085 10 W-hr
0 tonnes CO
10 W-hr 10 W-hr

+

+

12
peat
2
12 6
Total
12
other 2
12 6
Total
0 10 W-hr
1.7 tonnes CO
10 W-hr 10 W-hr
0 10 Whr 0.40 tonnes CO
10 Whr 10 Whr

+

+

2
2 2 2
6 6 6
coal oil gas
2 2
6 6
wind, hydro,
geothermal solar, nuclear,
c
CO
tonnes CO tonnes CO tonnes CO
0.117 0.102 0.252
10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr
tonnes CO tonnes CO
0.001 0
10 W-hr 10 W-hr
EF

+ +

+ +

=
2
6
solid biomass
& biogas
hemical
2 2 2
6 6 6
industrial municipal
peat
waste waste
2
6
othe
tonnes CO
0
10 W-hr
tonnes CO tonnes CO tonnes CO
0.001 0 0
10 W-hr 10 W-hr 10 W-hr
tonnes CO
0
10 W-hr

+

+ + +

+

r

D-6 August 2009

Approach, continued

EF
2
CO
= 0.473 tonnes CO
2
/10
6
W-hr

Fuel/
Generation
Type
%
Contribution
to Electricity
Generation
Tonnes/ 10
6
W-hr
Base CO
2

EF
Weighted
CO
2
EF
Base CH
4

EF
Weighted
CH
4
EF
Base N
2
O
EF
Weighted
N
2
O EF
Coal 14.16 0.828 0.117 1.81E-05 2.57E-06 1.542E-04 2.18E-05
Oil 14.97 0.682 0.102 6.35E-06 9.51E-07 9.870E-05 1.48E-05
Gas 52.14 0.483 0.252 3.97E-05 2.07E-05 6.872E-05 3.58E-05
Geothermal 1.76 0.0764 0.001 7.53E-07 1.32E-08 0 0
Wind,
hydro,
solar,
nuclear,
chemical 14.99 0 0 0 0.00E+00 0 0
Solid
biomass
(wood) &
biogas 1.08 0 0 6.35E-05 6.87E-07 2.495E-04 2.70E-06
Industrial
waste 0.05 1.700 0.001 9.07E-06 4.32E-09 2.495E-04 1.19E-07
Municipal
waste 0.85 0 0 9.07E-06 7.75E-08 2.495E-04 2.13E-06
Peat 0.00 1.700 0 9.07E-06 0 2.495E-04 0
Other 0.00 0.40 0 0 0 0 0
Total 100.00 -- 0.473 -- 2.50E-05 -- 7.74E-05

The resulting 2006 weighted average emission factors for Italy are:
EF
CO2
= 0.473 tonnes/10
6
W-hr
EF
CH4
= 2.50E-05 tonnes/10
6
W-hr
EF
N2O
= 7.74E-05 tonnes/10
6
W-hr

The same approach was used to estimate grid emission factors for the years 2003 through 2005. The
results shown in Table 7-5 are an average of the four years for OECD countries. Table D-2
summarizes the electricity generation information for non-OECD countries for 2005. Table 7-6
presents 2005 data for non-OECD countries (2003, 2004 and 2006 data are not currently available for
the non-OECD countries).

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.


D-12 August 2009
Calculation worksheets associated with the WRI and the WBCSD GHG Protocol (WRI/WBCSD,
January and December 2007) provide CO
2
emission factors from imported energy by country based on
other information from IEA. The user should note, however, that the emission factors provided by
WRI/WBCSD are based on fuel consumption and generation methods to produce both electricity and
heat. (See footnote to calculation worksheet EFs Electricity Intl All Fuels). For these emission
factors, the total CO
2
emissions are derived from the national fuel usage, carbon content and heating
value of the fuel, and divided by the sum of energy output from both electricity and heat. The actual
mix of generation methods and fuels used for electricity versus heat can differ significantly within a
country, such that these emission factors may not be appropriate for calculating emissions associated
with electricity usage only. Therefore, the IEA data developed specifically from electricity generation
information, as presented here, is recommended over the WRI/WBCSD published emission factors.
D.2 Historical Electric Grid Emission Factors
Section 7 provides 2006 electric grid emission factors, the most current data available at the time of
this API Compendium revision. Table D-3 provides international electric grid emission factors for
OECD member countries for 2000-2002 that were provided in the previous API Compendium (API,
2004). Similarly, Table D-4 provides international electric grid emission factors for Non-OECD
member countries for 2000-2001 that were provided in the previous API Compendium (API, 2004).
Table D-5 provides Canadian electricity emission factors for 1999-2001 that were also provided in the
previous API Compendium. Emission factors for OECD and Non-OECD countries were derived as
described in Section D, using an average of 2000 through 2002 data for OECD countries, and an
average of 2000 and 2001 data for non-OECD countries. At the time of derivation, 2002 data was not
available for the non-OECD countries. The Canadian emission factors were calculated by dividing
electricity emissions data by the power usage, based on data provided by Environment Canada (Ha,
2003; Olsen, 2003). These emission factors include electricity generation from both utility and
industrial emission sources, and are the average of data for years 2003 through 2005.

D-13 August 2009
Table D3. OECD Member Country International Electric Grid Emission
Factors, Average of 2000 2002 Data (Generation Basis)
a

tonnes/10
6
W-hr
Country CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Australia 0.754 1.54E-05 1.25E-04
Austria 0.193 4.92E-06 2.95E-05
Belgium 0.242 4.44E-06 3.23E-05
Canada
b
0.222 7.82E-06 4.14E-06
Czech Republic 0.647 1.33E-05 1.10E-04
Denmark 0.596 1.20E-05 9.35E-05
Finland 0.340 1.21E-05 7.73E-05
France 0.061 1.23E-06 9.05E-06
Germany 0.521 1.04E-05 8.61E-05
Greece 0.732 1.26E-05 1.02E-04
Hungary 0.401 6.38E-06 4.68E-05
Iceland 0.022 7.53E-10 0.00E+00
Ireland 0.680 8.92E-06 7.59E-05
Italy 0.459 5.21E-06 3.06E-05
Japan 0.381 6.19E-06 4.16E-05
Korea 0.444 7.47E-06 5.89E-05
Luxembourg 0.161 3.06E-06 1.96E-05
Mexico 0.491 4.20E-06 2.42E-05
Netherlands 0.519 9.70E-06 6.64E-05
New Zealand 0.155 3.23E-06 1.60E-05
Norway 0.002 1.48E-07 7.42E-07
Poland 0.854 1.72E-05 1.45E-04
Portugal 0.501 8.76E-06 6.29E-05
Slovak Republic 0.211 4.07E-06 3.07E-05
Spain 0.411 7.50E-06 5.70E-05
Sweden 0.030 1.94E-06 9.43E-06
Switzerland 0.007 4.56E-07 6.37E-06
Turkey 0.480 7.98E-06 5.53E-05
UK
c
0.43 9.26E-06 6.50E-05
US
d
0.606 5.03E-06 8.71E-06
a
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2002. IEA Energy
Statistics Division, 2002. All factors developed from IEA (IEA, 2002), with the
exception of factors for countries identified in footnotes b d. Section D.1.1 provides the
approach used to estimate emission factors.
b
Environment Canada, Electricity generation data provided to URS Corporation on
September 16, 2003. Emissions data: Olsen, K., et al. Canada's Greenhouse Gas
Inventory 1990-2001, Greenhouse Gas Division, Environment Canada, August, 2003.
Emission factors derived from electric generation and emissions data provided by
Environment Canada; discussed further in Table D-5.
c
DEFRA, Guidelines for the Measurement and Reporting of Emissions by Direct
Participants in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme, Department for Environment, Food,
and Rural Affairs, UKETS(01)05rev2, June 2003. CO
2
emission factor taken from Defra
(Defra, 2003). CH
4
and N
2
O factors derived from IEA data (IEA, 2002), using
methodology described in Section D.
d
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Updated State- and Regional-level
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Electricity, U.S. Department of Energy, EIA,
Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, March 2002.

D-14 August 2009
Average of 2000 2001 Data (Generation Basis)
tonnes/10
6
W-hr
Country CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O Country CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Algeria 0.438 6.61E-06 2.77E-05 Argentina 0.250 3.99E-06 1.73E-05
Angola 0.243 3.34E-07 0.00E+00 Bolivia 0.222 3.59E-06 1.44E-05
Benin 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00 Brazil 0.064 2.36E-06 1.10E-05
Cameroon 0.010 1.42E-08 0.00E+00 Chile 0.318 7.56E-06 4.81E-05
Congo 0.000 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Colombia 0.142 3.29E-06 1.88E-05
Democratic Republic
of Congo
0.002 3.24E-09 0.00E+00 Costa Rica 0.025 1.94E-07 7.20E-07
Cote d'Ivoire 0.286 3.98E-06 1.65E-05 Cuba 0.619 4.27E-06 1.34E-05
Egypt 0.389 4.68E-06 1.91E-05 Dominican Republic 0.621 1.79E-06 7.15E-06
Eritrea 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00 Ecuador 0.212 2.92E-07 0.00E+00
Ethiopia 0.009 1.04E-08 0.00E+00 El Salvador 0.335 7.51E-07 1.28E-06
Gabon 0.185 1.31E-06 4.71E-06 Guatemala 0.351 1.10E-05 4.85E-05
Ghana 0.080 1.10E-07 0.00E+00 Haiti 0.317 4.37E-07 0.00E+00
Kenya 0.307 4.04E-07 0.00E+00 Honduras 0.252 9.82E-07 2.49E-06
Libya 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00 Jamaica 0.637 1.83E-06 3.75E-06
Morocco 0.772 1.21E-05 1.00E-04 Netherlands Antilles 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00
Mozambique 0.003 4.00E-09 0.00E+00 Nicaragua 0.547 2.36E-06 6.37E-06
Namibia 0.023 1.50E-07 1.09E-06 Panama 0.271 9.72E-07 2.35E-06
Nigeria 0.286 3.82E-06 1.58E-05 Paraguay 0.000 5.19E-08 2.03E-07
Senegal 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00 Peru 0.101 1.05E-06 4.63E-06
South Africa 0.827 1.68E-05 1.43E-04 Trinidad and
Tobago
0.430 7.06E-06 2.96E-05
Sudan 0.341 4.69E-07 0.00E+00 Uruguay 0.023 2.60E-07 8.98E-07
United Republic of
Tanzania
0.042 3.30E-07 2.48E-06 Venezuela 0.151 1.41E-06 5.55E-06
Togo 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00 Other Latin America 0.550 1.45E-06 2.71E-06
Tunisia 0.453 6.10E-06 2.52E-05
Zambia 0.005 3.78E-08 2.87E-07
Zimbabwe 0.515 1.04E-05 8.81E-05
Other Africa 0.403 5.55E-07 0.00E+00

D-15 August 2009
Average of 2000 2001 Data (Generation Basis), continued
tonnes/10
6
W-hr
Country CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O Country CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Romania 0.453 7.84E-06 6.11E-05 Bangladesh 0.425 5.89E-06 2.44E-05
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
0.456 9.21E-06 7.82E-05 Brunei 0.434 6.76E-06 2.84E-05
Croatia 0.299 3.70E-06 2.58E-05 Hong Kong, China 0.714 1.37E-05 1.05E-04
Former Yugoslav
Republic of
Macedonia
0.762 1.49E-05 1.26E-04 India 0.721 1.45E-05 1.22E-04
Slovenia 0.321 6.48E-06 5.42E-05 Indonesia 0.569 7.97E-06 5.60E-05
Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
0.546 1.08E-05 9.10E-05 Korea, DPR 0.352 6.80E-06 5.76E-05
Armenia 0.202 3.19E-06 1.34E-05 Malaysia 0.422 5.96E-06 2.71E-05
Azerbaijan 0.514 3.32E-06 1.20E-05 Myanmar 0.302 3.96E-06 1.63E-05
Belarus 0.447 6.40E-06 2.66E-05 Nepal 0.010 1.31E-08 0.00E+00
Estonia 0.850 1.70E-05 1.42E-04 Pakistan 0.395 2.67E-06 1.01E-05
Georgia 0.094 1.30E-06 5.57E-06 Philippines 0.513 7.22E-06 5.97E-05
Kazakhstan 0.703 1.35E-05 1.11E-04 Singapore 0.575 2.67E-06 8.64E-06
Kyrgyzstan 0.058 1.08E-06 7.94E-06 Sri Lanka 0.350 4.82E-07 0.00E+00
Latvia 0.166 2.12E-06 1.18E-05 Chinese Taipei 0.594 9.78E-06 7.87E-05
Lithuania 0.095 9.89E-07 3.95E-06 Thailand 0.500 8.94E-06 5.17E-05
Republic of Moldova 0.445 7.10E-06 3.31E-05 Vietnam 0.274 3.22E-06 2.16E-05
Russia 0.383 6.38E-06 4.21E-05 Other Asia 0.300 4.13E-07 0.00E+00
Tajikistan 0.010 1.59E-07 6.70E-07 People's Republic of
China
0.712 1.41E-05 1.19E-04
Turkmenistan 0.432 6.80E-06 2.86E-05 Albania 0.017 2.36E-08 0.00E+00
Ukraine 0.344 6.15E-06 4.69E-05 Bulgaria 0.415 8.14E-06 6.76E-05
Uzbekistan 0.422 5.75E-06 2.69E-05 Cyprus 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00
Bahrain 0.432 6.80E-06 2.86E-05 Gibraltar 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00
Islamic Republic of
Iran
0.464 5.34E-06 2.16E-05 Malta 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00
Iraq 0.647 8.91E-07 0.00E+00
Israel 0.828 1.33E-05 1.11E-04
Jordan 0.632 1.50E-06 2.89E-06
Kuwait 0.604 2.32E-06 6.84E-06
Lebanon 0.626 8.63E-07 0.00E+00
Oman 0.474 5.72E-06 2.33E-05
Qatar 0.442 6.53E-06 2.72E-05
Saudi Arabia 0.576 3.06E-06 1.04E-05
Syria 0.307 2.83E-06 1.11E-05
United Arab
Emirates
0.450 6.34E-06 2.63E-05
Yemen 0.659 9.07E-07 0.00E+00
Source:
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2002. IEA Energy Statistics Division, 2002. Electricity Emissions Database purchased from
http://www.iea.org.


D-16 August 2009
Table D5. Average Canadian Electricity Usage Emission Factors by
Province (1999-2001 data)
a,b

Location
tonnes/10
6
W-hr
CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O
Newfoundland 0.0283 3.14E-07 6.28E-07
Prince Edward Island 1.207 Not Given Not Given
Nova Scotia 0.728 7.21E-06 1.07E-05
New Brunswick 0.447 4.98E-06 8.42E-06
Quebec 0.00338 1.35E-07 7.70E-08
Ontario 0.264 1.09E-05 4.33E-06
Manitoba 0.0216 3.22E-07 4.29E-07
Saskatchewan 0.846 2.92E-05 1.93E-05
Alberta 0.876 2.92E-05 1.62E-05
British Columbia 0.0341 6.65E-06 8.69E-07
Yukon, Northwest Territories,
and Nunavut
0.304 Not Given 3.31E-05
Canada Average 0.222 7.82E-06 4.14E-06
a
Electricity generation data: Ha, Chia. Environment Canada, data provided to URS Corporation on September 16, 2003.
b
Emissions data: Olsen, K., et al. Canada's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2001, Greenhouse Gas Division, Environment Canada,
August 2003.

D.3 References
DEFRA, Guidelines for the Measurement and Reporting of Emissions by Direct Participants in the
UK Emissions Trading Scheme, Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs,
UKETS(01)05rev2, June 2003.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Updated State- and Regional-level Greenhouse Gas
Emission Factors for Electricity, U.S. Department of Energy, EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis
and Forecasting, March 2002.
Ha, Chia. Environment Canada, data provided to URS Corporation on September 16, 2003.
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2002. IEA Energy Statistics Division,
2002. Electricity Emissions Database purchased from http://www.iea.org/, accessed May 1, 2009.
International Energy Agency (IEA). Electricity Information 2007 Edition: Documentation for
Beyond 2020 Files. IEA Energy Statistics Division, 2007. Electricity Emissions Database
purchased from http://www.iea.org/, access May 1, 2009.

D-17 August 2009
Olsen, K., et al. Canada's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2001, Greenhouse Gas Division,
Environment Canada, August 2003.
http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/inventory_report/1990_01_report/1990_01_report_e.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
(WRI/WBCSD). Indirect CO2 Emissions from the Consumption of Purchased Electricity, Heat,
and/or Steam, Guide to calculation worksheets, Version 1.2, January 2007.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools, accessed May 1, 2009.
(WRI/WBCSD). Indirect CO2 Emissions from Purchased Electricity, Version 3.0, Worksheet,
December 2007 .http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools, accessed May 1, 2009.

A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X E
A D D I T I O N A L I N F O R MA T I O N


Appendix E Additional Information

August 2009

E-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
E. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ................................................................................ E-1
4
and
CO
2
Emissions ............................................................................................ E-1
E.2 Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions ................... E-6
E.3 Atmospheric Oxidation of Emissions ........................................................... E-7
E.4 Non-GHG Emission Sources ...................................................................... E-8
E.5 References ................................................................................................. E-9

E-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table E1. Liquid Weathered Crude Speciation Data ........................................................... E-1
Table E2. Average Liquid Compositions by Fuel Type .......................................................... E-2
Table E3. Vapor Phase Speciation Data ............................................................................... E-4
Table E4. Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions ............................. E-6

E-1 August 2009

E. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
This section provides additional information to supplement general methodologies and calculation
approaches presented throughout the API Compendium.
4
and CO
2

Emissions
Total hydrocarbon emissions and/or VOC emissions are commonly estimated from liquid loading,
ballasting, and transit operations associated with refined petroleum liquids. As described in this
section, CH
4
and CO
2
emissions are not expected from these operations. Unless site specific data
indicate otherwise, CH
4
and CO
2
emissions should only be calculated for vented emissions from
live crude.
Live crude is the term used for crude oil that has not been exposed to the atmosphere. Live crude
may contain CH
4
and/or CO
2
. Once live crude reaches atmospheric pressure and the volatile
CH
4
/CO
2
has flashed off (as described in Section 5.4.1), the crude is considered weathered and
the crude oil vapors contain very little, if any, CH
4
or CO
2
.
Analyses for weathered crude oil are provided in Table E-1, for crude produced in three
locations: Alaska North Slope, Utah Altamont, and San Joaquin Valley (API, 2000). As shown in
Table E-1, there is no C1 (i.e. CH
4
) in the weathered crude.
Table E1. Liquid Weathered Crude Speciation Data
Constituent
Alaska North Slope
(ANS) Crude
Utah Altamont
(ALT) Crude
San Joaquin Valley
(SJV) Crude
Weight %
C1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C2 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000
C3 0.0550 0.0000 0.0000
C4 0.6370 0.0130 0.0000
C5 1.1910 0.1560 0.0040
C6 2.2560 0.8230 0.0170
C7 2.8820 1.9940 0.0520
C8 3.1590 2.6860 0.1160
Appendix E. Additional Information

E-2 August 2009
Table E1. Liquid Weathered Crude Speciation Data, continued
Constituent
Alaska North Slope
(ANS) Crude
Utah Altamont
(ALT) Crude
San Joaquin Valley
(SJV) Crude
Weight %
C9 2.5680 2.6090 0.2420
C10 2.5270 2.5170 0.4190
C11 1.5800 2.0370 0.3420
C12 0.9930 1.8420 0.2560
C13 0.3720 0.0000 0.0850
Source:
API, Comprehensive Report of API Crude Oil Characterization Measurements, August 2000. Analyses
shown are the for the whole crude, and are sums of individual weight percents identified for parafins, iso-
parafins, aromatics, and naphthalenes. Additional speciation data is provided in Table 14; methane is not
listed in Table 14 other than as presented here.
Because weathered crude contains no CH
4
, refined petroleum products also contain no CH
4
.
(The refining process does not add CH
4
to the liquids being refined.) Thus, for petroleum liquids
other than live crude, the liquid phase CH
4
content is assumed to be zero. Examples of
weathered crude oil and refined petroleum product liquid phase compositions are presented in
Table E-2. Note that CH
4
is not present in the liquid composition data, as expected.
Table E2. Average Liquid Compositions by Fuel Type
Constituent
Gasoline
a

No. 1
Diesel
Fuel
b

Ultra Low
Sulfur
Diesel
c

No. 4
Fuel Oil
d

No. 5
Fuel Oil
e

No. 6 Fuel
Oil
f

Crude
Oil
g

Weight %
C
2
Compounds
Ethanol 11
C
4
Compounds
Butane 4
C
5
Compounds
Isopentane 9
Methyl-Tert-Butyl Ether 15
Pentane 4
C
6
Compounds
2,3-Dimethylbutane 2
2-Methylpentane 4
3-Methylpentane 2
Benzene 2 Trace 0-2
n-Hexane 2
C
7
Compounds
2-Methylhexane 1
3-Methylhexane 2
Methylcyclohexane 1
Toluene 5 0-20
C
8
Compounds
Ethyl Benzene 2 0 - 1 0-4

E-3 August 2009
Table E2. Average Liquid Compositions by Fuel Type, continued
Constituent
Gasoline
a

No. 1
Diesel
Fuel
b

Ultra Low
Sulfur
Diesel
c

No. 4 Fuel
Oil
d

No. 5
Fuel Oil
e

No. 6 Fuel
Oil
f

Crude
Oil
g

Weight %
C
9+
Compounds
Ethylmethylbenzenes
(Ethyltoluenes) 1 - 3
1, 2, 4
Trimethylbenzene 0 - 1
5-methylchrysene 0.01-2
Benzo(a)phenanthrene 0.01-0.1
Cumene 0 - 1
Naphthalene 0 - 3 Trace 0.01-0.2 0.01-0.15 0.01-0.15
Nonane, all isomers 20 - 30
Trimethyl Benzene 8 0 - 2 0-2
Xylene 10 0 - 1 0-20
Other Compounds
Catalytic Cracked
Clarified Oil 0-60 0-100 0-90
Diesel Oil 10-40 0-30
Fuel Oil No. 6 30-60 0-70
Hydrogen Sulfide 0-0.01 0-0.01 0-0.01 0-1
Middle Distillate Fuel 10-30
Petroleum Residua 0-24 0-28 0-100
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) Up to 10 1-10
Sulfur Compounds <0.0015 1-3 1-3 0.5-4
a
Taken from Kinder Morgan MSDS for Unleaded Gasoline, revised 18 Feb 2003. The MSDS notes that "because of volatility considerations, gasoline
vapor may have concentrations of components very different from those of liquid gasoline. The major components of gasoline vapor are: butane,
isobutane, pentane, and isopentane."
b
Taken from Citgo MSDS for No. 1 Diesel Fuel, All Grades, revised 12/31/07.
c
Taken from Irving MSDS for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel, revised December 23, 2006.
d
Taken from Marathon MSDS for Marathon No. 4 Fuel Oil, revised 07/25/2006.
e
f
g
Taken from El Paso Corporation MSDS for Crude Oil, revised 06/26/2007.
For the most part, the vapor phase of a fuel will consist of the lighter hydrocarbons present in the
liquid phase of the fuel. This is due to the fact that lighter hydrocarbons, having a higher vapor
pressure, will more readily volatilize than heavier hydrocarbons. Since CH
4
is an extremely light
hydrocarbon, it volatilizes readily, and would therefore be expected in the vapor phase of the fuel.
Conversely, if there is no CH
4
in the liquid phase of the fuel, it can be assumed that there is no CH
4

in the vapor phase of the fuel.

E-4 August 2009
As demonstrated in Tables E-1 and E-2, there is no CH
4
in the liquid phase of weathered crude
or refined petroleum products. For this reason, it can be expected that there is no CH
4
in the vapor
phase of the fuels. To validate this assumption, typical weathered crude oil and refined
petroleum product vapor compositions are presented in Table E-3 (EPA, SPECIATE Version 4.0,
2006). As expected, it is observed from the vapor composition data that there is no CH
4
in any of
the vapor streams.
Table E3. Vapor Phase Speciation Data
a

Constituent
Crude
b,c
Gasoline
b,d
Distillate
b,e

Jet Fuel
(Jet A)
f,g

Weight %
C
2
Compounds
Ethane 4.17 0.07 2.13
C
3
Compounds
Propane 16.9 1.06 12.7
Propylene 0.39
C
4
Compounds
Cis-2-butene 0.83
Isobutane 4.42 8.34 7.34
N-butane 24.5 28.53 28.08
Trans-2-butene 1.02
C
5
Compounds
1-pentene 0.86
Cis-2-pentene 0.67
Cyclopentane 0.61
N-pentane 12.77 7.25 7.97
Trans-2-pentene 1.37
C
6
Compounds
2,2-dimethylbutane 1.04
3-methylpentane 1.99
Benzene 1.04 1.41 2.57
Cyclohexane 0.66 0.43 1.23
Methylcyclopentane 1.41
N-hexane 6.3 3.75 5.61
C
7
Compounds
2,4-dimethylpentane 0.43
3-methylhexane 0.42
Methylcyclohexane 0.12
N-heptane 6.37 0.4 1.7 0.1
Toluene 0.79 1.25 2.06

E-5 August 2009
Table E3. Vapor Phase Speciation Data
a
, continued
Constituent
Crude
b,c
Gasoline
b,d
Distillate
b,e

Jet Fuel
(Jet A)
f,g

Weight %
C
8
Compounds
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 0.42
2,3,4-trimethylpentane 0.07
3-methylheptane 0.06
Ethylbenzene 0.07 0.06 0.32
N-octane 4.2 0.03 0.01 0.5
C
9+
Compounds
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
(1,3,4-trimethylbenzene) 0.01 0.05 0.37
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0.02
Isopropylbenzene
(cumene) 0.04 0.01 0.05
N-decane 19.6
N-dodecane 18.2
N-nonane 0.04 4.7
N-tridecane 17.7
N-undecane 20.3
O-xylene 0.03 0.04 0.13
Pentadecane 7.2
Tetradecane 11.7
Other Compounds
Unidentified
h
17.34 35.98 27.69
Data Quality Rating
i
N/A N/A N/A 3
EPA SPECIATE Program
Profile Number 2487 2490 2488 0100
a
EPA Speciate Version 4.0, December 2006.
b
Profiles normalized to equal 100% for the sum of the 55 PAMS (Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations) pollutants + MTBE,
UNIDENTIFIED and OTHER.
c
Composite of 7 Emission Profiles from Crude Oil Storage Tanks 1993.
d
Composite of 14 Emission Profiles from Gasoline Storage Tanks 1993.
e
Composite of 9 Emission Profiles from Distillate Oil Storage Tanks. 1993.
f
Fixed Roof Tank - Commercial Jet Fuel (Jet A).
g
Engineering evaluation of literature data.
h
The Unidentified fraction is typically the high molecular weight tail of liquids that are very hard to separate, identify and quantify by most
typical gas chromatography speciation methods.
i
Quality rating pertains to the quality of the data; "5" has the highest quality while "1" has the lowest quality.

In accordance with the liquid and vapor phase compositions shown in Tables E-1 through E-3, the
CH
4
content (and therefore, vented and fugitive CH
4
emissions) of all petroleum liquids other than
live crude oil is assumed to be zero if measured data demonstrating otherwise are not available.
However, where site data indicates that CH
4
is contained in the vapor stream, CH
4
emissions

E-6 August 2009
should be estimated from vented activities. For example, some cracking or coking operations
might produce CH
4
as a part of the process of breaking up larger molecules into smaller molecular
fragments.
The vapor phase CH
4
content of live crude oil is assumed to be 15 percent by weight (wt%), if
site-specific data are not available. This assumption is derived from AP-42, which reports that the
VOC comprises 55-100 wt% of the TOC, with a typical value of 85 wt% (EPA, AP-42 Section 5.2,
2008). Assuming that the CH
4
comprises 15 wt. % of the TOC is a simplifying assumption
because the non-VOC portion of the TOC includes both CH
4
and ethane; the ethane content has
been discounted in the assumed 15 weight % CH
4
in the vapor phase.
Note that although CO
2
was not analyzed in the speciation data presented in Tables E-1 through
E-3, CO
2
is not expected to be present in weathered crude or other refined petroleum products, in
either the liquid or vapor phases. Carbon dioxide that is entrained in the oil from the producing
formation is usually separated into the produced gas at the oil/gas separators during the production
phase. Carbon dioxide is therefore not expected in any appreciable amount in the liquid after
separation of the gases in the field. However, where site data shows that CO
2
is contained in the
vapor stream, CO
2
emissions should be estimated from vented activities.
These assumptions are consistent with AP-42, which notes that the non-VOC (i.e., CH
4
and C
2
H
6
)
portion of TOC emissions from other petroleum liquids is generally considered negligible (EPA,
AP-42 Section 5.2, 2008).
E.2 Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions
The default CH
4
and CO
2
compositions used to develop emission factors presented in Sections 5
and 6 are presented in Table E-4.
Table E4. Default GRI/EPA Methane and Carbon Dioxide Compositions
Industry Segment
Average Methane
Composition
a

Uncertainty
a,b

(%)
Average Carbon
Dioxde Composition
Uncertainty
d

(%)
Production
78.8% 5.53% 3.78
c
4%
Gas Processing
e

86.8% 6.54% 2.0
f
4%
Transmission
93.4% 1.80% 2.0
f
4%
Distribution
93.4% 1.80% 2.0
f
4%

E-7 August 2009
Footnotes and Sources for Table E-4:
a
Shires, T.M., M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6: Vented and Combustion Source Summary,
GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
b
Uncertainty based on 95% confidence interval converted from the 90% confidence intervals for the data used to develop the original
methane compositions.
c
Dalrymple, D.A., F.D. Skinner, and N.P. Meserole. Investigation of U.S. Natural Gas Reserve Demographics and Gas Treatment
Processes, Topical Report, GRI-91/0019. Gas Research Institute, January 23, 1991.
d
e
Composition based on after the processing plant, i.e., leaving the processing sector.
f
The CO
2
compositions for gas processing, transmission, and distribution are assumed values based on pipeline quality gas.
E.3 Atmospheric Oxidation of Emissions
A conversion factor of 0.6 wt% CH
4
in TOC has been cited by some GHG regulations (CARB,
draft WCI). As demonstrated in Section E.1, the 0.6 factor is not consistent with measured CH
4

concentrations for weathered crude or refined petroleum products and is significantly higher than
the default 15 wt% suggested by EPA for live crude. This section provides the origin of the 0.6
factor as cited by CARB.
Most, if not all, organic carbon compounds are subject to a myriad of atmospheric chain reactions,
including photo oxidation that would eventually form atmospheric CO
2
. IPCC provided a
methodology to account for estimating CO
2
emissions from emissions of CH
4
, CO, and Non-
Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC), as shown in Equations E-1, E-2, and E-3
(IPCC, Draft Volume 1, Chapter 7, 2006).
2 4
CO CH
44
Emissions = Emissions
16
(Equation E-1)
where
Emissions of CO
2
= emissions of CO
2
formed through atmospheric oxidation;
Emissions CH
4
= emissions of CH
4
from inventory;
2
; and
16 = molecular weight of CH
4
.

2
CO CO
44
Emissions = Emissions
28
(Equation E-2)
where
Emissions of CO
2
= emissions of CO
2
Emissions CO = emissions of CO from inventory;
2
; and
28 = molecular weight of CO.

E-8 August 2009

2
CO NMVOC
44
Emissions = Emissions C
12
(Equation E-3)
where
Emissions of CO
2
= emissions of CO
2
Emissions CH
4
= emissions of CH
4
from inventory;
C = mass fraction of carbon in NMVOC;
2
; and
12 = molecular weight of C.
The factor C in Equation E-3 is the mass fraction of carbon in the NMVOC, which should be
calculated based on the speciation of the NMVOC compounds. Alternatively, IPCC provides a
default carbon fraction of 0.6. The 0.6 default factor provided by IPCC should only be used as the
weight fraction of carbon in non-methane VOC emissions for the purpose of determining
atmospheric CO
2
, after all atmospheric oxidation reactions have taken place. It is in no way related
to the CH
4
content of non-methane hydrocarbon emissions or of the petroleum streams, and
therefore is not appropriate for directly calculating emissions of CO
2
or CH
4
.

E.4 Non-GHG Emission Sources
Many emission sources at oil and natural gas facilities are sources of VOCs but are not sources of
GHG emissions. As such, a methodology is not provided in this API Compendium for calculating
GHG emissions from these sources.
Non-GHG sources at production facilities include the following:
Chemical Storage Tanks;
Glycol Storage Tanks;
Mud Cuttings Roll-Off Bins;
Naphtha Storage Tanks;
Slop Oil Tanks;
Sumps; and
Water Blowdown Tanks.

E-9 August 2009
Additional non-GHG sources which may be present at refineries include the following:
Cooling Towers;
Equipment Leaks from liquid process streams
1
;
Product Tanks (e.g. gasoline tanks)
1
;
Oil/Water Separators; and
Process Drains.
Marketing terminals may also be sources of VOC emissions (such as from equipment leaks and
storage tanks), but are not sources of GHG emissions.
E.5 References
American Petroleum Institute (API). Comprehensive Report of API Crude Oil Characterization
Measurements, API Technical Report 997, First Edition, August 2000. Available for purchase
from: http://www.api.org, accessed May 1, 2009.
Citgo, MSDS for No. 1 Diesel Fuel, All Grades, MSDS No. AG1DF, revised December 31, 2007.
http://www.docs.citgo.com/msds_pi/AG1DF.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Dalrymple, D.A., F.D. Skinner, and N.P. Meserole. Investigation of U.S. Natural Gas Reserve
Demographics and Gas Treatment Processes, Topical Report, GRI-91/0019. Gas Research
Institute, January 23, 1991.
El Paso Corporation, MSDS for Crude Oil, MSDS Number A0017.msd, revised June 26, 2007.
http://www.elpaso.com/msds/A0017-Crude%20Oil.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/3_generalmeth.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.

1
Note that if site specific data indicates CH
4
or CO
2
are present in the vapors, methodology is provided for emission
calculations in Appendix B.

E-10 August 2009
February 1999.
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions,
2006. http://www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/1_Volume1/V1_7_Ch7_Precursors_Indirect.pdf, accessed May
1, 2009.
Irving, MSDS for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel, revised December 23, 2006.
http://www.irvingoil.com/dloads/refinery/03094%20DIESEL%20-
%20ULTRA%20LOW%20SULPHUR%20MSDS(1).pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Kinder Morgan, MSDS for Unleaded Gasoline, revised February 18, 2003.
http://www.kindermorgan.com/public_awareness/common_files/MaterialSafetyDataSheets/Typica
l_Gasoline.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.
Marathon, MSDS for Marathon No. 4 Fuel Oil, MSDS ID No. 0424MAR019, revised July 25,
2006. http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/content/documents/mpc/msds/0242MAR019.pdf,
Marathon, MSDS for Marathon No. 5 Fuel Oil, MSDS ID No. 0241MAR019, revised July 25,
2006. http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/content/documents/mpc/msds/0241MAR019.pdf,
Marathon, MSDS for Marathon No. 6 Fuel Oil, MSDS ID 0159MAR019, revised July 25, 2006.
http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/content/documents/mpc/msds/0159MAR019.pdf, accessed
May 1, 2009.
Shires, T.M., M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 6:
Vented and Combustion Source Summary, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f. Gas
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/6_vented.pdf, accessed May 1, 2009.

E-11 August 2009
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and C,
1996; Supplement D, 1998; Supplement E, 1999; Supplement F, 2000; and updates 2001 to
present. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
of Petroleum Liquids, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, July 2008.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). SPECIATE Version 4.0, computer program, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer Network, Clearinghouse for Inventories
& Emission Factors (CHIEF), December 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html, accessed May 1, 2009.
Williamson, H.J., M.B. Hall, and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
080d, Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/4_statisticameth.pdf, accessed May 1,
2009.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X F
R E F I N E R Y ME T H A N E F U G I T I V E
E MI S S I O N S T U D Y
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A P P E N D I X F
R E F I N E R Y ME T H A N E F U G I T I V E
E MI S S I O N S T U D Y


Appendix F Refinery Methane Fugitive Emissions Study

August 2009

F-ii August 2009
Table of Contents
F. REFINERY METHANE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS STUDY .................................... F-1
F.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... F-1
F.2 Study Summary .......................................................................................... F-1
F.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................ F-3
F.4 References ................................................................................................. F-3

F-iii August 2009
List of Tables

Table F-1. Refinery Background Data ...................................................................................... F-1
Table F-2. Refinery A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory .................................................. F-2
Table F-3. Refinery A Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary ......................................................... F-2
Table F-4. Refinery B Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory .................................................. F-2
Table F-5. Refinery B Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary ......................................................... F-3

F-1 August 2009
F. REFINERY METHANE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
STUDY
F.1 Overview
This appendix describes the results of a study to test the hypothesis that CH
4
fugitive emissions are
negligible compared to overall refinery GHG emissions. The study has estimated CH
4
fugitive
emissions for two refineries: a small relatively simple refinery and a larger more complex refinery.
Information on the refineries is provided in Table F-1.

Table F-1. Refinery Background Data
Refinery A Refinery B
Refinery Type Fuels refinery Integrated fuels & chemicals
Capacity (BPD) 50,000 to 99,000 100,000 to 199,000
Process Type Single train (multiple HDS) Old multi-train refinery

F.2 Study Summary
The study approach is to gather data on the numbers of components in natural gas and refinery fuel
gas service. Potential emissions are estimated using the average emission factor for gas service for
the oil and natural gas industry rather than applying refinery emission factors since the refinery
emission factors specifically exclude streams exceeding 10% CH
4
. Control effectiveness estimates
are taken from the Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, Table 5-3, published by EPA
in 1995. The control effectiveness factors are applied only for components subject to formal
LDAR, which normally applies to refinery fuel gas service components, but not to natural gas
service components.
Data are also gathered from the refinery on their overall GHG inventory. This allows a
comparison of the estimated CH
4
fugitive emissions as a percent of the overall GHG inventory in
Appendix F. Refinery Methane Fugitive Emissions Study

F-2 August 2009
CO
2
-equivalents. One of the refineries provided CO
2
emissions both with and without imported
electricity. Imported electricity emissions were not included in the base GHG emissions to which
the contribution of fugitive CH
4
emissions was compared.
Tables F-2 and F-4 present GHG emission inventory data (not including fugitive CH
4
) for
Refineries A and B, respectively. Tables F-3 and F-5 present fugitive CH
4
emissions summary
data for Refineries A and B, respectively. Unit level component counts and emission calculation
tables are also available, but they have not been included because the unit names and
configurations might allow identification of the refineries.
Table F-2. Refinery A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Compound Emissions Units Factor CO
2
e Units
CH
4
a
19.48 ton/year 21 371 tonnes/year
N
2
O 16.98 ton/year 310 4,775 tonnes/year
CO
2
732,675 ton/year 1 664,672 tonnes/year
Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 669,819
tonnes/year
CO
2
e
Footnote:
a
Not including fugitive CH
4
.

Table F-3. Refinery A Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary
Service
#
Components
CH
4
Emissions
(tonnes/year)
CO
2
e
(tonnes/year)
% of GHG CO
2
e
Emission Inventory
Natural Gas 2,780 26 544 0.08%
Fuel Gas 5,432 10 216 0.03%
Make Gas 159 0.2 5 0.001%
Totals 8,371 36 765 0.11%

Table F-4. Refinery B Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Compound Emissions Units Factor CO
2
e Units
CH
4
a
53 ton/yr 21 1,004 tonnes/yr
N
2
O 19 ton/yr 310 5,364 tonnes/yr
CO
2
b
1,912,392 ton/yr 1 1,734,895 tonnes/yr
CO
2
c
1,618,748 ton/yr 1 1,468,505 tonnes/yr
Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
1,741,263 tonnes/yr CO
2
e
b

1,474,873 tonnes/yr CO
2
e
c

Footnotes:
a
Not including fugitive methane.
b
Includes imported electricity.
c
Excludes imported electricity.
Appendix F. Refinery Methane Fugitive Emissions Study

F-3 August 2009
Table F-5. Refinery B Fugitive CH
4
Emissions Summary
Service
#
Components
CH
4
Emissions
(tonnes/year)
CO
2
e
(tonnes/year)
% of GHG CO
2
e
Emission Inventory
Natural Gas 5,744 55 1,149 0.08%
Fuel Gas 21,002 77 1,609 0.11%
Make Gas
a
-- -- -- --
Totals
b
26,746 131 2,759 0.19%
Footnotes:
a
No separate data for make gas were gathered at Refinery B.
b
Excludes imported electricity.

F.3 Conclusions
The study has completed data gathering and analyses for two refineries: a small simple refinery
and a larger, more complex refinery. The estimated CH
4
fugitive emissions represent about 0.11%
of the total GHG inventory for the small/simple refinery and about 0.19% of the GHG inventory
for the large/complex refinery. Since other large GHG emitting sources have uncertainties in the
range of 1% to 5% of the overall GHG inventory, a CH
4
fugitive emission contribution in the range
of 0.1% to 0.2% does appear to be negligible.
F.4 References
EPA-453/R-95-017, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, November 1995.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
G L O S S A R Y
Glossary
Glossary-1 August 2009

GLOSSARY
Acid Gas
The hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon dioxide contained in or extracted from gas or other streams
(GPSA, 1987). See also sour gas.
Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGR)
Systems used to remove acid gases (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) by contracting the
stream with a solvent (usually amines) and then driving the absorbed components from the
solvent. The amines can also absorb methane and, therefore, methane can be released to the
atmosphere through the reboiler vent (Shires and Harrison, 1996).
Accuracy
A measure of the total error associated with a data value, accounting for both random and bias
errors (Williamson, Hall, and Harrison, 1996).
Activity Factor
The numeric value representing any action or operation that causes or influences the release of
greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., amount of fuel consumed or counts of emission sources);
absolute greenhouse gas emissions result when related to the rate of emissions from the action.
Actual Conditions
Temperature, pressure, and volume at measurement conditions.
Aerobic
Referring to a condition or a situation or a living creature, such as a bacteria, in which oxygen is
required to sustain life (Schlumberger).
Anaerobic
Pertaining to systems, reactions or life processes of species, such as bacteria, in which
atmospheric oxygen is not present or not required for survival (Schlumberger).
Glossary
Anaerobic Digester
The equipment designed and operated for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction (using
acid forming and CH
4
forming bacteria, in the absence of oxygen) of complex organic
compounds to CO
2
and CH
4
. The produced CH
4
may be captured for use as a fuel or flared
(CIWMB, 2008).
API Gravity
A scale used to reflect the specific gravity (SG) of a fluid such as crude oil, water, or natural gas.
The API gravity is calculated as [(141.5/SG) - 131.5], where SG is the specific gravity of the
fluid at 60F (Schlumberger).
Associated Gas
Natural gas which is found in association with crude oil either dissolved in the oil or as a cap of
free gas above the oil (EIA, 2008).
Auto-refrigeration
The process in which LNG is kept at its boiling point, so that any added heat is countered by
energy lost from boil off.
Ballasting Emissions
Evaporative emissions associated with the unloading of petroleum liquids at marine terminals.
The emissions occur when vapor-laden air in an empty cargo tank is displaced to the
atmosphere by ballast water being pumped into the tank to improve the stability of the marine
tanker (EPA, AP-42, 1995-2000).
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE)
The quantity of any fuel necessary to equate on a British Thermal Unit (Btu) basis with a barrel
of crude oil. This quantity will vary depending on the heating value of crude. For example,
according to the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS), a BOE is any amount of fuel which has a
Btu content of 5.8 million; according to the California Energy Commission (CEC), one barrel of
oil has an energy content of 6 million Btu.
Bitumen
A thick, black, high-sulfur, heavy oil extracted from tar sand and then upgraded to synthetic fuel
oil. Bitumen includes hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax (Schlumberger).
Glossary
Bituminous Coal
A dense, black, soft coal, often with well defined bands of bright and dull material. The most
common coal, with moisture content usually less than 20 percent. Used for generating
electricity, making coke, and space heating (EIA, 2008).
Biomass
Non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and
microorganisms, including products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry
and related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of
industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition
of non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material (TCR, 2008).
Blanket Gas
A gas phase maintained above a liquid in a vessel to protect the liquid against air contamination,
to reduce the hazard of detonation or to pressurize the liquid (Schlumberger).
Blowdown
The act of emptying or depressuring a vessel. This may also refer to the discarded material such
as blowdown water from a boiler or cooling tower (GPSA, 1987).
Blowout
An uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the wellbore or into lower
pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout) (API, 1988).
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
A measure of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree
Fahrenheit. British thermal unit is abbreviated as Btu (Schlumberger).
Bunker Fuel
Fuel supplied to ships (marine bunker fuel) and aircraft (aviation bunker fuel) consisting
primarily of residual and distillate fuels for marine sources and jet fuel for aviation sources.
Thus, the CO
2
emission factors listed in Table 4-3 can be used for marine and aviation bunker
fuels (EIA, 2008).
Ci+
Refers to a natural gas fraction consisting of hydrocarbon molecules i and heavier. For
example, C6+ is the natural gas fraction of hydrocarbon molecules hexane and heavier.

Glossary
Carbon Capture and Storage
A process consisting of separation of CO
2
from industrial and energy-related sources, transport
to a storage location, and long-term isolation from the atmosphere (IPCC).
Carbon Dioxide (CO
2
)
A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas that is a normal component of ambient air. Carbon dioxide
is a product of fossil fuel combustion (API, 1988). Although CO
2
does not directly impair
human health, it is a GHG that traps terrestrial (i.e. infrared) radiation and contributes to the
potential for global warming.
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO
2
e)
The mass of a GHG species multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP) for that species.
It is used to evaluate emissions of different GHGs on a common basisthe mass of CO
2
emitted
that would have an equivalent warming effect (IPIECA, 2003).
Carbon Equivalent
Determined by first multiplying the total mass of a GHG gas species by the global warming
potential for that species, which converts the units to a mass of CO
2
basis. Then the CO
2
mass
units are converted to carbon based on the molecular weight ratio of carbon to CO
2
. Exhibit 3.1
provides an example of this calculation.
Casinghead Gas
Natural gas produced along with crude oil from oil wells. It contains either dissolved or
associated gas or both (EIA).
Catalyst Coke
In many catalytic operations (e.g., catalytic cracking), carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus
deactivating the catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the carbon, which is used as
a fuel in the refining process. This carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form
(EIA).
Catalytic Cracking Unit
A refinery process unit in which petroleum derivatives are continuously charged and
hydrocarbon molecules in the presence of a catalyst are fractured into smaller molecules, or react
with a contact material suspended in a fluidized bed to improve feedstock quality for additional
processing and the catalyst or contact material is continuously regenerated by burning off coke
and other deposits. Catalytic cracking units include both fluidized bed systems, which are
referred to as fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU), and moving bed systems, which are also
Glossary
referred to as thermal catalytic cracking units. The unit includes the riser, reactor, regenerator,
air blowers, spent catalyst or contact material stripper, catalyst or contact material recovery
equipment, and regenerator equipment for controlling air pollutant emissions and for heat
recovery (EIA).
Centrifugal Compressor
Any equipment that increases the pressure of a gas stream by centrifugal action, employing
rotating movement of the driven shaft (Hyne, 1991).
Centrifugal Compressor Dry Seals
A series of rings that are located around the compressor shaft where it exits the compressor case
and that operate mechanically under the opposing forces to prevent natural gas from escaping to
the atmosphere (Methane to Markets, 2009).
Centrifugal Compressor Wet Seals
A series of rings around the compressor shaft where it exits the compressor case that use oil
circulated under high pressure between the rings to prevent natural gas from escaping to the
atmosphere (Methane to Markets, 2009).
Chemical Injection
A general term for injection processes that use special chemical solutions to improve oil and gas
operations. Injection can be administered continuously, in batches, in injection wells, or at times
in production wells. Some of the chemical solutions used include but are not limited to corrosion
inhibitor, scale inhibitor, biocide, demulsifier, clarifier, and hydrate inhibitor. Natural gas
powered chemical injection pumps use gas pressure acting on a piston to pump a chemical on the
opposite side of the piston. The gas is then vented directly to the atmosphere. Electric powered
pumps would be a source of indirect GHG emissions (Schlumberger; Shires, 1996).
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize reactive chemicals in a water system, typically
determined by a standardized test procedure. COD is used to estimate the amount of a pollutant
in an effluent (Schlumberger).
Coal
A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent
moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of
carbonaceous material. It is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened,
chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time (EIA).
Glossary
Co-generation unit/Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the simultaneous production of
energy and process heat from the same fuel.
Coke (Petroleum)
A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final product of thermal
decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable
coke or catalyst coke (EIA, 2008).
Coke Burn-off
In the regenerator, coke deposited on the catalyst as a result of the cracking reactions is burned
off in a controlled combustion process with preheated air. The catalyst is then recycled to be
mixed with fresh hydrocarbon feed [EPA, 1998(b)].
Combined Cycle
An electric generating technology in which electricity is produced from otherwise lost waste heat
exiting from one or more gas (combustion) turbines. The exiting heat is routed to a conventional
boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for utilization by a steam turbine in the production of
electricity. This process increases the efficiency of the electric generating unit (EIA).
Commercial Combustor
Refers to commercial boilers/furnaces with Source Classification Codes (SCCs) 1-03-004-
01/02/03/04 and 1-03-005-01/02/03/04. According to 40 CFR 63.7575 (December 6, 2006), a
commercial/institutional boiler means a boiler used in commercial establishments or institutional
establishments such as medical centers, research centers, institutions of higher education, hotels,
and laundries to provide electricity, steam, and/or hot water. A previous edition (4th edition) of
AP-42 defined a natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas fired commercial boiler as a boiler with a
heat input capacity between 0.3 and 10 MMBtu/hr (EPA, 1985 to 1993).
Component
Sealed surfaces of above-ground process equipment, including valves, flanges, and other
connectors, pump seals, compressor seals, pressure relief valves, open-ended lines, and sampling
connections. These components represent mechanical joints, seals, and rotating surfaces, which
in time tend to wear and develop unintentional leaks (Hummel, Campbell, and Harrison, 1996).
Glossary
Compressor
A device that raises the pressure of air or natural gas. A compressor normally uses positive
displacement to compress the gas to higher pressures so that the gas can flow into pipelines and
other facilities (Schlumberger).
Condensate
Liquid formed by the condensation of a liquid or gas; specifically, the hydrocarbon liquid
separated from natural gas because of changes in temperature and pressure when the gas from
the reservoir was delivered to the surface separators. Such condensate remains liquid at
atmospheric temperature and pressure.
Connector
Any threaded or non-threaded union or joint associated with pipeline segments, tubing, piece of
attached equipment or an instrument. These include but are not limited to flanges, elbows,
reducers, Ts, or valves. These are potential sources for fugitive emissions (Schlumberger;
Hummel, Campbell, and Harrison, 1996).
Cracking
The process of splitting a large heavy hydrocarbon molecule into smaller, lighter components.
The process involves very high temperature and pressure and can involve a chemical catalyst to
improve the process efficiency (Schlumberger).
Crude Oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in the underground reservoir and
remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities (API,
1988).
Cryogenic Liquid or Cryogens
Cryogenic liquids (cryogens) are liquefied gases that are kept in their liquid state at very low
temperatures and have a normal boiling point below -238 F(-150 C). All cryogenic liquids are
gases at normal temperatures and pressures. Examples of cryogens include methane, oxygen,
nitrogen, helium and hydrogen. Additional information on cryogens is available from the
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS).
Dehydrator
A device used to remove water and water vapors from gas, including but not limited to desiccant,
ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or triethylene glycol (Schlumberger).
Glossary
Delayed Coking Unit
One or more refinery process units in which high molecular weight petroleum derivatives are
thermally cracked under elevated temperatures and pressure to produce petroleum coke in a
series of closed, batch system reactors (EIA).
Destruction efficiency
The extent to which a target substance present in the input combustibles has been fully oxidized
or converted to environmentally safer chemicals (e.g., CH
4
to CO
2
, H
2
S to SO
2
, ammonia/NH
3
to
N
2
) released into the atmosphere (Methane to Markets, 2009).
Diaphragm Chemical Injection Pump (CIP)
A small positive displacement, reciprocating unit designed to inject precise amounts of
chemicals into process streams using a flexible diaphragm to move the plunger.
Diesel Fuel
A fuel composed of distillates obtained in petroleum refining operation or blends of such
distillates with residual oil used in motor vehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are
higher for diesel fuels than for gasoline (EIA).
Dig-in
Ruptures of pipelines caused by unintentional (often third-party) damage (Shires and Harrison,
1996).
Direct Emissions
Emissions from sources within the reporting entitys organizational boundaries that are owned or
controlled by the reporting entity, including stationary combustion emissions, mobile combustion
emissions, process emissions, and fugitive emissions (TCR, 2008).
Distillate Oil
A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation
operations. It includes diesel fuels and fuel oils. Products known as no. 1, no. 2, and no. 4 diesel
fuel are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those in trucks and automobiles, as well as
off-highway engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products
known as no. 1, no. 2, and no. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power
generation (EIA).
Glossary
Downstream
Operations involving the refining, processing, distribution and marketing of products derived
from oil and gas, including service stations (IPIECA, 2003).
Dry Gas
(1) Gas whose water content has been reduced by a dehydration process. (2) Gas containing little
or no hydrocarbons commercially recoverable as liquid product. Gas in this second definition
preferably should be called lean gas (GPSA).
Emergency generator
A stationary internal combustion engine that serves solely as a secondary source of mechanical
or electrical power whenever the primary energy supply is disrupted or discontinued (EIA;
Hynes, 1991).
Emergency Shutdown (ESD)
The emergency procedure of depressuring equipment. The gas may be vented to the atmosphere
or routed to a flare.
Emission Factor
The rate of emission per unit of activity, output or input (IPCC).
Emissions
The intentional or unintentional release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (IPIECA,
2003).
Engineering Estimate
An estimate of emissions based on engineering principles applied to measured and/or
approximated physical parameters. Engineering estimate can also refer to estimated fuel use
based on engine run time, load, heat rate curve, and fuel characteristics.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Artificial methods used to recover more oil after primary production by the natural reservoir
drive and, possibly, water-flooding. Common EOR methods include thermal (cyclic steam
stimulation, stream-flooding, and in-situ combustion), chemical (polymer, micellarpolymer, and
alkaline flooding), and gas miscible (cyclic, carbon-dioxide stimulation, carbon-dioxide
flooding, and nitrogen flooding). Due to potentially high CO
2
concentrations associated with
Glossary
EOR operations, CO
2
emissions from vented and fugitive sources should be considered in a
greenhouse gas inventory.
External Combustion Device
Steam/electric generating plants, industrial boilers, process heating and space heating, and other
commercial and domestic combustion units [EPA, 1998(b)].
Feedstock
A chemical refined and manufactured from hydrocarbons and used to produce petrochemicals.
Methane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, and napthenes are common feedstocks (Hyne, 1991).
Floating Production and Storage Offloading (FPSO) System
Similar to an offshore production platform, except that FPSOs are mobile. FPSOs combine
production, crude oil storage, and offloading into shuttle tankers. They may also include gas
processing (Offshore Technology, 2009).
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU)
The refining process of breaking down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon
molecules into simpler and lighter molecules. Catalytic cracking is accomplished by the use of a
catalytic agent and is an effective process for increasing the yield of gasoline from crude oil
(EIA).
Fluid Coking Unit (FCU)
A thermal cracking process utilizing the fluidized-solids technique to remove carbon (coke) for
continuous conversion of heavy, low-grade oils into lighter products (EIA).
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF
6
), nitrogen trifluoride (NF
3
), and any fluorocarbon except for controlled
substances as defined at 40 CFR Part 82 Subpart A. In addition to SF
6
and NF
3
, fluorinated
GHG includes but is not limited to any hydrofluorocarbon, any perfluorocarbon, any fully
fluorinated linear, branched or cyclic alkane, ether, tertiary amine or aminoether, any
perfluoropolyether, and any hydrofluoropolyether (EPA, 2006).
Fossil Fuel
Coal, oil, and other natural gas derived from decomposed organic material.
Glossary
Fuel Gas (Still Gas)
Gas generated at a petroleum refinery, petrochemical plant, or similar industrial process unit, and
that is combusted separately or in any combination with any type of gas. This definition does not
include natural gas used as a fuel.
Fugitive Emissions
Unintentional releases from piping components and equipment leaks at sealed surfaces, as well
as from underground pipeline leaks. Fugitive emissions also include non-point evaporative
sources such as from wastewater treatment, pits, and impoundments. (Compendium, Section
3.2.3)
Gas/Diesel Oil
Gas oils are obtained from the lowest fraction from atmospheric distillation of crude oil, while
heavy gas oils are obtained by vacuum redistillation of the residual from atmospheric distillation.
Gas/diesel oil distils between 180C and 380C. Several grades are available depending on uses:
diesel oil for diesel compression ignition (cars, trucks, marine, etc.), light heating oil for
industrial and commercial uses, and other gas oil including heavy gas oils which distil between
380C and 540C and which are used as petrochemical feedstocks (IEA).
Gaseous Fuel
A material that is in the gaseous state at standard atmospheric temperature and pressure
conditions and that is combusted to produce heat and/or energy.
Gas Processing Plant
An installation that processes natural gas to recover natural gas liquids (condensate, natural
gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas) and sometimes other substances such as sulfur. A gas
processing plant is also known as a natural gas processing plant (Schlumberger).
Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR)
The ratio of produced gas to produced oil (Schlumberger).
Gathering Lines
The pipes used to transport oil and gas from a field to the main pipeline in the area
(Schlumberger).
Glossary
Gathering System
The flowline network and process facilities that transport and control the flow of oil or gas from
the wells to a main storage facility, processing plant or shipping point. A gathering system
includes pumps, headers, separators, emulsion treaters, tanks, regulators, compressors,
dehydrators, valves and associated equipment. There are two types of gathering systems, radial
and trunk line. The radial type brings all the flowlines to a central header, while the trunk-line
type uses several remote headers to collect fluid. The latter is mainly used in large fields. The
gathering system is also called the collecting system or gathering facility (Schlumberger).
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
An index used to relate the level of emissions of various greenhouse gases to a common
measure. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the amount of global warming or radiative forcing
produced by a given gas relative to the global warming produced by the reference gas CO
2
, for a
specified time period. As the reference gas, CO
2
has a GWP value of 1. GWPs for common
GHGs can be found in Table 3-1 (EIA, 2008).
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earths
surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapor
(H
2
O), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), nitrous oxide (N
2
O), methane (CH
4
) and ozone (O
3
) are the
primary GHGs in the earths atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and other chlorine and bromine-
containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Besides CO
2
, N
2
O and CH
4
, the
Kyoto Protocol deals with the GHGs sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and
perfluorocarbons (IPCC).
Heating Value
The amount of energy released when a fuel is burned completely. See also HHV and LHV
(IPIECA, 2003).
Heavy Crude Oil
A category of crude oil characterized by relatively high viscosity, a higher carbon-to-hydrogen
ratio, and a relatively higher density. API Report 4638, Calculation Workbook For Oil and Gas
Production Equipment Fugitive Emissions, designates heavy crude as having an API gravity of
less than 20 (API, 1996).
Glossary
Higher Heating Value (HHV)
The quantity of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit volume or weight of fuel
assuming that the produced water is completely condensed (liquid state) and the heat is
recovered. Also referred to as Gross Calorific Value (Compendium, Section 3.6.3).
Hydrocarbon
A naturally occurring organic compound comprising hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be
as simple as methane (CH
4
), but many are highly complex molecules, and can occur as gases,
liquids or solids. The molecules can have the shape of chains, branching chains, rings or other
structures. The most common hydrocarbons are natural gas, oil and coal (Schlumberger).
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
Halocarbons containing only hydrogen, fluorine and carbon atoms. Because HFCs contain no
chlorine, bromine, or iodine, they do not deplete the ozone layer. Like other halocarbons, they
are potent greenhouse gases (IPCC, 2006).
Indirect Emissions
The release of GHG emissions as a consequence of operations of the reporting company, but
physically occurring at sources owned or operated by another organization (e.g., purchased
electricity or steam) (IPIECA, 2003).
Industrial Boiler
Source Classification Codes (SCCs) most applicable to the Oil and Natural Gas Industry include:
1-02-004-01/02/03/04/05 (distillate fuel fired units), 1-02-005-01/02/03/04/05 (residual fuel fired
units), 1-02-006-01/02/03/04 (natural gas fired units), 1-02-010-01/02/03 (liquefied petroleum
gas fired units), and 1-02-007-01/04/07/10/99 (process gas fired units). According to 40 CFR
63.7575 (December 6, 2006), an Industrial boiler means a boiler used in manufacturing,
processing, mining, and refining or any other industry to provide steam, hot water, and/or
electricity. A previous edition (4th edition) of AP-42 defined a natural gas fired large industrial
boiler as a boiler with a heat input capacity of greater than 100 MMBtu/hr (EPA, 1985 to 1993).
The same edition of AP-42 also defined a natural gas fired small industrial boiler and a liquefied
petroleum gas fired industrial boiler as a boiler with a heat input capacity between 10 to 100
MMBtu/hr (EPA, 1985 to 1993).
Injection Gas
Gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir pressure. Other reasons for gas
injection are gas-lift operations, cycling in gas-condensate reservoirs or storing gas
(Schlumberger).
Glossary
Internal Combustion Engines
An engine that uses the burning of the air-fuel mixture to provide mechanical shaft power. The
major types of IC engines used in petroleum operations are gas turbines and reciprocating
engines. Most stationary internal combustion engines are used to generate electric power, to
pump gas or other fluids, or to compress air for pneumatic machinery (EIA; Hyne, 1991).
Kimray Pump
A specific type of gas-powered glycol circulation pumps. These pumps use the high pressure of
the rich glycol from the absorber to power pistons that pump the low pressure, lean glycol from
the regenerator. The pump configuration pulls additional gas from the absorber along with the
rich glycol. This gas is emitted through the dehydrator vent stack along with the methane
absorbed in the rich glycol stream (Shires and Harrison, 1996).
Lower Heating Value (LHV)
The quantity of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit volume or weight of fuel
assuming that the produced water remains as a vapor and the heat of the vapor is not recovered.
The difference between the HHV and LHV is the latent heat of vaporization of the product water
(i.e., the LHV is reduced by the enthalpy needed to vaporize liquid water). Also referred to as
Net Calorific Value (Compendium, Section 3.6.3).
Light Crude Oil
A category of crude oil characterized by relatively low viscosity, a lower carbon-to-hydrogen
ratio, and a relatively lower density. API Report 4638, Calculation Workbook For Oil and Gas
Production Equipment Fugitive Emissions, designates light crude as having an API gravity of
greater than 20 (API, 1996). EPAs Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates defines
light crude as material in a liquid state in which the sum of the concentration of individual
constituents with a vapor pressure over 0.3 kilopascals (kPa) at 20
o
C is greater than or equal to
20 weight percent. (EPA, 1995).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Natural gas, mainly methane and ethane, which has been liquefied at cryogenic temperatures.
This process occurs at an extremely low temperature and a pressure near the atmospheric
pressure (Schlumberger).
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
A group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation.
They include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and
isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization
(EIA, 2008).
Glossary
Live Crude Oil
Crude oil containing dissolved gas in solution that may be released from solution at surface
conditions. Also referred to as unstabilized crude oil (Schlumberger).
Loading Emissions
The hydrocarbon vapors residing in empty cargo tanks that are displaced to the atmosphere by
liquids being loaded into the tanks.
Lubricants
Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces, or incorporated into other materials
used as processing aids in the manufacture of other products, or used as carriers of other
materials. Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Lubricants
include all grades of lubricating oils, from spindle oil to cylinder oil to those used in greases
(EIA, 2008).
Material Balance
An expression for conservation of mass governed by the observation that the amount of mass
leaving a control volume is equal to the amount of mass entering the volume minus the amount
of mass accumulated in the volume (Schlumberger).
Meter and Regulation Station (M&R Station)
A facility whose purpose is to measure the volume of gas passing through a pipeline. A
regulation station is a facility whose purpose is to regulate the pressure of gas passing through a
pipeline to a set level (CAPP, 2004).
Methane (CH
4
)
The lightest and most abundant of the hydrocarbon gases and the principal component of natural
gas (Schlumberger). A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas. Methane is released to the
atmosphere through anaerobic (without air) decomposition of waste, animal digestion,
production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil
fuel combustion (IPCC, 2006).
Glossary
Miscellaneous Petroleum Products
Includes all refined petroleum products not classified elsewhere. This definition includes
petrolatum lube refining by-products (aromatic extracts and tars) absorption oils, ram-jet fuel,
petroleum rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.
Mobile Combustion Sources
Engines providing the motive power for vehicles or marine vessels used in the transport of
feedstock or product, construction or maintenance equipment, or in the work-related transport of
company personnel.
Natural Gas
A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of non-hydrocarbons that
exists either in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs
(API, 1988).
Natural Gas Liquids
Components of natural gas that are liquid at surface in field facilities or in gas-processing plants.
Natural gas liquids can be classified according to their vapor pressures as low (condensate),
intermediate (natural gasoline) and high (liquefied petroleum gas) vapor pressure. Natural gas
liquids include propane, butane, pentane, hexane and heptane, but not methane and ethane, since
these hydrocarbons need refrigeration to be liquefied. The term is commonly abbreviated as
NGL (Schlumberger).
Natural Gasoline
A term used in the gas processing industry to refer to a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons (mostly
pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons) extracted from natural gas with a vapor pressure
intermediate between condensate and liquefied petroleum gas. It includes isopentane
(Schlumberger).
Natural Gas Processing Facilities
A facility designed (1) to achieve the recovery of natural gas liquids from the stream of natural
gas which may not have been processed through lease separators and field facilities, and (2) to
control the quality of the natural gas to be marketed (API, 1988).
Natural Gas Products
Products produced for consumers from natural gas processing facilities including, but not limited
to, ethane, propane, butane, iso-butane, and pentanes-plus (Hyne, 1992; Schlumberger).
Glossary
Non-Associated Gas
Natural gas that is not in contact with oil in a subsurface reservoir. Non-associated gas is usually
dry gas and is in contrast to associated or dissolved gas (e.g., gas well or unassociated gas)
(Hyne, 1991).
Non-Point Sources
A type of emission that includes evaporative sources, such as from wastewater treatment, pits,
impoundments, and mine tailing pond surface emissions (Compendium, Section 6.0).
Oil/Water Separator
Equipment installed usually at the entrance to a drain, which removes oil and grease from water
flows entering the drain. Equipment includes but not limited to gravity separators or ponds and
air flotation systems. This definition specifically excludes sumps and storm water ponds (API,
1988).
Open-ended Valve or Lines (OELs)
Any valve, except pressure relief valves, having one side of the valve seat in contact with process
fluid and one side open to atmosphere, either directly or through open piping.
Operator
The person, firm, corporation, proprietor or lessee, or any other organization or entity employed
by the owners to conduct operations (API, 1988; MMS 2006).
Owner
A word used to designate the company, person, or entity that specifies the type of inspection or
testing to be conducted and has the authority to order it performed (API, 1988).
Petrochemicals
The manufacture, distribution, and marketing of chemical products derived from oil and gas
(IPIECA, 2003).
Petroleum
A complex mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in rock. Petroleum
can range from solid to gas, but the term is generally used to refer to liquid crude oil. Impurities
such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are common in petroleum. There is considerable variation in
color, gravity, odor, sulfur content and viscosity in petroleum from different areas
(Schlumberger).
Glossary
Petroleum Coke
A solid residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final product of thermal
decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable
coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of U.S. 42 gallons each) per short ton. Coke
from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel (EIA).
Pigging
A procedure of forcing a solid object through a pipeline for the purposes of displacing or
separating fluids, and cleaning or inspecting the line (Schlumberger).
Piston Chemical Injection Pump (CIP)
There are two different types of piston CIPs. Both are a small positive displacement,
reciprocating unit designed to inject precise amounts of chemicals into process streams. There
are two different types. The barrel-type piston pump consists of a cylindrical piston-plunger
assembly where the movement of the larger-diameter piston provides the force needed to move
the plunger. Another type of piston pump observed at sites in California use a horizontal plunger
to operate a gear mechanism that drives the plunger (Shires, 1996).
Pneumatic Device
A mechanical device operated by some type of compressed gas. In the oil and natural gas
industry, many devices, especially for instruments and valves, are powered by natural gas (Shires
and Harrison, 1996). They may also be powered by air pressure (EIA).
Point Sources
An emission category that includes releases to the atmosphere that occur through stacks, vents,
ducts, tailpipes, or other confined streams.
Precision
A measure of the degree of random variability associated with a data value (Williamson, Hall,
and Harrison, 1996).
Pressure Relief Device (or Pressure Relief Valve or Pressure Safety Valve)
A valve that opens at a preset pressure to relieve excessive pressures within a vessel or line; also
called a relief valve, safety valve, or pop valve (API, 1988).
Process Gas
Any gas generated by an industrial process (e.g. petroleum refining).
Glossary
Process Vents
A subcategory of point sources that produce emissions as a result of some form of chemical
transformation or processing step.
Pump Seals
Any seal on a pump drive shaft used to keep methane and/ or carbon dioxide containing light
liquids from escaping the inside of a pump case to the atmosphere.
Purge
The process of clearing air from equipment by displacing it with natural gas; in the process,
some purge gas is emitted as the air is evacuated from the equipment (Shires, 1996).
Reciprocating Compressor
A piece of equipment that increases the pressure of a process gas by positive displacement,
employing linear movement of the drive shaft (CAPP, 2004).
Reciprocating Compressor Rod Packing
A series of flexible rings in machined metal cups that fit around the reciprocating compressor
piston rod to create a seal limiting the amount of compressed natural gas that escapes to the
atmosphere (Hyne, 1991).
Reciprocating Engine
An engine that uses the up and down motion of pistons in a cylinder to drive a crankshaft (Hyne,
1991).
Refinery Fuel Gas (still gas)
Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and
other processes. The principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane,
butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and a petrochemical
feedstock (EIA, 2008).
Regasification
The process by which LNG is heated, converting it into its gaseous state (LNG, 2006).
Glossary
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
A measure of the tendency of a liquid to vaporize. RVP is the pressure of the vapor portion of a
liquid plus the enclosed air plus the water vapor under standard conditions, measured in pounds
per square inch (psi) at 100F (Hyne, 2006).
Renewable Energy
Energy taken from sources that are inexhaustible (e.g., wind, water, solar, geothermal, and
biofuels) (IPIECA, 2003).
Residual Fuel Oils
A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after
the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. No. 5, a
residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is used in steam-
powered vessels in government service and inshore power plants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker
C fuel oil and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and
various industrial purposes (EIA).
Source
Any physical unit or process that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (IPIECA, 2003).
Sour Gas
A general term for those gases that are acidic either alone or when associated with water. See
also acid gas (Schlumberger).
Standard Conditions
For the purpose of this document, standard conditions for converting gas flow rates between
mass and volume bases are 14.7 psia and 60F.
Stationary Combustion Sources
Stationary combustion sources include external combustion devices such as boilers and heaters,
and internal combustion devices such as turbines and engines.
Steam Reforming
A catalytic process that produces hydrogen by splitting water. This involves a reaction between
natural gas or other light hydrocarbons and steam. The result is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water (Hydrocarbons-Technology, 2009).
Glossary
Sulfur Recovery Unit
A process unit that recovers elemental sulfur from gases that contain reduced sulfur compounds
and other pollutants, usually by a vapor-phase catalytic reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide.
Ton
A short ton is equivalent to 2,000 US pounds.
Tonne
A metric tonne is equivalent to 1,000 kg and 2,204.62 US pounds. Metric tonnes are the
standard convention for reporting greenhouse gas equivalent emissions used by IPCC and other
international climate change organizations (Hyne, 1991; LNG, 2006).
Total Hydrocarbons (THC)
Used interchangeably with the term TOC in this document. THC sometimes refers to
hydrocarbon compounds that are measured using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) of a gas
chromatograph (GC).
Total Organic Compound (TOC)
Includes VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds, and condensable organic compounds.
Emissions of VOCs are primarily characterized by the criteria pollutant class of unburned vapor
phase hydrocarbons. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions can include essentially all vapor phase
organic compounds emitted from a combustion source. These are primarily emissions of
aliphatic, oxygenated, and low molecular weight aromatic compounds which exist in the vapor
phase at flue gas temperatures. These emissions include all alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes,
carboxylic acids, and substituted benzenes (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethyl benzene).
Used in AP-42 to indicate all VOCs and all exempted organic compounds including methane,
ethane, chlorofluorocarbons, toxics and hazardous air pollutants, aldehydes, and semivolatile
compounds [EPA, 1998(a)].
Turbine
A motor consisting of a rotating shaft with propellers or blades that are driven by a fluid (Hyne,
1991).
Uncertainty
The range around a reported value in which the true value can be expected to fall (IPIECA,
2003).
Glossary
Unfinished Oils
All oils requiring further processing, except those requiring only mechanical blending.
Unfinished oils are produced by partial refining of crude oil and include naphthas and lighter
oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heavy gas oils, and residuum (EIA).
Upstream
Operations involving the exploration, development, and production of oil and gas. May also
include gas processing (IPIECA, 2003).
Utility Boiler
Refers to the following Source Classification Codes (SCC) for Electric Generation units: 1-01-
004-01/04/05/06 (distillate fuel fired units), 1-01-005-01/04/05 (residual fuel fired units), 1-01-
006-01/02/04 (natural gas fired units), 1-01-010-01/02/03 (liquefied petroleum gas fired units),
and 1-01-007-01/02/03/04/07/12 (process gas fired units). A previous edition (4th edition) of
AP-42 defined a natural gas utility boiler as a boiler with a heat input capacity of greater than
100 MMBtu/hr (EPA, 1985 to 1993).
Vapor Recovery Unit
A system used to recover vapors formed inside completely sealed crude oil or condensate tanks
(Schlumberger).
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic
carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric
photochemical reactions (40 CFR 51.100, June 23, 2009). Pollutants commonly classified as
VOC encompass a wide spectrum of volatile organic compounds that are photochemically
reactive in the atmosphere. Compounds deemed to have negligible photochemical reactivity
and therefore excluded include acetone, methane, ethane, methylene chloride, methyl
chloroform, perchloroethylene, methylated siloxanes, many chlorofluorocarbons, certain classes
of perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorethers, and some fluorinated alkenes, ethers and amines.
Weathered Crude Oil
Crude oil which has reached atmospheric pressure and has had the volatile CH
4
flashed off.
Well Completion
A term used to describe the assembly of down hole tubulars and equipment required to enable
safe and efficient production from an oil or gas well (Schlumberger).
Glossary
Wet Natural Gas or Wet Gas
(1) A gas containing water, or a gas which has not been dehydrated. (2) A term synonymous
with rich gas, i.e., a gas from which products have not been extracted (GPSA, 1987).
Workover
Operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. A workover may be done to
wash out sand, acidize, hydraulically fracture, mechanically repair, or for other reasons (API,
1988).
References
American Petroleum Institute (API). Glossary of Oilfield Production Terminology (GOT)
Definitions and Abbreviations. Production Department, Dallas, TX, 1988.
American Petroleum Institute (API). Calculation Workbook For Oil and Gas Production Equipment
Fugitive Emissions, API Report 4638, 1996.
California Energy Commission (CEC). Energy Glossary,
http://www.energy.ca.gov/glossary/glossary-b.html, accessed July 27, 2009.
California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB). 2008. Conversion & Biomass to Energy
Glossary. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Organics/Glossary/Conversion.htm, accessed July 14, 2009.
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). A National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas
(GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H
2
S) Emissions by the Upstream
Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 4 and 5, Compendium of Terminology, Information Sources,
Emission Factors, Equipment Scheds and Uncertainty Data, Technical Report. Clearstone
Engineering Ltd, September 2004.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Cryogenic Liquids and their
Hazards, http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/cryogenic/cryogen1.html, accessed July 8,
2009.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States
2007, Final Report, DOE/EIA-0573(2007). U.S. Department of Energy, December 2008.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). Glossary,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html, accessed July 9, 2009.
Glossary
Gas Processing Suppliers (GPSA). Engineering Data Book, Volume 1, Tenth Edition. Compiled in
cooperation with the Gas Processors Association, 1987.
Hummel, K.E., L.M. Campbell and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.25 and EPA-600/R-96-080h. Gas
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/8_equipmentleaks.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
Hydrocarbon-Technology. Glossary, SPG Media Group Ltd., 2009 http://www.hydrocarbons-
technology.com/glossary/, accessed July 15, 2009.
Hyne, Norman J. Ph.D. 1991; Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling, & Production.
PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, OK.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Glossary of Terms used in the IPCC
Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg1.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html,
International Energy Agency (IEA). Definitions, Petroleum Products,
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/defs/sources/petrol.htm, accessed July 7, 2009.
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), American
Petroleum Institute (API) and International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). Petroleum
Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, IPIECA, London, United Kingdom,
December 2003.
LNG, A Glossary of Terms Third Edition. The Petroleum Economist Limited, London, 2006
Methane to Markets. Glossary Equipment Terminology.
http://www.gastool.methanetomarkets.org/m2mtool/glossary.aspx, accessed on July 15, 2009.
Minerals Management Service (MMS). Offshore Minerals Management Glossary, 006.
http://www.mms.gov/glossary/o.htm, accessed on July 15, 2009.
Offshore-Technology. 2009. Glossary. http://www.offshore-technology.com/glossary/floating-
production-storage-and-offloading.html, accessed July 14, 2009.
Schlumberger. Oilfield Glossary, http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/default.cfm, accessed July 8,
2009.
Shires, T.M. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 13: Chemical Injection
Pumps, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.30 and EPA-600/R-96-080m. Gas Research Institute and U.S.
Glossary
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/13_chemical.pdf, accessed July 28, 2009.
Vented and Combustion Source Summary, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.23 and EPA-600/R-96-080f.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/6_vented.pdf, accessed July 28, 2009.
Shires, T.M. and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 7: Blow
and Purge Activities, Final Report, GRI-94/0257.24 and EPA-600/R-96-080g. Gas Research
Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/7_blowandpurge.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/documents/emissions_report/12_pneumatic.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, (GPO 055-000-005-001), U.S. EPA Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fourth Edition, 1985 to 1993.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/old/ap42/4th_edition/ap42_4thed_withsuppsa_f.pdf, accessed July 28,
2009.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Fifth Edition, January 1995, with Supplements A, B, and C, October 1996, Supplement
D, 1998, Supplement F, 2000, and updates 2001 to present. http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/,
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Section 1.3: External Combustion Sources-
Fuel Oil Combustion, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, September 1998(a).
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/index.html, accessed July 15, 2009.
Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Section 5.1: Petroleum Industry Petroleum
Refining, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, September 1998(b).
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/index.html, accessed July 16, 2009.
Glossary
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Climate Change High Global Warming Potential
Gases, 2006. http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/sources.html, accessed July 14, 2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission
Estimates, (EPA-453/R-95-017), U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
November 1995. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efdocs/equiplks.pdf, accessed May 4, 2009.
U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Nonconventional Source Fuel Credit,
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-99-18.pdf, accessed July 27, 2009.
Williamson, H.J., M.B. Hall and M.R. Harrison. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas
080d. Gas Research Institute and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1996.
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2009.
A U G U S T 2 0 0 9
A C R O N Y MS
Acronyms and Abbreviations-1 August 2009
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AF activity factor
AGA American Gas Association
AGR acid gas removal
API American Petroleum Institute
AR4 Fourth Assessment Report
ARPEL Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the
Caribbean
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
bbl barrels
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BOE barrels of oil equivalent
BTU British Thermal Units
C Celsius
C carbon
C
2
H
6
ethane
CAC Criteria Air Contaminant
CAPP Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
CARB California Air Resource Board
CBM coal bed methane
CCS carbon capture and geological storage
Acronyms and Abbreviations
CCU catalytic cracking unit
CEC California Energy Commission
CF fraction of carbon in the feedstock
CH
4
methane
CHIEF Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors
CHP Combined Heat and Power
CIPs chemical injection pumps
cm
3
cubic centimeter
CNG compressed natural gas
CO carbon monoxide
CO
2
carbon dioxide
CO
2
e carbon dioxide equivalents
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CONCAWE Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
COP Conference of Parties
Cp/Cv gas specific heat ratio
CRR catalyst regeneration rate
CRUs catalytic reformer units
DEA diethanol amine
Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
DI&M directed inspection and maintenance
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
E&P exploration and production
EF emission factor
EEA European Environment Agency
EIA Energy Information Administration
EIIP Emission Inventory Improvement Program
EOR enhanced oil recovery
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESB emergency blowdowns
ESD emergency shutdowns
ETS Emissions Trading Scheme
EU European Union
EUB Alberta Energy Utility Board
F Fahrenheit
FCC fluid catalytic cracking
FCCUs fluid catalytic cracking units
FPSO floating production storage and offloading
ft
3
cubic feet
gal gallon
GOR gas-to-oil ratio
GPR gas production rate
GPSA Gas Processors Suppliers Association
GHG greenhouse gas
GRI Gas Research Institute
GTI Gas Technology Institute
GWP global warming potential
H
2
hydrogen
H
2
O water
H
2
S hydrogen sulfide
HD heavy duty
HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
HHV higher heating value
HNO
3
nitric acid
IC internal combustion
IEA International Energy Agency
IELE Institute for Energy Law and Enterprise
IFC International Flare Consortium
INGAA Interstate Natural Gas Association of America
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPIECA International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association
ISO International Organization for Standardization
K Kelvin
kg kilogram
kPaa Kilo-Pascals absolute
L liter
lb pound
LDAR leak detection and repair
LHV lower heating value
LNG liquefied natural gas
m
3
cubic meters
M&R meter and pressure regulating
MMS Minerals Management Services
MMT million metric tones
MMTCE million metric tones of carbon equivalent
MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator
MPMS Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards
MW molecular weight
N
2
O nitrous oxide
NCASI National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
NERC North American Electric Reliability Council
NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compounds
ODSs ozone-depleting substances
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OGP Association of Oil and Gas Producers
PFCs perfluorocarbons
PRV pressure relief valves
PSI Pipeline Systems Incorporated
psia pounds per square inch
R Rankine
RVP Reid Vapor Pressure
SAR Second Assessment Report
scf standard cubic feet
scm standard cubic meters
SF
6
sulfur hexafluoride
SI International System of Units
SRUs Sulfur Recovery Units
TAR Third Assessment Report
TCR The Climate Registry
THC total hydrocarbon
TOC total organic compound
UKOOA Offshore Operators Association Limited
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
USC U.S. customary units
V volume
VBE The Vasquez-Beggs Equation
VCU vapor combustion units
VOC volatile organic compounds
VR vent rate
WRI/WBCSD World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Copyright 2009 American Petroleum Institute, all rights reserved.
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includes APIs copyright notice on all copies, (2) the document is
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does not modify or change the document in any manner, and
(4) whenever the Compendium is used to calculate an emission
number(s), the user cites the Compendium as reference. API and
the API logo are either trademarks or registered trademarks of
the American Petroleum Institute in the United States and/or
other countries. Printed in the U.S.A.
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