COMMON ADMISSION TEST (CAT)

READING COMPREHENSION PASSAGES: 19992006

(Compiled by Captain AK Kalia)
Subject-!"e Su##$%& '( CAT RC P$""$)e"
SECTION I: PHI*OSOPH+
1. [CAT-2002] The Nature and Role o !hilo"ophy
2. [CAT-200#] $o%mati& and Criti&al Attitude
'. [CAT-200#] A Con&eption o (u"ti&e
SECTION II: PO*ITICA* SCIENCE , HISTOR+
1. [CAT-1)))] The Con&ept o the Nation-*tate
2. [CAT-2001] $emo&ra&y+ A !er"pe&ti,e
'. [CAT-2002] -i"torie" o .ndia+ $ierent Approa&he"
/. [CAT-No, 0'] 0hy did The 1riti"h 2i,e 3p .ndia4
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] .ndian 6ederali"m+ !an&hayati Ra7 *y"tem
#. [CAT-200#] Condemnin% the Crime" o Communi"m
SECTION III: ECONOMICS , HISTOR+
1. [CAT-1)))] The Creation o 0T8
2. [CAT-2000] TR.!"9.mpa&t on .ndian A%ri&ulture
'. [CAT-200/] The :iability o the ;ultinational Corporate *y"tem
/. [CAT-2005] The *e&ond A%e o 2lobali<ation
SECTION I-: ARTS , *ITERAT.RE
PART-A: T/e'%&0 C'1ce2t"0 , T%e13"
1. [CAT-1)))] -uman !er&eption and Creation
2. [CAT-1)))] Ab"tra&t and Repre"entational Art
'. [CAT-2000] Cla""i&al ;u"i&+ .ndian and 0e"tern
/. [CAT-2000] Ab"tra&tioni"m+ $oe" it -a,e a 6uture4
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] 2ree= Ar&hite&ture
#. [CAT-200/] !ainter" and their *ub7e&t ;atter
>. [CAT-2005] $errida?" $e&on"tru&ti,e Approa&h
PART-4: A1 Ob!tu$%&0 A 5!6# Re7!e80 , A 2'e#
1. [CAT-2001] 1illie -oliday+ An 8bituary
2. [CAT-2001] The Narrati,e o $er"u 3<ala (A 6ilm Re,ie@)
'. [CAT-No, 0'] .n *ear&h o .tha=a (A !oem)
SECTION -: SCIENCE0 TECHNO*OG+0 , SOCIET+
1. [CAT-2000] Ne@ $e,elopment" in Computer -ard@are
2. [CAT-2001] Aua"ar" Thro@ Bi%ht on Co"mi& $ar= A%e
'. [CAT-2002] -uman Cell"+ A ;ar,el o Nature?" $e"i%n
/. [CAT-No, 0'] The Contro,er"y o,er 2eneti&ally-;odiied 6ood"
5. [CAT-No, 0'] ;odern *&ien&e+ 2alileo and Ne@ton
#. [CAT-6eb 0/] The -i"tory o A,iation Te&hnolo%y
>. [CAT-200/] ;alnutrition+ ;a7or Cau"e o $e%enerati,e $i"ea"e"
SECTION -I: SOCIET+0 C.*T.RE0 , H.MAN 4EHA-IO.R
1. [CAT-2000] .mpa&t o Ne@ Te&hnolo%y on *o&iety
2. [CAT-2001] Ra&ial and Ca"te-ba"ed $i"&rimination
'. [CAT-2002] The !ra&ti&e o Abortion
/. [CAT-No, 0'] The 3"eulne"" o *o&ial Bie
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] Cultural $ieren&e"+ ;y 6ather and ;e
#. [CAT-200/] Ba&= o Real Chan%e
SECTION -II: MISCE**ANEO.S
1. [CAT-1)))] The Art o 0ar+ Ca"tern and 0e"tern
2. [CAT-2001] !honolo%i&al *=ill"
'. [CAT-2002] The Rhetori& o C&onomi"t"
/. [CAT-No, 0'] 0ine Con"umption
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] *e&ulari<ation o Cdu&ation+ T@elth Century Curope
#. [CAT-200/] The ;anele"" T"a,o Bion"
>. [CAT-2005] The 2ame o *trate%y

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
1
SECTION I: PHI*OSOPH+

PASSAGE I
The &on&eption" o lie and the @orld @hi&h @e &all Ephilo"ophi&al? are a produ&t o t@o a&tor"+ oneF inherited reli%iou" and
ethi&al &on&eption"G the otherF the "ort o in,e"ti%ation @hi&h may be &alled E"&ientii&?F u"in% thi" @ord in it" broade"t "en"e.
.ndi,idual philo"opher" ha,e diered @idely in re%ard to the proportion" in @hi&h the"e t@o a&tor" entered into their "y"tem"F but
it i" the pre"en&e o bothF in "ome de%reeF that &hara&teri<e" philo"ophy.
E!hilo"ophy? i" a @ord @hi&h ha" been u"ed in many @ay"F "ome @iderF "ome narro@er. . propo"e to u"e it in a ,ery @ide "en"eF
@hi&h . @ill no@ try to eHplain.
!hilo"ophyF a" . "hall under"tand the @ordF i" "omethin% intermediate bet@een theolo%y and "&ien&e. Bi=e theolo%yF it &on"i"t" o
"pe&ulation" on matter" a" to @hi&h deinite =no@led%e ha"F "o arF been una"&ertainableG but li=e "&ien&eF it appeal" to human
rea"on rather than to authorityF @hether that o tradition or that o re,elation. All deinite =no@led%e9"o . "hould &ontend9
belon%" to "&ien&eG all do%ma a" to @hat "urpa""e" deinite =no@led%e belon%" to theolo%y. 1ut bet@een theolo%y and "&ien&e
there i" a ENo man?" Band?F eHpo"ed to atta&= rom both "ide"G thi" ENo man?" Band? i" philo"ophy. Almo"t all the Iue"tion" o mo"t
intere"t to "pe&ulati,e mind" are "u&h a" "&ien&e &annot an"@erF and the &onident an"@er" o theolo%ian" no lon%er "eem "o
&on,in&in% a" they did in ormer &enturie". ." the @orld di,ided into mind and matterF and i "oF @hat i" mind and @hat i" matter4
." mind "ub7e&t to matterF or i" it po""e""ed o independent po@er"4 -a" the uni,er"e any unity or purpo"e4 ." it e,ol,in% to@ard"
"ome %oal4 Are there really la@" o natureF or do @e belie,e in them only be&au"e o our innate lo,e o order4 ." man @hat he
"eem" to the a"tronomerF a tiny lump o &arbon and @ater impotently &ra@lin% on a "mall and unimportant planet4 8r i" he @hat he
appear" to -amlet4 ." he perhap" both at on&e4 ." there a @ay o li,in% that i" noble and another that i" ba"eF or are all @ay" o
li,in% merely utile4 . there i" a @ay o li,in% that i" nobleF in @hat doe" it &on"i"tF and ho@ "hall @e a&hie,e it4 ;u"t the %ood be
eternal in order to de"er,e to be ,aluedF or i" it @orth "ee=in% e,en i the uni,er"e i" ineHorably mo,in% to@ard" death4 ." there
"u&h a thin% a" @i"domF or i" @hat "eem" "u&h merely the ultimate reinement o olly4 To "u&h Iue"tion" no an"@er &an be ound
in the laboratory. Theolo%ie" ha,e proe""ed to %i,e an"@er"F all too deiniteG but their deinitene"" &au"e" modern mind" to ,ie@
them @ith "u"pi&ion. The "tudyin% o the"e Iue"tion"F i not the an"@erin% o themF i" the bu"ine"" o philo"ophy.
0hyF thenF you may a"=F @a"te time on "u&h in"oluble problem"4 To thi" one may an"@er a" a hi"torianF or a" an indi,idual a&in%
the terror o &o"mi& loneline"".
The an"@er o the hi"torianF in "o ar a" . am &apable o %i,in% itF @ill appear in the &our"e o thi" @or=. C,er "in&e men be&ame
&apable o ree "pe&ulationF their a&tion" in innumerable important re"pe&t" ha,e depended upon their theorie" a" to the @orld and
human lieF a" to @hat i" %ood and @hat i" e,il. Thi" i" a" true in the pre"ent day a" at any ormer time. To under"tand an a%e or a
nationF @e mu"t under"tand it" philo"ophyF and to under"tand it" philo"ophy @e mu"t our"el,e" be in "ome de%ree philo"opher".
There i" here a re&ipro&al &au"ation+ the &ir&um"tan&e" o men?" li,e" do mu&h to determine their philo"ophyF butF &on,er"elyF their
philo"ophy doe" mu&h to determine their &ir&um"tan&e".
There i" al"oF ho@e,erF a more per"onal an"@er. *&ien&e tell" u" @hat @e &an =no@F but @hat @e &an =no@ i" littleF and i @e
or%et ho@ mu&h @e &annot =no@ @e may be&ome in"en"iti,e to many thin%" o ,ery %reat importan&e. Theolo%yF on the other
handF indu&e" a do%mati& belie that @e ha,e =no@led%eF @here in a&t @e ha,e i%noran&eF and by doin% "o %enerate" a =ind o
impertinent in"olen&e to@ard" the uni,er"e. 3n&ertaintyF in the pre"en&e o ,i,id hope" and ear"F i" painulF but mu"t be endured i
@e @i"h to li,e @ithout the "upport o &omortin% airy tale". .t i" not %ood either to or%et the Iue"tion" that philo"ophy a"="F or to
per"uade our"el,e" that @e ha,e ound indubitable an"@er" to them. To tea&h ho@ to li,e @ithout &ertaintyF and yet @ithout bein%
paraly<ed by he"itationF i" perhap" the &hie thin% that philo"ophyF in our a%eF &an "till do or tho"e @ho "tudy it.
1. The purpo"e o philo"ophy i" to+
1. redu&e un&ertainty and &hao".
2. help u" to &ope @ith un&ertainty and ambi%uity.
'. help u" to ind eHplanation" or un&ertainty.
/. redu&e the terror o &o"mi& loneline"".
2
1. [CAT-2002] The Nature and Role o !hilo"ophy
2. [CAT-200#] $o%mati& and Criti&al Attitude
'. [CAT-200#] A Con&eption o (u"ti&e
2. 1a"ed on thi" pa""a%e @hat &an be &on&luded about the relation bet@een philo"ophy and "&ien&e4
1. The t@o are anta%oni"ti&.
2. The t@o are &omplementary.
'. There i" no relation bet@een the t@o.
/. !hilo"ophy deri,e" rom "&ien&e.
'. 6rom readin% the pa""a%eF @hat &an be &on&luded about the proe""ion o the author4 -e i" mo"t li=ely 1't to be a+
1. hi"torian
2. philo"opher
'. "&ienti"t
/. theolo%ian
/. A&&ordin% to the authorF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" about the nature o the uni,er"e mu"t be deinitely true4
1. The uni,er"e ha" unity.
2. The uni,er"e ha" a purpo"e.
'. The uni,er"e i" e,ol,in% to@ard" a %oal.
/. None o the abo,e.
PASSAGE II
8ur propen"ity to loo= out or re%ularitie"F and to impo"e la@" upon natureF lead" to the p"y&holo%i&al phenomenon o do%mati&
thin=in% orF more %enerallyF do%mati& beha,iour+ @e eHpe&t re%ularitie" e,ery@here and attempt to ind them e,en @here there are
noneG e,ent" @hi&h do not yield to the"e attempt" @e are in&lined to treat a" a =ind o Eba&=%round noi"e?G and @e "ti&= to our
eHpe&tation" e,en @hen they are inadeIuate and @e ou%ht to a&&ept deeat. Thi" do%mati"m i" to "ome eHtent ne&e""ary. .t i"
demanded by a "ituation @hi&h &an only be dealt @ith by or&in% our &on7e&ture" upon the @orld. ;oreo,erF thi" do%mati"m allo@"
u" to approa&h a %ood theory in "ta%e"F by @ay o approHimation"+ i @e a&&ept deeat too ea"ilyF @e may pre,ent our"el,e" rom
indin% that @e @ere ,ery nearly ri%ht.
.t i" &lear that thi" dogmatic attitudeF @hi&h ma=e" u" "ti&= to our ir"t impre""ion"F i" indi&ati,e o a "tron% belieG @hile a &riti&al
attitudeF @hi&h i" ready to modiy it" tenet"F @hi&h admit" doubt and demand" te"t"F i" indi&ati,e o a @ea=er belie. No@
a&&ordin% to -ume?" theoryF and to the popular theoryF the "tren%th o a belie "hould be a produ&t o repetitionG thu" it "hould
al@ay" %ro@ @ith eHperien&eF and al@ay" be %reater in le"" primiti,e per"on". 1ut do%mati& thin=in%F an un&ontrolled @i"h to
impo"e re%ularitie"F a manie"t plea"ure in rite" and in repetition a" "u&hF i" &hara&teri"ti& o primiti,e" and &hildrenG and in&rea"in%
eHperien&e and maturity "ometime" &reate an attitude o &aution and &riti&i"m rather than o do%mati"m.
;y lo%i&al &riti&i"m o -ume?" p"y&holo%i&al theoryF and the &on"ideration" &onne&ted @ith itF may "eem a little remo,ed rom the
ield o the philo"ophy o "&ien&e. 1ut the di"tin&tion bet@een do%mati& and &riti&al thin=in%F or the do%mati& and the &riti&al
attitudeF brin%" u" ri%ht ba&= to our &entral problem. 6or the do%mati& attitude i" &learly related to the tenden&y to ,eriy our la@"
and "&hemata by "ee=in% to apply them and to &onirm themF e,en to the point o ne%le&tin% reutation"F @herea" the &riti&al
attitude i" one o readine"" to &han%e them9to te"t themG to reute themG to al"iy themF i po""ible. Thi" "u%%e"t" that @e may
identiy the &riti&al attitude @ith the "&ientii& attitudeF and the do%mati& attitude @ith the one @hi&h @e ha,e de"&ribed a" p"eudo-
"&ientii&. .t urther "u%%e"t" that %eneti&ally "pea=in% the p"eudo-"&ientii& attitude i" more primiti,e thanF and prior toF the
"&ientii& attitude+ that it i" a pre-"&ientii& attitude. And thi" primiti,ity or priority al"o ha" it" lo%i&al a"pe&t. 6or the &riti&al
attitude i" not "o mu&h oppo"ed to the do%mati& attitude a" "uper-impo"ed upon it+ &riti&i"m mu"t be dire&ted a%ain"t eHi"tin% and
inluential belie" in need o &riti&al re,i"ion9in other @ord"F do%mati& belie". A &riti&al attitude need" or it" ra@ materialF a" it
@ereF theorie" or belie" @hi&h are held more or le"" do%mati&ally.
Thu"F "&ien&e mu"t be%in @ith myth"F and @ith the &riti&i"m o myth"G neither @ith the &olle&tion o ob"er,ation"F nor @ith the
in,ention o eHperiment"F but @ith the &riti&al di"&u""ion o myth"F and o ma%i&al te&hniIue" and pra&ti&e". The "&ientii& tradition
i" di"tin%ui"hed rom the pre-"&ientii& tradition in ha,in% t@o layer". Bi=e the latterF it pa""e" on it" theorie"G but it al"o pa""e" on a
&riti&al attitude to@ard" them. The theorie" are pa""ed onF not a" do%ma"F but rather @ith the &hallen%e to di"&u"" them and
impro,e upon them.
The &riti&al attitudeF the tradition o ree di"&u""ion o theorie" @ith the aim o di"&o,erin% their @ea= "pot" "o that they may be
impro,ed uponF i" the attitude o rea"onablene""F o rationality. 6rom the point o ,ie@ here de,elopedF all la@"F all theorie"F
remain e""entially tentati,eF or &on7e&turalF or hypotheti&alF e,en @hen @e eel unable to doubt them any lon%er. 1eore a theory
ha" been reuted @e &an ne,er =no@ in @hat @ay it may ha,e to be modiied.
'
5. .n the &onteHt o "&ien&eF a&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF the intera&tion o dogmatic beliefs and critical attitude &an be be"t
de"&ribed a"+
(1) A duel bet@een t@o @arrior" in @hi&h one ha" to die.
(2) The ee&t o a &hi"el on a marble "tone @hile ma=in% a "&ulpture.
(') The eed"hare (natural %a") in ertili<er indu"try bein% tran"ormed into ertili<er".
(/) A predator =illin% it" prey.
(5) The ee&t o ertili<er" on a "aplin%.
#. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF the role o a do%mati& attitude or do%mati& beha,iour in the de,elopment o "&ien&e i"
(1) &riti&al and importantF a"F @ithout itF initial hypothe"e" or &on7e&ture" &an ne,er be made.
(2) po"iti,eF a" &on7e&ture" ari"in% out o our do%mati& attitude be&ome "&ien&e.
(') ne%ati,eF a" it lead" to p"eudo-"&ien&e.
(/) neutralF a" the de,elopment o "&ien&e i" e""entially be&au"e o our &riti&al attitude.
(5) inerior to &riti&al attitudeF a" a &riti&al attitude lead" to the attitude o rea"onablene"" and rationality.
>. $o%mati& beha,iourF in thi" pa""a%eF ha" been a""o&iated @ith primiti,e" and &hildren. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t de"&ribe"
the rea"on @hy the author &ompare" primiti,e" @ith &hildren4
(1) !rimiti,e" are people @ho are not edu&atedF and hen&e &an be &ompared @ith &hildrenF @ho ha,e not yet been throu%h "&hool.
(2) !rimiti,e" are people @hoF thou%h not modernF are a" inno&ent a" &hildren.
(') !rimiti,e" are people @ithout a &riti&al attitudeF 7u"t a" &hildren are.
(/) !rimiti,e" are people in the early "ta%e" o human e,olutionG &hildren are in the early "ta%e" o their li,e".
(5) !rimiti,e" are people @ho are not &i,ili<ed enou%hF 7u"t a" &hildren are not.
J. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" be"t "upport" the ar%ument in the pa""a%e that a &riti&al attitude lead" to a @ea=er belie
than a do%mati& one doe"4
(1) A &riti&al attitude implie" endle"" Iue"tionin%F andF thereoreF it &annot lead to "tron% belie".
(2) A &riti&al attitudeF by deinitionF i" &entred on an analy"i" o anomalie" and Knoi"eL.
(') A &riti&al attitude lead" to Iue"tionin% e,erythin%F and in the pro&e"" %enerate" Knoi"eL @ithout any &on,i&tion.
(/) A &riti&al attitude i" antitheti&al to &on,i&tionF @hi&h i" reIuired or "tron%er belie".
(5) A &riti&al attitude lead" to Iue"tionin% and to tentati,e hypothe"e".
). A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" be"t de"&ribe" the dieren&e bet@een "&ien&e and p"eudo-
"&ien&e4
(1) *&ientii& theorie" or hypothe"i" are tentati,ely true @herea" p"eudo-"&ien&e" are al@ay" true.
(2) *&ientii& la@" and theorie" are permanent and immutable @herea" p"eudo-"&ien&e" are &ontin%ent on the pre,alent mode o
thin=in% in a "o&iety.
(') *&ien&e al@ay" allo@" the po""ibility o re7e&tin% a theory or hypothe"i"F @herea" p"eudo-"&ien&e" "ee= to ,alidate their idea"
or theorie".
(/) *&ien&e o&u"e" on anomalie" and eH&eption" "o that undamental truth" &an be un&o,eredF @herea" p"eudo-"&ien&e" o&u"
mainly on %eneral truth".
(5) *&ien&e pro%re""e" by &olle&tion o ob"er,ation" or by eHperimentationF @herea" p"eudo-"&ien&e" do not @orry about
ob"er,ation" and eHperiment".
PASSAGE III
;y aim i" to pre"ent a &on&eption o 7u"ti&e @hi&h %enerali<e" and &arrie" to a hi%her le,el o ab"tra&tion the amiliar theory o the
"o&ial &ontra&t. .n order to do thi" @e are not to thin= o the ori%inal &ontra&t a" one to enter a parti&ular "o&iety or to "et up a
parti&ular orm o %o,ernment. RatherF the idea i" that the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e or the ba"i& "tru&ture o "o&iety are the ob7e&t o the
ori%inal a%reement. They are the prin&iple" that ree and rational per"on" &on&erned to urther their o@n intere"t" @ould a&&ept in
an initial po"ition o eIuality. The"e prin&iple" are to re%ulate all urther a%reement"G they "pe&iy the =ind" o "o&ial &ooperation
that &an be entered into and the orm" o %o,ernment that &an be e"tabli"hed. Thi" @ay o re%ardin% the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&eF . "hall
&all 7u"ti&e a" airne"". Thu"F @e are to ima%ine that tho"e @ho en%a%e in "o&ial &ooperation &hoo"e to%etherF in one 7oint a&tF the
prin&iple" @hi&h are to a""i%n ba"i& ri%ht" and dutie" and to determine the di,i"ion o "o&ial beneit". (u"t a" ea&h per"on mu"t
de&ide by rational rele&tion @hat &on"titute" hi" %oodF that i"F the "y"tem o end" @hi&h it i" rational or him to pur"ueF "o a %roup
o per"on" mu"t de&ide on&e and or all @hat i" to &ount amon% them a" 7u"t and un7u"t. The &hoi&e @hi&h rational men @ould
ma=e in thi" hypotheti&al "ituation o eIual liberty determine" the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e.
/
.n E7u"ti&e a" airne""?F the ori%inal po"ition i" not an a&tual hi"tori&al "tate o aair". .t i" under"tood a" a purely hypotheti&al
"ituation &hara&teri<ed "o a" to lead to a &ertain &on&eption o 7u"ti&e. Amon% the e""ential eature" o thi" "ituation i" that no one
=no@" hi" pla&e in "o&ietyF hi" &la"" po"ition or "o&ial "tatu"F nor doe" anyone =no@ hi" ortune in the di"tribution o natural a""et"
and abilitie"F hi" intelli%en&eF "tren%thF and the li=e. . "hall e,en a""ume that the partie" do not =no@ their &on&eption" o the %ood
or their "pe&ial p"y&holo%i&al propen"itie". The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en behind a ,eil o i%noran&e. Thi" en"ure" that no one
i" ad,anta%ed or di"ad,anta%ed in the &hoi&e o prin&iple" by the out&ome o natural &han&e or the &ontin%en&y o "o&ial
&ir&um"tan&e". *in&e all are "imilarly "ituated and no one i" able to de"i%n prin&iple" to a,or hi" parti&ular &onditionF the
prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are the re"ult o a air a%reement or bar%ain.
(u"ti&e a" airne"" be%in" @ith one o the mo"t %eneral o all &hoi&e" @hi&h per"on" mi%ht ma=e to%etherF namelyF @ith the &hoi&e
o the ir"t prin&iple" o a &on&eption o 7u"ti&e @hi&h i" to re%ulate all "ub"eIuent &riti&i"m and reorm o in"titution". ThenF
ha,in% &ho"en a &on&eption o 7u"ti&eF @e &an "uppo"e that they are to &hoo"e a &on"titution and a le%i"lature to ena&t la@"F and "o
onF all in a&&ordan&e @ith the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e initially a%reed upon. 8ur "o&ial "ituation i" 7u"t i it i" "u&h that by thi"
"eIuen&e o hypotheti&al a%reement" @e @ould ha,e &ontra&ted into the %eneral "y"tem o rule" @hi&h deine" it. ;oreo,erF
a""umin% that the ori%inal po"ition doe" determine a "et o prin&iple"F it @ill then be true that @hene,er "o&ial in"titution" "ati"y
the"e prin&iple"F tho"e en%a%ed in them &an "ay to one another that they are &ooperatin% on term" to @hi&h they @ould a%ree i they
@ere ree and eIual per"on" @ho"e relation" @ith re"pe&t to one another @ere air. They &ould all ,ie@ their arran%ement" a"
meetin% the "tipulation" @hi&h they @ould a&=no@led%e in an initial "ituation that embodie" @idely a&&epted and rea"onable
&on"traint" on the &hoi&e o prin&iple". The %eneral re&o%nition o thi" a&t @ould pro,ide the ba"i" or a publi& a&&eptan&e o the
&orre"pondin% prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e. No "o&iety &anF o &our"eF be a "&heme o &ooperation @hi&h men enter ,oluntarily in a literal
"en"eG ea&h per"on ind" him"el pla&ed at birth in "ome parti&ular po"ition in "ome parti&ular "o&ietyF and the nature o thi"
po"ition materially ae&t" hi" lie pro"pe&t". Met a "o&iety "ati"yin% the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e a" airne"" &ome" a" &lo"e a" a "o&iety
&an to bein% a ,oluntary "&hemeF or it meet" the prin&iple" @hi&h ree and eIual per"on" @ould a""ent to under &ir&um"tan&e" that
are air.
10. A 7u"t "o&ietyF a" &on&eptuali<ed in the pa""a%eF &an be be"t de"&ribed a"+
(1) A 3topia in @hi&h e,eryone i" eIual and no one en7oy" any pri,ile%e ba"ed on their eHi"tin% po"ition" and po@er".
(2) A hypotheti&al "o&iety in @hi&h people a%ree upon prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e @hi&h are air.
(') A "o&iety in @hi&h prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are not ba"ed on the eHi"tin% po"ition" and po@er" o the indi,idual".
(/) A "o&iety in @hi&h prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are air to all.
(5) A hypotheti&al "o&iety in @hi&h prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are not ba"ed on the eHi"tin% po"ition" and po@er" o the indi,idual".
11. The ori%inal a%reement or ori%inal po"ition in the pa""a%e ha" been u"ed by the author a"+
(1) A hypotheti&al "ituation &on&ei,ed to deri,e prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e @hi&h are not inluen&ed by po"itionF "tatu" and &ondition o
indi,idual" in the "o&iety.
(2) A hypotheti&al "ituation in @hi&h e,ery indi,idual i" eIual and no indi,idual en7oy" any pri,ile%e ba"ed on the eHi"tin%
po"ition" and po@er".
(') A hypotheti&al "ituation to en"ure airne"" o a%reement" amon% indi,idual" in "o&iety.
(/) An ima%ined "ituation in @hi&h prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e @ould ha,e to be air.
(5) An ima%ined "ituation in @hi&h airne"" i" the ob7e&ti,e o the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e to en"ure that no indi,idual en7oy" any
pri,ile%e ba"ed on the eHi"tin% po"ition" and po@er".
12. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t illu"trate" the "ituation that i" eIui,alent to &hoo"in% Ethe prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e? behind a E,eil o
i%noran&e?4
(1) The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en by bu"ine""menF @ho are marooned on an uninhabited i"land ater a "hip@re&=F but ha,e
"ome po""ibility o returnin%.
(2) The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en by a %roup o "&hool &hildren @ho"e &apabilitie" are yet to de,elop.
(') The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en by bu"ine""menF @ho are marooned on an uninhabited i"land ater a "hip@re&= and ha,e
no po""ibility o returnin%.
(/) The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en a""umin% that "u&h prin&iple" @ill %o,ern the li,e" o the rule ma=er" only in their neHt
birth i the rule ma=er" a%ree that they @ill be born a%ain.
(5) The prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e are &ho"en by potential immi%rant" @ho are una@are o the re"our&e" ne&e""ary to "u&&eed in a
orei%n &ountry.
5
1'. 0hyF a&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF do prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e need to be ba"ed on an ori%inal a%reement4
(1) *o&ial in"titution" and la@" &an be &on"idered air only i they &onorm to prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e.
(2) *o&ial in"titution" and la@" &an be air only i they are &on"i"tent @ith the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e a" initially a%reed upon.
(') *o&ial in"titution" and la@" need to be air in order to be 7u"t.
(/) *o&ial in"titution" and la@" e,ol,e airly only i they are &on"i"tent @ith the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e a" initially a%reed upon.
(5) *o&ial in"titution" and la@" &onorm to the prin&iple" o 7u"ti&e a" initially a%reed upon.
1/. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "ituation" be"t repre"ent" the idea o 7u"ti&e a" airne""F a" ar%ued in the pa""a%e4
(1) All indi,idual" are paid eIually or the @or= they do.
(2) C,eryone i" a""i%ned "ome @or= or hi" or her li,elihood.
(') All a&t" o thet are penali<ed eIually.
(/) All &hildren are pro,ided ree edu&ation in "imilar "&hool".
(5) All indi,idual" are pro,ided a iHed "um o money to ta=e &are o their health.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
AN*0CR KCM
1. (2) 2. (2) '. (/) /. (/) 5. (2)
#. (1) >. (/) J. (5) ). (') 10. (')
11. (1) 12. (/) 1'. (2) 1/. (/)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
#
SECTION II: PO*ITICA* SCIENCE , HISTOR+
PASSAGE I
*in&e 0orld 0ar ..F the nation-"tate ha" been re%arded @ith appro,al by e,ery politi&al "y"tem and e,ery ideolo%y. .n the name o
moderni<ation in the 0e"tF o "o&iali"m in the Ca"tern blo&F and o de,elopment in the Third 0orldF it @a" eHpe&ted to %uarantee
the happine"" o indi,idual" a" &iti<en" and o people" a" "o&ietie". -o@e,erF the "tate today appear" to ha,e bro=en do@n in many
part" o the @orld. .t ha" ailed to %uarantee either "e&urity or "o&ial 7u"ti&eF and ha" been unable to pre,ent either international
@ar" or &i,il @ar". $i"turbed by the &laim" o &ommunitie" @ithin itF the nation-"tate trie" to repre"" their demand" and to pro&laim
it"el a" the only %uarantor o "e&urity o all. .n the name o national unityF territorial inte%rityF eIuality o all it" &iti<en" and non-
parti"an "e&ulari"mF the "tate &an u"e it" po@erul re"our&e" to re7e&t the demand" o the &ommunitie"G it may e,en %o "o ar a"
%eno&ide to en"ure that order pre,ail".
A" one ob"er,e" the a@a=enin% o &ommunitie" in dierent part" o the @orldF one &annot i%nore the &onteHt in @hi&h identity
i""ue" ari"e. .t i" no lon%er a &onteHt o "ealed rontier" and i"olated re%ion" but i" one o inte%rated %lobal "y"tem". .n a rea&tion to
thi" trend to@ard" %lobali"ationF indi,idual" and &ommunitie" e,ery@here are ,oi&in% their de"ire to eHi"tF to u"e their po@er o
&reation and to play an a&ti,e part in national and international lie.
There are t@o @ay" in @hi&h the &urrent up"ur%e in demand" or the re&o%nition o identitie" &an be loo=ed at. 8n the po"iti,e "ideF
the eort" by &ertain population %roup" to a""ert their identity &an be re%arded a" Kliberation mo,ement"LF &hallen%in% oppre""ion
and in7u"ti&e. 0hat the"e %roup" are doin%9pro&laimin% that they are dierentF redi"&o,erin% the root" o their &ulture or
"tren%thenin% %roup "olidarity9may a&&ordin%ly be "een a" le%itimate attempt" to e"&ape rom their "tate o "ub7u%ation and en7oy
a &ertain mea"ure o di%nity. 8n the do@n"ideF ho@e,erF militant a&tion or re&o%nition tend" to ma=e "u&h %roup" more deeply
entren&hed in their attitude and to ma=e their &ultural &ompartment" e,en more @aterti%ht. The a""ertion o identity then "tart"
turnin% into "el-ab"orption and i"olationF and i" liable to "lide into intoleran&e o other" and to@ard" idea" o Kethni& &lean"in%LF
Henophobia and ,iolen&e.
0herea" &ontinuou" ,ariation" amon% people" pre,ent dra@in% o &lear di,idin% line" bet@een the %roup"F tho"e militatin% or
re&o%nition o their %roup?" identity arbitrarily &hoo"e a limited number o &riteria "u&h a" reli%ionF lan%ua%eF "=in &olourF and
pla&e o ori%in "o that their member" re&o%ni<e them"el,e" primarily in term" o the label" atta&hed to the %roup @ho"e eHi"ten&e i"
bein% a""erted. Thi" di"tin&tion bet@een the %roup in Iue"tion and other %roup" i" e"tabli"hed by "impliyin% the eature "ele&ted.
*implii&ation al"o @or=" by tran"ormin% %roup" into e""en&e"F ab"tra&tion" endo@ed @ith the &apa&ity to remain un&han%ed
throu%h time. .n "ome &a"e"F people a&tually a&t a" thou%h the %roup ha" remained un&han%ed and tal=F or eHampleF about the
hi"tory o nation" and &ommunitie" a" i the"e entitie" "ur,i,ed or &enturie" @ithout &han%in%F @ith the "ame @ay" o a&tin% and
thin=in%F the "ame de"ire"F anHietie"F and a"piration".
!aradoHi&allyF pre&i"ely be&au"e identity repre"ent" a "impliyin% i&tionF &reatin% uniorm %roup" out o di"parate peopleF that
identity perorm" a &o%niti,e un&tion. .t enable" u" to put name" to our"el,e" and other"F rom "ome idea o @ho @e are and @ho
other" areF and a"&ertain the pla&e @e o&&upy alon% @ith the other" in the @orld and "o&iety. The &urrent up"ur%e to a""ert the
identity o %roup" &an thu" be partly eHplained by the &o%niti,e un&tion perormed by identity. -o@e,erF that "aidF people @ould
not %o alon% a" they doF oten in lar%e number"F @ith the propo"ition" put to themF in "pite o the "a&rii&e" they entailF i there @a"
not a ,ery "tron% eelin% o need or identityF a need to ta=e "to&= o thin%" and =no@ K@ho @e areLF K@here @e &ome romLF and
K@here @e are %oin%L.
.dentity i" thu" a ne&e""ity in a &on"tantly &han%in% @orldF but it &an al"o be a potent "our&e o ,iolen&e and di"ruption. -o@ &an
the"e t@o &ontradi&tory a"pe&t" o identity be re&on&iled4 6ir"tF @e mu"t bear the arbitrary nature o identity &ate%orie" in mindF
not @ith a ,ie@ to eliminatin% all orm" o identii&ation9@hi&h @ould be unreali"ti& "in&e identity i" a &o%niti,e ne&e""ity9but
"imply to remind our"el,e" that ea&h o u" ha" "e,eral identitie" at the "ame time. *e&ondF "in&e tear" o no"tal%ia are bein% "hed
o,er the pa"tF @e re&o%ni<e that &ulture i" &on"tantly bein% re&reated by &obblin% to%ether re"h and ori%inal element" and &ounter-
&ulture". There are in our o@n &ountry a lar%e number o "yn&reti& &ult" @herein modern element" are blended @ith traditional
,alue" or people o dierent &ommunitie" ,enerate "aint" or di,initie" o parti&ular aith". *u&h &ult" and mo,ement" are
&hara&teri<ed by a &ontinual inlo@ and outlo@ o member" @hi&h pre,ent them rom ta=in% on a "el-perpetuatin% eHi"ten&e o
>
1. [CAT-1)))] The Con&ept o the Nation-*tate
2. [CAT-2001] $emo&ra&y+ A !er"pe&ti,e
'. [CAT-2002] -i"torie" o .ndia+ $ierent Approa&he"
/. [CAT-No, 0'] 0hy did The 1riti"h 2i,e 3p .ndia4
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] .ndian 6ederali"m+ !an&hayati Ra7 *y"tem
#. [CAT-200#] Condemnin% the Crime" o Communi"m
their o@n and hold out hope or the utureF indeedF perhap" or the only po""ible uture. 6inallyF the nation-"tate mu"t re"pond to
the identity ur%e" o it" &on"tituent &ommunitie" and to their le%itimate Iue"t or "e&urity and "o&ial 7u"ti&e. .t mu"t do "o by
in,entin% @hat the 6ren&h philo"opher and "o&iolo%i"tF Raymond AronF &alled Kpea&e throu%h la@L. That @ould %uarantee 7u"ti&e
both to the "tate a" a @hole and it" part"F and re"pe&t the &laim" o both rea"on and emotion". The problem i" one o re&on&ilin%
nationali"t demand" @ith the eHer&i"e o demo&ra&y.
1. A&&ordin% to the authorF happine"" o indi,idual" @a" eHpe&ted to be %uaranteed in the name o+
1. $e,elopment in the Third @orld.
2. *o&iali"m in the Third @orld.
'. $e,elopment in the 0e"t.
/. ;oderni"ation in the Ca"tern 1lo&.
2. $emand" or re&o%nition o identitie" &an be ,ie@ed+
1. !o"iti,ely and ne%ati,ely.
2. A" liberation mo,ement" and militant a&tion.
'. A" eort" to redi"&o,er root" @hi&h &an "lide to@ard" intoleran&e o other".
/. All o the abo,e.
'. 2oin% by the author?" eHpo"ition o the nature o identityF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" i" untrue4
1. .dentity repre"ent" &reatin% uniorm %roup" out o di"parate people.
2. .dentity i" a ne&e""ity in the &han%in% @orld.
'. .dentity i" a &o%niti,e ne&e""ity.
/. None o the abo,e.
/. A&&ordin% to the authorF the nation-"tate
1. ha" ulilled it" potential.
2. i" @illin% to do anythin% to pre"er,e order.
'. %enerate" "e&urity or all it" &iti<en".
/. ha" been a ma7or or&e in pre,entin% &i,il and international @ar".
5. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% ,ie@" o the nation-"tate &annot be attributed to the author4
1. .t ha" not %uaranteed pea&e and "e&urity.
2. .t may %o a" ar a" %eno&ide or "el-pre"er,ation.
'. .t repre"ent" the demand" o &ommunitie" @ithin it.
/. .t i" unable to pre,ent international @ar".
PASSAGE II
$emo&ra&y re"t" on a ten"ion bet@een t@o dierent prin&iple". There i"F on the one handF the prin&iple o eIuality beore the la@F
orF more %enerallyF o eIualityF and on the other handF @hat may be de"&ribed a" the leader"hip prin&iple. The ir"t %i,e" priority to
rule" and the "e&ond to per"on". No matter ho@ "=illully @e &ontri,e our "&heme"F there i" a point beyond @hi&h the one prin&iple
&annot be promoted @ithout "ome "a&rii&e o the other.
AleHi" de To&Iue,illeF the %reat nineteenth &entury @riter on demo&ra&yF maintained that the a%e o demo&ra&yF @ho"e birth he @a"
@itne""in%F @ould al"o be the a%e o medio&rity+ in "ayin% thi" he @a" thin=in% primarily o a re%ime o eIuality %o,erned by
imper"onal rule". $e"pite hi" "tron% atta&hment to demo&ra&yF he too= %reat pain" to point out @hat he belie,ed to be it" ne%ati,e
"ide+ a dead le,el plane o a&hie,ement in pra&ti&ally e,ery "phere o lie. The a%e o demo&ra&y @ouldF in hi" ,ie@F be an
unheroi& a%eG there @ould not be room in it or either heroe" or hero-@or"hipper".
1ut modern demo&ra&ie" ha,e not been able to do @ithout heroe"+ thi" too @a" ore"eenF @ith mu&h mi"%i,in%F by To&Iue,ille.
To&Iue,ille ,ie@ed thi" @ith mi"%i,in% be&au"e he belie,edF ri%htly or @ron%lyF that unli=e in ari"to&rati& "o&ietie" there @a" no
proper pla&e in a demo&ra&y or heroe" andF hen&eF @hen they aro"e they @ould "ooner or later turn into de"pot". 0hether they
reIuire heroe" or notF demo&ra&ie" &ertainly reIuire leader"F andF in the &ontemporary a%eF breed them in %reat prou"ion+ the
problem i" to =no@ @hat to do @ith them.
.n a @orld preo&&upied @ith "&ientii& rationality the ad,anta%e" o a "y"tem ba"ed on an imper"onal rule o la@ "hould be a
re&ommendation @ith e,erybody. There i" "omethin% orderly and predi&table about "u&h a "y"tem. 0hen lie i" li,ed mainly in
J
"mallF "el-&ontained &ommunitie"F men are able to ta=e iner per"onal di"tin&tion" into a&&ount in dealin% @ith their ello@ men.
They are unable to do thi" in a lar%e and amorphou" "o&ietyF and or%ani<ed li,in% @ould be impo""ible here @ithout a "y"tem o
imper"onal rule". Abo,e allF "u&h a "y"tem %uarantee" a =ind o eIuality to the eHtent that e,erybodyF no matter in @hat "tation o
lieF i" bound by the "ame eHpli&itF oten @rittenF rule"F and nobody i" abo,e them.
1ut a "y"tem %o,erned "olely by imper"onal rule" &an at be"t en"ure order and "tabilityG it &annot &reate any "hinin% ,i"ion o a
uture in @hi&h mere ormal eIuality @ill be repla&ed by real eIuality and ello@"hip. A @orld %o,erned by imper"onal rule"
&annot ea"ily &han%e it"elF or @hen it doe"F the &han%e i" "o %radual a" to ma=e the ba"i& and undamental eature o "o&iety
appear un&han%ed. 6or any =ind o ba"i& or undamental &han%eF a pu"h i" needed rom @ithinF a =ind o indi,idual initiati,e
@hi&h @ill &reate ne@ rule"F ne@ term" and &ondition" o lie.
The i""ue o leader"hip thu" a&Iuire" &ru&ial "i%nii&an&e in the &onteHt o &han%e. . the modern a%e i" preo&&upied @ith "&ientii&
rationalityF it i" no le"" preo&&upied @ith &han%e. To a&&ept @hat eHi"t" on it" o@n term" i" traditionalF not modernF and it may be
all ,ery @ell to appre&iate tradition in mu"i&F dan&e and dramaF but or "o&iety a" a @hole the &hoi&e ha" already been made in
a,our o moderni<ation and de,elopment. ;oreo,erF in "ome &ountrie" the %ap bet@een ideal and reality ha" be&ome "o %reat that
the ar%ument or de,elopment and &han%e i" no@ irre"i"tible.
.n the"e &ountrie" no ar%ument or de,elopment ha" %reater appeal or ur%en&y than the one @hi&h "ho@" de,elopment to be the
&ondition or the miti%ationF i not the eliminationF o ineIuality. There i" "omethin% &ontradi&tory about the ,ery pre"en&e o lar%e
ineIualitie" in a "o&iety @hi&h proe""e" to be demo&rati&. .t doe" not ta=e people too lon% to reali<e that demo&ra&y by it"el &an
%uarantee only ormal eIualityG beyond thi"F it &an only @het people?" appetite or real or "ub"tanti,e eIuality. 6rom thi" ari"e"
their &ontinued preo&&upation @ith plan" and "&heme" that @ill help to brid%e the %ap bet@een the ideal o eIuality and the reality
@hi&h i" "o &ontrary to it.
0hen pre-eHi"tin% rule" %i,e no &lear dire&tion" o &han%eF leader"hip &ome" into it" o@n. C,ery demo&ra&y in,e"t" it" leader"hip
@ith a mea"ure o &hari"maF and eHpe&t" rom it a &orre"pondin% mea"ure o ener%y and ,itality. No@F the %reater the ur%e or
&han%e in a "o&iety the "tron%er the appeal o a dynami& leader"hip in it. A dynami& leader"hip "ee=" to ree it"el rom the
&on"traint" o eHi"tin% rule"G in a "en"e that i" the te"t o it" dynami"m. .n thi" pro&e"" it may ta=e a turn at @hi&h it &ea"e" to re%ard
it"el a" bein% bound by the"e rule"F pla&in% it"el abo,e them. There i" al@ay" a ten"ion bet@een E&hari"ma? and Edi"&ipline? in the
&a"e o a demo&rati& leader"hipF and @hen thi" leader"hip put" or@ard re,olutionary &laim"F the ten"ion tend" to be re"ol,ed at the
eHpen"e o di"&ipline.
Chara&teri"ti&allyF the le%itima&y o "u&h a leader"hip re"t" on it" &laim to be able to aboli"h or at lea"t "ub"tantially redu&e the
eHi"tin% ineIualitie" in "o&iety. 6rom the ar%ument that ormal eIuality or eIuality beore the la@ i" but a limited %oodF it i" oten
one "hort "tep to the ar%ument that it i" a hindran&e or an ob"ta&le to the e"tabli"hment o real or "ub"tanti,e eIuality. The &onli&t
bet@een a Epro%re""i,e? eHe&uti,e and a E&on"er,ati,e? 7udi&iary i" but one a"pe&t o thi" lar%er problem. Thi" &onli&t naturally
a&Iuire" piIuan&y @hen the eHe&uti,e i" ele&ted and the 7udi&iary appointed.
#. $ynami& leader" are needed in demo&ra&ie" be&au"e+
1. they ha,e adopted the prin&iple" o Eormal? eIuality rather than E"ub"tanti,e? eIuality.
2. Eormal? eIuality @het" people?" appetite or E"ub"tanti,e? eIuality.
'. "y"tem" that rely on the imper"onal rule" o Eormal? eIuality lo"e their ability to ma=e lar%e &han%e".
/. o the &onli&t bet@een a Epro%re""i,e? eHe&uti,e and a E&on"er,ati,e? 7udi&iary.
>. 0hat po""ible a&tor @ould a dynami& leader &on"ider a Ehindran&e? in a&hie,in% the de,elopment %oal" o a nation4
1. !rin&iple o eIuality beore the la@.
2. (udi&ial a&ti,i"m.
'. A &on"er,ati,e 7udi&iary.
/. Need or di"&ipline.
J. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% our "tatement" &an be inerred rom the abo,e pa""a%e4
)
A. *&ientii& rationality i" an e""ential eature o modernity.
1. *&ientii& rationality re"ult" in the de,elopment o imper"onal rule".
C. ;oderni"ation and de,elopment ha,e been &ho"en o,er traditional mu"i&F dan&e and drama.
$. $emo&ra&ie" a"pire to a&hie,e "ub"tanti,e eIuality.
1. AF 1F $ but not C
2. AF 1 but not CF $
'. AF $ but not 1F C
/. AF 1F C but not $
). To&Iue,ille belie,ed that the a%e o demo&ra&y @ould be an un-heroi& one be&au"e+
1. demo&rati& prin&iple" do not en&oura%e heroe".
2. there i" no ur%en&y or de,elopment in demo&rati& &ountrie".
'. heroe" that emer%ed in demo&ra&ie" @ould be&ome de"pot".
/. ari"to&rati& "o&iety had a %reater ability to produ&e heroe".
10. A =ey ar%ument the author i" ma=in% i" that+
1. in the &onteHt o eHtreme ineIualityF the i""ue o leader"hip ha" limited "i%nii&an&e.
2. demo&ra&y i" in&apable o eradi&atin% ineIuality.
'. ormal eIuality a&ilitate" de,elopment and &han%e.
/. imper"onal rule" are %ood or a,oidin% in"tability but all "hort o a&hie,in% real eIuality.
11. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% our "tatement" &an be inerred rom the abo,e pa""a%e4
A. There i" &onli&t bet@een the pur"uit o eIuality and indi,iduality.
1. The di"ad,anta%e" o imper"onal rule" &an be o,er&ome in "mall &ommunitie".
C. $e"pite limitation"F imper"onal rule" are e""ential in lar%e "y"tem".
$. .n"pired leader"hipF rather than plan" and "&heme"F i" more ee&ti,e in brid%in% ineIuality.
1. 1F $ but not AF C
2. AF 1 but not CF $
'. AF $ but not 1F C
/. AF C but not 1F $
PASSAGE III
The produ&tion o hi"torie" o .ndia ha" be&ome ,ery reIuent in re&ent year" and may @ell &all or "ome eHplanation. 0hy "o
many and @hy thi" one in parti&ular4 The rea"on i" a t@oold one+ &han%e" in the .ndian "&ene reIuirin% a re-interpretation o the
a&t" and &han%e" in attitude" o hi"torian" about the e""ential element" o .ndian hi"tory. The"e t@o &on"ideration" are in addition
to the normal a&t o re"h inormationF @hether in the orm o ar&heolo%i&al di"&o,erie" thro@in% re"h li%ht on an ob"&ure period
or &ultureF or the re,elation" &au"ed by the openin% o ar&hi,e" or the relea"e o pri,ate paper". The &han%e" in the .ndian "&ene are
too ob,iou" to need empha"i". 8nly t@o %eneration" a%o 1riti"h rule "eemed to mo"t .ndian a" @ell a" 1riti"h ob"er,er" li=ely to
eHtend into an indeinite utureG no@ there i" a teena%e %eneration @hi&h =no@" nothin% o it. Chan%e" in the attitude" o hi"torian"
ha,e o&&urred e,ery@hereF &han%e" in attitude" to the &ontent o the "ub7e&t a" @ell a" to parti&ular &ountrie"F but in .ndia there
ha,e been "ome "pe&ial eature". !rior to the 1riti"hF .ndian hi"torio%rapher" @ere mo"tly ;u"lim"F @ho reliedF a" in the &a"e o
*ayyid 2hulam -u""ainF on their o@n re&olle&tion o e,ent" and on inormation rom riend" and men o aair". 8nly a e@ li=e
Abu?l 6a<l had a&&e"" to oi&ial paper". The"e @ere per"onal narrati,e" o e,ent"F ,aryin% in ,alue @ith the nature o the @riter.
The early 1riti"h @riter" @ere oi&ial". .n the ei%hteenth &entury they @ere &on&erned @ith "ome a"pe&t o Company poli&yF orF
li=e Robert 8rme in hi" Military TransactionsF %a,e a "trai%ht narrati,e in @hat @a" e""entially a &ontinuation o the ;u"lim
tradition. .n the early nineteenth &entury the @riter" @ere "tillF @ith t@o notable eH&eption"F oi&ial"F but they @ere no@ en%a%ed
in &hroni&lin%F in ,aryin% mood" o <e"tF prideF and a@eF the ri"e o the 1riti"h po@er in .ndia to "uprema&y. The t@o eH&eption"
@ere (ame" ;illF @ith hi" &riti&al attitude to the Company and (ohn ;ar&hmanF the 1apti"t mi""ionary. 1ut theyF li=e the oi&ial"F
@ere an%lo-&entri& in their attitudeF "o that the hi"tory o modern .ndia in their hand" &ame to be the hi"tory o the ri"e o the
1riti"h in .ndia.
The oi&ial "&hool dominated the @ritin% o .ndian hi"tory until @e %et the ir"t proe""ional hi"torian?" approa&hF Ram"ay ;uir
and !.C. Robert" in Cn%land and -.-. $od@ell in .ndia. Then .ndian hi"torian" trained in the Cn%li"h "&hool 7oined inF o @hom
the mo"t di"tin%ui"hed @a" *ir (adunath *ar=ar and the other notable @riter"+ *urendranath *enF $r. Radha=umud ;u=er7iF and
!roe""or Nila=anta *a"tri. TheyF it may be "aidF re"tored .ndia to .ndian hi"toryF but their bia" @a" mainly politi&al. 6inally ha,e
10
&ome the nationali"t" @ho ran%e rom tho"e @ho &an ind nothin% %ood or true in the 1riti"h to "ophi"ti&ated hi"tori&al
philo"opher" li=e K.;. !ani==er.
Alon% @ith type" o hi"torian" @ith their ,aryin% bia" ha,e %one &han%e" in the attitude to the &ontent o .ndian hi"tory. -ere
.ndian hi"torian" ha,e been inluen&ed both by their lo&al "ituation and by &han%e" o thou%ht el"e@here. .t i" in thi" ield that thi"
@or= &an &laim "ome attention "in&e it "ee=" to brea= ne@ %roundF or perhap" to deepen a re"hly turned urro@ in the ield o
.ndian hi"tory. The early oi&ial hi"torian" @ere &ontent @ith the %lamour and drama o politi&al hi"tory rom !la""ey to the
;utinyF rom $upleiH to the *i=h". 1ut @hen the raj @a" "ettled do@nF %lamour departed rom politi&"F and they turned to the le""
%loriou" but more "olid %round o admini"tration. Not ho@ .ndia @a" &onIuered but ho@ it @a" %o,erned @a" the theme o thi"
"&hool o hi"torian". .t ound it" ar&hprie"t in -.-. $od@ellF it" prie"te"" in $ame Bilian !en"onF and it" &hie "hrine in the :olume
:. o the Cambridge History of India. ;ean@hile in 1ritain other &urrent" @ere mo,in%F @hi&h led hi"tori&al "tudy into the
e&onomi& and "o&ial ield". R.C. $utt entered the ir"t o the"e &urrent" @ith hi" Economic History of India to be ollo@ed more
re&ently by the @hole %roup o .ndian e&onomi& hi"torian". 0.C. ;oreland eHtended the"e "tudie" to the ;u%hal !eriod. *o&ial
hi"tory i" no@ bein% in&rea"in%ly "tudied and there i" al"o o &our"e a "&hool o nationali"t hi"torian" @ho "ee modern .ndian
hi"tory in term" o the ri"e and the ulillment o the national mo,ement.
All the"e approa&he" ha,e ,alueF but all "hare in the Iuality o bein% &ompartmental. .t i" not enou%h to remo,e politi&al hi"tory
rom it" pede"tal o bein% the only =ind o hi"tory @orth ha,in% i it i" merely to put other type" o hi"tory in it" pla&e. Too
eH&lu"i,e an attention to e&onomi&F "o&ialF or admini"trati,e hi"tory &an be a" "terile and mi"leadin% a" too mu&h &on&entration on
politi&". A @hole "ub7e&t need" a @hole treatment or under"tandin%. A hi"torian mu"t di""e&t hi" "ub7e&t into it" element" and then
u"e them to%ether a%ain into an inte%rated @hole. The true hi"tory o a &ountry mu"t &ontain all the eature" 7u"t &ited but mu"t
pre"ent them a" part" o a "in%le &on"i"tent theme.
12. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% may be the &lo"e"t in meanin% to the "tatement Ere"tored .ndia to .ndian hi"toryL4
1. .ndian hi"torian" be%an @ritin% .ndian hi"tory.
2. Trained hi"torian" be%an @ritin% .ndian hi"tory.
'. 0ritin% .ndia-&entri& .ndian hi"tory be%an.
/. .ndian hi"tory be%an to be @ritten in .ndia.
1'. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the &lo"e"t impli&ation o the "tatement Kto brea= ne@ %roundF or perhap" to deepen a re"hly
turned urro@L4
1. $i% are"h or di% deeper.
2. *tart a ne@ "tream o thou%ht or help e"tabli"h a re&ently emer%ed per"pe&ti,e.
'. 1e%in or &ondu&t urther @or= on eHi"tin% ar&heolo%i&al "ite" to unearth ne@ e,iden&e.
/. 1e%in @ritin% a hi"tory ree o any bia"e".
1/. -i"torian" mo,ed rom @ritin% politi&al hi"tory to @ritin% admini"trati,e hi"tory be&au"e+
1. attitude" o the hi"torian" &han%ed.
2. the raj @a" "ettled do@n.
'. politi&" did not retain it" pa"t %lamour.
/. admini"trati,e hi"tory @a" ba"ed on "olid %round.
15. A&&ordin% to the authorF @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" 1't amon% the attitude" o .ndian hi"torian" o .ndian ori%in4
1. 0ritin% hi"tory a" per"onal narrati,e".
2. 0ritin% hi"tory @ith politi&al bia".
'. 0ritin% non-politi&al hi"tory due to la&= o %lamour.
/. 0ritin% hi"tory by di""e&tin% element" and inte%ratin% them a%ain.
1#. .n the table %i,en belo@F mat&h the hi"torian" to the approa&he" ta=en by them+
A Admini"trati,e E Robert 8rme
4 !oliti&al 5 -.-. $od@ell
C Narrati,e G Radha Kumud ;u=her7i
D C&onomi& H R.C. $utt
1. A96 2. A92 '. A9C /. A96
192 196 196 19-
C9C C9C C92 C9C
$9- $9- $9- $92
PASSAGE I-
11
Ri%ht throu%h hi"toryF imperial po@er" ha,e &lun% to their po""e""ion" to death. 0hyF thenF did 1ritain in 1)/> %i,e up the 7e@el in
it" &ro@nF .ndia4 6or many rea"on". The independen&e "tru%%le eHpo"ed the hollo@ne"" o the @hite man?" burden. !ro,in&ial "el-
rule "in&e 1)'5 pa,ed the @ay or ull "el-rule. Chur&hill re"i"ted independen&eF but the Babour %o,ernment o Atlee @a" anti-
imperiali"t by ideolo%y. 6inallyF the Royal .ndian Na,y mutiny in 1)/# rai"ed ear" o a "e&ond *epoy mutinyF and &on,in&ed
1riti"h @a,erer" that it @a" "aer to @ithdra@ %ra&eully. 1ut politi&o-military eHplanation" are not enou%h. The ba"i" o empire
@a" al@ay" money. The end o the empire had mu&h to do @ith the a&t that 1riti"h imperiali"m had &ea"ed to be proitable. 0orld
0ar .. let 1ritain ,i&toriou" but deeply indebtedF needin% ;ar"hall Aid and loan" rom the 0orld 1an=. Thi" &on"tituted a "tron%
inan&ial &a"e or endin% the no-lon%er-proitable empire.
Cmpire buildin% i" eHpen"i,e. The 3* i" "pendin% one billion dollar" a day in operation" in .raI that all @ell "hort o ull-"&ale
imperiali"m. Throu%h the &enturie"F empire buildin% @a" &o"tlyF yet &on"tantly underta=en be&au"e it promi"ed hi%h return". The
in,e"tment @a" in armie" and &onIue"t. The return" &ame throu%h plunder and taHe" rom the &onIuered.
No immorality @a" atta&hed to imperial loot and plunder. The bi%%e"t &onIueror" @ere typi&ally re,ered (hen&e title" li=e
AleHander the 2reatF A=bar the 2reatF and !eter the 2reat). The bi%%er and ri&her the empireF the more the plunderer @a" admired.
Thi" mind"et %radually &han%ed @ith the ri"e o ne@ idea" about eIuality and %o,ernin% or the publi& %oodF idea" that &ulminated
in the 6ren&h and Ameri&an re,olution". Robert Cli,e @a" impea&hed or ma=in% a little money on the "ideF and "o @a" 0arren
-a"tin%". The @hite man?" burden &ame up a" a ne@ moral rationale or &onIue"t. .t @a" "uppo"edly or the %ood o the &onIuered.
Thi" led to mu&h muddled hypo&ri"y. 8n the one handF the empire needed to be proitable. 8n the other handF the @hite man?"
burden made bra<en loot impo""ible.
An additional a&tor deterrin% loot @a" the 1J5> *epoy ;utiny. Thou%h &ru"hedF it reminded the 1riti"h ,i,idly that they @ere a
tiny ethni& %roup @ho &ould not rule a %i%anti& "ub&ontinent @ithout the "upport o important lo&al". Ater 1J5>F the 1riti"h
"topped anneHin% one prin&ely "tate ater anotherF and in"tead treated the prin&e" a" allie". Band re,enue @a" iHed in ab"olute
term"F partly to pre,ent lo&al unre"t and partly to promote the notion o the @hite man?" burden. The empire pro&laimed it"el to be
a prote&tor o the .ndian pea"ant eHploitation by .ndian elite". Thi" @a" denoun&ed a" hypo&ri"y by nationali"t" li=e $adabhoy
Naoro7i in the 1)
th
&enturyF @ho &omplained that land taHe" led to an enormou" drain rom .ndia to 1ritain. 8b7e&ti,e &al&ulation"
by hi"torian" li=e An%u" ;addi"on "u%%e"t a drain o perhap" 1.# per&ent o .ndian 2ro"" National !rodu&t in the 1)
th
&entury. 1ut
land re,enue @a" more or le"" iHed by the Ra7 in ab"olute term"F and "o it" real ,alue dimini"hed rapidly @ith inlation in the 20
th
&entury. 1y 0orld 0ar ..F .ndia had &ea"ed to be a proit &entre or the 1riti"h Cmpire.
-i"tori&allyF &onIuered nation" paid taHe" to inan&e re"h @ar" o the &onIueror. .ndia it"el @a" a"=ed to pay a lar%e "um at the
end o 0orld 0ar . to help repair 1ritain?" inan&e". 1utF a" "ho@n by hi"torian .ndi,ar Kamte=arF the independen&e mo,ement led
by 2andhi7i &han%ed the politi&al land"&apeF and made ma"" taHation o .ndia in&rea"in%ly dii&ult. 1y 0orld 0ar ..F thi" had
be&ome politi&ally impo""ible. 6ar rom taHin% .ndia to pay or 0orld 0ar ..F 1ritain a&tually be%an payin% .ndia or it"
&ontribution o men and %ood". Troop" rom @hite dominion" li=e Au"traliaF Canada and Ne@ Nealand @ere paid or entirely by
the"e &ountrie"F but .ndian &o"t" @ere "hared by the 1riti"h %o,ernment. 1ritain paid in the orm o non-&on,ertible "terlin%
balan&e"F @hi&h mounted "@itly. The &onIueror @a" payin% the &onIueredF under&uttin% the proitability on @hi&h all empire i"
ounded. Chur&hill oppo"ed thi"F and @anted to taH .ndia rather than o@e it money. 1ut he @a" o,erruled by .ndia hand" @ho "aid
.ndia @ould re"i"t paymentF and paraly<e the @ar eort. Beo AmeryF *e&retary o *tate or .ndiaF "aid that @hen you are dri,in% in
a taHi to the "tation to &at&h a lie-or-death trainF you do not loudly announ&e that you ha,e doubt" @hether to pay the are. Thu"F
0orld 0ar .. &on,erted .ndia rom a debtor to a &reditor @ith o,er one billion pound" in "terlin% balan&e". 1ritainF mean@hileF
be&ame the bi%%e"t debtor in the @orld. .t?" not @orth rulin% o,er people you are araid to taH.
1>. 0hat @a" the main le""on the 1riti"h learned rom the *epoy ;utiny o 1J5>4
1. That the lo&al prin&e" @ere allie"F not oe".
2. That the land re,enue rom .ndia @ould de&line dramati&ally.
'. That the 1riti"h @ere a "mall ethni& %roup.
/. That .ndia @ould be in&rea"in%ly dii&ult to rule.
1J. 0hy didn?t 1ritain taH .ndia to inan&e it" 0orld 0ar .. eort"4
1. Au"traliaF Canada and Ne@ Nealand had oered to pay or .ndian troop".
2. .ndia had already paid a "ui&iently lar%e "um durin% 0orld 0ar ..
'. .t @a" araid that i .ndia reu"ed to payF 1ritain?" @ar eort" @ould be 7eopardi"ed.
/. The 1riti"h empire @a" built on the premi"e that the &onIueror pay" the &onIuered.
12
1). 0hi&h o the ollo@in% @a" N8T a rea"on or the emer%en&e o the E@hite man?" burden? a" a ne@ rationale or empire-
buildin% in .ndia4
1. The emer%en&e o the idea o the publi& %ood a" an element o %o,ernan&e.
2. The de&rea"in% return" rom imperial loot and in&rea"in% &o"t" o &onIue"t.
'. The @ea=enin% o the immorality atta&hed to an emperor?" lootin% beha,iour.
/. A %ro@in% a@arene"" o the idea o eIuality amon% people".
20. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% be"t eHpre""e" the main purpo"e o the author4
1. To pre"ent the ,ariou" rea"on" that &an lead to the &ollap"e o an empire and the %rantin% o independen&e to the
"ub7e&t" o an empire.
2. To point out the &riti&al role played by the E@hite man?" burden? in ma=in% a &oloni<in% po@er %i,e up it" &laim" to
nati,e po""e""ion".
'. To hi%hli%ht the &ontradi&tory impul"e underpinnin% empire buildin% @hi&h i" a &o"tly bu"ine"" but ,ery attra&ti,e at
the "ame time.
/. To illu"trate ho@ ero"ion o the inan&ial ba"i" o an empire "upport" the %rantin% o independen&e to an empire?"
&on"tituent".
21. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t &apture" the meanin% o the E@hite man?" burden?F a" it i" u"ed by the author4
1. The 1riti"h &laim to a &i,ili<in% mi""ion dire&ted at en"urin% the %ood o the nati,e".
2. The in"piration or the 6ren&h and Ameri&an re,olution".
'. The re"our&e drain that had to be borne by the home &ountry?" @hite population.
/. An imperati,e that made open lootin% o re"our&e" impo""ible.
PASSAGE -
At ir"t "i%htF it loo=" a" thou%h pan&hayati ra7F the lo@er layer o ederali"m in our polityF i" a" irmly entren&hed in our "y"tem a"
in the older and hi%her layer &ompri"in% the 3nion 2o,ernment and the *tate". Bi=e the demo&rati& in"titution" at the hi%her le,elF
tho"e at the pan&hayat le,elF the pan&hayati ra7 in"titution" (!R.")F are @ritten into and prote&ted by the Con"titution. All the
e""ential eature"F @hi&h di"tin%ui"h a unitary "y"tem rom a ederal oneF are a" mu&h en"hrined at the lo@er a" at the upper le,el
o our ederal "y"tem. 1ut loo= &lo"ely and you @ill di"&o,er a atal lo@. The letter o the Con"titution a" @ell a" the "pirit o the
pre"ent polity ha,e eHpo"ed the intra-*tate le,el o our ederal "y"tem to a dilemma o @hi&h the inter-*tate and 3nion-*tate layer"
are ree. The la@ ha" many &au"e". 1ut all o them are rooted in an hi"tori&al anomalyF that @hile the dynami&" o ederali"m and
demo&ra&y ha,e %i,en added "tren%th to the ri%ht" %i,en to the *tate" in the Con"titutionF they ha,e @or=ed a%ain"t the ri%ht" o
pan&hayat".
At both le,el" o our ederal "y"tem there i" the "ame tu""le bet@een tho"e @ho ha,e &ertain ri%ht" and tho"e @ho try to en&roa&h
upon them i they belie,e they ran. Thu" the 3nion 2o,ernment @a" able to en&roa&h upon &ertain ri%ht" %i,en to the *tate" by the
Con"titution. .t %ot a@ay @ith that be&au"e the "in%le dominant party "y"temF @hi&h &hara&teri"ed Centre-*tate relation" or &lo"e
upon t@o de&ade"F %a,e the party in po@er at the 3nion le,el many eHtra-&on"titutional politi&al le,er". *e&ondF the *upreme
Court had not yet be%un to eHtend the limit" o it" po@er. 1ut all that ha" &han%ed in re&ent time". The "purt %i,en to a multi-party
demo&ra&y by the o,erthro@ o the Cmer%en&y in 1)>> be&ame a lon%-term trend later on be&au"e o the @ay" in @hi&h a
,i%orou"ly demo&rati& multi-party "y"tem @or=" in a politi&al "o&iety @hi&h i" a" a""erti,ely plurali"ti& a" .ndian "o&iety i". .t
%i,e" politi&al &lout to all the ,ariou" "e%ment" @hi&h &on"titute that "o&iety. *e&ondlyF be&au"e o the lin%ui"ti& reor%ani"ation o
*tate" in the 1)50"F many o the mo"t a""erti,e "e%ment" ha,e ound their mo"t a""erti,e eHpre""ion a" *tate". ThirdlyF @ith "in%le-
party dominan&e be&omin% a thin% o the pa"t at the 3nion le,elF %o,ernment" &an be ormed at that le,el only by multi-party
&oalition" in @hi&h *tate-le,el partie" are ma7or player". Thi" ha" made it impo""ible or the 3nion 2o,ernment to do mu&h about
anythin% unle"" it al"o &arrie" a "ui&ient number o *tate-le,el partie" @ith it. .ndian 6ederali"m i" no@ more real than it u"ed to
beF but an unortunate "ide-ee&t i" that .ndia?" pan&hayati ra7 "y"temF inau%urated @ith "u&h anare in the early 1)J0"F ha"
be&ome le"" real.
1y the time the !R." &ame on the "&eneF mo"t o the politi&al "pa&e in our ederal "y"tem had been o&&upied by the Centre in the
ir"t '0 year" o .ndependen&eF and mo"t o @hat @a" "till let ater that @a" o&&upied by the *tate" in the neHt 20. !R." mi%ht ha,e
hoped to @re"t "ome "pa&e rom their immediate nei%hbourF the *tate"F 7u"t a" the *tate" had @re"ted "ome rom the Centre. 1ut
ha,in% at la"t mana%ed to &he&=mate the Centre?" en&roa&hment" on their ri%ht"F the *tate" @ere not about to allo@ the !R." to do
"ome en&roa&hin% o their o@n.
1y the 1)J0" and early 1))0"F the only national party letF the Con%re""F had %one deeper into a "ie%e mentality. 6indin% it"el
"urrounded by *tate-le,el partie"F it had built @all" a%ain"t them in"tead o @innin% them o,er.
1'
NeHtF the *tate" retaliated by blo&=in% Con%re"" propo"al" or pan&hayati ra7 in !arliamentF "u"pe&tin% that the Centre @ould try to
u"e pan&hayat" to by-pa"" *tate 2o,ernment". The "u"pi&ion ed on the a&t that the po@er" propo"ed by the Con%re"" or
pan&hayat" @ere ,ery "imilar to many o the more lu&rati,e po@er" o *tate 2o,ernment". *tate-le,el leader" al"o earedF perhap"F
that i pan&hayat-le,el leader" &aptured "ome o the lar%er !R."F "u&h a" di"tri&t-le,el pan&hayat"F they @ould eHert pre""ure on
*tate-le,el leader" throu%h intra-*tate multi-party ederali"m.
.t "oon be&ame ob,iou" to Con%re"" leader" that there @a" no @ay the pan&hayati ra7 amendment" they @anted to @rite into the
Con"titution @ould pa"" mu"ter unle"" *tate-le,el partie" @ere %i,en their pound o le"h. The amendment" @ere allo@ed only
ater it @a" a%reed that the po@er" o pan&hayat" &ould be li"ted in the Con"titution. .llu"trati,elyF they @ould be deined and
endo@ed on !R." by the *tate Be%i"lature a&tin% at it" di"&retion.
Thi" let the door @ide open or the *tate" to eHert the po@er o the ne@ politi&al a&t that @hile the 3nion and *tate 2o,ernment"
&ould aord to i%nore pan&hayat" a" lon% a" the ;BA" @ere happyF the 3nion 2o,ernment had to be "en"iti,e to the demand" o
*tate-le,el partie". Thi" ha" %i,en *tate-le,el a&tor" "tron% bea&hhead" on the "hore" o both inter-*tate and intra-*tate ederali"m.
1y u"in% ,ariou" admini"trati,e de,i&e" and non-ele&ted parallel "tru&ture"F *tate 2o,ernment" ha,e "ubordinated their !R." to the
*tate admini"tration and %i,en the upper hand to *tate 2o,ernment oi&ial" a%ain"t the ele&ted head" o !R.". !an&hayat" ha,e
be&ome lo&al a%en&ie" or implementin% "&heme" dra@n up in di"tant *tate &apital". And their o@n ,olition ha" been urther
&ir&um"&ribed by a plethora o KCentrally-"pon"ored "&heme"L. The"e are dra@n up by e,en more di"tant Central authoritie" but at
the "ame time tie up lo&al "ta and re"our&e" on pain o the "&heme" bein% "@it&hed o in the ab"en&e o mat&hin% lo&al
&ontribution. The Korei%n aidL "yndrome &an be &learly "een at @or= behind thi" =ind o K%ra"" root" de,elopmentL.
22. The &entral theme o the pa""a%e &an be be"t "ummari<ed a"+
1. 8ur %ra""root" de,elopment at the pan&hayat le,el i" no@ dri,en by the Korei%n aidL "yndrome.
2. !an&hayati ra7 i" irmly entren&hed at the lo@er le,el o our ederal "y"tem o %o,ernan&e.
'. A truly ederal polity ha" not de,eloped "in&e !R." ha,e not been allo@ed the ne&e""ary politi&al "pa&e.
/. The 3nion %o,ernment and *tate-le,el partie" are en%a%ed in a "tru%%le or the prote&tion o their re"pe&ti,e ri%ht".
2'. The "enten&e in the la"t para%raphF KAnd their o@n ,olition ha" been urther &ir&um"&ribed...LF reer" to+
1. The @ea=enin% o the lo&al in"titution"? ability to plan a&&ordin% to their need".
2. The in&rea"in% demand" made on ele&ted lo&al leader" to mat&h &entral %rant" @ith lo&al &ontribution".
'. The empo@erin% o the pan&hayat "y"tem a" implementer" o "&heme" rom *tate &apital".
/. The pro&e"" by @hi&h the pre"&ribed Central "&heme" are reormulated by lo&al ele&ted leader".
2/. 0hat i" the KdilemmaL at the intra-*tate le,el mentioned in the ir"t para%raph o the pa""a%e4
1. *hould the "tate %o,ernment" @re"t more "pa&e rom the 3nionF beore &on"iderin% the pan&hayati "y"tem4
2. *hould ri%ht" "imilar to tho"e that the *tate" mana%ed to %et be eHtended to pan&hayat" a" @ell4
'. *hould the "in%le party "y"tem @hi&h ha" @ithered a@ay be brou%ht ba&= at the le,el o the *tate"4
/. *hould the *tate" %et Ktheir pound o le"hL beore allo@in% the 3nion %o,ernment to pa"" any more la@"4
25. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% mo"t &lo"ely de"&ribe" the Eatal la@? that the pa""a%e reer" to4
1. The @ay" in @hi&h the demo&rati& multi-party "y"tem @or=" in an a""erti,ely plurali"ti& "o&iety li=e .ndia?" are la@ed.
2. The me&hani"m" that our ederal "y"tem u"e" at the 3nion %o,ernment le,el to deal @ith *tate" are impere&t.
'. The in"trument" that ha,e en"ured ederali"m at one le,el ha,e been u"ed to a&hie,e the oppo"ite at another.
/. The .ndian Con"titution and the "pirit o the .ndian polity are atally la@ed.
2#. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t &apture" the &urrent "tate o .ndian ederali"m a" de"&ribed in the pa""a%e4
1. The *upreme Court ha" not be%un to eHtend the limit" o it" po@er.
2. The multi-party "y"tem ha" repla&ed the "in%le party "y"tem.
'. The 3nionF "tate and pan&hayati ra7 le,el" ha,e be&ome real.
/. There i" real di"tribution o po@er bet@een the 3nion and *tate le,el partie".
PASSAGE -I
6iteen year" ater &ommuni"m @a" oi&ially pronoun&ed deadF it" "pe&tre "eem" on&e a%ain to be hauntin% Curope. Ba"t monthF
the Coun&il o Curope?" parliamentary a""embly ,oted to &ondemn the K&rime" o totalitarian &ommuni"t re%ime"FL lin=in% them
@ith Na<i"m and &omplainin% that &ommuni"t partie" are "till Kle%al and a&ti,e in "ome &ountrie".L No@ 2oran BindbladF the
&on"er,ati,e *@edi"h ;! behind the re"olutionF @ant" to %o urther. $emand" that Curopean ;ini"ter" laun&h a &ontinent-@ide
1/
anti-&ommuni"t &ampai%n9in&ludin% "&hool teHtboo= re,i"ion"F oi&ial memorial day"F and mu"eum"9only narro@ly mi""ed the
ne&e""ary t@o-third" ma7ority. ;r. Bindblad pled%ed to brin% the @ider plan" ba&= to the Coun&il o Curope in the &omin% month".
-e ha" &ho"en a %ood year or hi" ideolo%i&al oen"i,e+ thi" i" the 50
th
anni,er"ary o Ni=ita Khru"h&he,?" denun&iation o (o"e
*talin and the "ub"eIuent -un%arian upri"in%F @hi&h @ill doubtle"" be the &ue or urther eH&oriation o the &ommuni"t re&ord.
!aradoHi&allyF %i,en that there i" no &ommuni"t %o,ernment let in Curope out"ide ;oldo,aF the atta&=" ha,eF i anythin%F be&ome
more eHtreme a" time ha" %one on. A &lue a" to @hy that mi%ht be &an be ound in the ramblin% report by ;r. Bindblad that led to
the Coun&il o Curope de&laration. 1lamin% &la"" "tru%%le and publi& o@ner"hipF he eHplained Kdierent element" o &ommuni"t
ideolo%y "u&h a" eIuality or "o&ial 7u"ti&e "till "edu&e manyL and Ka "ort o no"tal%ia or &ommuni"m i" "till ali,e.L !erhap" the
real problem or ;r. Bindblad and hi" ri%ht-@in% allie" in Ca"tern Curope i" that &ommuni"m i" not dead enou%h9and they @ill
only be &ontent @hen they ha,e dri,en a "ta=e throu%h it" heart.
The a"hionable attempt to eIuate &ommuni"m and Na<i"m i" in reality a moral and hi"tori&al non"en"e. $e"pite the &rueltie" o
the *talin terrorF there @a" no *o,iet Treblin=a or *orbiborF no eHtermination &amp" built to murder million". Nor did the *o,iet
3nion laun&h the mo"t de,a"tatin% @ar in hi"tory at a &o"t o more than 50 million li,e"9in a&t it played the de&i"i,e role in the
deeat o the 2erman @ar ma&hine. ;r. Bindblad and the Coun&il o Curope adopt a" a&t the @ilde"t e"timate" o tho"e K=illed by
&ommuni"t re%ime"L (mo"tly in amine") rom the ier&ely &onte"ted 1la&= 1oo= o Communi"mF @hi&h al"o underplay" the
number o death" attributable to -itler. 1utF in any &a"eF none o thi" eHplain" @hy anyone mi%ht be no"tal%i& in ormer &ommuni"t
"tate"F no@ en7oyin% the deli%ht" o &apitali"t re"toration. The dominant a&&ount %i,e" no "en"e o ho@ &ommuni"t re%ime"
rene@ed them"el,e" ater 1)5# or @hy 0e"tern leader" eared they mi%ht o,erta=e the &apitali"t @orld @ell into the 1)#0". 6or all
it" brutalitie" and ailure"F &ommuni"m in the *o,iet 3nionF Ca"tern CuropeF and el"e@here deli,ered rapid indu"triali<ationF ma""
edu&ationF 7ob "e&urityF and hu%e ad,an&e" in "o&ial and %ender eIuality. .t" eHi"ten&e helped to dri,e up @elare "tandard" in the
0e"tF and pro,ided a po@erul &ounter@ei%ht to 0e"tern %lobal domination.
.t @ould be ea"ier to ta=e the Coun&il o Curope?" &ondemnation o &ommuni"t "tate &rime" "eriou"ly i it had al"o "een it to
denoun&e the ar bloodier re&ord o Curopean &oloniali"m9@hi&h only inally &ame to an end in the 1)>0". Thi" @a" a "y"tem o
ra&i"t de"poti"mF @hi&h dominated the %lobe in *talin?" time. And @hile there i" pre&iou" little &onne&tion bet@een the idea" o
a"&i"m and &ommuni"mF there i" an intimate lin= bet@een &oloniali"m and Na<i"m. The term" lebensraum and
konzentrationslager @ere both ir"t u"ed by the 2erman &olonial re%ime in "outh-@e"t Ari&a (no@ Namibia)F @hi&h &ommitted
%eno&ide a%ain"t the -erero and Nama people" and beIueathed it" idea" and per"onnel dire&tly to the Na<i party.
Around 10 million Con%ole"e died a" a re"ult o 1el%ian or&ed labour and ma"" murder in the early t@entieth &enturyG ten" o
million" peri"hed in a,oidable or enor&ed amine" in 1riti"h-ruled .ndiaG up to a million Al%erian" died in their @ar or
independen&eF @hile &ontro,er"y no@ ra%e" in 6ran&e about a ne@ la@ reIuirin% tea&her" to put a po"iti,e "pin on &olonial hi"tory.
Comparable atro&itie" @ere &arried out by all Curopean &oloni"t"F but not a @ord o &ondemnation rom the Coun&il o Curope.
!re"umablyF Curopean li,e" &ount or more.
No ma7or t@entieth &entury politi&al tradition i" @ithout blood on it" hand"F but battle" o,er hi"tory are more about the uture than
the pa"t. !art o the &urrent enthu"ia"m in oi&ial 0e"tern &ir&le" or dan&in% on the %ra,e o &ommuni"m i" no doubt about
relation" @ith today?" Ru""ia and China. 1ut it al"o rele&t" a determination to pro,e there i" no alternati,e to the ne@ %lobal
&apitali"t order9and that any attempt to ind one i" bound to lead to "uerin%. 0ith the ne@ imperiali"m no@ bein% re"i"ted in the
;u"lim @orld and Batin Ameri&aF %ro@in% international demand" or "o&ial 7u"ti&e and e,er %reater doubt" about @hether the
en,ironmental &ri"i" &an be "ol,ed @ithin the eHi"tin% e&onomi& "y"temF the pre""ure or alternati,e" @ill in&rea"e.
2>. Amon% all the apprehen"ion" that ;r. 2oran Bindblad eHpre""e" a%ain"t &ommuni"mF @hi&h one %et" admittedF althou%h
indire&tlyF by the author4
(1) There i" no"tal%ia or &ommuni"t ideolo%y e,en i &ommuni"m ha" been abandoned by mo"t Curopean nation".
(2) Notion" o "o&ial 7u"ti&e inherent in &ommuni"t ideolo%y appeal to &riti&" o eHi"tin% "y"tem".
(') Communi"t re%ime" @ere totalitarian and mar=ed by brutalitie" and lar%e "&ale ,iolen&e.
(/) The eHi"tin% e&onomi& order i" @ron%ly ,ie@ed a" imperiali"ti& by proponent" o &ommuni"m.
(5) Communi"t ideolo%y i" aulted be&au"e &ommuni"t re%ime" re"ulted in e&onomi& ailure".
2J. 0hatF a&&ordin% to the authorF i" the real rea"on or a rene@ed atta&= a%ain"t &ommuni"m4
(1) $i"%ui"in% the unintended &on"eIuen&e" o the &urrent e&onomi& order "u&h a" "o&ial in7u"ti&e and en,ironmental &ri"i".
(2) .deali"in% the eHi"tin% ideolo%y o %lobal &apitali"m.
(') ;a=in% &ommuni"m a %eneri& repre"entati,e o all hi"tori&al atro&itie"F e"pe&ially tho"e perpetrated by the Curopean
imperiali"t".
(/) Communi"m "till "ur,i,e"F in bit" and pie&e"F in the mind" and heart" o people.
(5) Rene@al o "ome &ommuni"t re%ime" ha" led to the apprehen"ion that &ommuni"t nation" mi%ht o,erta=e the &apitali"t".
15
2). The author &ite" eHample" o atro&itie" perpetrated by Curopean &olonial re%ime" in order to
(1) &ompare the atro&itie" &ommitted by &olonial re%ime" @ith tho"e o &ommuni"t re%ime".
(2) pro,e that the atro&itie" &ommitted by &olonial re%ime" @ere more than tho"e o &ommuni"t re%ime".
(') pro,e thatF ideolo%i&allyF &ommuni"m @a" mu&h better than &oloniali"m and Na<i"m.
(/) neutrali<e the ar%ument" o ;r. Bindblad and to point out that the atro&itie" &ommitted by &olonial re%ime" @ere more than
tho"e o &ommuni"t re%ime".
(5) neutrali<e the ar%ument" o ;r. Bindblad and to ar%ue that one need" to %o beyond and loo= at the moti,e" o the"e re%ime".
'0. 0hyF a&&ordin% to the authorF i" Na<i"m &lo"er to &oloniali"m than it i" to &ommuni"m4
(1) 1oth &oloniali"m and Na<i"m @ere eHample" o tyranny o one ra&e o,er another.
(2) The %eno&ide" &ommitted by the &olonial and the Na<i re%ime" @ere o "imilar ma%nitude.
(') *e,eral idea" o the Na<i re%ime @ere dire&tly imported rom &olonial re%ime".
(/) 1oth &oloniali"m and Na<i"m are ba"ed on the prin&iple" o imperiali"m.
(5) 0hile &ommuni"m @a" ne,er limited to CuropeF both the Na<i" and the &oloni"t" ori%inated in Curope.
'1. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% &annot be inerred a" a &ompellin% rea"on or the "ilen&e o the Coun&il o Curope on &olonial
atro&itie"4
(1) The Coun&il o Curope bein% dominated by er"t@hile &oloniali"t".
(2) 2eneratin% "upport or &ondemnin% &ommuni"t ideolo%y.
(') 3n@illin%ne"" to anta%oni<e allie" by ra=in% up an embarra""in% pa"t.
(/) 2reater ,alue "eemin%ly pla&ed on Curopean li,e".
(5) !ortrayin% both &ommuni"m and Na<i"m a" ideolo%ie" to be &ondemned.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (1) 2. (/) '. (/) /. (2) 5. (')
#. (') >. (') J. (1) ). (1) 10. (/)
11. (') 12. (') 1'. (2) 1/. (') 15. (/)
1#. (1) 1>. (/) 1J. (') 1). (') 20. (/)
21. (1) 22. (') 2'. (1) 2/. (2) 25. (')
2#. (/) 2>. (') 2J. (2) 2). (5) '0. (1)
'1. (/)

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
1#
SECTION III: ECONOMICS , HISTOR+
PASSAGE I
The 0orld Trade 8r%ani"ation (0T8) @a" &reated in the early 1))0" a" a &omponent o the 3ru%uay Round ne%otiation. -o@e,erF
it &ould ha,e been ne%otiated a" part o the To=yo Round o the 1)>0"F "in&e that ne%otiation @a" an attempt at a E&on"titutional
reorm? o the 2eneral A%reement on Tari" and Trade (2ATT). 8r it &ould ha,e been put o to the utureF a" the 3* %o,ernment
@anted. 0hat a&tor" led to the &reation o the 0T8 in the early 1))0"4
8ne a&tor @a" the pattern o multilateral bar%ainin% that de,eloped late in the 3ru%uay Round. Bi=e all &ompleH international
a%reement"F the 0T8 @a" a produ&t o a "erie" o trade-o" bet@een prin&ipal a&tor" and %roup". 6or the 3nited *tate"F @hi&h did
not @ant a ne@ or%ani"ationF the di"pute "ettlement part o the 0T8 pa&=a%e a&hie,ed it" lon%"tandin% %oal o a more ee&ti,e
and more le%al di"pute "ettlement "y"tem. 6or the Curopean"F @ho by the 1))0" had &ome to ,ie@ 2ATT di"pute "ettlement le"" in
politi&al term" and more a" a re%ime o le%al obli%ation"F the 0T8 pa&=a%e @a" a&&eptable a" a mean" to di"&ipline the re"ort to
unilateral mea"ure" by the 3nited *tate". Countrie" li=e Canada and other middle and "maller tradin% partner" @ere attra&ted by the
eHpan"ion o a rule"-ba"ed "y"tem and by the "ymboli& ,alue o a trade or%ani"ationF both o @hi&h inherently "upport the @ea=
a%ain"t the "tron%. The de,elopin% &ountrie" @ere attra&ted due to the pro,i"ion" bannin% unilateral mea"ure". 6inallyF and perhap"
mo"t importantF many &ountrie" at the 3ru%uay Round &ame to put a hi%her priority on the eHport %ain" than on the import lo""e"
that the ne%otiation @ould produ&eF and they &ame to a""o&iate the 0T8 and a rule"-ba"ed "y"tem @ith tho"e %ain". Thi" rea"onin%
9repli&ated in many &ountrie"9@a" &ontained in 3.*. Amba""ador Kantor?" deen&e o the 0T8F and it amounted to a
re&o%nition that international trade and it" beneit" &annot be en7oyed unle"" nation" a&&ept the di"&ipline o a ne%otiated rule"-
ba"ed en,ironment.
A "e&ond a&tor in the &reation o the 0T8 @a" pre""ure rom la@yer" and the le%al pro&e"". The di"pute "ettlement "y"tem o the
0T8 @a" "een a" a ,i&tory o le%ali"t" o,er pra%mati"t" but the matter @ent deeper than that. The 2ATTF and the 0T8F are
&ontra&t or%ani"ation" ba"ed on rule"F and it i" ine,itable that an or%ani"ation &reated to urther rule" @ill in turn be inluen&ed by
the le%al pro&e"". Robert -ude& ha" @ritten o the Emomentum o le%al de,elopment?F but @hat i" thi" pre&i"ely4 Be%al
de,elopment &an be deined a" promotion o the te&hni&al le%al ,alue" o &on"i"ten&yF &larity (orF &ertainty) and ee&ti,ene""G
the"e are ,alue" that tho"e re"pon"ible or admini"terin% any le%al "y"tem @ill "ee= to maHimi<e. A" it played out in the 0T8F
&on"i"ten&y meant inte%ratin% under one roo the @hole lot o "eparate a%reement" "i%ned under 2ATT au"pi&e"G &larity meant
remo,in% ambi%uitie" about the po@er" o &ontra&tin% partie" to ma=e &ertain de&i"ion" or to underta=e @ai,er"G and ee&ti,ene""
meant eliminatin% eH&eption" ari"in% out o %randather-ri%ht" and re"ol,in% dee&t" in di"pute "ettlement pro&edure" and
in"titutional pro,i"ion". Con&ern or the"e ,alue" i" inherent in any rule"-ba"ed "y"tem o &o-operationF "in&e @ithout the"e ,alue"
rule" @ould be meanin%le"" in the ir"t pla&e. Rule"F thereoreF &reate their o@n in&enti,e or ulillment.
The momentum o le%al de,elopment ha" o&&urred in other in"titution" be"ide" the 2ATTF mo"t notably in the Curopean 3nion
(C3). 8,er the pa"t t@o de&ade" the Curopean Court o (u"ti&e (CC() ha" &on"i"tently rendered de&i"ion" that ha,e eHpanded
in&rementally the C3?" internal mar=etF in @hi&h the do&trine o Emutual re&o%nition? handed do@n in the &a"e Cassis de Dijon in
1)>) @a" a =ey turnin% point. The Court i" no@ @idely re&o%ni<ed a" a ma7or player in Curopean inte%rationF e,en thou%h
ar%uably "u&h a "tron% role @a" not ori%inally en,i"a%ed in the Treaty o RomeF @hi&h initiated the &urrent Curopean 3nion. 8ne
mean" the Court u"ed to eHpand inte%ration @a" the Eteleolo%i&al method o interpretation?F @hereby the a&tion" o member "tate"
@ere e,aluated a%ain"t Ethe a&&ompli"hment o the mo"t elementary &ommunity %oal" "et orth in the !reamble to the [Rome]
treaty?. The teleolo%i&al method repre"ent" an eort to =eep &urrent poli&ie" &on"i"tent @ith "tated %oal"F and it i" analo%ou" to the
eort in 2ATT to =eep &ontra&tin% party trade pra&ti&e" &on"i"tent @ith "tated rule". .n both &a"e" le%al &on&ern" and pro&edure"
are an independent or&e or urther &ooperation.
.n lar%e part the 0T8 @a" an eHer&i"e in &on"olidation. .n the &onteHt o a trade ne%otiation that &reated a near-re,olutionary
eHpan"ion o international trade rule"F the ormation o the 0T8 @a" a deeply &on"er,ati,e a&t needed to en"ure that the beneit"
o the ne@ rule" @ould not be lo"t. The 0T8 @a" all about in"titutional "tru&ture and di"pute "ettlement+ the"e are the &on&ern" o
&on"er,ati,e" and not re,olutionarie"F @hi&h i" @hy la@yer" and le%ali"t" too= the lead on the"e i""ue". The 0T8 &odiied the
2ATT in"titutional pra&ti&e that had de,eloped by &u"tom o,er three de&ade"F and it in&orporated a ne@ di"pute "ettlement "y"tem
that @a" ne&e""ary to =eep both old and ne@ rule" rom be&omin% a "ham. 1oth the international "tru&ture and the di"pute
"ettlement "y"tem @ere ne&e""ary to pre"er,e and enhan&e the inte%rity o the multilateral trade re%ime that had been built
in&rementally rom the 1)/0" to the 1))0".
1>
1. [CAT-1)))] The Creation o 0T8
2. [CAT-2000] TR.!"9.mpa&t on .ndian A%ri&ulture
'. [CAT-200/] The :iability o the ;ultinational Corporate *y"tem
/. [CAT-2005] The *e&ond A%e o 2lobali<ation
1. 0hat &ould be the &lo"e"t rea"on @hy the 0T8 @a" not ormed in the 1)>0"4
1. The 3* %o,ernment did not li=e it.
2. .mportant player" did not ind it in their be"t intere"t to do "o.
'. Ba@yer" did not @or= or the di"pute "ettlement "y"tem.
/. The To=yo Round ne%otiation @a" an attempt at &on"titutional reorm.
2. The mo"t li=ely rea"on or the a&&eptan&e o the 0T8 pa&=a%e by nation" @a" that
1. it had the mean" to pre,ent the 3* rom ta=in% unilateral mea"ure".
2. they re&o%ni<ed the need or a rule-ba"ed en,ironment to prote&t the beneit" o in&rea"ed trade.
'. it "ettle" di"pute" more le%ally and more ee&ti,ely.
/. it" rule-ba"ed "y"tem lead" to eHport %ain".
'. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF 0T8 promoted the te&hni&al le%al ,alue" partly throu%h
1. inte%ratin% under one roo the a%reement" "i%ned under 2ATT.
2. rule" that &reate their o@n in&enti,e or ulillment.
'. %randather-ri%ht" eH&eption" and dee&t" in di"pute "ettlement pro&edure".
/. ambi%uitie" about the po@er" o &ontra&tin% partie" to ma=e &ertain de&i"ion".
/. .n the method o interpretation o the Curopean Court o (u"ti&eF
1. &urrent poli&ie" needed to be &on"i"tent @ith "tated %oal".
2. &ontra&tin% party trade pra&ti&e" needed to be &on"i"tent @ith "tated rule".
'. enun&iation o the mo"t elementary &ommunity %oal" needed to be empha"i<ed.
/. a&tion" o member "tate" needed to be e,aluated a%ain"t the "tated &ommunity %oal".
5. .n the "tatement KOit amounted to a re&o%nition that international trade and it" beneit" &annot be en7oyed unle"" tradin%
nation" a&&ept the di"&ipline o a ne%otiated rule"-ba"ed en,ironment.LF Eit? reer" to+
1. Amba""ador Kantor?" deen&e o the 0T8.
2. The hi%her priority on eHport %ain" pla&ed by many &ountrie" at the 3ru%uay Round.
'. The eHport %ain" many &ountrie" &ame to a""o&iate @ith a rule-ba"ed "y"tem.
/. The pro,i"ion o a rule-ba"ed "y"tem by the 0T8.
#. The importan&e o Cassis de Dijon i" that it
1. %a,e a ne@ impetu" to the momentum o le%al de,elopment at the Curopean Court o (u"ti&e.
2. re"ulted in a de&i"ion that eHpanded in&rementally the C3?" internal mar=et.
'. "tren%thened the role o the Court more than en,i"a%ed in the Treaty o Rome.
/. led to a do&trine that @a" a =ey turnin% point in Curopean inte%ration.
PASSAGE II
The &urrent debate on intelle&tual property ri%ht" (.!R") rai"e" a number o important i""ue" &on&ernin% the "trate%y and poli&ie"
or buildin% a more dynami& national a%ri&ultural re"ear&h "y"temF the relati,e role" o publi& and pri,ate "e&tor"F and the role o
a%ribu"ine"" multinational &orporation" (;NC"). Thi" debate ha" been "timulated by the international a%reement on Trade Related
.ntelle&tual !roperty Ri%ht" (TR.!")F ne%otiated a" part o the 3ru%uay Round. TR.!"F or the ir"t timeF "ee=" to brin% inno,ation"
in a%ri&ultural te&hnolo%y under a ne@ @orld@ide .!R re%ime. The a%ribu"ine"" ;NC" (alon% @ith pharma&euti&al &ompanie")
played a leadin% part in lobbyin% or "u&h a re%ime durin% the 3ru%uay Round ne%otiation". The ar%ument @a" that in&enti,e" are
ne&e""ary to "timulate inno,ation"F and that thi" &all" or a "y"tem o patent" @hi&h %i,e" inno,ator" the "ole ri%ht to u"e (or
"ellPlea"e the ri%ht to u"e) their inno,ation" or a "pe&iied period and prote&t" them a%ain"t unauthori<ed &opyin% or u"e. 0ith
"tron% "upport o their national %o,ernment"F they @ere inluential in "hapin% the a%reement on TR.!"F @hi&h e,entually emer%ed
rom the 3ru%uay Round.
The &urrent debate on TR.!" in .ndia9a" indeed el"e@here9e&hoe" @ider &on&ern" about Epri,ati<ation? o re"ear&h and allo@in%
a ree ield or ;NC" in the "phere o biote&hnolo%y and a%ri&ulture. The a%ribu"ine"" &orporation"F and tho"e @ith unbounded
aith in the po@er o "&ien&e to o,er&ome all li=ely problem"F point to the ,a"t potential that ne@ te&hnolo%y hold" or "ol,in% the
problem" o hun%erF malnutrition and po,erty in the @orld. The eHploitation o thi" potential "hould be en&oura%ed and thi" i" be"t
done by the pri,ate "e&tor or @hi&h patent" are e""ential. *omeF @ho do not ne&e""arily a&&ept thi" optimi"mF ar%ue that ear" o
;NC domination are eHa%%erated and that armer" @ill a&&ept their produ&t" only i they de&i"i,ely outperorm the a,ailable
1J
alternati,e". Tho"e @ho ar%ue a%ain"t a%reein% to introdu&e an .!R re%ime in a%ri&ulture and en&oura%in% pri,ate "e&tor re"ear&h
are apprehen"i,e that thi" @ill @or= to the di"ad,anta%e o armer" by ma=in% them more and more dependent on monopoli"ti&
;NC". A dierentF thou%h related apprehen"ion i" that eHten"i,e u"e o hybrid" and %eneti&ally en%ineered ne@ ,arietie" mi%ht
in&rea"e the ,ulnerability o a%ri&ulture to outbrea=" o pe"t" and di"ea"e". The lar%erF lon%er-term &on"eIuen&e" o redu&ed
biodi,er"ity that may ollo@ rom the u"e o "pe&ially bred ,arietie" are al"o another &au"e or &on&ern. ;oreo,erF &orporation"F
dri,en by the proit moti,eF @ill ne&e""arily tend to underplayF i not i%noreF potential ad,er"e &on"eIuen&e"F e"pe&ially tho"e
@hi&h are un=no@n and @hi&h may manie"t them"el,e" only o,er a relati,ely lon% period. 8n the other handF hi%h-pre""ure
ad,erti"in% and a%%re""i,e "ale" &ampai%n" by pri,ate &ompanie" &an "edu&e armer" into a&&eptin% ,arietie" @ithout bein% a@are
o potential ad,er"e ee&t" and the po""ibility o di"a"trou" &on"eIuen&e" or their li,elihood i the"e ,arietie" happen to ail.
There i" no pro,i"ion under the la@"F a" they no@ eHi"tF or &ompen"atin% u"er" a%ain"t "u&h e,entualitie".
CH&e""i,e preo&&upation @ith "eed" and "eed material ha" ob"&ured other important i""ue" in,ol,ed in re,ie@in% the re"ear&h
poli&y. 0e need to remind our"el,e" that impro,ed ,arietie" by them"el,e" are not "ui&ient or "u"tained %ro@th o yield". .n our
o@n eHperien&eF "ome o the early hi%h yieldin% ,arietie" (-M:") o ri&e and @heat @ere ound "u"&eptible to @ide"pread pe"t
atta&="G and "ome had problem" o %rain Iuality. 6urther re"ear&h @a" ne&e""ary to "ol,e the"e problem". Thi" lar%ely "u&&e""ul
re"ear&h @a" almo"t entirely done in publi& re"ear&h in"titution". 8 &our"eF it &ould in prin&iple ha,e been done by pri,ate
&ompanie"F but @hether they &hoo"e to do "o depend" &ru&ially on the eHtent o the lo"" in mar=et or their ori%inal introdu&tion"
on a&&ount o the abo,e a&tor" and @hether the &ompanie" are inan&ially "tron% enou%h to ab"orb the Elo""e"?F in,e"t in re"ear&h
to &orre&t the dei&ien&ie" and re&o,er the lo"t mar=et. !ubli& re"ear&hF @hi&h i" not dri,en by proitF i" better pla&ed to ta=e
&orre&ti,e a&tion. Re"ear&h or impro,in% &ommon pool re"our&e mana%ementF maintainin% e&olo%i&al health and en"urin%
"u"tainability i" both &riti&al and al"o demandin% in term" o te&hnolo%i&al &hallen%e and re"our&e reIuirement". A" "u&h re"ear&h
i" &ru&ial to the impa&t o ne@ ,arietie"F &hemi&al" and eIuipment in the armer?" ieldF pri,ate &ompanie" "hould be intere"ted in
"u&h re"ear&h. 1ut their primary intere"t i" in the "ale o "eed materialF &hemi&al"F eIuipment and other input" produ&ed by them.
Kno@led%e and te&hniIue" or re"our&e mana%ement are not Emar=etable? in the "ame @ay a" tho"e input". Their appli&ation to
landF @ater and ore"t" ha" a lon% %e"tation and their ei&a&y depend" on re"ol,in% dii&ult problem" "u&h a" de"i%nin%
in"titution" inormed by broaderF lon%-term &on&ern" &an only do "u&h @or=.
The publi& "e&tor mu"t thereore &ontinue to play a ma7or role in the national re"ear&h "y"tem. .t i" both @ron% and mi"leadin% to
po"e the problem in term" o publi& "e&tor ,er"u" pri,ate "e&tor or o pri,ati<ation o re"ear&h. 0e need to addre"" problem" li=ely
to ari"e on a&&ount o the publi&-pri,ate "e&tor &omplementarityF and en"ure that the publi& re"ear&h "y"tem perorm" ei&iently.
Complementarity bet@een ,ariou" element" o re"ear&h rai"e" "e,eral i""ue" in implementin% an .!R re%ime. !ri,ate &ompanie" do
not produ&e ne@ ,arietie" and input" entirely a" a re"ult o their o@n re"ear&h. Almo"t all te&hnolo%i&al impro,ement i" ba"ed on
=no@led%e and eHperien&e a&&umulated rom the pa"tF and the re"ult" o ba"i& and applied re"ear&h in publi& and Iua"i-publi&
in"titution" (uni,er"itie"F re"ear&h or%ani"ation"). ;oreo,erF a" i" in&rea"in%ly re&o%ni<edF a&&umulated "to&= o =no@led%e doe"
not re"ide only in the "&ientii& &ommunity and it" a&ademi& publi&ation"F but i" al"o @idely diu"ed in tradition" and ol=
=no@led%e o lo&al &ommunitie" all o,er.
The de&ipherin% o the "tru&ture and un&tionin% o $NA orm" the ba"i" o mu&h modern biote&hnolo%y. 1ut thi" undamental
brea=throu%h i" a Epubli& %ood? reely a&&e""ible in the publi& domain and u"able ree o any &har%e. :arietie"Pte&hniIue"
de,eloped u"in% that =no@led%e &an ho@e,er beF and areF patented or pri,ate proit. *imilarlyF pri,ate &orporation" dra@
eHten"i,elyF and @ithout any &har%eF on %erm pla"m a,ailable in ,arietie" o plant" "pe&ie" (neem and turmeri& are by no@ amou"
eHample"). !ubli&ly unded %ene ban=" a" @ell a" ne@ ,arietie" bred by publi& "e&tor re"ear&h "tation" &an al"o be u"ed reely by
pri,ate enterpri"e" or de,elopin% their o@n ,arietie" and "ee= patent prote&tion or them. *hould pri,ate breeder" be allo@ed ree
u"e o ba"i& "&ientii& di"&o,erie"4 *hould the repo"itorie" o traditional =no@led%e and %erm pla"m be &olle&ted @hi&h are
maintained and impro,ed by publi&ly unded in"titution"4 8r "hould u"er" be made to pay or "u&h u"e4 . they are to payF @hat
"hould be the ba"i" o &ompen"ation4 *hould the &ompen"ation be or indi,idual" or or &ommunitie"Pin"titution" to @hi&h they
belon%4 *hould indi,idual"Pin"titution" be %i,en the ri%ht o patentin% their inno,ation"4 The"e are "ome o the important i""ue"
that de"er,e more attention than they no@ %et and need "eriou" detailed "tudy to e,ol,e rea"onably "ati"a&toryF air and @or=able
"olution". 6inallyF the tenden&y to eIuate the publi& "e&tor @ith the %o,ernment i" @ron%. The publi& "pa&e i" mu&h @ider than
%o,ernment department" and in&lude" &o-operati,e"F uni,er"itie"F publi& tru"t" and a ,ariety o non-%o,ernmental or%ani"ation"
(N28"). 2i,in% %reater autonomy to re"ear&h or%ani"ation" rom %o,ernment &ontrol and %i,in% non-%o,ernment publi&
in"titution" the "pa&e and re"our&e" to play a lar%erF more ee&ti,e role in re"ear&hF i" thereore an i""ue o dire&t rele,an&e in
re"tru&turin% the publi& re"ear&h "y"tem.
>. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% "tatement" de"&ribe" an important i""ueF or important i""ue"F not bein% rai"ed in the &onteHt o
the &urrent debate on .!R"4
1)
1. The role o ;NC" in the "phere o biote&hnolo%y and a%ri&ulture.
2. The "trate%y and poli&ie" or e"tabli"hin% an .!R re%ime or .ndian a%ri&ulture.
'. The relati,e role" o publi& and pri,ate "e&tor".
/. 0ider &on&ern" about Epri,ati"ation? o re"ear&h.
J. The undamental brea=throu%h in de&ipherin% the "tru&ture and un&tionin% o $NA ha" be&ome a publi& %ood. Thi" mean"
that+
1. brea=throu%h" in undamental re"ear&h on $NA are a&&e""ible by all @ithout any monetary &on"ideration".
2. the undamental re"ear&h on $NA ha" the &hara&teri"ti& o ha,in% benei&ial ee&t" or the publi& at lar%e.
'. due to the lar%e "&ale o undamental re"ear&h on $NAF it all" in the domain o publi& "e&tor re"ear&h in"titution".
/. the publi& and other &ompanie" mu"t ha,e ree a&&e"" to "u&h undamental brea=throu%h" in re"ear&h.
). .n debatin% the re"pe&ti,e role" o the publi& and pri,ate "e&tor" in the national re"ear&h "y"temF it i" important to re&o%ni"e+
1. that pri,ate &ompanie" do not produ&e ne@ ,arietie" and input" entirely on their o@n re"ear&h.
2. that almo"t all te&hnolo%i&al impro,ement" are ba"ed on =no@led%e and eHperien&e a&&umulated rom the pa"t.
'. the &omplementary role o publi&- and pri,ate-"e&tor re"ear&h.
/. that =no@led%e repo"itorie" are primarily the "&ientii& &ommunity and it" a&ademi& publi&ation".
10. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% may pro,ide in&enti,e" to addre"" the problem o potential ad,er"e &on"eIuen&e" o
biote&hnolo%y4
1. .n&lude .!R i""ue" in the TR.!" a%reement.
2. Nationali"e ;NC" en%a%ed in pri,ate re"ear&h in biote&hnolo%y.
'. Cn&oura%e dome"ti& irm" to patent their inno,ation".
/. ;a=e pro,i"ion" in the la@ or u"er &ompen"ation a%ain"t ailure o ne@ly de,eloped ,arietie".
11. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" i" not a li=ely &on"eIuen&e o emer%in% te&hnolo%ie" in a%ri&ulture4
1. $e,elopment o ne@er and ne@er ,arietie" @ill lead to in&rea"e in biodi,er"ity.
2. ;NC" may underplay the ne%ati,e &on"eIuen&e" o the ne@er te&hnolo%y on en,ironment.
'. Ne@er ,arietie" o "eed" may in&rea"e ,ulnerability o &rop" to pe"t" and di"ea"e".
/. Reorm" in patent la@" and u"er &ompen"ation a%ain"t &rop ailure" @ould be needed to addre"" ne@ te&hnolo%y
problem".
12. The TR.!" a%reement emer%ed rom the 3ru%uay Round to+
1. addre"" the problem o ad,er"e &on"eIuen&e" o %eneti&ally en%ineered ne@ ,arietie" o %rain.
2. ulil the 0T8 reIuirement to ha,e an a%reement on trade related property ri%ht".
'. pro,ide in&enti,e" to inno,ator" by @ay o prote&tin% their intelle&tual property.
/. %i,e &redibility to the inno,ation" made by ;NC" in the ield o pharma&euti&al" and a%ri&ulture.
1'. !ubli& or Iua"i-publi& re"ear&h in"titution" are mo"t li=ely than pri,ate &ompanie" to addre"" the ne%ati,e &on"eIuen&e" o
ne@ te&hnolo%ie"F be&au"e o @hi&h o the ollo@in% rea"on"4
1. !ubli& re"ear&h i" not dri,en by proit moti,e.
2. !ri,ate &ompanie" may not be able to ab"orb lo""e" out o the ne%ati,e ee&t" o the ne@ te&hnolo%ie".
'. 3nli=e ne@ te&hnolo%y produ&t"F =no@led%e and te&hniIue" or re"our&e mana%ement are not amenable to "imple
mar=et tran"a&tion".
/. All o the abo,e.
1/. 0hile de,elopin% a "trate%y and poli&ie" or buildin% a more dynami& national a%ri&ultural re"ear&h "y"temF @hi&h one o
the ollo@in% "tatement" need" to be &on"idered4
1. !ubli& and Iua"i-publi& in"titution" are not intere"ted in ma=in% proit".
2. !ubli& and Iua"i-publi& in"titution" ha,e a broader and lon%-term outloo= than pri,ate &ompanie".
'. !ri,ate &ompanie" are in&apable o buildin% produ&t" ba"ed on traditional and ol= =no@led%e.
/. Traditional and ol= =no@led%e &annot be prote&ted by patent".
PASSAGE III
20
The ,iability o the multinational &orporate "y"tem depend" upon the de%ree to @hi&h people @ill tolerate the une,enne"" it
&reate". .t i" @ell to remember that the ENe@ .mperiali"m? @hi&h be%an ater 1J>0 in a "pirit o Capitali"m TriumphantF "oon
be&ame "eriou"ly troubled and ater 1)1/ @a" &hara&teri<ed by @arF depre""ionF brea=do@n o the international e&onomi& "y"tem
and @ar a%ainF rather than 6ree TradeF !aH 1ritanni&a and ;aterial .mpro,ement. A ma7or rea"on @a" 1ritain?" inability to &ope
@ith the by-produ&t" o it" o@n rapid a&&umulation o &apital+ i.e.F a &la""-&on"&iou" labour or&e at homeG a middle &la"" in the
hinterlandG and ri,al &entre" o &apital on the Continent and in Ameri&a. 1ritain?" poli&y tended to be ata,i"ti& and deen"i,e rather
than pro%re""i,e9more &on&erned @ith @ardin% o ne@ threat" than &reatin% ne@ area" o eHpan"ion. .roni&allyF Cd@ardian
Cn%land re,i,ed the paraphernalia o the landed ari"to&ra&y it had 7u"t de"troyed. .n"tead o embar=in% on a Ebi% pu"h? to de,elop
the ,a"t hinterland o the CmpireF &olonial admini"trator" oten adopted poli&ie" to arre"t the de,elopment o either a nati,e
&apitali"t &la"" or a nati,e proletariat @hi&h &ould o,erthro@ them.
A" time @ent onF the &entre had to de,ote an in&rea"in% "hare o %o,ernment a&ti,ity to military and the other unprodu&ti,e
eHpenditure"G they had to rely on allian&e" @ith an inei&ient &la"" o landlord"F oi&ial" and "oldier" in the hinterland to maintain
"tability at the &o"t o de,elopment. A %reat part o the "urplu" eHtra&ted rom the population @a" thu" @a"ted lo&ally.
The Ne@ ;er&antili"m (a" the ;ultinational Corporate *y"tem o "pe&ial allian&e" and pri,ile%e"F aid and
tari &on&e""ion" i" "ometime" &alled) a&e" "imilar problem" o internal and eHternal di,i"ion. The &entre i" troubledF eH&luded
%roup" re,olt and e,en "ome o the aluent are di""ati"ied @ith the role". Nationali"ti& ri,alry bet@een ma7or &apitali"t &ountrie"
remain" an important di,i"i,e a&tor. 6inallyF there i" the threat pre"ented by the middle &la""e" and the eH&luded %roup" o the
underde,eloped &ountrie". The national middle &la""e" in the underde,eloped &ountrie" &ame to po@er @hen the &entre @ea=ened
but &ould notF throu%h their poli&y o import "ub"titution manua&turin%F e"tabli"h a ,iable ba"i" or "u"tained %ro@th. They no@
a&e a orei%n eH&han%e &ri"i" and an unemployment (or population) &ri"i"9the ir"t indi&atin% their inability to un&tion in the
international e&onomy and the "e&ond indi&atin% their alienation rom the people they are "uppo"ed to lead. .n the immediate
utureF the"e national middle &la""e" @ill %ain a ne@ lea"e o lie a" they ta=e ad,anta%e o the "pa&e" &reated by the ri,alry
bet@een Ameri&an and non-Ameri&an oli%opoli"t" "tri,in% to e"tabli"h %lobal mar=et po"ition".
The nati,e &apitali"t" @ill a%ain be&ome the &hampion" o national independen&e a" they bar%ain @ith multinational &orporation".
1ut the &onli&t at thi" le,el i" more apparent than realF or in the end the er,ent nationali"m o the middle &la"" a"=" only or
promotion @ithin the &orporate "tru&ture and not or a brea= @ith that "tru&ture. .n the la"t analy"i" their po@er deri,e" rom the
metropoli" and they &annot ea"ily aord to &hallen%e the international "y"tem. They do not &ommand the loyalty o their o@n
population and &annot really &ompete @ith the lar%eF po@erulF a%%re%ate &apital" rom the &entre. They are pri"oner" o the ta"te
pattern" and &on"umption "tandard" "et at the &entre.

The main threat &ome" rom the eH&luded %roup". .t i" not unu"ual in underde,eloped &ountrie" or the top 5 per &ent to obtain
bet@een '0 to /0 per &ent o the total national in&omeF and or the top one-third to obtain any@here rom #0 to >0 per &ent. At
mo"tF one-third o the population &an be "aid to beneit in "ome "en"e rom the duali"ti& %ro@th that &hara&teri<e" de,elopment in
the hinterland. The remainin% t@o-third"F @ho to%ether %et only one-third o the in&omeF are out"ider"F not be&au"e they do not
&ontribute to the e&onomyF but be&au"e they do not "hare in the beneit". They pro,ide a "our&e o &heap labour @hi&h help" =eep
eHport" to the de,eloped @orld at a lo@ pri&e and @hi&h ha" inan&ed the urban-bia"ed %ro@th o re&ent year". .n a&tF it i" dii&ult
to "ee ho@ the "y"tem in mo"t underde,eloped &ountrie" &ould "ur,i,e @ithout &heap labour "in&e remo,in% it (e.%. di,ertin% it to
publi& @or=" pro7e&t" a" i" done in "o&iali"t &ountrie") @ould rai"e &on"umption &o"t" to &apitali"t" and proe""ional elite".
15. The author i" in a po"ition to dra@ parallel" bet@een Ne@ .mperiali"m and Ne@ ;er&antili"m be&au"e
1. both ori%inated in the de,eloped 0e"tern &apitali"t &ountrie".
2. Ne@ ;er&antili"m @a" a lo%i&al "eIuel to Ne@ .mperiali"m.
'. they &reate the "ame "et o output"9a labour or&eF middle &la""e" and ri,al &entre" o &apital
/. both ha,e &omparable une,en and di,i"i,e ee&t".
1#. A&&ordin% to the authorF the 1riti"h poli&y durin% the ENe@ .mperiali"mL period tended to be deen"i,e be&au"e
1. it @a" unable to deal @ith the allout" o a "harp in&rea"e in &apital.
2. it" &umulati,e &apital had unde"irable "ide-ee&t".
'. it" poli&ie" a,oured de,elopin% the ,a"t hinterland.
/. it pre,ented the %ro@th o a "et-up @hi&h &ould ha,e been &apitali"ti& in nature.
1>. .n the "enten&eF EThey are pri"oner" o the ta"te pattern" and &on"umption "tandard" "et at the &entre.?(ourth para%raph)F @hat
i" the meanin% o E&entre?4
21
1. National %o,ernment.
2. Nati,e &apitali"t".
'. Ne@ &apitali"t".
/. None o the abo,e.
1J. 3nder Ne@ ;er&antili"mF the er,ent nationali"m o the nati,e middle &la""e" doe" not &reate &onli&t @ith the multinational
&orporation" be&au"e they (the middle &la""e")
1. ne%otiate @ith the multinational &orporation".
2. are dependent on the international "y"tem or their &ontinued pro"perity.
'. are not in a po"ition to &hallen%e the "tatu" Iuo.
/. do not en7oy popular "upport.
PASSAGE I-
Crinoline and &roIuet are out. A" yetF no politi&al a&ti,i"t" ha,e thro@n them"el,e" in ront o the royal derby on $erby $ay. C,en
"oF "ome hi"torian" &an "pot the parallel". .t i" a time o rapid te&hnolo%i&al &han%e. .t i" a period @hen the dominan&e o the
@orld?" "uperpo@er i" &omin% under threat. .t i" an epo&h @hen pro"perity ma"=" underlyin% e&onomi& "train. AndF &ru&iallyF it i" a
time @hen poli&y-ma=er" are &onident that all i" or the be"t in the be"t o all po""ible @orld". 0el&ome to the Cd@ardian *ummer
o the "e&ond a%e o %lobali"ation.
*pare a moment to ta=e "to&= o @hat?" been happenin% in the pa"t e@ month". Bet?" "tart @ith the oil pri&eF @hi&h ha" ro&=eted to
more than Q#5 a barrelF more than double it" le,el 1J month" a%o. The a&&epted @i"dom i" that @e "houldn?t @orry our little head"
about thatF be&au"e the in&enti,e" are there or bu"ine"" to build ne@ produ&tion and reinin% &apa&ityF @hi&h @ill eortle""ly brin%
demand and "upply ba&= into balan&e and brin% &rude pri&e" ba&= to Q25 a barrel. A" Tommy Cooper u"ed to "ayF E7u"t li=e that?.
Then there i" the re"ult o the 6ren&h reerendum on the Curopean Con"titutionF "een a" thi&=-headed luddite" railin% ,ainly a%ain"t
the modern @orld. 0hat the 6ren&h needed to reali"eF the ar%ument @entF @a" that there @a" no alternati,e to the reorm" that
@ould ma=e the &ountry more leHibleF more &ompetiti,eF more dynami&. (u"t the "ort o reorm" that allo@ed 2ate 2ourmet to
"a&= hundred" o it" "ta at -eathro@ ater the "ort o ultimatum that u"ed to be handed out by :i&torian mill o@ner". An
alternati,e @ay o loo=in% at the 6ren&h KnonL i" that our nei%hbour" tran"late KleHibilityL a" Kyou?re iredL.
6inallyF ta=e a "Iuint at the 3nited *tate". (u"t li=e 1ritain a &entury a%oF a period o unIue"tioned "uperiority i" dra@in% to a
&lo"e. China i" "till a lon% @ay rom mat&hin% Ameri&a?" @ealthF but it i" %ro@in% at a "tupendou" rate and e&onomi& "tren%th
brin%" %eo-politi&al &lout. AlreadyF there i" e,iden&e o a ne@ "&ramble or Ari&a a" 0a"hin%ton and 1ei7in% &ompete or oil
"to&=". ;oreo,erF beneath the "ura&e o the 3* e&onomyF all i" not @ell. 2ro@th loo=" healthy enou%hF but the &ompetition rom
China and el"e@here ha" meant the @orld?" bi%%e"t e&onomy no@ import" ar more than it eHport". The 3* i" li,in% beyond it"
mean"F but in thi" time o "tudied &ompla&en&y a &urrent a&&ount dei&it @orth # per&ent o %ro"" dome"ti& produ&t i" "een a" a "i%n
o "tren%thF not @ea=ne"".
.n thi" ne@ Cd@ardian "ummerF &omort i" ta=en rom the a&t that dearer oil ha" not had the "a,a%e inlationary &on"eIuen&e" o
1)>'->/F @hen a ourold in&rea"e in the &o"t o &rude brou%ht an abrupt end to a po"t@ar boom that had %one on uninterrupted or
a Iuarter o a &entury. TrueF the &o"t o li,in% ha" been ae&ted by hi%her tran"port &o"t"F but @e are tal=in% o inlation at 2.' per
&ent and not 2> per &ent. Met the idea that hi%her oil pri&e" are o little &on"eIuen&e i" an&iul. . people are payin% more to ill up
their &ar" it lea,e" them @ith le"" to "pend on e,erythin% el"eF but there i" a relu&tan&e to &on"ume le"". .n the 1)>0" union" @ere
"tron% and able to ne%otiate lar%eF &ompen"atory pay deal" that "er,ed to inten"iy inlationary pre""ure. .n 2005F that a,enue i"
pretty mu&h &lo"ed oF but the abolition o all the &ontrol" on &redit that eHi"ted in the 1)>0" mean" that hou"ehold" are in,ited to
borro@ more rather than &on"ume le"". The =no&=-on ee&t" o hi%her oil pri&e" are thu" elt in dierent @ay"9throu%h hi%h
le,el" o indebtedne""F in inlated a""et pri&e"F and in balan&e o payment" dei&it".
There are tho"e @ho point outF ri%htlyF that modern indu"trial &apitali"m ha" pro,ed mi%htily re"ilient the"e pa"t 250 year"F and that
a "i%n o the endurin% "tren%th o the "y"tem ha" been the @ay it apparently "hru%%ed o e,erythin%9a "to&= mar=et &ra"hF )P11F
ri"in% oil pri&e"9that ha,e been thro@n at it in the hal de&ade "in&e the millennium. C,en "oF there are at lea"t three rea"on" or
&on&ern. 6ir"tF @e ha,e been here beore. .n term" o politi&al e&onomyF the ir"t era o %lobali"ation mirrored our o@n. There @a"
a belie in unettered &apital lo@"F in ree tradeF and in the po@er o the mar=et. .t @a" a time o ma""i,e in&ome ineIuality and
unpre&edented mi%ration. C,entuallyF thou%hF there @a" a ba&=la"hF manie"ted in a "tru%%le bet@een ree trader" and
prote&tioni"t"F and in ri"in% labour militan&y.
*e&ondF the @orld i" traditionally at it" mo"t ra%ile at time" @hen the %lobal balan&e o po@er i" in luH. 1y the end o the
nineteenth &enturyF 1ritain?" role a" the he%emoni& po@er @a" bein% &hallen%ed by the ri"e o the 3nited *tate"F 2ermanyF and
22
(apan @hile the 8ttoman and -ap"bur% empire" @ere &learly in rapid de&line. Boo=in% ahead rom 2005F it i" &lear that o,er the
neHt t@o or three de&ade"F both China and .ndia9@hi&h to%ether a&&ount or hal the @orld?" population9 @ill leH their mu"&le".
6inallyF there i" the Iue"tion o @hat ri"in% oil pri&e" tell u". The emer%en&e o China and .ndia mean" %lobal demand or &rude i"
li=ely to remain hi%h at a time @hen eHpert" "ay produ&tion i" about to top out. . "upply &on"traint" "tart to biteF any de&line" in
the pri&e are li=ely to be "hort-term &y&li&al aair" pun&tuatin% a lon% up@ard trend.
1). 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t repre"ent" the =ey ar%ument made by the author4
1. The ri"e in oil pri&e"F the luH in the %lobal balan&e o po@er and hi"tori&al pre&edent" "hould ma=e u" Iue"tion our belie
that the %lobal e&onomi& pro"perity @ould &ontinue.
2. The belie that modern indu"trial &apitali"m i" hi%hly re"ilient and &apable o o,er&omin% "ho&=" @ill be belied "oon.
'. 0ide"pread pro"perity lead" to ne%le&t o early "i%n" o underlyin% e&onomi& @ea=ne""F manie"ted in hi%her oil pri&e"
and a luH in the %lobal balan&e o po@er.
/. A &ri"i" i" imminent in the 0e"t %i,en the %ro@th o &ountrie" li=e China and .ndia and the in&rea"e in oil pri&e".
20. 0hat &an be inerred about the author?" ,ie@ @hen he "tate"F EA" Tommy Cooper u"ed to "ay K7u"t li=e thatL?4
1. .ndu"try ha" in&enti,e to build ne@ produ&tion and reinin% &apa&ity and thereore oil pri&e" @ould redu&e.
2. There @ould be a &orre&tion in the pri&e le,el" o oil on&e ne@ produ&tion &apa&ity i" added.
'. The de&line in oil pri&e" i" li=ely to be "hort-term in nature.
/. .t i" not ne&e""ary that oil pri&e" @ould %o do@n to earlier le,el".
21. 1y the eHpre""ion ECd@ardian *ummer?F the author reer" to a period in @hi&h there i"
1. unparalleled luHury and opulen&e.
2. a "en"e o &ompla&en&y amon% people be&au"e o all-round pro"perity.
'. a &ulmination o all-round e&onomi& pro"perity.
/. an imminent dan%er lur=in% behind e&onomi& pro"perity.
22. 0hatF a&&ordin% to the authorF ha" re"ulted in a @ide"pread belie in the re"ilien&e o modern &apitali"m4
1. 2ro@th in the e&onomie" o 0e"tern &ountrie" de"pite "ho&=" in the orm o in&rea"e in le,el" o indebtedne"" and inlated
a""et pri&e".
2. .n&rea"e in the pro"perity o 0e"tern &ountrie" and China de"pite ri"in% oil pri&e".
'. Continued %ro@th o 0e"tern e&onomie" de"pite a ri"e in terrori"mF an in&rea"e in oil pri&e" and other "imilar "ho&=".
/. The "u&&e"" o &ontinued reorm" aimed at ma=in% 0e"tern e&onomie" more dynami&F &ompetiti,e and ei&ient.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (2) 2. (2) '. (1) /. (/) 5. (')
#. (/) >. (2) J. (1) ). (') 10. (/)
11. (1) 12. (') 1'. (/) 1/. (2) 15. (')
1#. (/) 1>. (/) 1J. (2) 1). (1) 20. (/)
21. (2) 22. (')
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
SECTION I-: ARTS , *ITERAT.RE
2'
PASSAGE I
Ca&h one ha" hi" rea"on"+ or one art i" a li%htG or anotherF a mean" o &onIuerin%. 1ut one &an lee into a hermita%eF into
madne""F into death. 8ne &an &onIuer by arm". 0hy doe" it ha,e to be writingF @hy doe" one ha,e to mana%e hi" e"&ape" and
&onIue"t" by writing4 1e&au"eF behind the ,ariou" aim" o author"F there i" a deeper and more immediate &hoi&e @hi&h i" &ommon
to all o u". 0e "hall try to elu&idate thi" &hoi&eF and @e "hall "ee @hether it i" not in the name o thi" ,ery &hoi&e o @ritin% that
the en%a%ement o @riter" mu"t be reIuired.
Ca&h o our per&eption" i" a&&ompanied by the &on"&iou"ne"" that human reality i" a Ere,ealer?F that i"F it i" throu%h human reality
that Ethere i"? bein%F orF to put it dierentlyF that man i" the mean" by @hi&h thin%" are manie"ted. .t i" our pre"en&e in the @orld
@hi&h multiplie" relation". .t i" @e @ho "et up a relation"hip bet@een thi" tree and that bit o "=y. Than=" to u"F that "tar @hi&h ha"
been dead or millenniaF that Iuarter moonF and that dar= ri,er are di"&lo"ed in the unity o a land"&ape. .t i" the "peed o our auto
and our airplane @hi&h or%ani<e" the %reat ma""e" o the earth. 0ith ea&h o our a&t"F the @orld re,eal" to u" a ne@ a&e. 1utF i @e
=no@ that @e are dire&tor" o bein%F @e al"o =no@ that @e are not it" produ&er". . @e turn a@ay rom thi" land"&apeF it @ill "in=
ba&= into it" dar= permanen&e. At lea"tF it @ill "in= ba&=G there i" no one mad enou%h to thin= that it i" %oin% to be annihilated. .t i"
@e @ho "hall be annihilatedF and the earth @ill remain in it" lethar%y until another &on"&iou"ne"" &ome" alon% to a@a=en it. Thu"F
to our inner &ertainty o bein% Ere,ealer"? i" added that o bein% ine""ential in relation to the thin% re,ealed.
8ne o the &hie moti,e" o arti"ti& &reation i" &ertainly the need o eelin% that @e are e""ential in relation"hip to the @orld. . . iH
on &an,a" or in @ritin% a &ertain a"pe&t o the ield" or the "ea or a loo= on "omeone?" a&e @hi&h . ha,e di"&lo"edF . am &on"&iou"
o ha,in% produ&ed them by &onden"in% relation"hip"F by introdu&in% order @here there @a" noneF by impo"in% the unity o mind
on the di,er"ity o thin%". That i"F . thin= my"el e""ential in relation to my &reation. 1ut thi" time it i" the &reated ob7e&t @hi&h
e"&ape" meG . &an not re,eal and produ&e at the "ame time. The &reation be&ome" ine""ential in relation to the &reati,e a&ti,ity.
6ir"t o allF e,en i it appear" to other" a" deiniti,eF the &reated ob7e&t al@ay" "eem" to u" in a "tate o "u"pen"ionG @e &an al@ay"
&han%e thi" lineF that "hadeF that @ord. Thu"F it ne,er forces itself. A no,i&e painter a"=ed hi" tea&herF E0hen "hould . &on"ider my
paintin% ini"hed4? And the tea&her an"@eredF E0hen you &an loo= at it in ama<ement and "ay to your"el K.?m the one @ho did
thatRL?
0hi&h amount" to "ayin% Ene,er?. 6or it i" ,irtually &on"iderin% one?" @or= @ith "omeone el"e?" eye" and re,ealin% @hat ha" been
&reated. 1ut it i" "el-e,ident that @e are proportionally le"" &on"&iou" o the thin% produ&ed and more &on"&iou" o our produ&ti,e
a&ti,ity. 0hen it i" a matter o poetry or &arpentryF @e @or= a&&ordin% to traditional norm"F @ith tool" @ho"e u"a%e i" &odiiedG it i"
-eide%%er?" amou" Ethey? @ho are @or=in% @ith our hand". .n thi" &a"eF the re"ult &an "eem to u" "ui&iently "tran%e to pre"er,e
it" ob7e&ti,ity in our eye". 1ut i @e our"el,e" produ&e the rule" o produ&tionF the mea"ure"F the &riteriaF and i our &reati,e dri,e
&ome" rom the ,ery depth" o our heartF then @e ne,er ind anythin% but our"el,e" in our @or=. .t i" @e @ho ha,e in,ented the
la@" by @hi&h @e 7ud%e it. .t i" our hi"toryF our lo,eF our %aiety that @e re&o%ni<e in it. C,en i @e "hould re%ard it @ithout
tou&hin% it any urtherF @e ne,er receive rom it that %aiety or lo,e. 0e put them into it. The re"ult" @hi&h @e ha,e obtained on
&an,a" or paper ne,er "eem to u" objective. 0e are too amiliar @ith the pro&e""e" o @hi&h they are the ee&t". The"e pro&e""e"
remain a "ub7e&ti,e di"&o,eryG they are our"el,e"F our in"pirationF our ru"eF and @hen @e "ee= to perceive our @or=F @e &reate it
a%ainF @e repeat mentally the operation" @hi&h produ&ed itG ea&h o it" a"pe&t" appear" a" a re"ult. Thu"F in the per&eptionF the
2/
PART-A: T/e'%&0 C'1ce2t"0 , T%e13"
1. [CAT-1)))] -uman !er&eption and Creation
2. [CAT-1)))] Ab"tra&t and Repre"entational Art
'. [CAT-2000] Cla""i&al ;u"i&+ .ndian and 0e"tern
/. [CAT-2000] Ab"tra&tioni"m+ $oe" it -a,e a 6uture4
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] 2ree= Ar&hite&ture
#. [CAT-200/] !ainter" and their *ub7e&t ;atter
>. [CAT-2005] $errida?" $e&on"tru&ti,e Approa&h
ob7e&t i" %i,en a" the e""ential thin% and the "ub7e&t a" the ine""ential. The latter "ee=" e""entiality in the &reation and obtain" itF but
then it i" the ob7e&t @hi&h be&ome" the ine""ential.
The diale&ti& i" no@here more apparent than in the art o @ritin%F or the literary ob7e&t i" a pe&uliar top @hi&h eHi"t" only in
mo,ement. To ma=e it &ome into ,ie@ a &on&rete a&t &alled readin% i" ne&e""aryF and it la"t" only a" lon% a" thi" a&t &an la"t.
1eyond thatF there are only bla&= mar=" on paper. No@F the @riter &an not read @hat he @rite"F @herea" the "hoema=er &an put on
the "hoe" he ha" 7u"t made i they are to hi" "i<eF and the ar&hite&t &an li,e in the hou"e he ha" built. .n readin%F one ore"ee"G one
@ait". -e ore"ee" the end o the "enten&eF the ollo@in% "enten&eF the neHt pa%e. -e @ait" or them to &onirm or di"appoint hi"
ore"i%ht". The readin% i" &ompo"ed o a ho"t o hypothe"e"F ollo@ed by a@a=enin%"F o hope" and de&eption". Reader" are
al@ay" ahead o the "enten&e they are readin% in a merely probable uture @hi&h partly &ollap"e" and partly &ome" to%ether in
proportion a" they pro%re""F @hi&h @ithdra@" rom one pa%e to the neHt and orm" the mo,in% hori<on o the literary ob7e&t.
0ithout @aitin%F @ithout a utureF @ithout i%noran&eF there i" no ob7e&ti,ity.
1. The author hold" that+
1. There i" an ob7e&ti,e reality and a "ub7e&ti,e reality.
2. Nature i" the "um total o di"parate element".
'. .t i" human a&tion that re,eal" the ,ariou" a&et" o nature.
/. Apparently di"&onne&ted element" in nature are uniied in a undamental "en"e.
2. .t i" the author?" &ontention that+
1. Arti"ti& &reation" are re"ult" o human &on"&iou"ne"".
2. The ,ery a&t o arti"ti& &reation lead" to the e"&ape o the &reated ob7e&t.
'. ;an &an produ&e and re,eal at the "ame time.
/. An a&t o &reation or&e" it"el on our &on"&iou"ne"" lea,in% u" ull o ama<ement.
'. The pa""a%e ma=e" a di"tin&tion bet@een per&eption and &reation in term" o +
1. 8b7e&ti,ity and "ub7e&ti,ity.
2. Re,elation and a&tion.
'. 8b7e&ti,e reality and per&ei,ed reality.
/. C""entiality and non-e""entiality o ob7e&t" and "ub7e&t".
/. The art o @ritin% manie"t" the diale&ti& o per&eption and &reation be&au"e
1. readin% re,eal" the @ritin% till the a&t o readin% la"t".
2. @ritin% to be meanin%ul need" the &on&rete a&t o readin%.
'. thi" art i" anti&ipated and pro%re""e" on a "erie" o hypothe"e".
/. thi" literary ob7e&t ha" a mo,in% hori<on brou%ht about by the ,ery a&t o &reation.
5. A @riterF a" an arti"tF
1. re,eal" the e""entiality o re,elation.
2. ma=e" u" eel e""ential ,i"-S-,i" nature.
'. &reate" reality.
/. re,eal" nature in it" permanen&e.
PASSAGE II
-a,e you e,er &ome a&ro"" a paintin%F by !i&a""oF ;ondrianF ;iroF or any other modern ab"tra&t painter o thi" &enturyF and ound
your"el en%uled in a bri%htly &oloured &an,a" @hi&h your "en"e" &annot interpret4 ;any people @ould tend to denoun&e
ab"tra&tioni"m a" "en"ele"" tra"h. The"e people are di"oriented by ;iro?" bri%htF an&iul &reature" and t@o-dimen"ional &an,a"e".
They &li&= their ton%ue" and "ha=e their head" at ;ondrian?" %rid @or="F de&larin% the poor %uy played too many "&rabble %ame".
They "ilently "ha=e their head" in "ympathy or !i&a""oF @ho"e %rue"omeF di"torted i%ure" mu"t be a rele&tion o hi" mental
health. ThenF "tandin% in ront o a @or= by Charlie Ru""ellF the amou" 0e"tern arti"tF they?ll de&lare it a @or= o 2od. !eople eel
more &omortable @ith "omethin% they &an relate to and under"tand immediately @ithout too mu&h thou%ht. Thi" i" the &a"e @ith
the @or= o Charlie Ru""ell. 1ein% able to re&o%ni<e the element" in hi" paintin%"9tree"F hor"e" and &o@boy"9%i,e" people a
"aety line to their @orld o KrealityL. There are "ome @ho @ould di"a%ree @hen . "ay ab"tra&t art reIuire" more &reati,ity and
arti"ti& talent to produ&e a %ood pie&e than doe" repre"entational artF but there are many @ea=ne""e" in their ar%ument".
!eople @ho loo= do@n on ab"tra&t art ha,e "e,eral ma7or ar%ument" to "upport their belie". They eel that arti"t" turn ab"tra&t
be&au"e they are not &apable o the te&hni&al dratin% "=ill" that appear in a Ru""ellG thereoreF "u&h arti"t" &reate an art orm that
anyone i" &apable o and that i" le"" time &on"umin%F and then parade it a" arti"ti& pro%re"". *e&ondlyF they eel that the purpo"e o
art i" to &reate "omethin% o beauty in an orderlyF lo%i&al &ompo"ition. Ru""ell?" &ompo"ition" are balan&ed and rationalG e,erythin%
"it" &almly on the &an,a"F lea,in% the ,ie@er "ati"ied that he ha" "een all there i" to "ee. The modern ab"tra&tioni"t"F on the other
25
handF "eem to &ompo"e their pie&e" irrationally. 6or eHampleF upon "eein% !i&a""o?" uernicaF a riend o mine a"=ed meF K0hat?"
the point4L 6inallyF many people eel that art "hould portray the ideal and real. The eHa&tne"" o detail in Charlie Ru""ell?" @or= i"
an eHample o thi". -e ha" been &alled a %reat hi"torian be&au"e hi" pie&e" depi&t the lie "tyleF dre""F and e,ent" o the time". -i"
"ub7e&t matter i" deri,ed rom hi" o@n eHperien&e" on the trailF and reprodu&ed to the "malle"t detail.
. a%ree in part @ith many o the"e ar%ument"F and at one time e,en endor"ed them. 1ut no@F . belie,e dierently. 6ir"tly . ob7e&t to
the ar%ument that ab"tra&t arti"t" are not &apable o dratin%. ;any ab"tra&t arti"t"F "u&h a" !i&a""oF are eH&ellent drat"men. A" hi"
@or= maturedF !i&a""o be&ame more ab"tra&t in order to in&rea"e the eHpre""i,e Iuality o hi" @or=. uernica @a" meant a" a
prote"t a%ain"t the bombin% o that &ity by the 2erman". To eHpre"" the terror and "uerin% o the ,i&tim" more ,i,idlyF he
di"torted the i%ure" and pre"ented them in a bla&= and @hite 7ournali"ti& manner. . he had u"ed repre"entational ima%e" and
&olourF mu&h o the emotional &ontent @ould ha,e been lo"t and the pie&e @ould not ha,e &au"ed the demand or 7u"ti&e that it did.
*e&ondlyF . do not thin= that a pie&e mu"t be lo%i&al and ae"theti&ally plea"in% to be art. The me""a%e it &on,ey" to it" ,ie@er" i"
more important. .t "hould rele&t the ideal" and i""ue" o it" time and be true to it"elF not 7u"t a lo@eryF %lo""y "ura&e. 6or
eHampleF throu%h hi" @or=F ;ondrian @a" tryin% to pre"ent a "y"tem o "impli&ityF lo%i&F and rational order. A" a re"ultF hi" pie&e"
did end up loo=in% li=e a "&rabble board. ;iro &reated po@erulF "urreali"ti& ima%e" rom hi" dream" and "ub&on"&iou". The"e
arti"t" @ere tryin% to e,o=e a re"pon"e rom "o&iety throu%h an eHpre""ioni"ti& manner. 6inallyF ab"tra&t arti"t" and repre"entational
arti"t" maintain dierent idea" about Ereality?. To the repre"entational arti"tF reality i" @hat he "ee" @ith hi" eye". Thi" i" the reality
he reprodu&e" on &an,a". To the ab"tra&t arti"tF reality i" @hat he eel" about @hat hi" eye" "ee. Thi" i" the reality he interpret" on
&an,a". Thi" &an be illu"trated by ;ondrian?" Trees "erie". Mou &an a&tually "ee the pro%re""ion rom the early re&o%ni<ableF
thou%h ab"tra&tedF TreesF to hi" inal "olutionF the %rid "y"tem.
A &y&le o ab"tra&t and repre"entational art be%an @ith the ir"t "&rat&hin%" o prehi"tori& man. 6rom the ab"tra&tion" o an&ient
C%ypt to repre"entationalF &la""i&al RomeF returnin% to ab"tra&tioni"m in early Chri"tian art and "o on up to the pre"ent dayF the
&y&le ha" been %oin% on. 1ut thi" day and a%e may @itne"" it" death throu%h the &amera. 0ith ilmF there i" no need to produ&e
inely detailedF hi"tori&al re&ord" manuallyG the &amera doe" thi" or u" more ei&iently. ;aybeF repre"entational art @ould &ea"e
to eHi"t. 0ith ab"tra&tioni"m a" the ,i&tor o the ir"t battleF may be a dierent =ind o &y&le @ill be tou&hed o. !o""iblyF "ome
time in the di"tant utureF thou"and" o year" rom no@F art it"el @ill be phy"i&ally non-eHi"tent. *ome arti"t" today belie,e that
on&e they ha,e planned and &on"tru&ted a pie&e in their mindF there i" no "en"e in ini"hin% it @ith their hand"G it ha" already been
done and &an ne,er be dupli&ated.
#. The author ar%ue" that many people loo= do@n upon ab"tra&t art be&au"e they eel that+
1. ;odern ab"tra&t art doe" not portray @hat i" ideal and real.
2. Ab"tra&t arti"t" are un"=illed in matter" o te&hni&al dratin%.
'. Ab"tra&tioni"t" &ompo"e irrationally.
/. All o the abo,e.
>. The author belie,e" that people eel &omortable @ith repre"entational art be&au"e+
1. they are not en%uled in bri%htly &oloured &an,a"e".
2. they do not ha,e to &li&= their ton%ue" and "ha=e their head" in "ympathy.
'. they under"tand the art @ithout puttin% too mu&h "train on their mind".
/. paintin%" li=e uernica do not ha,e a point.
J. .n the author?" opinionF !i&a""o?" uernica &reated a "tron% demand or 7u"ti&e "in&e
1. it @a" a prote"t a%ain"t the 2erman bombin% o 2uerni&a.
2. !i&a""o mana%ed to eHpre"" the emotional &ontent @ell @ith hi" ab"tra&t depi&tion.
'. it depi&t" the terror and "uerin% o the ,i&tim" in a di"torted manner.
/. it @a" a mature @or= o !i&a""o?"F painted @hen the arti"t?" dratin% "=ill" @ere eH&ellent.
). The author a&=no@led%e" that ;ondrian?" pie&e" may ha,e ended up loo=in% li=e a "&rabble board be&au"e
1. many people de&lared the poor %uy played too many "&rabble %ame".
2. ;ondrian belie,ed in the E%rid-@or="? approa&h to ab"tra&tioni"t paintin%.
'. ;ondrian @a" tryin% to &on,ey the me""a%e o "impli&ity and rational order.
/. ;ondrian learned rom hi" Trees "erie" to e,ol,e a %rid "y"tem.
10. The main dieren&e bet@een the ab"tra&t arti"t and the repre"entational arti"t in matter" o the Eideal? and the Ereal?F a&&ordin%
to the authorF i"+
1. -o@ ea&h &hoo"e" to deal @ith Ereality? on hi" or her &an,a".
2. The "uperiority o interpretation o reality o,er reprodu&tion o reality.
'. The dierent ,alue" atta&hed by ea&h to bein% a hi"torian.
/. The ,aryin% le,el" o dratin% "=ill" and lo%i&al thin=in% abilitie".
2#
PASSAGE III
The tea&hin% and tran"mi""ion o North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& i" and lon% ha" beenF a&hie,ed by lar%ely oral mean". The raga and
it" "tru&tureF the oten breathta=in% intri&a&ie" o tala or rhythmF and the in&arnation o raga and tala a" bandis! or &ompo"itionF
are pa""ed thu"F bet@een guru and s!is!ya by @ord o mouth and dire&t demon"trationF @ith no printed "heet o notated mu"i&F a"
it @ereF a&tin% a" a %o-bet@een. *au""ure?" &on&eption o lan%ua%e a" a &ommuni&ation bet@een addre""er and addre""ee i" %i,enF
in thi" modelF a urther in"tan&eF and a ne@F eHoti& &ompleHity and %lamour.
The"e day"F e"pe&ially @ith the middle &la"" ha,in% entered the domain o &la""i&al mu"i& and playin% not a "mall part in en"urin%
the &ontinuation o thi" an&ient traditionF the tape re&order "er,e" a" a handy te&hnolo%i&al "la,e and pre"er,e"F rom obli,ionF the
,ani"hin%F elu"i,e moment o oral tran"mi""ion. -oary gurusF tooF ha,e "een the ad,anta%e o thi" de,i&eF and in&rea"in%ly u"e it
a" an aid to in"tru&tin% their pupil"G in pla&e o the "ha@l" and other traditional ob7e&t" that u"ed to pa"" rom s!is!ya to guru in the
pa"tF a" a to=en o the re%ard o the ormer or the latterF it i" not unu"ualF todayF to "ee &a""ette" &han%in% hand".
!art o my edu&ation in North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& @a" &ondu&ted ,ia thi" rather u%ly but benei&ial re&tan%le o pla"ti&F @hi&h .
&arried @ith me to Cn%land @hen . @a" an under%raduate. 8ne &a""ette had "tored in it ,ariou" talas played upon the tablaF at
,ariou" tempo"F by my mu"i& tea&her?" brother-in-la@F -a<arilal7iF @ho @a" a tea&her o "at!ak dan&eF a" @ell a" a "in%er and a
tabla player. Thi" @a" a @or= o %reat patien&e and pre"&ien&eF a one-and-a-hal hour perorman&e @ithout any immediate point or
purpo"eF but intended or "ome delayed uture moment @hen .?d pra&ti"e the talas "olitarily.
Thi" repeated playin% out o the rhythmi& &y&le" on the tabla @a" inle&ted by the noi"e"9an irate auto dri,er blo@in% a hornG the
"ound o o,erbearin% pi%eon" that @ere "u&h a nui"an&e on the bani"terG e,en the &ry o a kulfi "eller in "ummer9enterin% rom the
bal&ony o the third loor lat @e o&&upied in tho"e day"F in a lane in a 1ombay "uburbF beore @e let the &ity or %ood. The"e
"ound"F in turnF @ould in,adeF he"itantlyF the ebb and lo@ o "ilen&e in"ide the artii&ially heated roomF in a borou%h o 0e"t
BondonF in @hi&h . u"ed to li,e a" an under%raduate. ThereF in the trapped du"tF "ilen&e and heatF the t!eka o the tablaF Iualiied
by the imminent but intermittent pre"en&e o the 1ombay "uburbF @ould &ome to lie a%ain. A e@ year" laterF the tabla andF in the
ba&=%roundF the pi%eon" and the itinerant kulfi "ellerF @ould inhabit a "mall %raduate room in 8Hord.
The tape re&orderF thou%hF remain" an eHten"ion o the oral tran"mi""ion o mu"i&F rather than a repla&ement o it. And the oral
tran"mi""ion o North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& remain"F almo"t uniIuelyF a te"tament to the a&t that the human brain &an ab"orbF
remember and reprodu&e "tru&ture" o %reat &ompleHity and "ophi"ti&ation @ithout the help o the hiero%lyph or @ritten mar= or a
"y"tem o notation. . remember my "urpri"e on di"&o,erin% that -a<arilal7i9@ho had ma"tered "at!ak dan&eF tala and North
.ndian &la""i&al mu"i&F and @ho u"ed to narrate to meF o&&a"ionallyF &ompo"ition" meant or dan&e that @ere %rand and intri&ate in
their ,erbal pro"odyF ar&hite&ture and rhythmi& &ompleHity9@a" near illiterate and had barely learnt to @rite hi" name in lar%e and
&lum"y letter".
8 &our"eF attempt" ha,e been madeF throu%h the 20
th
&enturyF to ormally &odiy and e,en notate thi" mu"i&F and in"titution" "et up
and de%ree" &reatedF "pe&ii&ally to edu&ate "tudent" in thi" K"&ientii&L and &odiied manner. !aradoHi&allyF ho@e,erF thi" "tyle o
tea&hin% ha" produ&ed no note@orthy "tudent or perormerG the mo"t &reati,e mu"i&ian" "till emer%e rom the guru#s!is!ya
relation"hipF their under"tandin% o mu"i& de,eloped by oral &ommuni&ation.
The a&t that North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& emanate" romF and ha" e,ol,ed throu%hF oral &ultureF mean" that thi" mu"i& ha" a
"i%nii&antly dierent ae"theti&F and that thi" ae"theti& ha" a dierent politi&"F rom that o 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i&. A pie&e o
mu"i& in the 0e"tern traditionF at lea"t in it" mo"t &hara&teri"ti& and popular &on&eptionF ori%inate" in it" &ompo"erF and the
&onne&tion bet@een the t@oF bet@een &ompo"er and the pie&e o mu"i&F i" relati,ely unambi%uou" pre&i"ely be&au"e the &ompo"er
@rite" do@nF in notationF hi" &ompo"itionF a" a poet mi%ht @rite do@n and publi"h hi" poem. -o@e,er ar the printed "heet o
notated mu"i& mi%ht tra,el thu" rom the &ompo"erF it "till remain" hi" propertyG and the notion o property remain" at the heart o
the 0e"tern &on&eption o K%eniu"LF @hi&h deri,e" rom the Batin gignere or Eto be%et?.
The %eniu" in 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& i"F thenF the ori%inatorF be%etter and o@ner o hi" @or=9the printedF notated "heet te"tiyin%
to hi" authority o,er hi" produ&t and hi" po@erF not only o eHpre""ion or ima%inationF but o ori%ination. The &ondu&tor i" a
&u"todian and %uardian o thi" property. ." it an a&&ident that ;andel"tamF in hi" noteboo="F &ompare"9&elebratorily9the
&ondu&tor?" baton to a poli&eman?"F "ayin% all the mu"i& o the or&he"tra lie" mute @ithin itF @aitin% or it" ir"t mo,ement to
relea"e it into the auditorium4
The raga9tran"mitted throu%h oral mean"9i"F in a "en"eF no one?" propertyG it i" not ea"y to pin do@n it" "our&eF or to =no@
eHa&tly @here it" pro,enan&e or ori%in lie". 3nli=e the 0e"tern &la""i&al traditionF @here the &ompo"er be%et" hi" pie&eF notate" it
and "tamp" it @ith hi" o@ner"hip and remain"F in ee&tF lar%er thanF or the ather oF hi" @or=F in the North .ndian &la""i&al
2>
traditionF the raga9un&onined to a "in%le in&arnationF &ompo"er or perormer9remain" ne&e""arily %reater than the arti"te @ho
in,o=e" it.
Thi" lead" to a ,ery dierent politi&" o interpretation and ,aluationF to an ae"theti& that pri,ile%e" the e,ane"&ent moment o
perorman&e and in,o&ation o,er the &ontrollin% authority o %eniu" and the permanent re&ord. .t i" a traditionF thu"F that @ould
appear to ,alue the perormerF a" mediumF more hi%hly than the &ompo"er @ho pre"ume" to ori%inate @hatF ee&ti,elyF &annot be
ori%inated in a "in%le per"on9be&au"e the raga i" the inheritan&e o a &ulture.
11. The author?" &ontention that the notion o property lie" at the heart o the 0e"tern &on&eption o %eniu" i" be"t indi&ated by
@hi&h one o the ollo@in%4
1. The &reati,e output o a %eniu" i" in,ariably @ritten do@n and re&orded.
2. The lin= bet@een the &reator and hi" output i" unambi%uou".
'. The @ord K%eniu"L i" deri,ed rom a Batin @ord @hi&h mean" Kto be%et.L
/. The mu"i& &ompo"er notate" hi" mu"i& and thu" be&ome" the Eather? o a parti&ular pie&e o mu"i&.
12. *au""ure?" &on&eption o lan%ua%e a" a &ommuni&ation bet@een addre""er and addre""eeF a&&ordin% to the authorF i"
eHempliied by the+
1. tea&hin% o North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& by @ord o mouth and dire&t demon"tration.
2. u"e o the re&orded &a""ette a" a tran"mi""ion medium bet@een the mu"i& tea&her and the trainee.
'. @ritten do@n notation "heet" o mu"i&al &ompo"ition".
/. &ondu&tor?" baton and the or&he"tra.
1'. The author hold" that the Krather u%ly but benei&ial re&tan%le o pla"ti&L ha" pro,ed to be a Ehandy te&hnolo%i&al "la,e? in+
1. "torin% the talas played upon the tablaF at ,ariou" tempo".
2. en"urin% the &ontinuan&e o an an&ient tradition.
'. tran"portin% North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& a&ro"" %eo%raphi&al border".
/. &apturin% the tran"ient moment o oral tran"mi""ion.
1/. The oral tran"mi""ion o North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& i" an almo"t uniIue te"tament o the+
1. ei&a&y o the guru#s!is!ya tradition.
2. learnin% impa&t o dire&t demon"tration.
'. brain?" ability to reprodu&e &ompleH "tru&ture" @ithout the help o @ritten mar=".
/. the ability o an illiterate per"on to narrate %rand and intri&ate mu"i&al &ompo"ition".
15. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF in the North .ndian &la""i&al traditionF the raga remain" %reater than the arti"te @ho in,o=e" it. Thi"
implie" an ae"theti& @hi&h+
1. empha"i"e" perorman&e and in,o&ation o,er the authority o %eniu" and permanent re&ord.
2. ma=e" the mu"i& no one?" property.
'. ,alue" the &ompo"er more hi%hly than the perormer.
/. "upport" oral tran"mi""ion o traditional mu"i&.
1#. 6rom the author?" eHplanation o the notion that in the 0e"tern traditionF mu"i& ori%inate" in it" &ompo"erF @hi&h one o the
ollo@in% &annot be inerred4
1. .t i" ea"y to tran"er a pie&e o 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& to a di"tant pla&e.
2. The &ondu&tor in the 0e"tern traditionF a" a &u"todianF &an modiy the mu"i&F "in&e it Elie" mute? in hi" baton.
'. The authority o the 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& &ompo"er o,er hi" mu"i& produ&t i" unambi%uou".
/. The po@er o the 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& &ompo"er eHtend" to the eHpre""ion o hi" mu"i&.
1>. A&&ordin% to the authorF the inadeIua&y o tea&hin% North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& throu%h a &odiiedF notation ba"ed "y"tem i"
be"t illu"trated by+
1. a lo"" o the "tru&tural beauty o the ragas.
2. a u"ion o t@o oppo"in% approa&he" &reatin% mundane mu"i&.
'. the &on,er"ion o ree-lo@in% ragas into "tilted "et pie&e".
/. it" ailure to produ&e any note@orthy "tudent or perormer.
1J. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" be"t &on,ey" the o,erall idea o the pa""a%e4
1. North .ndian and 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& are "tru&turally dierent.
2. 0e"tern mu"i& i" the intelle&tual property o the %eniu" @hile the North .ndian raga i" the inheritan&e o a &ulture.
2J
'. Creation a" @ell a" perorman&e are important in the North .ndian &la""i&al tradition.
/. North .ndian &la""i&al mu"i& i" orally tran"mitted @hile 0e"tern &la""i&al mu"i& depend" on @ritten do@n notation".
PASSAGE I-
8ne o the &riteria by @hi&h @e 7ud%e the ,itality o a "tyle o paintin% i" it" ability to rene@ it"el9it" re"pon"i,ene"" to the
&han%in% nature and Iuality o eHperien&eF the de%ree o &on&eptual and ormal inno,ation that it eHhibit". 1y thi" &riterionF it
@ould appear that the pra&ti&e o ab"tra&tioni"m ha" ailed to en%a%e &reati,ely @ith the radi&al &han%e in human eHperien&e in
re&ent de&ade". .t ha"F "eemin%lyF been un@illin% to re-in,ent it"el in relation to the "y"tem" o arti"ti& eHpre""ion and ,ie@er?"
eHpe&tation" that ha,e de,eloped under the impa&t o the ma"" media.
The 7ud%ement that ab"tra&tioni"m ha" "lipped into Einertia %ear? i" %ainin% endor"ementF not only amon% di"&ernin% ,ie@er" and
pra&titioner" o other art orm"F but al"o amon% ab"tra&t painter" them"el,e". Bi=e their &ompanion" el"e@here in the @orldF
ab"tra&tioni"t" in .ndia are a"=in% them"el,e" an o,er@helmin% Iue"tion today+ $oe" ab"tra&tioni"m ha,e a uture4 The ma7or
&ri"i" that ab"tra&tioni"t" a&e i" that o re,itali<in% their pi&ture "ura&eG e@ ha,e impro,i"ed any "olution" beyond the one" that
@ere eHhau"ted by the 1)>0". Bi=e all re,olution"F @hether in politi&" or in artF ab"tra&tioni"m mu"t no@ &onront it" moment o
truth+ ha,in% be%un lie a" a ne@ and radi&al pi&torial approa&h to eHperien&eF it ha" be&ome an entren&hed orthodoHy it"el.
.ndeedF @hen ,ie@ed a%ain"t a hi"tori&al "ituation in @hi&h a ,ariety o "ub,er"i,eF intera&ti,e and ri&hly hybrid orm" are
a,ailable to the art pra&titionerF ab"tra&tioni"m a""ume" the remote and deiant air o an ari"to&ra&y that ha" outli,ed it" a%eG
trammeled by ormulai& &on,ention" yet buttre""ed by a rhetori& o "a&red my"teryF it "eem" &ondemned to bein% the la"t &itadel o
the "el-re%ardin% Eine art? traditionF the la"t hurrah o paintin% or paintin%?" "a=e.
The "ituation i" urther &ompli&ated in .ndia by the &ir&um"tan&e" in @hi&h an indi%enou" ab"tra&tioni"m &ame into prominen&e
here durin% the 1)#0". 6rom the be%innin% it @a" propelled by the diale&ti& bet@een t@o moti,e"F one re,olutionary and the other
&on"er,ati,e9it @a" inau%urated a" an a&t o eman&ipation rom the do%ma" o the na"&ent .ndian nation "tateF @hen art @a"
oi&ially ,ie@ed a" an indul%en&e at @or"tF and at be"tF a" an in"trument or the &elebration o the republi&?" hope" and a"piration".
-a,in% re7e&ted the"e do%ma"F the pioneerin% ab"tra&tioni"t" al"o @ent on to re7e&t the ,ariou" i%urati,e "tyle" a""o&iated @ith the
*antini=etan &ir&le and other". .n "u&h a "ituationF ab"tra&tioni"m @a" a re,olutionary mo,e. .t led art to@ard" the eHploration o
the "ub&on"&iou" mindF the "piritual Iue"t and the po""ible eHpan"ion o &on"&iou"ne"". .ndian paintin% entered into a pha"e o
"el-inIuiryF a meditati,e inner "pa&e @here &o"mi& "ymbol" and non-repre"entational ima%e" ruled. 8tenF the tran"ition rom
i%urati,e idiom" to ab"tra&tioni"t one" too= pla&e @ithin the "ame arti"t.
At the "ame timeF .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" ha,e rarely &ommitted them"el,e" @holeheartedly to a non-repre"entational idiom. They
ha,e been preo&&upied @ith the undamentally metaphy"i&al pro7e&t o a"pirin% to the my"ti&al-holy @ithout alto%ether renoun&in%
the "ymboli&. Thi" ha" been "u"tained by a hereditary relu&tan&e to %i,e up the murtiF the in,iolable i&oni& ormF @hi&h eHplain"
@hy ab"tra&tioni"m i" mar=ed by the &on"er,ati,e tenden&y to operate @ith ima%e" rom the "a&red repertoire o the pa"t.
Ab"tra&tioni"m thu" entered .ndia a" a double-ed%ed de,i&e in a &ompleH &ultural tran"a&tion. .deolo%i&allyF it "er,ed a" an
internationali"t le%itimi<ation o the emer%in% re,olutionary lo&al trend". -o@e,erF on entryF it @a" &on"&ripted to "er,e lo&al
arti"ti& preo&&upation"9a "ur,ey o indi%enou" ab"tra&tioni"m @ill "ho@ that it" mo"t ob,iou" point" o ainity @ith Curopean
and Ameri&an ab"tra&t art @ere @ith the more my"ti&ally oriented o the ma7or "our&e" o ab"tra&tioni"t philo"ophy and pra&ti&eF
or in"tan&e the Kandin"=y-Klee "&hool. There ha,e been no ta=er" or ;ale,i&h?" *upremati"mF @hi&h militantly re7e&ted both the
arti"ti& orm" o the pa"t and the @orld o appearan&e"F pri,ile%in% the ne@-minted %eometri& "ymbol a" an autonomou" "i%n o the
de"ire or ininity.
A%ain"t thi" ba&=dropF @e &an identiy three ma7or ab"tra&tioni"t idiom" in .ndian art. The ir"t de,elop" rom a lo,e o the earthF
and a""ume" the orm o a &elebration o the "el?" di""olution in the &o"mi& panoramaG the land"&ape i" no lon%er a reali"ti&
tran"&ription o the "&eneF but i" tran"ormed into a ,i"ionary o&&a"ion or &ontemplatin% the &y&le" o de&ay and re%eneration. The
"e&ond idiom phra"e" it" departure" rom "ymboli& and ar&hetypal de,i&e" a" in,itation" to hei%htened plane" o a@arene"".
Ab"tra&tioni"m be%in" @ith the e"tabli"hment or di""olution o the motiF @hi&h &an be dra@n rom di,er"e "our&e"F in&ludin% the
hiero%lyphi& tabletF the *ui meditation dan&e or the Tantri& dia%ram. The third idiom i" ba"ed on the lyri& play o orm" %uided by
%e"ture or allied @ith ormal impro,i"ation" li=e the a""embla%e. -ereF "ometime"F the line di,idin% ab"tra&t ima%e rom patterned
de"i%n or Iua"i-random eHpre""i,e mar=in% may blur. The luH o orm" &an al"o be re%imented throu%h the poeti&" o pure &olour
arran%ement"F ,e&tor-dia%rammati& "pa&e" and %e"tural de"i%n.
.n thi" %enealo%yF "ome pure line" o de"&ent ollo@ their lo%i& to the ine,itable point o eHtin&tionF other" en%a%e in &ro""-
ertili<ationF and yet other" under%o mutation to maintain their ener%y. -o@e,erF thi" %enealo%i&al "ur,ey demon"trate" the @a,e at
it" &re"t"F tho"e point" @here the metaphy"i&al and the painterly ha,e been u"ed in ima%e" o abidin% poten&yF idea" "en"uou"ly
ordained rather than abri&ated pro%rammati&ally to a &on&ept. .t i" eIually po""ible to enumerate the trou%h" @here the t@o
prin&iple" do not &ome to%etherF thu" arri,in% at a ,ery dierent a&&ount. 3n&haritable a" it may "oundF the hi"tory o .ndian
ab"tra&tioni"m re&ord" a "erie" o attempt" to a,oid the ri"=" o ab"tra&tion by re"ortin% to an o,ert and near-%eneri& "ymboli"mF
@hi&h many .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" embra&e @hen they ind them"el,e" beret o the ima%inati,e ener%y to ne%otiate the union o
metaphy"i&" and painterline"".
2)
*u&h "ymboli"m all" into a dual trap+ it "u&&umb" to the pompou" ,a&uity o pure metaphy"i&" @hen the burden o intention i"
pa""ed o a" 7u"tii&ationG or then it i" de"i&&ated by the arid ormali"m o pure painterline""F @ith deli%ht in the mea"ure o &han&e
or pattern %uidin% the eHe&ution o a paintin%. The en"uin% &onli&t o purpo"e "tall" the pro%re"" o ab"tra&tioni"m in an impa""e.
The remar=able .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" are pre&i"ely tho"e @ho ha,e o,er&ome thi" and addre""ed them"el,e" to the ba"i& element"
o their art @ith a de&i"i,e "en"e o independen&e rom prior model". .n their re&ent @or=F @e "ee the lo%i& o .ndian ab"tra&tioni"m
pu"hed almo"t to the urthe"t it &an be ta=en. 1eyond "u&h arti"t" "tand" a lo"t %eneration o ab"tra&tioni"t" @ho"e @or= in,o=e" a
@i"tulF deli&ate beauty but "top" there.
Ab"tra&tioni"m i" not a uni,er"al lan%ua%eG it i" an art that point" up the lo"" o a "hared lan%ua%e o "i%n" in "o&iety. And yetF it
airm" the po""ibility o it" re&o,ery throu%h the eort o a@arene"". 0hile it" rhetori& ha" al@ay" empha"i<ed a &all or ne@
orm" o attentionF ab"tra&tioni"t pra&ti&e ha" tended to all into a &ompla&ent pride in it" o@n in&omprehen"ibilityG a &ompla&en&y
atal in an etho" @here ,ibrant ne@ idiom" &ompete or the ,ie@er"? attention. .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" ou%ht to really return to
ba"i&"F to reormulate and repleni"h their under"tandin% o the nature o the relation"hip bet@een the painted ima%e and the @orld
around it. 1ut @ill they abandon their a,ourite &on&eptual habit" and ormal &on,ention"F i thi" be&ome" ne&e""ary4
1). 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% i" not "tated by the author a" a rea"on or ab"tra&tioni"m lo"in% it" ,itality4
1. Ab"tra&tioni"m ha" ailed to reorient it"el in the &onteHt o &han%in% human eHperien&e.
2. Ab"tra&tioni"m ha" not &on"idered the de,elopment" in arti"ti& eHpre""ion that ha,e ta=en pla&e in re&ent time".
'. Ab"tra&tioni"m ha" not ollo@ed the path ta=en by all re,olution"F @hether in politi&" or art.
/. The impa&t o ma"" media on ,ie@er"? eHpe&tation" ha" not been a""e""edF and re"ponded toF by ab"tra&tioni"m.
20. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in%F a&&ordin% to the authorF i" the role that ab"tra&tioni"m play" in a "o&iety4
1. .t pro,ide" an idiom that &an be under"tood by mo"t member" in a "o&iety.
2. .t hi%hli%ht" the ab"en&e o a "hared lan%ua%e o meanin%ul "ymbol" @hi&h &an be re&reated throu%h %reater a@arene"".
'. .t hi%hli%ht" the &ontradi&tory arti"ti& trend" o re,olution and &on"er,ati"m that any "o&iety need" to mo,e or@ard.
/. .t help" ab"tra&tioni"t" in,o=e the @i"tulF deli&ate beauty that may eHi"t in "o&iety.
21. A&&ordin% to the authorF @hi&h one o the ollo@in% &hara&teri<e" the &ri"i" a&ed by ab"tra&tioni"m4
1. Ab"tra&tioni"t" appear to be unable to tran"&end the "olution" tried out earlier.
2. Ab"tra&tioni"m ha" allo@ed it"el to be &onined by "et orm" and pra&ti&e".
'. Ab"tra&tioni"t" ha,e been unable to u"e the multipli&ity o orm" no@ be&omin% a,ailable to an arti"t.
/. All o the abo,e.
22. A&&ordin% to the authorF the introdu&tion o ab"tra&tioni"m @a" re,olutionary be&au"e it+
1. &elebrated the hope" and a"piration" o a ne@ly independent nation.
2. pro,ided a ne@ dire&tion to .ndian art to@ard" "el-inIuiry and non-repre"entational ima%e".
'. mana%ed to obtain internationali"t "upport or the ab"tra&tioni"t a%enda.
/. @a" an eman&ipation rom the do%ma" o the na"&ent nation "tate.
2'. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% i" not part o the author?" &hara&teri<ation o the &on"er,ati,e trend in .ndian ab"tra&tioni"m4
1. An eHploration o the "ub&on"&iou" mind.
2. A la&= o ull &ommitment to non-repre"entational "ymbol".
'. An adheren&e to the "ymboli& @hile a"pirin% to the my"ti&al.
/. 3"a%e o the ima%e" o %od" or "imilar "ymbol".
2/. 2i,en the author?" delineation o the three ab"tra&tioni"t idiom" in .ndian artF the third idiom &an be be"t di"tin%ui"hed rom
the other t@o idiom" throu%h it"+
1. depi&tion o nature?" &y&li&al rene@al.
2. u"e o non-repre"entational ima%e".
'. empha"i" on arran%ement o orm".
/. limited relian&e on ori%inal model".
25. A&&ordin% to the authorF the attra&tion o the Kandin"=y-Klee "&hool or .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" &an be eHplained by @hi&h one
o the ollo@in%4
1. The &on"er,ati,e tenden&y to a"pire to the my"ti&al @ithout a &omplete renun&iation o the "ymboli&.
2. The di"&omort o .ndian ab"tra&tioni"t" @ith ;ale,i&h?" *upremati"m.
'. The ea"y identii&ation o ob,iou" point" o ainity @ith Curopean and Ameri&an ab"tra&t artF o @hi&h the Kandin"=y-
Klee "&hool i" an eHample.
/. The double-ed%ed nature o ab"tra&tioni"m @hi&h enabled identii&ation @ith my"ti&ally-oriented "&hool".
'0
2#. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in%F a&&ordin% to the authorF i" the mo"t important rea"on or the "tallin% o ab"tra&tioni"m?" pro%re""
in an impa""e4
1. *ome arti"t" ha,e ollo@ed their ab"tra&tioni"t lo%i& to the point o eHtin&tion.
2. *ome arti"t" ha,e allo@ed &han&e or pattern to dominate the eHe&ution o their paintin%".
'. ;any arti"t" ha,e a,oided the trap o a near-%eneri& and an open "ymboli"m.
/. ;any arti"t" ha,e ound it dii&ult to u"e the t@in prin&iple" o the metaphy"i&al and the painterly.
PASSAGE -
The endle"" "tru%%le bet@een the le"h and the "pirit ound an end in 2ree= art. The 2ree= arti"t" @ere una@are o it. They @ere
"piritual materiali"t"F ne,er denyin% the importan&e o the body and e,er "eein% in the body a "piritual "i%nii&an&e. ;y"ti&i"m on
the @hole @a" alien to the 2ree="F thin=er" a" they @ere. Thou%ht and my"ti&i"m ne,er %o @ell to%ether and there i" little
"ymboli"m in 2ree= art. Athena @a" not a "ymbol o @i"dom but an embodiment o it and her "tatue" @ere beautiul %ra,e @omenF
@ho"e "eriou"ne"" mi%ht mar= them a" @i"eF but @ho @ere mar=ed in no other @ay. The Apollo 1el,edere i" not a "ymbol o the
"unF nor the :er"aille" Artemi" o the moon. There &ould be nothin% le"" a=in to the @ay" o "ymboli"m than their beautiulF normal
humanity. Nor did de&oration really intere"t the 2ree=". .n all their art they @ere preo&&upied @ith @hat they @anted to eHpre""F
not @ith @ay" o eHpre""in% itF and lo,ely eHpre""ionF merely a" lo,ely eHpre""ionF did not appeal to them at all.
2ree= art i" intelle&tual artF the art o men @ho @ere &lear and lu&id thin=er"F and it i" thereore plain art. Arti"t" than @hom the
@orld ha" ne,er "een %reaterF men endo@ed @ith the "pirit?" be"t %itF ound their natural method o eHpre""ion in the "impli&ity
and &larity @hi&h are the endo@ment o the un&louded rea"on. KNothin% in eH&e""FL the 2ree= aHiom o artF i" the di&tum o men
@ho @ould bru"h a"ide all ob"&urin%F entan%lin% "uperluityF and "ee &learlyF plainlyF unadornedF @hat they @i"hed to eHpre"".
*tru&ture belon%" in an e"pe&ial de%ree to the pro,in&e o the mind in artF and ar&hite&toni&" @ere pre-eminently a mar= o the
2ree=. The po@er that made a uniied @hole o the trilo%y o a 2ree= tra%edyF that en,i"ioned the "ureF pre&i"eF de&i"i,e "&heme o
the 2ree= "tatueF ound it" mo"t &on"pi&uou" eHpre""ion in 2ree= ar&hite&ture. The 2ree= temple i" the &reationF par eH&ellen&eF o
mind and "pirit in eIuilibrium.
A -indoo temple i" a &on%lomeration o adornment. The line" o the buildin% are &ompletely hidden by the de&oration". *&ulptured
i%ure" and ornament" &ro@d it" "ura&eF "tand out rom it in thi&= ma""e"F brea= it up into a be@ilderin% "erie" o irre%ular tier". .t
i" not a unity but a &olle&tionF ri&hF &onu"ed. .t loo=" li=e "omethin% not planned but built thi" @ay and that a" the ornament
reIuired. The &on,i&tion underlyin% it &an be per&ei,ed+ ea&h bit o the eHIui"itely @rou%ht detail had a my"ti&al meanin% and the
temple?" eHterior @a" important only a" a mean" or the arti"t to in"&ribe thereon the "ymbol" o the truth. .t i" de&orationF not
ar&hite&ture.
A%ainF the %i%anti& temple" o C%yptF tho"e ma""i,e immen"itie" o %ranite @hi&h loo= a" i only the po@er that mo,e" in the
earthIua=e @ere mi%hty enou%h to brin% them into eHi"ten&eF are "omethin% other than the &reation o %eometry balan&ed by
beauty. The "&ien&e and "pirit are thereF but @hat i" there mo"t o all i" or&eF unhuman or&eF &alm but tremendou"F o,er@helmin%.
.t redu&e" to nothin%ne"" all that belon%" to man. -e i" annihilated. The C%yptian ar&hite&t" @ere po""e""ed by the &on"&iou"ne""
o the a@ulF irre"i"tible domination o the @ay" o natureG they had no thou%ht to %i,e to the in"i%nii&ant atom that @a" man.
2ree= ar&hite&ture o the %reat a%e i" the eHpre""ion o men @ho @ereF ir"t o allF intelle&tual arti"t"F =ept irmly @ithin the ,i"ible
@orld by their mindF butF only "e&ond to thatF lo,er" o the human @orld. The 2ree= temple i" the pere&t eHpre""ion o the pure
intelle&t illumined by the "pirit. No other %reat buildin%" any@here approa&h it" "impli&ity. .n the !arthenon "trai%ht &olumn" ri"e
to plain &apital"G a pediment i" "&ulptured in bold relieG there i" nothin% more. And yet9here i" the 2ree= mira&le9 thi" ab"olute
"impli&ity o "tru&ture i" alone in ma7e"ty o beauty amon% all the temple" and &athedral" and pala&e" o the @orld. ;a7e"ti& but
humanF truly 2ree=. No "uperhuman or&e a" in C%yptG no "tran%e "upernatural "hape" a" in .ndiaG the !arthenon i" the home o
humanity at ea"eF &almF orderedF "ure o it"el and the @orld. The 2ree=" lun% a &hallen%e to nature in the ullne"" o their 7oyou"
"tren%th. They "et their temple" on the "ummit o a hill o,erloo=in% the @ide "eaF outlined a%ain"t the &ir&le o the "=y. They @ould
build @hat @a" more beautiul than hill and "ea and "=y and %reater than all the"e. .t matter" not at all i the temple i" lar%e or
"mallG one ne,er thin=" o the "i<e. .t matter" not ho@ mu&h it i" in ruin". A e@ @hite &olumn" dominate the loty hei%ht at *union
a" "e&urely a" the %reat ma"" o the !arthenon dominate" all the "@eep o "ea and land around Athen". To the 2ree= ar&hite&t man
@a" the ma"ter o the @orld. -i" mind &ould under"tand it" la@"G hi" "pirit &ould di"&o,er it" beauty.
2>. 6rom the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% &ombination" &an be inerred to be &orre&t4
1. -indoo temple9po@er o nature. 2. !arthenon9"impli&ity.
'. C%yptian temple9my"ti&i"m. /. 2ree= temple9"ymboli"m.
2J. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% i" N8T a &hara&teri"ti& o 2ree= ar&hite&tureF a&&ordin% to the pa""a%e4
1. A la&= o eH&e"". 2. *impli&ity o orm.
2. CHpre""ion o intelle&t. /. ;y"ti& "pirituality.
'1
2). A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hat &on&eption o man &an be inerred rom C%yptian ar&hite&ture4
1. ;an i" the &entre o &reation.
2. C%yptian temple" "a,e man rom unhuman or&e".
'. Temple" &elebrate man?" ,i&tory o,er nature.
/. ;an i" in&on"eIuential beore the tremendou" or&e o nature.
'0. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t eHplain" @hy there i" little "ymboli"m in 2ree= art4
1. The 2ree=" o&u"ed on thou%ht rather than my"ti&i"m.
2. The "tru%%le bet@een the le"h and the "pirit ound an end in 2ree= art.
'. 2ree= arti"t" @ere "piritual materiali"t".
/. 2ree= "tatue" @ere embodiment" rather than "ymbol" o Iualitie".
'1. KThe 2ree=" lun% a &hallen%e to nature in the ullne"" o their 7oyou" "tren%th.L 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t &apture" the
E&hallen%e? that i" bein% reerred to4
1. To build a monument mat&hin% the ba&=%round &olour" o the "=y and the "ea.
2. To build a monument bi%%er than nature?" &reation".
'. To build monument" that @ere more appealin% to the mind and "pirit than nature?" &reation".
/. To build a "mall but ar&hite&turally pere&t monument.
PASSAGE -I
The painter i" no@ ree to paint anythin% he &hoo"e". There are "&ar&ely any orbidden "ub7e&t"F and today e,erybody i" prepared
to admit that a paintin% o "ome ruit &an be a" important a" a paintin% o a hero dyin%. The .mpre""ioni"t" did a" mu&h a" anybody
to @in thi" pre,iou"ly unheard-o reedom or the arti"t. MetF by the neHt %enerationF painter" be%an to abandon the "ub7e&t
alto%etherF and be%an to paint pi&ture". Today the ma7ority o pi&ture" painted are ab"tra&t.
." there a &onne&tion bet@een the"e t@o de,elopment"4 -a" art %one ab"tra&t be&au"e the arti"t i" embarra""ed by hi" reedom4 ."
it thatF be&au"e he i" ree to paint anythin%F he doe"n?t =no@ @hat to paint4 Apolo%i"t" or ab"tra&t art oten tal= o it a" the art o
maHimum reedom. 1ut &ould thi" be the reedom o the de"ert i"land4 .t @ould ta=e too lon% to an"@er the"e Iue"tion" properly. .
belie,e there i" a &onne&tion. ;any thin%" ha,e en&oura%ed the de,elopment o ab"tra&t art. Amon% them ha" been the arti"t"? @i"h
to a,oid the dii&ultie" o indin% "ub7e&t" @hen all "ub7e&t" are eIually po""ible.
. rai"e the matter no@ be&au"e . @ant to dra@ attention to the a&t that the painter?" &hoi&e o a "ub7e&t i" a ar more &ompli&ated
Iue"tion than it @ould at ir"t "eem. A "ub7e&t doe" not "tart @ith @hat i" put in ront o the ea"el or @ith "omethin% @hi&h the
painter happen" to remember. A "ub7e&t "tart" @ith the painter de&idin% he @ould li=e to paint "u&h-and-"u&h be&au"e or "ome
rea"on or other he ind" it meanin%ul. A "ub7e&t be%in" @hen the arti"t "ele&t" "omethin% or special mention. (0hat ma=e" it
"pe&ial or meanin%ul may "eem to the arti"t to be purely ,i"ual9 it" &olour" or it" orm.) 0hen the "ub7e&t ha" been "ele&tedF the
un&tion o the paintin% it"el i" to &ommuni&ate and 7u"tiy the "i%nii&an&e o that "ele&tion.
.t i" oten "aid today that "ub7e&t matter i" unimportant. 1ut thi" i" only a rea&tion a%ain"t the eH&e""i,ely literary and morali"ti&
interpretation o "ub7e&t matter in the nineteenth &entury. .n truth the "ub7e&t i" literally the be%innin% and the end o a paintin%.
The paintin% be%in" @ith a "ele&tion (. @ill paint thi" and not e,erythin% el"e in the @orld)G it i" ini"hed @hen that "ele&tion i"
7u"tiied (no@ you &an "ee all that . "a@ and elt in thi" and ho@ it i" more than merely it"el).
Thu"F or a paintin% to "u&&eed it i" e""ential that the painter and hi" publi& a%ree about @hat i" "i%nii&ant. The "ub7e&t may ha,e a
per"onal meanin% or the painter or indi,idual "pe&tatorG but there mu"t al"o be the po""ibility o their a%reement on it" %eneral
meanin%. .t i" at thi" point that the &ulture o the "o&iety and period in Iue"tion pre&ede" the arti"t and hi" art. Renai""an&e art
@ould ha,e meant nothin% to the A<te&"9and ,i&e ,er"a. .F to "ome eHtentF a e@ intelle&tual" &an appre&iate them both today it i"
be&au"e their &ulture i" an hi"tori&al one+ it" in"piration i" hi"tory and thereore it &an in&lude @ithin it"elF in prin&iple i not in
e,ery parti&ularF all =no@n de,elopment" to date.
0hen a &ulture i" "e&ure and &ertain o it" ,alue"F it pre"ent" it" arti"t" @ith "ub7e&t". The %eneral a%reement about @hat i"
"i%nii&ant i" "o @ell e"tabli"hed that the "i%nii&an&e o a parti&ular "ub7e&t a&&rue" and be&ome" traditional. Thi" i" trueF or
in"tan&eF o reed" and @ater in ChinaF o the nude body in Renai""an&eF o the animal in Ari&a. 6urthermoreF in "u&h &ulture" the
arti"t i" unli=ely to be a ree a%ent+ he @ill be employed for t!e sake of particular subjectsF and the problemF a" @e ha,e 7u"t
de"&ribed itF @ill not o&&ur to him.
0hen a &ulture i" in a "tate o di"inte%ration or tran"itionF the reedom o the arti"t in&rea"e"9but the Iue"tion o "ub7e&t matter
be&ome" problemati& or him+ heF him"elF ha" to &hoo"e or "o&iety. Thi" @a" at the ba"i" o all the in&rea"in% &ri"e" in Curopean
'2
art durin% the nineteenth &entury. .t i" too oten or%otten ho@ many o the art "&andal" o that time @ere pro,o=ed by the &hoi&e o
"ub7e&t (2eri&aultF CourbetF $aumierF $e%a"F BautreeF :an 2o%hF et&.).
1y the end o the nineteenth &entury there @ereF rou%hly "pea=in%F t@o @ay" in @hi&h the painter &ould meet thi" &hallen%e o
de&idin% @hat to paint and "o &hoo"in% or "o&iety. Cither he identiied him"el @ith the people and "o allo@ed their li,e" to di&tate
hi" "ub7e&t" to him+ or he had to ind hi" "ub7e&t" @ithin him"el a" painter. 1y people . mean e,erybody eH&ept the bour%eoi"ie.
;any painter" did o &our"e @or= or the bour%eoi"ie a&&ordin% to their &opy-boo= o appro,ed "ub7e&t"F but all o themF illin% the
*alon and the Royal A&ademy year ater yearF are no@ or%ottenF buried under the hypo&ri"y o tho"e they "er,ed "o "in&erely.
'2. 0hen a &ulture i" in"e&ureF the painter &hoo"e" hi" "ub7e&t on the ba"i" o+
1. The pre,alent "tyle in the "o&iety o hi" time.
2. .t" meanin%ulne"" to the painter.
'. 0hat i" put in ront o the ea"el.
/. !a"t eHperien&e and memory o the painter.
''. .n the "enten&eF K. belie,e there i" a &onne&tionL ("e&ond para%raph)F @hat t@o de,elopment" i" the author reerrin% to4
1. !ainter" u"in% a dyin% hero and u"in% a ruit a" a "ub7e&t o paintin%.
2. 2ro@in% "u&&e"" o painter" and an in&rea"e in ab"tra&t orm".
'. Arti"t" %ainin% reedom to &hoo"e "ub7e&t" and abandonin% "ub7e&t" alto%ether.
/. Ri"e o .mpre""ioni"t" and an in&rea"e in ab"tra&t orm".
'/. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% i" N8T ne&e""arily amon% the attribute" needed or a painter to "u&&eed+
1. The painter and hi" publi& a%ree on @hat i" "i%nii&ant.
2. The paintin% i" able to &ommuni&ate and 7u"tiy the "i%nii&an&e o it" "ub7e&t "ele&tion.
'. The "ub7e&t ha" a per"onal meanin% or the painter.
/. The paintin% o "ub7e&t" i" in"pired by hi"tori&al de,elopment".
'5. .n the &onteHt o the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" @ould N8T be true4
1. !ainter" de&ided "ub7e&t" ba"ed on @hat they remembered rom their o@n li,e".
2. !ainter" o reed" and @ater in China a&ed no "eriou" problem o &hoo"in% a "ub7e&t.
'. The &hoi&e o "ub7e&t @a" a "our&e o "&andal" in nineteenth &entury Curopean art.
/. A%reement on the %eneral meanin% o a paintin% i" inluen&ed by &ulture and hi"tori&al &onteHt.
'#. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% ,ie@" i" ta=en by the author4
1. The more in"e&ure a &ultureF the %reater the reedom o the arti"t.
2. The more "e&ure a &ultureF the %reater the reedom o the arti"t.
'. The more "e&ure a &ultureF more dii&ult the &hoi&e o "ub7e&t.
/. The more in"e&ure a &ultureF the le"" "i%nii&ant the &hoi&e o the "ub7e&t.
PASSAGE -II
0hile &ompleH in the eHtremeF $errida?" @or= ha" pro,en to be a parti&ularly inluential approa&h to the analy"i" o the @ay" in
@hi&h lan%ua%e "tru&ture" our under"tandin% o our"el,e" and the @orld @e inhabitF an approa&h he termed deconstruction. .n it"
"imple"t ormulationF de&on"tru&tion &an be ta=en to reer to a methodolo%i&al "trate%y @hi&h "ee=" to un&o,er layer" o hidden
meanin% in a teHt that ha,e been denied or "uppre""ed. The term EteHt?F in thi" re"pe&tF doe" not reer "imply to a @ritten orm o
&ommuni&ationF ho@e,er. RatherF teHt" are "omethin% @e all produ&e and reprodu&e &on"tantly in our e,eryday "o&ial relation"F be
they "po=enF @ritten or embedded in the &on"tru&tion o material artia&t". At the heart o $errida?" de&on"tru&ti,e approa&h i" hi"
&ritiIue o @hat he per&ei,e" to be the totalitarian impul"e o the Cnli%htenment pur"uit to brin% all that eHi"t" in the @orld under
the domain o a repre"entati,e lan%ua%eF a pur"uit he reer" to a" logocentrism. Bo%o&entri"m i" the "ear&h or a rational lan%ua%e
that i" able to =no@ and repre"ent the @orld and all it" a"pe&t" pere&tly and a&&urately. .t" totalitarian dimen"ionF or $errida at
lea"tF lie" primarily in it" tenden&y to mar%inali<e or di"mi"" all that doe" not neatly &omply @ith it" parti&ular lin%ui"ti&
repre"entation"F a tenden&y thatF throu%hout hi"toryF ha" all too reIuently been manie"ted in the orm o authoritarian in"titution".
Thu" lo%o&entri"m ha"F in it" "ear&h or the truth o ab"olute repre"entationF "ub"umed dieren&e and oppre""ed that @hi&h it
de"i%nate" a" it" alien Eother?. 6or $erridaF @e"tern &i,ili<ation ha" been built upon "u&h a "y"temati& a""ault on alien &ulture" and
@ay" o lieF typi&ally in the name o rea"on and pro%re"".
.n re"pon"e to lo%o&entri"mF de&on"tru&tion po"it" the idea that the me&hani"m by @hi&h thi" pro&e"" o mar%inali<ation and the
orderin% o truth o&&ur" i" throu%h e"tabli"hin% "y"tem" o binary oppo"ition. 8ppo"itional lin%ui"ti& duali"m"F "u&h a"
rationalPirrationalF &ulturePnature and %oodPbad are notF ho@e,erF &on"trued a" eIual partner" a" they are inF "ayF the "emiolo%i&al
''
"tru&turali"m o *au""ure. RatherF they eHi"tF or $erridaF in a "erie" o hierar&hi&al relation"hip" @ith the ir"t term normally
o&&upyin% a "uperior po"ition. $errida deine" the relation"hip bet@een "u&h oppo"itional term" u"in% the neolo%i"m differance.
Thi" reer" to the reali<ation that in any "tatementF oppo"itional term" dier rom ea&h other (or in"tan&eF the dieren&e bet@een
rationality and irrationality i" &on"tru&ted throu%h oppo"itional u"a%e)F and at the "ame timeF a hierar&hi&al relation"hip i"
maintained by the deeren&e o one term to the other (in the po"itin% o rationality o,er irrationalityF or in"tan&e). .t i" thi" latter
point @hi&h i" perhap" the =ey to under"tandin% $errida?" approa&h to de&on"tru&tion.
6or the a&t that at any %i,en time one term mu"t deer to it" oppo"itional Eother?F mean" that the t@o term" are &on"tantly in a "tate
o interdependen&e. The pre"en&e o one i" dependent upon the ab"en&e or Eab"ent-pre"en&e? o the Eother?F "u&h a" in the &a"e o
%ood and e,ilF @hereby to under"tand the nature o oneF @e mu"t &on"tantly relate it to the ab"ent term in order to %ra"p it"
meanin%. That i"F to do %oodF @e mu"t under"tand that our a&t i" not e,il or @ithout that &ompari"on the term be&ome"
meanin%le"". !ut "implyF de&on"tru&tion repre"ent" an attempt to demon"trate the ab"ent-pre"en&e o thi" oppo"itional Eother?F to
"ho@ that @hat @e "ay or @rite i" in it"el not eHpre""i,e "imply o @hat i" pre"entF but al"o o @hat i" ab"ent. Thu"F de&on"tru&tion
"ee=" to re,eal the interdependen&e o apparently di&hotomou" term" and their meanin%" relati,e to their teHtual &onteHtG that i"F
@ithin the lin%ui"ti& po@er relation" @hi&h "tru&ture di&hotomou" term" hierar&hi&ally. .n $errida?" o@n @ord"F a de&on"tru&ti,e
readin% Kmu"t al@ay" aim at a &ertain relation"hipF unper&ei,ed by the @riterF bet@een @hat he &ommand" and @hat he doe" not
&ommand o the pattern" o a lan%ua%e that he u"e". . . .[.t] attempt" to ma=e the not-"een a&&e""ible to "i%ht.L
;eanin%F thenF i" ne,er iHed or "tableF @hate,er the intention o the author o a teHt. 6or $erridaF lan%ua%e i" a "y"tem o relation"
that are dynami&F in that all meanin%" @e a"&ribe to the @orld are dependent not only on @hat @e belie,e to be pre"ent but al"o on
@hat i" ab"ent. Thu"F any a&t o interpretation mu"t reer not only to @hat the author o a teHt intend"F but al"o to @hat i" ab"ent
rom hi" or her intention. Thi" in"i%ht lead"F on&e a%ainF to $errida?" urther re7e&tion o the idea o the deiniti,e authority o the
intentional a%ent or "ub7e&t. The "ub7e&t i" de&entredG it i" &on&ei,ed a" the out&ome o relation" o difference. A" author o it" o@n
bio%raphyF the "ub7e&t thu" be&ome" the ideolo%i&al i&tion o modernity and it" lo%o&entri& philo"ophyF one that depend" upon the
ormation o hierar&hi&al duali"m"F @hi&h repre"" and deny the pre"en&e o the ab"ent Eother?. No meanin% &anF thereoreF e,er be
deiniti,eF but i" merely an out&ome o a parti&ular interpretation.
'>. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF $errida belie,e" that the "y"tem o binary oppo"ition
1. repre"ent" a prioriti<ation or hierar&hy.
2. re&on&ile" &ontradi&tion" and dualitie".
'. @ea=en" the pro&e"" o mar%inali<ation and orderin% o truth.
/. de&on"tru&t" reality.
'J. $errida re7e&t" the idea o Edeiniti,e authority o the "ub7e&t? be&au"e
1. interpretation o the teHt may not ma=e the un"een ,i"ible.
2. the meanin% o the teHt i" ba"ed on binary oppo"ite".
'. the impli&it po@er relation"hip i" oten i%nored.
/. any a&t o interpretation mu"t reer to @hat the author intend".
'). A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF $errida belie,e" that+
1. Reality &an be &on"tru&ted only throu%h the u"e o rational analy"i".
2. Ban%ua%e limit" our &on"tru&tion o reality.
'. A uni,er"al lan%ua%e @ill a&ilitate a &ommon under"tandin% o reality.
/. 0e need to un&o,er the hidden meanin% in a "y"tem o relation" eHpre""ed by lan%ua%e.
/0. To $erridaF Elo%o&entri"m? doe" not imply+
1. A totalitarian impul"e.
2. A domain o repre"entati,e lan%ua%e.
'. .nterdependen&e o the meanin%" o di&hotomou" term".
/. A "trate%y that "ee=" to "uppre"" hidden meanin%" in a teHt.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (') 2. (2) '. (/) /. (1) 5. (2)
#. (/) >. (') J. (2) ). (') 10. (1)
11. (') 12. (1) 1'. (/) 1/. (') 15. (1)
1#. (2) 1>. (/) 1J. (2) 1). (') 20. (2)
'/
21. (/) 22. (2) 2'. (1) 2/. (') 25. (1)
2#. (/) 2>. (2) 2J. (/) 2). (/) '0. (1)
'1. (') '2. (2) ''. (') '/. (/) '5. (1)
'#. (1) '>. (1) 'J. (1) '). (/) /0. (')
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
SECTION I-: ARTS , *ITERAT.RE
PASSAGE I
1illie -oliday died a e@ @ee=" a%o. . ha,e been unable until no@ to @rite about herF but "in&e "he @ill "ur,i,e many @ho re&ei,e
lon%er obituarie"F a "hort delay in one "mall appre&iation @ill not harm her or u". 0hen "he died @e9the mu"i&ian"F &riti&"F all
@ho @ere e,er tran"iHed by the mo"t heart-rendin% ,oi&e o the pa"t %eneration9%rie,ed bitterly. There @a" no rea"on to. 6e@
people pur"ued "el-de"tru&tion more @hole-heartedly than "heF and @hen the pur"uit @a" at an endF at the a%e o orty-ourF "he
had turned her"el into a phy"i&al and arti"ti& @re&=. *ome o u" tried %allantly to pretend other@i"eF ta=in% &omort in the
o&&a"ional moment" @hen "he "till "ounded li=e a ra,a%ed e&ho o her %reatne"". 8ther" had not e,en the heart to "ee and li"ten
any more. 0e preerred to "tay home andF i old and lu&=y enou%h to o@n the in&omparable re&ord" o her heyday rom 1)'> to
1)/#F many o @hi&h are not e,en a,ailable on 1riti"h B!F to re&reate tho"e &oar"e-teHturedF "inuou"F "en"ual and unbearable "ad
noi"e" @hi&h %a,e her a "ure &orner o immorality. -er phy"i&al death &alledF i anythin%F or relie rather than "orro@. 0hat "ort o
middle a%e @ould "he ha,e a&ed @ithout the ,oi&e to earn money or her drin=" and iHe"F @ithout the loo="9and in her day "he
@a" hauntin%ly beautiul9to attra&t the men "he neededF @ithout bu"ine"" "en"eF @ithout anythin% but the di"intere"ted @or"hip o
a%ein% men @ho had heard and "een her in her %lory4
And yetF irrational thou%h it i"F our %rie eHpre""ed 1illie -oliday?" artF that o a @oman or @hom one mu"t be "orry. The %reat
blue" "in%er"F to @hom "he may be 7u"tly &omparedF played their %ame rom "tren%th. Bione""e"F thou%h oten @ounded or at bay
(did not 1e""ie *mith &all her"el Ea ti%erF ready to 7ump?4)F their tra%i& eIui,alent" @ere Cleopatra and !haedraG -oliday?" @a" an
embittered 8phelia. *he @a" the !u&&ini heroine amon% blue" "in%er"F or rather amon% 7a<< "in%er"F or thou%h "he "an% a &abaret
,er"ion o the blue" in&omparablyF her natural idiom @a" the pop "on%. -er uniIue a&hie,ement @a" to ha,e t@i"ted thi" into a
%enuine eHpre""ion o the ma7or pa""ion" by mean" o a total di"re%ard o it" "u%ary tune"F or indeed o any tune other than her
o@n e@ deli&ately &ryin% elon%ated note"F phra"ed li=e 1e""ie *mith or Boui" Arm"tron% in "a&=&lothF "un% in a thinF %rittyF
hauntin% ,oi&e @ho"e natural mood @a" an unre"i%ned and ,oluptuou" @el&ome or the pain" o lo,e. Nobody ha" "un%F or @ill
"in%F 1e""?" "on%" rom $orgy a" "he did. .t @a" thi" &ombination o bitterne"" and phy"i&al "ubmi""ionF a" o "omeone lyin% "till
@hile @at&hin% hi" le%" bein% amputatedF @hi&h %i,e" "u&h a blood-&urdlin% Iuality to her *tran%e 6ruitF the anti-lyn&hin% poem
@hi&h "he turned into an unor%ettable art "on%. *uerin% @a" her proe""ionG but "he did not a&&ept it.
Bittle need be "aid about her horriyin% lieF @hi&h "he de"&ribed @ith emotionalF thou%h hardly @ith a&tualF truth in her
autobio%raphy %ady &ings t!e 'lues( Ater an adole"&en&e in @hi&h "el-re"pe&t @a" mea"ured by a %irl?" in"i"ten&e on pi&=in% up
&oin" thro@n to her by &lient" @ith her hand"F "he @a" plainly beyond help. *he did not la&= itF or "he had the lair and "&rupulou"
hone"ty o (ohn -ammond to laun&h herF the be"t mu"i&ian" o the 1)'0" to a&&ompany her9notably Teddy 0il"onF 6ran=ie
Ne@ton and Be"ter Moun%9the boundle"" de,otion o all "eriou" &onnoi""eur"F and mu&h publi& "u&&e"". .t @a" too late to arre"t a
&areer o "y"temati& embittered "el-immolation. To be born @ith both beauty and "el-re"pe&t in the Ne%ro %hetto o 1altimore in
1)15 @a" too mu&h o a handi&apF e,en @ithout rape at the a%e o ten and dru%-addi&tion in her teen". 1utF @hile "he de"troyed
her"elF "he "an%F unmelodiou"F proound and heartbrea=in%. .t i" impo""ible not to @eep or herF or not to hate the @orld @hi&h
made her @hat "he @a".
1. 0hy @ill 1illie -oliday "ur,i,e many @ho re&ei,e lon%er obituarie"4
1. 1e&au"e o her blue" &reation".
2. 1e&au"e "he @a" not a" "el-de"tru&ti,e a" "ome other blue" eHponent".
'. 1e&au"e o her "mooth and mello@ ,oi&e.
/. 1e&au"e o the eHpre""ion o an%er in her "on%".
'5
PART-4: A1 Ob!tu$%&0 A 5!6# Re7!e80 , A 2'e#
1. [CAT-2001] 1illie -oliday+ An 8bituary
2. [CAT-2001] The Narrati,e o $er"u 3<ala (A 6ilm Re,ie@)
'. [CAT-No, 0'] .n *ear&h o .tha=a (A !oem)
2. A&&ordin% to the authorF i 1illie -oliday had not died in her middle a%e+
1. "he @ould ha,e %one on to ma=e a urther mar=.
2. "he @ould ha,e be&ome e,en ri&her than @hat "he @a" @hen "he died.
'. "he @ould ha,e led a rather ra,a%ed eHi"ten&e.
/. "he @ould ha,e led a rather &omortable eHi"ten&e.
'. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" i" not repre"entati,e o the author?" opinion+
1. 1illie -oliday had her uniIue brand o melody.
2. 1illie -oliday?" ,oi&e &an be &ompared to other "in%er" in &ertain @ay".
'. 1illie -oliday?" ,oi&e had a rin% o proound "orro@.
/. 1illie -oliday @el&omed "uerin% in her proe""ion and in her lie.
/. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF 1illie -oliday @a" ortunate in all but one o the ollo@in% @ay"+
1. "he @a" ortunate to ha,e been pi&=ed up youn% by an hone"t produ&er.
2. "he @a" ortunate to ha,e the li=e" o Boui" Arm"tron% and 1e""ie *mith a&&ompany her.
'. "he @a" ortunate to po""e"" the loo=".
/. "he en7oyed "u&&e"" amon% the publi& and &onnoi""eur".
PASSAGE II
The narrati,e o $er"u 3<ala i" di,ided into t@o ma7or "e&tion"F "et in 1)02 and 1)0>F that deal @ith "eparate eHpedition" @hi&h
Ar"enie, &ondu&t" into the 3""uri re%ion. .n additionF a third time rame orm" a prolo%ue to the ilm. Ca&h o the temporal rame"
ha" a dierent o&u"F and by "hitin% them Kuro"a@a i" able to de"&ribe the en&roa&hment o "ettlement" upon the @ilderne"" and
the &on"eIuent ero"ion o $er"u?" @ay o lie. A" the ilm open"F that ero"ion ha" already be%un. The ir"t ima%e i" a lon% "hot o a
hu%e ore"tF the tree" piled upon one another by the ee&t" o the telephoto len" "o that the land"&ape be&ome" an ab"tra&tion and
appear" li=e a hu%e &urtain o %reen. A title inorm" u" that the year i" 1)10. Thi" i" a" late into the &entury a" Kuro"a@a @i"he" to
airm. Met the ormal or%ani"ation o the ilm @or=" to &ontainF to &lo"eF to &ir&um"&ribe that lie by ere&tin% a "erie" o ob"ta&le"
around it. The ilm it"el i" &ir&ularF openin% and &lo"in% by $er"u?" %ra,eF thu" "ealin% o the &hara&ter rom the modern @orld to
@hi&h Kuro"a@a on&e "o de"perately @anted to "pea=. The multiple time rame" al"o @or= to maintain a "eparation bet@een $er"u
and the &ontemporary @orld. 0e mu"t %o ba&= arther e,en than 1)10 to di"&o,er @ho he @a". 1ut thi" narrati,e "tru&ture ha" yet
another impli&ation. .t "ae%uard" $er"u?" eHampleF ino&ulate" it rom &ontamination @ith hi"toryF and prote&t" it rom &onta&t @ith
the indu"triali"edF urban @orld. Time i" or%ani"ed by the narrati,e into a "erie" o barrier"F @hi&h en&lo"e $er"u in a =ind o
,a&uum &hamberF prote&tin% him rom the "o&ial and hi"tori&al diale&ti&" that de"troyed the other Kuro"a@a heroe". 0ithin the
ilmF $er"u doe" dieF but the narrati,e "tru&ture attempt" to immortali"e him and hi" eHampleF a" $er"u pa""e" rom hi"tory into
myth.
0e "ee all thi" at @or= in the enormou"ly e,o&ati,e prolo%ue. The &amera tilt" do@n to re,eal elled tree" litterin% the land"&ape
and an abundan&e o &on"tru&tion. Road" and hou"e" outline the "ettlement that i" bein% built. Kuro"a@a &ut" to a medium "hot o
Ar"enie, "tandin% in the mid"t o the &learin%F loo=in% un&omortable and di"oriented. A man pa""in% in a @a%on a"=" him @hat he
i" doin%F and the eHplorer "ay" he i" loo=in% or a %ra,e. The dri,er replie" that no one ha" died hereF the "ettlement i" too re&ent.
The"e @ord" enun&iate the temporal rupture that the ilm "tudie". .t i" the be%innin% o thin%" (indu"trial "o&iety) and the end o
thin%" (the ore"t)F the &ommen&ement o one @orld "o youn% that no one ha" had time yet to die and the e&lip"e o anotherF in
@hi&h $er"u ha" died. .t i" hi" %ra,e or @hi&h the eHplorer "ear&he". -i" pa""in% "ymboli"e" the ne@ orderF the de,elopment that
no@ "urround" Ar"enie,. The eHplorer "ay" he buried hi" riend three year" a%oF neHt to hu%e &edar and ir tree"F but no@ they are
all %one. The man on the @a%on replie" they @ere probably &hopped do@n @hen the "ettlement @a" builtF and he dri,e" o.
Ar"enie, @al=" to a barrenF treele"" "pot neHt to a pile o bri&=". A" he mo,e"F the &amera tra&=" and pan" to ollo@F re,ealin% a
line o re"hly built hou"e" and a @oman han%in% her laundry to dry. A di"tant train @hi"tle i" heardF and the "ound" o &on"tru&tion
in the &learin% ,ie @ith the &rie" o bird" and the ru"tle o @ind in the tree". Ar"eni, pau"e"F loo=" around or the %ra,e that on&e
@a"F and murmur" de"olatelyF K$er"u.L The ima%e no@ &ut" arther into the pa"tF to 1)02F and the ir"t "e&tion o the ilm
&ommen&e"F @hi&h de"&ribe" Ar"enie,?" meetin% @ith $er"u and their riend"hip.
Kuro"a@a deine" the @orld o the ilm initially upon a ,oidF a mi""in% pre"en&e. The %ra,e i" %oneF bru"hed a"ide by a @orld
ru"hin% into moderni"mF and no@ the hunter eHi"t" only in Ar"enie,?" memorie". The hallu&inatory dream" and ,i"ion" o
$ode"=aden are "u&&eeded by no"tal%i&F melan&holy rumination". Met by eHplorin% the"e rumination"F the ilm &elebrate" the
timele""ne"" o $er"u?" @i"dom. The ir"t "e&tion o the ilm ha" t@o purpo"e"+ to de"&ribe the ma%nii&en&e and inhuman ,a"tne""
o nature and to delineate the &ode o ethi&" by @hi&h $er"u li,e" and @hi&h permit" him to "ur,i,e in the"e &ondition". 0hen
$er"u ir"t appear"F the other "oldier" treat him @ith &onde"&en"ion and lau%hterF but Ar"enie, @at&he" him &lo"ely and doe" not
'#
"hare their deri"i,e re"pon"e. 3nli=e themF he i" &apable o immediately %ra"pin% $er"u?" eHtraordinary Iualitie". .n &ampF
Kuro"a@a rame" Ar"enie, by him"elF "ittin% on the other "ide o the ire rom the "oldier". 0hile they "leep or 7o=e amon%
them"el,e"F he @rite" in hi" diary and Kuro"a@a &ut" in "e,eral point-o-,ie@ "hot" rom the per"pe&ti,e o tree" that appear
animated and "ini"ter a" the ire li%ht dan&e" a&ro"" their %narledF leale"" outline". Thi" rele&ti,e dimen"ionF thi" "en"iti,ity to the
"pirituality o natureF di"tin%ui"he" him rom the other" and orm" the ba"i" o hi" re&epti,ity to $er"u and their riend"hip. .t
ma=e" him a it pupil or the hunter.
5. -o@ i" Kuro"a@a able to "ho@ the ero"ion o $er"u?" @ay o lie4
1. 1y do&umentin% the ebb and lo@ o moderni"ation.
2. 1y %oin% ba&= arther and arther in time.
'. 1y u"in% three dierent time rame" and "hitin% them.
/. Throu%h hi" death in a di"tant time.
#. Ar"enie,?" "ear&h or $er"u?" %ra,e+
1. i" part o the be%innin% o the ilm.
2. "ymboli"e" the end o the indu"trial "o&iety.
'. i" mi"%uided "in&e the "ettlement i" too ne@.
/. "ymboli"e" the redi"&o,ery o modernity.
>. The ilm &elebrate" $er"u?" @i"dom+
1. by eHhibitin% the moral ,a&uum o the pre-modern @orld.
2. by turnin% him into a mythi&al i%ure.
'. throu%h hallu&inatory dream" and ,i"ion".
/. throu%h Ar"enie,?" no"tal%i&F melan&holy rumination".
J. A&&ordin% to the author the "e&tion o the ilm ollo@in% the prolo%ue+
1. "er,e" to hi%hli%ht the dii&ultie" that $er"u a&e" that e,entually =ill him.
2. "ho@" the dieren&e in thin=in% bet@een Ar"enie, and $er"u.
'. "ho@" the &ode by @hi&h $er"u li,e" that allo@" him to "ur,i,e hi" "urroundin%".
/. "er,e" to &riti&i<e the la&= o under"tandin% o nature in the pre-modern era.
). .n the ilmF Kuro"a@a hint" at Ar"enie,?" rele&ti,e and "en"iti,e nature+
1. by "ho@in% him a" not bein% deri"i,e to@ard" $er"uF unli=e other "oldier".
2. by "ho@in% him a" bein% aloo rom other "oldier".
'. throu%h "hot" o Ar"enie, @ritin% hi" diaryF ramed by tree".
/. All o the abo,e.
10. A&&ordin% to the authorF @hi&h o the"e "tatement" about the ilm are &orre&t4
1. The ilm ma=e" it" ar%ument" &ir&uitou"ly.
2. The ilm hi%hli%ht" the in"ularity o Ar"enie,.
'. The ilm be%in" @ith the ab"en&e o it" main prota%oni"t.
/. None o the abo,e.
PASSAGE III (P'e#)
A" you "et out or .tha=a
hope the 7ourney i" a lon% oneF ull o ad,entureF ull o di"&o,ery.
Bai"try%onian" and Cy&lop"F
an%ry !o"eidon9don?t be araid o them+ you?ll ne,er ind thin%" li=e that on the @ay
a" lon% a" you =eep your thou%ht" rai"ed hi%hF
a" lon% a" a rare eH&itement
"tir" your "pirit and your body.
Bai"try%onian" and Cy&lop"F
@ild !o"eidon9you @on?t en&ounter them
unle"" you brin% them alon% in"ide your "oulF
'>
unle"" your "oul "et" them up in ront o you.
-ope the ,oya%e i" a lon% oneF
may there be many a "ummer mornin% @henF
@ith @hat plea"ureF @hat 7oyF
you &ome into harbour" "een or the ir"t timeG
may you "top at !hoeni&ian tradin% "tation"
to buy ine thin%"F
mother o pearl and &oralF amber and ebonyF
"en"ual perume o e,ery =ind9
a" many "en"ual perume" a" you &anG
and may you ,i"it many C%yptian &itie"
to %ather "tore" o =no@led%e rom their "&holar".
Keep .tha=a al@ay" in your mind. Arri,in% there i" @hat you are de"tined or.
1ut do not hurry the 7ourney at all.
1etter i it la"t" or year"F
"o you are old by the time you rea&h the i"landF
@ealthy @ith all you ha,e %ained on the @ayF
not eHpe&tin% .tha=a to ma=e you ri&h.
.tha=a %a,e you the mar,ellou" 7ourneyF
@ithout her you @ould not ha,e "et out.
*he ha" nothin% let to %i,e you no@.
And i you ind her poorF .tha=a @on?t ha,e ooled you.
0i"e a" you @ill ha,e be&omeF "o ull o eHperien&eF
you @ill ha,e under"tood by then @hat the"e .tha=a" mean.
11. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t rele&t" the &entral theme o thi" poem4
1. . you don?t ha,e hi%h eHpe&tation"F you @ill not be di"appointed.
2. $on?t ru"h to your %oalG the 7ourney i" @hat enri&he" you.
'. The lon%er the 7ourney the %reater the eHperien&e" you %ather.
/. Mou &annot rea&h .tha=a @ithout ,i"itin% C%yptian port".
12. The poet re&ommend" a lon% 7ourney. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the mo"t &omprehen"i,e rea"on or it4
1. Mou &an %ain =no@led%e a" @ell a" "en"ual eHperien&e.
2. Mou &an ,i"it ne@ &itie" and harbour".
'. Mou &an eHperien&e the ull ran%e o "en"uality.
/. Mou &an buy a ,ariety o ine thin%".
1'. .n the poemF .tha=a i" a "ymbol o
1. the di,ine mother. 2. your inner "el.
'. the path to @i"dom. /. lie?" di"tant %oal.
1/. 0hat doe" the poet mean by EBai"try%onian"? and ECy&lop"?4
1. Creature" @hi&hF alon% @ith !o"eidonF one ind" durin% the 7ourney.
2. ;ytholo%i&al &hara&ter" that one "hould not be araid o.
'. .ntra-per"onal ob"ta&le" that hinder one?" 7ourney.
/. !roblem" that one ha" to a&e to deri,e the mo"t rom one?" 7ourney.
15. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t rele&t" the tone o the poem4
1. !re"&ribin%. 2. CHhortin%.
'. !leadin%. /. Con"olin%.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
'J
1. (1) 2. (') '. (/) /. (2) 5. (')
#. (1) >. (/) J. (') ). (/) 10. (')
11. (2) 12. (1) 1'. (/) 1/. (') 15. (2)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
SECTION -: SCIENCE0 TECHNO*OG+0 , SOCIET+
PASSAGE I
.n a modern &omputerF ele&troni& and ma%neti& "tora%e te&hnolo%ie" play &omplementary role". Cle&troni& memory &hip" are a"t
but ,olatile (their &ontent" are lo"t @hen the &omputer i" unplu%%ed). ;a%neti& tape" and hard di"=" are "lo@erF but ha,e the
ad,anta%e that they are non-,olatileF "o that they &an be u"ed to "tore "ot@are and do&ument" e,en @hen the po@er i" o.
.n laboratorie" around the @orldF ho@e,erF re"ear&her" are hopin% to a&hie,e the be"t o both @orld". They are tryin% to build
ma%neti& memory &hip" that &ould be u"ed in pla&e o today?" ele&troni& one". The"e ma%neti&
memorie" @ould be non-,olatileG but they @ould al"o be a"terF @ould &on"ume le"" po@erF and @ould be able to "tand up to
ha<ardou" en,ironment" more ea"ily. *u&h &hip" @ould ha,e ob,iou" appli&ation" in "tora%e &ard" or di%ital &amera" and mu"i&-
player"G they @ould enable handheld and laptop &omputer" to boot up more Iui&=ly and to operate or lon%erG they @ould allo@
de"=top &omputer" to run a"terG they @ould doubtle"" ha,e military and "pa&e-arin% ad,anta%e" too. 1ut althou%h the theory
behind them loo=" "olidF there are tri&=y pra&ti&al problem" that need to be o,er&ome.
T@o dierent approa&he"F ba"ed on dierent ma%neti& phenomenaF are bein% pur"ued. The ir"tF bein% in,e"ti%ated by 2ary !rin<
and hi" &ollea%ue" at the Na,al Re"ear&h Baboratory (NRB) in 0a"hin%tonF $.C.F eHploit" the a&t that the ele&tri&al re"i"tan&e o
"ome material" &han%e" in the pre"en&e o a ma%neti& ield9a phenomenon =no@n a" ma%neto-re"i"tan&e. 6or "ome multi-layered
material" thi" ee&t i" parti&ularly po@erul and i"F a&&ordin%lyF &alled K%iantL ma%neto-re"i"tan&e (2;R). *in&e 1))>F the
eHploitation o 2;R ha" made &heap multi-%i%abyte hard di"=" &ommonpla&e. The ma%neti& orientation" o the ma%neti<ed "pot"
on the "ura&e o a "pinnin% di"= are dete&ted by mea"urin% the &han%e" they indu&e in the re"i"tan&e o a tiny "en"or. Thi"
te&hniIue i" "o "en"iti,e that it mean" the "pot" &an be made "maller and pa&=ed &lo"er to%ether than @a" pre,iou"ly po""ibleF thu"
in&rea"in% the &apa&ity and redu&in% the "i<e and &o"t o a di"= dri,e.
$r. !rin< and hi" &ollea%ue" are no@ eHploitin% the "ame phenomenon on the "ura&e o memory &hip"F rather than "pinnin% di"=".
.n a &on,entional memory &hipF ea&h binary di%it (bit) o data i" repre"ented u"in% a &apa&itor9re"er,oir o ele&tri&al &har%e that
i" either empty or ull9to repre"ent a <ero or a one. .n the NRB?" ma%neti& de"i%nF by &ontra"tF ea&h bit i" "tored in a ma%neti&
element in the orm o a ,erti&al pillar o ma%neti"able material. A matriH o @ire" pa""in% abo,e and belo@ the element" allo@"
ea&h to be ma%neti<edF either &lo&=@i"e or anti-&lo&=@i"eF to repre"ent <ero or one. Another "et o @ire" allo@" &urrent to pa""
throu%h any parti&ular element. 1y mea"urin% an element?" re"i"tan&e you &an determine it" ma%neti& orientationF and hen&e
@hether it i" "torin% a <ero or a one. *in&e the element" retain their ma%neti& orientation e,en @hen the po@er i" oF the re"ult i"
non-,olatile memory. 3nli=e the element" o an ele&troni& memoryF a ma%neti& memory?" element" are not ea"ily di"rupted by
radiation. And &ompared @ith ele&troni& memorie"F @ho"e &apa&itor" need &on"tant toppin% upF ma%neti& memorie" are "impler
and &on"ume le"" po@er. The NRB re"ear&her" plan to &ommer&iali<e their de,i&e throu%h a &ompany &alled Non-:olatile
Cle&troni&"F @hi&h re&ently be%an @or= on the ne&e""ary pro&e""in% and abri&ation te&hniIue". 1ut it @ill be "ome year" beore
the ir"t &hip" roll o the produ&tion line.
;o"t attention in the ield i" o&u"ed on an alternati,e approa&h ba"ed on ma%neti& tunnel-7un&tion" (;T(")F @hi&h are bein%
in,e"ti%ated by re"ear&her" at &hip ma=er" "u&h a" .1;F ;otorolaF *iemen" and -e@lett-!a&=ard. .1;?" re"ear&h teamF led by
*tuart !ar=inF ha" already &reated a 500-element @or=in% prototype that operate" at 20 time" the "peed o &on,entional memory
')
1. [CAT-2000] Ne@ $e,elopment" in Computer -ard@are
2. [CAT-2001] Aua"ar" Thro@ Bi%ht on Co"mi& $ar= A%e
'. [CAT-2002] -uman Cell"+ A ;ar,el o Nature?" $e"i%n
/. [CAT-No, 0'] The Contro,er"y o,er 2eneti&ally-;odiied 6ood"
5. [CAT-No, 0'] ;odern *&ien&e+ 2alileo and Ne@ton
#. [CAT-6eb 0/] The -i"tory o A,iation Te&hnolo%y
>. [CAT-200/] ;alnutrition+ ;a7or Cau"e o $e%enerati,e $i"ea"e"
&hip" and &on"ume" 1T o the po@er. Ca&h element &on"i"t" o a "and@i&h o t@o layer" o ma%neti"able material "eparated by a
barrier o aluminium oHide 7u"t our or i,e atom" thi&=. The polari<ation o lo@er ma%neti"able layer i" iHed in one dire&tionF but
that o the upper layer &an be "et (a%ainF by pa""in% a &urrent throu%h a matriH o &ontrol @ire") either to the let or to the ri%htF to
"tore a <ero or a one. The polari<ation" o the t@o layer" are then in either the "ame or oppo"ite dire&tion".
Althou%h the aluminium-oHide barrier i" an ele&tri&al in"ularF it i" "o thin that ele&tron" are able to 7ump a&ro"" it ,ia a Iuantum-
me&hani&al ee&t &alled tunnelin%. .t turn" out that "u&h tunnelin% i" ea"ier @hen the t@o ma%neti& layer" are polari<ed in the "ame
dire&tion than @hen they are polari<ed in oppo"ite dire&tion". *oF by mea"urin% the &urrent that lo@" throu%h the "and@i&hF it i"
po""ible to determine the ali%nment o the topmo"t layerF and hen&e @hether it i" "torin% a <ero or a one.
To build a ull-"&ale memory &hip ba"ed on ;T(" i"F ho@e,erF no ea"y matter. A&&ordin% to !aulo 6reita"F an eHpert on &hip
manua&turin% at the Te&hni&al 3ni,er"ity o Bi"bonF ma%neti& memory element" @ill ha,e to be&ome ar "maller and more
reliable than &urrent prototype" i they are to &ompete @ith ele&troni& memory. At the "ame timeF they @ill ha,e to be "en"iti,e that
they re"pond @hen a nei%hbourin% element i" &han%ed. $e"pite the"e dii&ultie"F the %eneral &on"en"u" i" that ;T(" are the more
promi"in% idea". $r. !ar=in "ay" hi" %roup e,aluated the 2;R approa&h and de&ided not to pur"ue itF de"pite the a&t that .1;
pioneered 2;R in hard di"=". $r. !rin<F ho@e,erF &ontend" that hi" plan @ill e,entually oer hi%her "tora%e den"itie" and lo@er
produ&tion &o"t".
Not &ontent @ith "ha=in% up the multi-billion-dollar mar=et or &omputer memoryF "ome re"ear&her" ha,e e,en more ambitiou"
plan" or ma%neti& &omputin%. .n a paper publi"hed la"t month in *&ien&eF Ru""ell Co@burn and ;ar= 0elland o Cambrid%e
3ni,er"ity outlined re"ear&h that &ould orm the ba"i" o a ma%neti& mi&ropro&e""or9a &hip &apable o manipulatin% (rather than
merely "torin%) inormation ma%neti&ally. .n pla&e o &ondu&tin% @ire"F a ma%neti& pro&e""or @ould ha,e ro@" o ma%neti& dot"F
ea&h o @hi&h &ould be polari<ed in one o t@o dire&tion". .ndi,idual bit" o inormation @ould tra,el do@n the ro@" a" ma%neti&
pul"e"F &han%in% the orientation o the dot" a" they @ent. $r. Co@burn and $r. 0elland ha,e demon"trated ho@ a lo%i& %ate (the
ba"i& element o a mi&ropro&e""or) &ould @or= in "u&h a "&heme. .n their eHperimentF they ed a "i%nal in at one bend o the &hain
o dot" and u"ed a "e&ond to &ontrol @hether it propa%ated alon% the &hain.
.t i"F admittedlyF a lon% @ay rom a "in%le lo%i& %ate to a ull mi&ropro&e""orF but thi" @a" true al"o @hen the tran"i"tor @a" ir"t
in,ented. $r. Co@burnF @ho i" no@ "ear&hin% or ba&=er" to help &ommer&iali<e the te&hnolo%yF "ay" he belie,e" it @ill be at lea"t
ten year" beore the ir"t ma%neti& mi&ropro&e""or i" &on"tru&ted. 1ut other re"ear&her" in the ield a%ree that "u&h a &hip i" the
neHt lo%i&al "tep. $r. !rin< "ay" that on&e ma%neti& memory i" "orted out Kthe tar%et i" to %o ater the lo%i& &ir&uit".L 0hether all-
ma%neti& &omputer" @ill e,er be able to &ompare @ith other &ontender" that are 7o"tlin% to =no&= ele&troni&" o it" per&h9"u&h a"
opti&alF biolo%i&al and Iuantum &omputin%9remain" to be "een. $r. Co@burn "u%%e"t" that the uture lie" @ith hybrid ma&hine"
that u"e dierent te&hnolo%ie". 1ut &omputin% @ith ma%neti"m e,idently ha" an attra&tion all it" o@n.
1. .n de,elopin% ma%neti& memory &hip" to repla&e the ele&troni&" one"F t@o alternati,e re"ear&h path" are bein% pur"ued. The"e
are approa&he" ba"ed on+
1. ,olatile and non-,olatile memorie".
2. ma%neto-re"i"tan&e and ma%neti& tunnel-7un&tion".
'. radiation-di"ruption and radiation-neutral ee&t".
/. orientation o ma%neti"ed "pot" on the "ura&e o a "pinnin% di"= and ali%nment o ma%neti& dot" on the "ura&e o a
&on,entional memory &hip.
2. A binary di%it or bit i" repre"ented in the ma%neto-re"i"tan&e ba"ed ma%neti& &hip u"in%+
1. a layer o aluminium oHide.
2. a &apa&itor.
'. a ,erti&al pillar o ma%neti"ed material.
/. a matriH o @ire".
'. .n the ma%neti& tunnel-7un&tion" (;T(") tunnellin% i" ea"ier @hen+
1. t@o ma%neti& layer" are polari"ed in the "ame dire&tion.
2. t@o ma%neti& layer" are polari"ed in the oppo"ite dire&tion".
'. t@o aluminium-oHide barrier" are polari"ed in the "ame dire&tion.
/. t@o aluminium-oHide barrier" are polari"ed in oppo"ite dire&tion".
/. A ma7or barrier on the @ay to build a ull-"&ale memory &hip ba"ed on ;T(" i"+
1. the lo@ "en"iti,ity o the ma%neti& memory element".
2. the thi&=ne"" o aluminium oHide barrier".
'. the need to de,elop more reliable and ar "maller ma%neti& memory &hip".
/0
/. all o the abo,e.
5. .n the ;T(" approa&hF it i" po""ible to identiy @hether the topmo"t layer o the ma%neti"ed memory element i" "torin% a <ero
or a one by+
1. mea"urin% an element?" re"i"tan&e and thu" determinin% it" ma%neti& orientation.
2. mea"urin% the de%ree o di"ruption &au"ed by radiation in the element" o the ma%neti& memory.
'. ma%neti"in% the element" either &lo&=@i"e or anti-&lo&=@i"e.
/. mea"urin% the &urrent that lo@" throu%h the "and@i&h.
#. A line o re"ear&h @hi&h i" tryin% to build a ma%neti& &hip that &an both "tore and manipulate inormation i" bein% pur"ued by+
1. !aul 6reita".
2. *tuart !ar=in.
'. 2ary !rin<.
/. none o the abo,e.
>. CHperimental re"ear&h &urrently under@ayF u"in% ro@" o ma%neti& dot"F ea&h o @hi&h &ould be polari"ed in one o the t@o
dire&tion"F ha" led to the demon"tration o+
1. @or=in% o a mi&ropro&e""or.
2. @or=in% o a lo%i& %ate.
'. @or=in% o a ma%neto-re"i"tan&e ba"ed &hip.
/. @or=in% o a ma%neto tunnellin%-7un&tion (;T() ba"ed &hip.
J. 6rom the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% &annot be inerred4
1. Cle&troni& memory &hip" are a"ter and non-,olatile.
2. Cle&troni& and ma%neti& "tora%e te&hnolo%ie" play a &omplementary role.
'. ;T(" are the more promi"in% ideaF &ompared to the ma%neto-re"i"tan&e approa&h.
/. Non-,olatile Cle&troni&" i" the &ompany "et up to &ommer&iali<e the 2;R &hip".
PASSAGE II
.n the modern "&ientii& "toryF li%ht @a" &reated not on&e but t@i&e. The ir"t time @a" in the 1i% 1an%F @hen the uni,er"e be%an it"
eHi"ten&e a" a %lo@in%F eHpandin%F ireballF @hi&h &ooled o into dar=ne"" ater a e@ million year". The "e&ond time @a"
hundred" o million" o year" laterF @hen the &old material &onden"ed into den"e nu%%et" under the inluen&e o %ra,ityF and i%nited
to be&ome the ir"t "tar".
*ir ;artin Ree"F 1ritain?" a"tronomer royalF named the lon% inter,al bet@een the"e t@o enli%htenment" the &o"mi& K$ar= A%eL.
The name de"&ribe" not only the poorly lit &ondition"F but al"o the i%noran&e o a"tronomer" about that period. Nobody =no@"
eHa&tly @hen the ir"t "tar" ormedF or ho@ they or%ani<ed them"el,e" into %alaHie"9or e,en @hether "tar" @ere the ir"t luminou"
ob7e&t". They may ha,e been pre&eded by Iua"ar"F @hi&h are my"teriou"F bri%ht "pot" ound at the &entre" o "ome %alaHie".
No@F t@o independent %roup" o a"tronomer"F one led by Robert 1e&=er o the 3ni,er"ity o CaliorniaF $a,i"F and the other by
2eor%e $7or%o,"=i o the Calte&hF &laim to ha,e peered ar enou%h into "pa&e @ith their tele"&ope" (and thereore ba&=@ard"
enou%h in time) to ob"er,e the &lo"in% day" o the $ar= A%e.
The main problem that pla%ued pre,iou" eort" to "tudy the $ar= A%e @a" not the la&= o "uitable tele"&ope"F but rather the la&= o
"uitable thin%" at @hi&h to point them. 1e&au"e the"e e,ent" too= pla&e o,er 1' billion year" a%oF i a"tronomer" are to ha,e any
hope o unra,ellin% them they mu"t "tudy ob7e&t" that are at lea"t 1' billion li%ht year" a@ay. The be"t pro"pe&t" are Iua"ar"F
be&au"e they are "o bri%ht and &ompa&t that they &an be "een a&ro"" ,a"t "tret&he" o "pa&e. The ener%y "our&e that po@er" a Iua"ar
i" un=no@nF althou%h it i" "u"pe&ted to be the inten"e %ra,ity o a %iant bla&= hole. -o@e,erF at the di"tan&e" reIuired or the "tudy
o $ar= A%eF e,en Iua"ar" are eHtremely rare and aint.
Re&ently "ome member" o $r. 1e&=er?" team announ&ed their di"&o,ery o the our mo"t di"tant Iua"ar" =no@n. All the ne@
Iua"ar" are terribly aintF a &hallen%e that both team" o,er&ame by peerin% at them throu%h one o the t@in Ke&= tele"&ope" in
-a@aii. The"e are the @orld?" lar%e"tF and &an thereore &olle&t the mo"t li%ht. The ne@ @or= by $r. 1e&=er?" team analy"ed the
li%ht rom all our Iua"ar". Three o them appeared to be "imilar to ordinaryF le"" di"tant Iua"ar". -o@e,erF the ourth and mo"t
di"tantF unli=e any other Iua"ar e,er "eenF "ho@ed unmi"ta=able "i%n" o bein% "hrouded in a o% o hydro%en %a". Thi" %a" i"
leto,er material rom the 1i% 1an% that did not &onden"e into "tar" or Iua"ar". .t a&t" li=e o% be&au"e ne@-born "tar" and Iua"ar"
emit mainly ultra,iolet li%htF and hydro%en %a" i" opaIue to ultra,iolet. *eein% thi" o% had been the %oal o @ould-be $ar= A%e
a"tronomer" "in&e 1)#5F @hen (ame" 2unn and 1ru&e !eter"on "pelled out the te&hniIue or u"in% Iua"ar" a" ba&=li%htin% bea&on"
to ob"er,e the o%?" ultra,iolet "hado@.
/1
The o% prolon%ed the period o dar=ne"" until the heat rom the ir"t "tar" and Iua"ar" had the &han&e to ioni<e the hydro%en
(brea=in% it into it" &on"tituent part"F proton" and ele&tron"). .oni<ed hydro%en i" tran"parent to ultra,iolet radiationF "o at that
moment the o% lited and the uni,er"e be&ame the @ell-lit pla&e it i" today. 6or thi" rea"onF the end o the $ar= A%e i" &alled the
KCpo&h o Re-ioni<ationL. 1e&au"e the ultra,iolet "hado@ i" ,i"ible only in the mo"t di"tant o the our Iua"ar"F $r. 1e&=er?" team
&on&luded that the o% had di""ipated &ompletely by the time the uni,er"e @a" about )00 million year" oldF and one-"e,enth o it"
&urrent "i<e.
). .n the pa""a%eF the $ar= A%e reer" to+
1. the period @hen the uni,er"e be&ame &old ater the 1i% 1an%.
2. a period about @hi&h a"tronomer" =no@ ,ery little.
'. the medie,al period @hen &ultural a&ti,ity "eemed to ha,e &ome to an end.
/. the time that the uni,er"e too= to heat up ater the 1i% 1an%.
10. A"tronomer" ind it dii&ult to "tudy the $ar= A%e be&au"e+
1. "uitable tele"&ope" are e@.
2. the a""o&iated e,ent" too= pla&e aeon" a%o.
'. the ener%y "our&e that po@er" a Iua"ar i" un=no@n.
/. their be"t &han&e i" to "tudy Iua"ar"F @hi&h are aint ob7e&t" to be%in @ith.
11. The our mo"t di"tant Iua"ar" di"&o,ered re&ently+
1. &ould only be "een @ith the help o lar%e tele"&ope".
2. appear to be "imilar to other ordinary Iua"ar".
'. appear to be "hrouded in a o% o hydro%en %a".
/. ha,e been "ou%ht to be di"&o,ered by $ar= A%e a"tronomer" "in&e 1)#5.
12. The o% o hydro%en %a" "een throu%h the tele"&ope"+
1. i" tran"parent to hydro%en radiation rom "tar" and Iua"ar" in all "tate".
2. @a" lited ater heat rom "tar" and Iua"ar" ioni<ed it.
'. i" material @hi&h e,entually be&ame "tar" and Iua"ar".
/. i" bro=en into &on"tituent element" @hen "tar" and Iua"ar" are ormed.
PASSAGE III
Cell" are the ultimate multita"=er"+ they &an "@it&h on %ene" and &arry out their order"F tal= to ea&h otherF di,ide in t@oF and mu&h
moreF all at the "ame time. 1ut they &ouldn?t do any o the"e tri&=" @ithout a po@er "our&e to %enerate mo,ement. The in"ide o a
&ell bu"tle" @ith more trai& than $elhi road"F andF li=e all ,ehi&le"F the &ell?" mo,in% part" need en%ine". !hy"i&i"t" and biolo%i"t"
ha,e loo=ed Kunder the hoodL o the &ell9and laid out the nut" and bolt" o mole&ular en%ine".
The ability o "u&h en%ine" to &on,ert &hemi&al ener%y into motion i" the en,y o nanote&hnolo%y re"ear&her" loo=in% or @ay" to
po@er mole&ule-"i<ed de,i&e". ;edi&al re"ear&her" al"o @ant to under"tand ho@ the"e en%ine" @or=. 1e&au"e the"e mole&ule" are
e""ential or &ell di,i"ionF "&ienti"t" hope to "hut do@n the rampant %ro@th o &an&er &ell" by dea&ti,atin% &ertain motor".
.mpro,in% motor-dri,en tran"port in ner,e &ell" may al"o be helpul or treatin% di"ea"e" "u&h a" Al<heimer?"F !ar=in"on?" or AB*F
al"o =no@n a" Bou 2ehri%?" di"ea"e.
0e @ouldn?t ma=e it ar in lie @ithout motor protein". 8ur mu"&le" @ouldn?t &ontra&t. 0e &ouldn?t %ro@F be&au"e the %ro@th
pro&e"" reIuire" &ell" to dupli&ate their ma&hinery and pull the &opie" apart. And our %ene" @ould be "ilent @ithout the "er,i&e" o
me""en%er RNAF @hi&h &arrie" %eneti& in"tru&tion" o,er to the &ell?" protein-ma=in% a&torie". The mo,ement" that ma=e the"e
&ellular a&ti,itie" po""ible o&&ur alon% a &ompleH net@or= o threadli=e iber"F or polymer"F alon% @hi&h bundle" o mole&ule"
tra,el li=e tram". The en%ine" that po@er the &ell?" rei%ht are three amilie" o protein"F &alled myo"inF =ine"in and dynein. 6or
uelF the"e protein" burn mole&ule" o AT!F @hi&h &ell" ma=e @hen they brea= do@n the &arbohydrate" and at" rom the ood" @e
eat. The ener%y rom burnin% AT! &au"e" &han%e" in the protein"? "hape that allo@ them to hea,e them"el,e" alon% the polymer
tra&=. The re"ult" are impre""i,e+ .n one "e&ondF the"e mole&ule" &an tra,el bet@een 50 and 100 time" their o@n diameter. . a &ar
@ith a 5-oot-@ide en%ine @ere a" ei&ientF it @ould tra,el 1>0 to '/0 =mph.
Ronald :aleF a re"ear&her at the -o@ard -u%he" ;edi&al .n"titute and the 3ni,er"ity o Caliornia at *an 6ran&i"&oF and Ronald
;illi%an o the *&ripp" Re"ear&h .n"titute ha,e reali<ed a lon%-a@aited %oal by re&on"tru&tin% the pro&e"" by @hi&h myo"in and
=ine"in mo,eF almo"t do@n to the atom. The dynein motorF on the other handF i" "till poorly under"tood. ;yo"in mole&ule"F be"t
=no@n or their role in mu"&le &ontra&tionF orm &hain" that lie bet@een ilament" o another protein &alled a&tin. Ca&h myo"in
/2
mole&ule ha" a tiny head that po=e" out rom the &hain li=e oar" rom a &anoe. (u"t a" ro@er" propel their boat by "tro=in% their
oar" throu%h the @aterF the myo"in mole&ule" "ti&= their head" into the a&tin and hoi"t them"el,e" or@ard alon% the ilament.
0hile myo"in mo,e" alon% in "hort "tro=e"F it" &ou"in =ine"in @al=" "teadily alon% a dierent type o ilament &alled a
mi&rotubule. .n"tead o u"in% a pro7e&tin% head a" a le,erF =ine"in @al=" on t@o Kle%".L 1a"ed on the"e dieren&e"F re"ear&her"
u"ed to thin= that myo"in and =ine"in @ere ,irtually unrelated. 1ut ne@ly di"&o,ered "imilaritie" in the motor"? AT!-pro&e""in%
ma&hinery no@ "u%%e"t that they "hare a &ommon an&e"tor-mole&ule. At thi" pointF "&ienti"t" &an only "pe&ulate a" to @hat type o
primiti,e &ell-li=e "tru&ture thi" an&e"tor o&&upied a" it learned to burn AT! and u"e the ener%y to &han%e "hape. K0e?ll ne,er
really =no@F be&au"e @e &an?t di% up the remain" o an&ient protein"F but that @a" probably a bi% e,olutionary leapFL "ay" :ale.
8n a "li%htly lar%er "&aleF loner &ell" li=e "perm or ine&tiou" ba&teria are prime mo,er" that re"olutely pu"h their @ay throu%h to
other &ell". A" B. ;ahade,an and !aul ;at"udaira o the ;a""a&hu"ett" .n"titute o Te&hnolo%y eHplainF the en%ine" in thi" &a"e
are "prin%" or rat&het" that are &lu"ter" o mole&ule"F rather than "in%le protein" li=e myo"in and =ine"in. Re"ear&her" don?t yet
ully under"tand the"e en%ine"? uelin% pro&e"" or the detail" o ho@ they mo,eF but the re"ult i" a or&e to be re&=oned @ith. 6or
eHampleF one "u&h en%ine i" a "prin%li=e "tal= &onne&tin% a "in%le-&elled or%ani"m &alled a ,orti&ellid to the lea ra%ment it &all"
home. 0hen eHpo"ed to &al&iumF the "prin% &ontra&t"F yan=in% the ,orti&ellid do@n at "peed" approa&hin% ' in&he" (J &entimeter")
per "e&ond.
*prin%" li=e thi" are &oiled bundle" o ilament" that eHpand or &ontra&t in re"pon"e to &hemi&al &ue". A @a,e o po"iti,ely &har%ed
&al&ium ion"F or eHampleF neutrali<e" the ne%ati,e &har%e" that =eep the ilament" eHtended. *ome "perm u"e "prin%li=e en%ine"
made o a&tin ilament" to "hoot out a barb that penetrate" the layer" that "urround an e%%. And &ertain ,iru"e" u"e a "imilar
apparatu" to "hoot their $NA into the ho"t?" &ell. Rat&het" are al"o u"eul or mo,in% @hole &ell"F in&ludin% "ome other "perm and
patho%en". The"e en%ine" are ilament" that "imply %ro@ at one endF attra&tin% &hemi&al buildin% blo&=" rom nearby. 1e&au"e the
other end i" an&hored in pla&eF the %ro@in% end pu"he" a%ain"t any barrier that %et" in the @ay.
1oth "prin%" and rat&het" are made up o "mall unit" that ea&h mo,e 7u"t "li%htlyF but &olle&ti,ely produ&e a po@erul mo,ement.
3ltimatelyF ;ahade,an and ;at"udaira hope to better under"tand 7u"t ho@ the"e parti&le" &reate an ee&t that "eem" to be "o mu&h
more than the "um o it" part". ;i%ht "u&h an under"tandin% pro,ide in"piration or @ay" to po@er artii&ial nano-"i<ed de,i&e" in
the uture4 KThe "hort an"@er i" ab"olutelyFL "ay" ;ahade,an. K1iolo%y ha" had a lot more time to e,ol,e enormou" ri&hne"" in
de"i%n or dierent or%ani"m". -opeullyF "tudyin% the"e "tru&ture" @ill not only impro,e our under"tandin% o the biolo%i&al
@orldF it @ill al"o enable u" to &opy themF ta=e apart their &omponent" and re-&reate them or other purpo"e".L
1'. A&&ordin% to the authorF re"ear&h on the po@er "our&e o mo,ement in &ell" &an &ontribute to+
1. &ontrol o,er the mo,ement o %ene" @ithin human "y"tem".
2. the under"tandin% o nanote&hnolo%y.
'. arre"tin% the %ro@th o &an&er in a human bein%.
/. the de,elopment o &ure" or a ,ariety o di"ea"e".
1/. The author ha" u"ed "e,eral analo%ie" to illu"trate hi" ar%ument" in the arti&le. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% pair" o @ord" are
eHample" o the analo%ie" u"ed4
a. Cell a&ti,ity and ,ehi&ular trai&.
b. !olymer" and tram tra&=".
&. 2ene" and &anoe".
d. :orti&ellid" and rat&het".
1. a and b 2. b and & '. a and d /. a and &
15. Read the i,e "tatement" belo@+ aF bF &F dF and e. 6rom the option" %i,enF "ele&t the one @hi&h in&lude" a "tatement that i" 1't
repre"entati,e o an ar%ument pre"ented in the pa""a%e.
a. *perm" u"e "prin%li=e en%ine" made o a&tin ilament.
b. ;yo"in and =ine"in are unrelated.
&. Nanote&hnolo%y re"ear&her" loo= or @ay" to po@er mole&ule-"i<ed de,i&e".
d. ;otor protein" help mu"&le &ontra&tion.
e. The dynein motor i" "till poorly under"tood.
1. aF b and & 2. &F d and e '. aF d and e /. aF & and d
1#. Read the our "tatement" belo@+ aF bF &F and d. 6rom the option" %i,enF "ele&t the one @hi&h in&lude" only "tatement(") that are
repre"entati,e o ar%ument" pre"ented in the pa""a%e.
a. !rotein motor" help %ro@th pro&e""e".
/'
b. .mpro,ed tran"port in ner,e &ell" @ill help arre"t tuber&ulo"i" and &an&er.
&. Cell"F to%etherF %enerate more po@er than the "um o po@er %enerated by them "eparately.
d. :orti&ellid and the lea ra%ment are &onne&ted by a &al&ium en%ine.
1. a and b but not & 2. a and & but not d '. a and d but not b /. & and d but not b
1>. Read the our "tatement" belo@+ aF bF &F and d. 6rom the option" %i,enF "ele&t the one @hi&h in&lude "tatement(") that are
repre"entati,e o ar%ument" pre"ented in the pa""a%e.
a. ;yo"inF =ine"in and a&tin are three type" o protein.
b. 2ro@th pro&e""e" in,ol,e a routine in a &ell that dupli&ate" their ma&hinery and pull" the &opie" apart.
&. ;yo"in mole&ule" &an %enerate ,ibration" in mu"&le".
d. Ronald and ;ahade,an are re"ear&her" at ;a""a&hu"ett" .n"titute o Te&hnolo%y.
1. a and b but not & and d 2. b and & but not a
'. b and d but not a and & /. aF b and & but not d
PASSAGE I-
The &ontro,er"y o,er %eneti&ally-modiied ood &ontinue" unabated in the 0e"t. 2eneti& modii&ation (2;) i" the "&ien&e by
@hi&h the %eneti& material o a plant i" alteredF perhap" to ma=e it more re"i"tant to pe"t" or @eed-=iller"F or to enhan&e it"
nutritional ,alue. ;any ood biote&hnolo%i"t" &laim that 2; @ill be a ma7or &ontribution o "&ien&e to man=ind in the 21
"t
&entury.
8n the other handF lar%e number" o opponent"F mainly in CuropeF &laim that the beneit" o 2; are a myth propa%ated by
multinational &orporation" to in&rea"e their proit"F that they po"e a health ha<ardF and ha,e thereore &alled or %o,ernment" to
ban the "ale o %eneti&ally-modiied ood.
The anti-2; &ampai%n ha" been Iuite ee&ti,e in CuropeF @ith "e,eral Curopean 3nion member &ountrie" impo"in% a ,irtual ban
or i,e year" o,er %eneti&ally-modiied ood import". *in&e the %eneti&ally-modiied ood indu"try i" parti&ularly "tron% in the
3nited *tate" o Ameri&aF the &ontro,er"y al"o &on"titute" another &hapter in the 3*-Curope "=irmi"he" @hi&h ha,e be&ome
parti&ularly a&erbi& ater the 3* in,a"ion o .raI.
To a lar%e eHtentF the 2; &ontro,er"y ha" been i%nored in the .ndian mediaF althou%h .ndian biote&hnolo%i"t" ha,e been Iuite
a&ti,e in 2; re"ear&h. *e,eral %roup" o .ndian biote&hnolo%i"t" ha,e been @or=in% on ,ariou" i""ue" &onne&ted @ith &rop" %ro@n
in .ndia. 8ne &on&rete a&hie,ement @hi&h ha" re&ently i%ured in the ne@" i" that o a team led by the ormer ,i&e-&han&ellor o
(a@aharlal Nehru 3ni,er"ityF A"i" $atta9it ha" "u&&e""ully added an eHtra %ene to potatoe" to enhan&e the protein &ontent o the
tuber by at lea"t '0 per&ent. Not "urpri"in%lyF the ne@ potato ha" been &alled the protato. The protato i" no@ in it" third year o
ield trial". .t i" Iuite li=ely that the 2; &ontro,er"y @ill "oon hit the headline" in .ndia "in&e a "po=e"per"on o the .ndian Central
%o,ernment ha" re&ently announ&ed that the %o,ernment may u"e the protato in it" midday meal pro%ramme or "&hool" a" early a"
neHt year.
0hy "hould K"&ientii& pro%re""LF @ith hu%e potential beneit" to the poor and malnouri"hedF be "o &ontro,er"ial4 The anti-2;
lobby &ontend" that perni&iou" propa%anda ha" ,a"tly eHa%%erated the beneit" o 2; and &ompletely e,aded the &o"t" @hi&h @ill
ha,e to be in&urred i the %eneti&ally-modiied ood indu"try i" allo@ed to %ro@ un&he&=ed. .n parti&ularF they allude to dierent
type" o &o"t".
Thi" %roup &ontend" that the mo"t important potential &o"t i" that the @ide"pread di"tribution and %ro@th o %eneti&ally-modiied
ood @ill enable the &orporate @orld (alia" the multinational &orporation"9;NC") to &ompletely &apture the ood &hain. A
K"mallL %roup o biote&h &ompanie" @ill patent the tran"erred %ene" a" @ell a" the te&hnolo%y a""o&iated @ith them. They @ill
then buy up the &ompetin% "eed mer&hant" and "eed-breedin% &entre"F thereby &ontrollin% the produ&tion o ood at e,ery po""ible
le,el. .ndependent armer"F bi% and "mallF @ill be &ompletely @iped out o the ood indu"try. At be"tF they @ill be redu&ed to the
"tatu" o bein% "ub-&ontra&tor".
Thi" line o ar%ument %oe" on to &laim that the &ontrol o the ood &hain @ill be di"a"trou" or the poor "in&e the ;NC"F %uided by
the proit moti,eF @ill only o&u" on the hi%h-,alue ood item" demanded by the aluent. Thu"F in the lon% runF the produ&tion o
ba"i& "taple" @hi&h &on"titute the ood ba"=et o the poor @ill taper o. -o@e,erF thi" ,a"tly o,ere"timate" the po@er o the
;NC". C,en i the re"ear&h promoted by them doe" o&u" on the hi%h-,alue ood item"F mu&h o biote&hnolo%y re"ear&h i" al"o
unded by %o,ernment" in both de,elopin% and de,eloped &ountrie". .ndeedF the protato i" a by-produ&t o thi" type o re"ear&h. .
the protato pa""e" the ield trial"F there i" no rea"on to belie,e that it &annot be mar=eted in the %lobal potato mar=et. And thi" type
o "u&&e"" "tory &an be repeated @ith other ba"i& ood item".
//
The "e&ond type o &o"t a""o&iated @ith the %eneti&ally-modiied ood indu"try i" en,ironmental dama%e. The mo"t &ommon type
o K%eneti& en%ineerin%L in,ol,e" %ene modii&ation in plant" de"i%ned to ma=e them re"i"tant to appli&ation" o @eed-=iller". Thi"
then enable" armer" to u"e ma""i,e do"a%e" o @eed-=iller" "o a" to de"troy or @ipe out all &ompetin% ,arietie" o plant" in their
ield". -o@e,erF "ome @eed" throu%h %eneti&ally-modiied pollen &ontamination may a&Iuire re"i"tan&e to a ,ariety o @eed-
=iller". The only @ay to de"troy the"e @eed" i" throu%h the u"e o e,er-"tron%er herbi&ide" @hi&h are poi"onou" and lin%er in the
en,ironment.
1J. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF biote&hnolo%y re"ear&h
1. i" o utility only or hi%h ,alue ood item".
2. i" unded only by multinational &orporation".
'. allo@" multinational &orporation" to &ontrol the ood ba"=et o the poor.
/. addre""e" the &on&ern" o ri&h and poor &ountrie".
1). 2eneti& modii&ation ma=e" plant" more re"i"tant to @eed-=iller". -o@e,erF thi" &an lead to en,ironmental dama%e by
1. @ipin% out &ompetin% ,arietie" o plant" @hi&h no@ all prey to @eed-=iller".
2. or&in% appli&ation o "tron%er herbi&ide" to =ill @eed" @hi&h ha,e be&ome re"i"tant to @ea= herbi&ide".
'. or&in% appli&ation o "tron%er herbi&ide" to =eep the &ompetin% plant" @eed-ree.
/. not allo@in% %ro@th o any @eed"F thu" redu&in% "oil ertility.
20. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% about the .ndian media?" &o,era%e o "&ientii& re"ear&h doe" the pa""a%e "eem to "u%%e"t4
1. .ndian media %enerally &o,er" a "ub7e&t o "&ientii& importan&e @hen it" ma"" appli&ation i" li=ely.
2. .ndian media?" &o,era%e o "&ientii& re"ear&h i" %enerally dependent on ;NC"? intere"t".
'. .ndian mediaF in partner"hip @ith the %o,ernmentF i" a&ti,ely in,ol,ed in publi&i<in% the re"ult" o "&ientii& re"ear&h.
/. .ndian media only hi%hli%ht" "&ientii& re"ear&h @hi&h i" unded by the %o,ernment.
21. The author doubt" the anti-2; lobby?" &ontention that ;NC &ontrol o the ood &hain @ill be di"a"trou" or the poor be&au"e
1. ;NC" @ill o&u" on hi%h-,alue ood item".
2. ;NC" are dri,en by the moti,e o proit maHimi<ation.
'. ;NC" are not the only %roup o a&tor" in %eneti&ally-modiied ood re"ear&h.
/. e&onomi& de,elopment @ill help the poor buy ;NC-produ&ed ood.
22. 3"in% the &lue" in the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% &ountrie" @ould you eHpe&t to be in the oreront o the anti-2;
&ampai%n4
1. 3*A and *pain. 2. .ndia and .raI.
'. 2ermany and 6ran&e. /. Au"tralia and Ne@ Nealand.
PASSAGE -
;odern "&ien&eF eH&lu"i,e o %eometryF i" a &omparati,ely re&ent &reation and &an be "aid to ha,e ori%inated @ith 2alileo and
Ne@ton. 2alileo @a" the ir"t "&ienti"t to re&o%ni<e &learly that the only @ay to urther our under"tandin% o the phy"i&al @orld
@a" to re"ort to eHperiment. -o@e,er ob,iou" 2alileo?" &ontention may appear in the li%ht o our pre"ent =no@led%eF it remain" a
a&t that the 2ree="F in "pite o their proi&ien&y in %eometryF ne,er "eem to ha,e reali<ed the importan&e o eHperiment. To a
&ertain eHtent thi" may be attributed to the &rudene"" o their in"trument" o mea"urement. *tillF an eH&u"e o thi" "ort &an "&ar&ely
be put or@ard @hen the elementary nature o 2alileo?" eHperiment" and ob"er,ation" i" re&alled. 0at&hin% a lamp o"&illate in the
&athedral o !i"aF droppin% bodie" rom the leanin% to@er o !i"aF rollin% ball" do@n in&lined plane"F noti&in% the ma%niyin%
ee&t o @ater in a "pheri&al %la"" ,a"eF "u&h @a" the nature o 2alileo?" eHperiment" and ob"er,ation". A" &an be "eenF they mi%ht
7u"t a" @ell ha,e been perormed by the 2ree=". At any rateF it @a" than=" to "u&h eHperiment" that 2alileo di"&o,ered the
undamental la@ o dynami&"F a&&ordin% to @hi&h the a&&eleration imparted to a body i" proportional to the or&e a&tin% upon it.
The neHt ad,an&e @a" due to Ne@tonF the %reate"t "&ienti"t o all time i a&&ount be ta=en o hi" 7oint &ontribution" to mathemati&"
and phy"i&". A" a phy"i&i"tF he @a" o &our"e an ardent adherent o the empiri&al methodF but hi" %reate"t title to ame lie" in
another dire&tion. !rior to Ne@tonF mathemati&"F &hiely in the orm o %eometryF had been "tudied a" a ine art @ithout any ,ie@
to it" phy"i&al appli&ation" other than in ,ery tri,ial &a"e". 1ut @ith Ne@ton all the re"our&e" o mathemati&" @ere turned to
ad,anta%e in the "olution o phy"i&al problem". Then&eorth mathemati&" appeared a" an in"trument o di"&o,eryF the mo"t
po@erul one =no@n to manF multiplyin% the po@er o thou%ht 7u"t a" in the me&hani&al domain the le,er multiplied our phy"i&al
a&tion. .t i" thi" appli&ation o mathemati&" to the "olution o phy"i&al problem"F thi" &ombination o t@o "eparate ield" o
/5
in,e"ti%ationF @hi&h &on"titute" the e""ential &hara&teri"ti& o the Ne@tonian method. Thu" problem" o phy"i&" @ere
metamorpho"ed into problem" o mathemati&".
1ut in Ne@ton?" day the mathemati&al in"trument @a" "till in a ,ery ba&=@ard "tate o de,elopment. .n thi" ield a%ain Ne@ton
"ho@ed the mar= o %eniu" by in,entin% the inte%ral &al&ulu". A" a re"ult o thi" remar=able di"&o,eryF problem"F @hi&h @ould
ha,e baled Ar&himede"F @ere "ol,ed @ith ea"e. 0e =no@ that in Ne@ton?" hand" thi" ne@ departure in "&ientii& method led to
the di"&o,ery o the la@ o %ra,itation. 1ut here a%ain the real "i%nii&an&e o Ne@ton?" a&hie,ement lay not "o mu&h in the eHa&t
Iuantitati,e ormulation o the la@ o attra&tionF a" in hi" ha,in% e"tabli"hed the pre"en&e o la@ and order at lea"t in one important
realm o natureF namelyF in the motion" o hea,enly bodie". Nature thu" eHhibited rationality and @a" not mere blind &hao" and
un&ertainty. To be "ureF Ne@ton?" in,e"ti%ation" had been &on&erned @ith but a "mall %roup o natural phenomenaF but it appeared
unli=ely that thi" mathemati&al la@ and order "hould turn out to be re"tri&ted to &ertain "pe&ial phenomenaG and the eelin% @a"
%eneral that all the phy"i&al pro&e""e" o nature @ould pro,e to be unoldin% them"el,e" a&&ordin% to ri%orou" mathemati&al la@".
0hen Cin"teinF in 1)05F publi"hed hi" &elebrated paper on the ele&trodynami&" o mo,in% bodie"F he remar=ed that the dii&ultie"F
@hi&h "urrounded the eIuation" o ele&trodynami&"F to%ether @ith the ne%ati,e eHperiment" o ;i&hel"on and other"F @ould be
ob,iated i @e eHtended the ,alidity o the Ne@tonian prin&iple o the relati,ity o 2alilean motionF @hi&h applied "olely to
me&hani&al phenomenaF "o a" to in&lude all manner o phenomena+ ele&trodynami&"F opti&alF et&. 0hen eHtended in thi" @ay the
Ne@tonian prin&iple o relati,ity be&ame Cin"tein?" "pe&ial prin&iple o relati,ity. .t" "i%nii&an&e lay in it" a""ertion that ab"olute
2alilean motion or ab"olute ,elo&ity mu"t e,er e"&ape all eHperimental dete&tion. -en&eorth ab"olute ,elo&ity "hould be
&on&ei,ed o a" phy"i&ally meanin%le""F not only in the parti&ular realm o me&hani&"F a" in Ne@ton?" dayF but in the entire realm
o phy"i&al phenomena. Cin"tein?" "pe&ial prin&ipleF by addin% in&rea"ed empha"i" to thi" relati,ity o ,elo&ityF ma=in% ab"olute
,elo&ity metaphy"i&ally meanin%le""F &reated a "till more proound di"tin&tion bet@een ,elo&ity and a&&elerated or rotational
motion. Thi" latter type o motion remained ab"olute and real a" beore. .t i" mo"t important to under"tand thi" point and to reali<e
that Cin"tein?" "pe&ial prin&iple i" merely an eHten"ion o the ,alidity o the &la""i&al Ne@tonian prin&iple to all &la""e" o
phenomena.
2'. A&&ordin% to the authorF @hy did the 2ree=" N8T &ondu&t eHperiment" to under"tand the phy"i&al @orld4
1. Apparently they did not thin= it ne&e""ary to eHperiment.
2. They o&u"ed eH&lu"i,ely on %eometry.
'. Their in"trument" o mea"urement @ere ,ery &rude.
/. The 2ree=" &on"idered the appli&ation o %eometry to the phy"i&al @orld more important.
2/. The "tatement KNature thu" eHhibited rationality and @a" not mere blind &hao" and un&ertaintyL "u%%e"t" that
1. problem" that had baled "&ienti"t" li=e Ar&himede" @ere not really problem".
2. only a "mall %roup o natural phenomena @a" &haoti&.
'. phy"i&al phenomena &onormed to mathemati&al la@".
/. natural phenomena @ere e,ol,in% to@ard" a le"" &haoti& uture.
25. Ne@ton may be &on"idered one o the %reate"t "&ienti"t" o all time be&au"e he
1. di"&o,ered the la@ o %ra,itation.
2. married phy"i&" @ith mathemati&".
'. in,ented inte%ral &al&ulu".
/. "tarted the u"e o the empiri&al method in "&ien&e.
2#. The "i%nii&ant impli&ation o Cin"tein?" "pe&ial prin&iple o relati,ity i" that
1. ab"olute ,elo&ity @a" meanin%le"" in the realm o me&hani&".
2. Ne@ton?" prin&iple o relati,ity need" to be modiied.
'. there are limit" to @hi&h eHperimentation &an be u"ed to under"tand "ome phy"i&al phenomena.
/. it i" meanin%le"" to try to under"tand the di"tin&tion bet@een ,elo&ity and a&&elerated or rotational motion.
2>. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" about modern "&ien&e be"t &apture" the theme o the pa""a%e4
1. ;odern "&ien&e re"t" irmly on the platorm built by the 2ree=".
2. 0e need to %o ba&= to the method o enIuiry u"ed by the 2ree=" to better under"tand the la@" o dynami&".
'. $i"&ipline" li=e ;athemati&" and !hy"i&" un&tion be"t @hen inte%rated into one.
/. Ne@ =no@led%e about natural phenomena build" on eHi"tin% =no@led%e.
PASSAGE -I
/#
The in,ention o the %a" turbine by 6ran= 0hittle in Cn%land and -an" ,on 8hain in 2ermany in 1)') "i%nalled the be%innin% o
7et tran"port. Althou%h the 6ren&h en%ineer Borin had ,i"uali<ed the &on&ept o 7et propul"ion more than 25 year" earlierF it too=
impro,ed material" and the %eniu" o 0hittle and ,on 8hain to re&o%ni<e the ad,anta%e" that a %a" turbine oered o,er a pi"ton
en%ineF in&ludin% "peed" in eH&e"" o '50 mile" per hour. The pro%re"" rom the ir"t li%ht" o liIuid propellant ro&=et and 7et-
propelled air&rat in 1)') to the ir"t a"ter-than-"ound ("uper"oni&) manned airplane (the 1ell U-1) in 1)/> happened in le"" than a
de&ade. Thi" then led ,ery rapidly to a "erie" o "uper"oni& i%hter" and bomber"F the ir"t o @hi&h be&ame operational in the
1)50". 0orld 0ar .. te&hnolo%y oundation" and emer%in% Cold 0ar imperati,e" then led u" into "pa&e @ith the laun&h o *putni=
in 1)5> and the pla&in% o the ir"t man on the moon only 12 year" later9a mere 2/ year" ater the end o 0orld 0ar ...
No@F a hyper"oni& li%ht &an ta=e you any@here in the planet in le"" than our hour". 1riti"h Royal Air 6or&e and Royal Na,yF and
the air or&e" o "e,eral other &ountrie" are %oin% to u"e a "in%le-en%ine &ou"in to the 6PA-22 &alled the 6-'5 (oint *tri=e 6i%hter.
The"e plane" eHhibit "tealthy an%le" and &oatin%" that ma=e it dii&ult or radar to dete&t themF amon% a,iation?" mo"t &uttin%-ed%e
ad,an&e" in de"i%n. The :-22F =no@n a" tilt-rotorF part heli&opterF part airplaneF ta=e" o ,erti&allyF then tilt" it" en%ine or@ard or
@in%ed li%ht. .t pro,ide" "peedF three time" the payloadF i,e time" the ran%e o the heli&opter" it?" meant to repla&e. The ne@
i%hterF 6PA-22 RaptorF @ith more than a million part"F "ho@" a pere&t amal%amation o "tealthF "peedF a,ioni&" and a%ility.
.t "eem" &on,entional orm"F li=e the !redator and 2lobal -a@= are pa""VF the "tealthier unmanned aerial ,ehi&le" (3A:") are in.
They are "haped li=e =ite"F bat" and boomeran%F all but in,i"ible to the enemy radar and able to remain o,er ho"tile territory
@ithout any ear o %ettin% %rilled i "hot do@n. 0ill the 3A:" ta=e a@ay pilot"? 7ob" permanently4 Can a &omputer-operated
ma&hine ta=e a "marter and a"ter de&i"ion in a @ar-li=e "ituation4 The ne@ ree-li%ht &on&ept @ill probably "upplement the
eHi"tin% air trai& &ontrol "y"tem by &omputer" on ea&h plane to map the altitudeF routeF @eather and other plane"+ and a de&ade
rom no@F there @ill be no u"e o radar any more.
-o@ mu&h bi%%er &an the plane" %et4 .n the E50" they %ot "peedF in the EJ0" they be&ame "tealthy. No@F they are %ettin% "marter
than=" to &omputer automation. The &han%e i" Iuite hu%e+ rom the our-"eater to the A'J0 airplane. .t "eem" @e are no@ tradin%
"peed or "i<e a" @e build a ne@ "uper7umbo 7etF the 555-"eater A'J0F @hi&h @ill ly at almo"t the "ame "peed o the 1oein% >0>F
introdu&ed hal a &entury a%oF but @ith an impro,ed &apa&ityF ran%eF %reater uel e&onomy. A e@ year" do@n the line @ill &ome
the truly lar%er modelF to be =no@n a" >/>U. .n the be%innin% o 2005F the A'J0F the @orld?" ir"t ully double-de&=ed "uper7umbo
pa""en%er 7etF @ei%hin% 1.2 million pound"F may &arry a load o about J/0 pa""en%er".
1arrin% the early pha"eF &i,il a,iation ha" al@ay" la%%ed behind the military te&hnolo%ie" (o 7et en%ine"F li%ht@ei%ht &ompo"ite
material" et&.). There are t@o undamental a&tor" behind the de&line in &ommer&ial aeronauti&" in &ompari"on to military
aeronauti&". There i" no &olle&ti,e ,i"ion o our uture "u&h a" the one that dro,e u" in the pa"t. There i" al"o a need or a more
a%%re""i,e pool o airplane de"i%n talent" to maintain an indu"try that &ontinue" to ind a multibillion dollar-a-year mar=et or it"
produ&t.
Can the hi"tory o a,iation te&hnolo%y tell u" "omethin% about the uture o aeronauti&"4 -a,e @e rea&hed a inal "tate in our
e,olution to a mature te&hnolo%y in aeronauti&"4 Are the &hallen%e" o &omin% out @ith the EbetterF &heaperF a"ter? de"i%n"
"omeho@ inerior to tho"e that are "uited or Ea"terF hi%herF urther?4 *aety "hould impro,e %reatly a" a re"ult o the orth&omin%
impro,ement" in airrame"F en%ine"F and a,ioni&". *iHty year" rom no@F air&rat @ill re&o,er on their o@n i the pilot lo"e"
&ontrol. *atellite" are the =ey not only to 2!* (%lobal po"itionin% "y"tem) na,i%ation but al"o to in-li%ht &ommuni&ation"F
uplin=ed @eatherF and e,en in-li%ht e-mail. Althou%h there i" "ome debate about @hat type o en%ine" @ill po@er uture airplane"
9li%ht@ei%ht turbine"F turbo&har%ed die"el"F or both9there i" little debate about ho@ the"e po@er plant" @ill be &ontrolled. !ilot"
o the uture &an loo= or@ard to more and better on-board "aety eIuipment.
2J. A&&ordin% to the ir"t para%raph o the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" i" N8T al"e4
1. 6ran= 0hittle and -an" ,on 8hain @ere the ir"t to &on&ei,e o 7et propul"ion.
2. *uper"oni& i%hter plane" @ere ir"t u"ed in the *e&ond 0orld 0ar.
'. No man had tra,eled a"ter than "ound until the 1)50".
/. The eHploitation o 7et propul"ion or "uper"oni& a,iation ha" been remar=ably a"t.
2). 0hat i" the ourth para%raph o the pa""a%eF "tartin%F K-o@ mu&h bi%%er....LF about4
1. *tealthF "peedF a,ioni&"F and a%ility o ne@ air&rat.
2. The @ay air&rat "i<e ha" been %ro@in%.
'. 3"e o &omputer automation in air&rat.
/. *uper-7umbo 7et" that &an ta=e more than 500 pa""en%er".
'0. 0hat i" the mo"t note@orthy dieren&e bet@een :-22 and a "tandard airplane4
/>
1. .t &an ta=e o ,erti&ally. 2. .t ha" @in%ed li%ht.
'. .t ha" eH&ellent payload. /. .t" ran%e i" ,ery hi%h.
'1. 0hy mi%ht radar" not be u"ed a de&ade rom no@4
1. *tealth te&hnolo%y @ill ad,an&e "o mu&h that it i" pointle"" to u"e radar to dete&t air&rat.
2. 3A:" &an remain o,er ho"tile territory @ithout any dan%er o bein% dete&ted.
'. Computer" on board may enable air&rat to mana%e "ae na,i%ation on their o@n.
/. .t i" not ea"ible to in&rea"e the ran%e o radar".
'2. A&&ordin% to the authorF &ommer&ial aeronauti&"F in &ontra"t to military aeronauti&"F ha" de&lined be&au"eF amon% other
thin%"F
1. "peed and te&hnolo%y barrier" are more ea"ily o,er&ome in military aeronauti&".
2. the &olle&ti,e ,i"ion o the pa"t &ontinue" to dri,e &i,il and &ommer&ial aeronauti&".
'. thou%h the indu"try ha" a hu%e mar=etF it ha" not attra&ted the ri%ht =ind o air&rat de"i%ner".
/. there i" a "horta%e o material"F li=e li%ht @ei%ht &ompo"ite"F u"ed in &ommer&ial aeronauti&".
PASSAGE -II
Throu%hout human hi"tory the leadin% &au"e" o death ha,e been ine&tion and trauma. ;odern medi&ine ha" "&ored "i%nii&ant
,i&torie" a%ain"t bothF and the ma7or &au"e" o ill health and death are no@ the &hroni& de%enerati,e di"ea"e"F "u&h a" &oronary
artery di"ea"eF arthriti"F o"teoporo"i"F Al<heimer?"F ma&ular de%enerationF &atara&t and &an&er. The"e ha,e a lon% laten&y period
beore "ymptom" appear and a dia%no"i" i" made. .t ollo@" that the ma7ority o apparently healthy people are pre-ill.
1ut are the"e &ondition" ine,itably de%enerati,e4 A truly pre,enti,e medi&ine that o&u"ed on the pre-illF analy<in% the metaboli&
error" @hi&h lead to &lini&al illne""F mi%ht be able to &orre&t them beore the ir"t "ymptom. 2eneti& ri"= a&tor" are =no@n or all
the &hroni& de%enerati,e di"ea"e"F and are important to the indi,idual" @ho po""e"" them. At the population le,elF ho@e,erF
mi%ration "tudie" &onirm that the"e illne""e" are lin=ed or the mo"t part to lie"tyle a&tor"9eHer&i"eF "mo=in% and nutrition.
Nutrition i" the ea"ie"t o the"e to &han%eF and the mo"t ,er"atile tool or ae&tin% the metaboli& &han%e" needed to tilt the balan&e
a@ay rom di"ea"e.
;any national "ur,ey" re,eal that malnutrition i" &ommon in de,eloped &ountrie". Thi" i" not the &alorie and Por mi&ronutrient
dei&ien&y a""o&iated @ith de,elopin% nation" (Type A malnutrition)G but multiple mi&ronutrient depletionF u"ually &ombined @ith
&alorii& balan&e or eH&e"" (Type 1 malnutrition). The in&iden&e and "e,erity o Type 1 malnutrition @ill be "ho@n to be @or"e i
ne@er mi&ronutrient %roup" "u&h a" the e""ential atty a&id"F Hanthophyll" and la,onoid" are in&luded in the "ur,ey". Commonly
in%e"ted le,el" o the"e mi&ronutrient" "eem to be ar too lo@ in many de,eloped &ountrie".
There i" no@ &on"iderable e,iden&e that Type 1 malnutrition i" a ma7or &au"e o &hroni& de%enerati,e di"ea"e". . thi" i" the &a"eF
then it i" lo%i&al to treat "u&h di"ea"e" not @ith dru%" but @ith multiple mi&ronutrient repletionF or Epharma&o-nutrition?. Thi" &an
ta=e the orm o pill" and &ap"ule"9Enutra&euti&al"?F or ood ormat" =no@n a" Eun&tional ood"?. Thi" approa&h ha" been
ne%le&ted hitherto be&au"e it i" relati,ely unproitable or dru% &ompanie"9the produ&t" are hard to patent9and it i" a "trate%y
@hi&h doe" not "it ea"ily @ith modern medi&al inter,entioni"m. 8,er the la"t 100 year"F the dru% indu"try ha" in,e"ted hu%e "um"
in de,elopin% a ran%e o "ubtle and po@erul dru%" to treat the many di"ea"e" @e are "ub7e&t to. ;edi&al trainin% i" &ou&hed in
pharma&euti&al term" and thi" approa&h ha" pro,ided u" @ith an eH&eptional ran%e o therapeuti& tool" in the treatment o di"ea"e
and in a&ute medi&al emer%en&ie". -o@e,erF the pharma&euti&al model ha" al"o &reated an unhealthy dependen&y &ultureF in @hi&h
relati,ely e@ o u" a&&ept re"pon"ibility or maintainin% our o@n health. .n"tead @e ha,e handed o,er thi" re"pon"ibility to health
proe""ional" @ho =no@ ,ery little about health maintenan&eF or di"ea"e pre,ention.
8ne problem or "upporter" o thi" ar%ument i" la&= o the ri%ht =ind o hard e,iden&e. 0e ha,e a @ealth o epidemiolo%i&al data
lin=in% dietary a&tor" to health proile"Pdi"ea"e ri"="F and a %reat deal o inormation on me&hani"m+ ho@ ood a&tor" intera&t
@ith our bio&hemi"try. 1ut almo"t all inter,ention "tudie" @ith mi&ronutrient"F @ith the notable eH&eption o the ome%a ' atty
a&id"F ha,e "o ar produ&ed &onli&tin% or ne%ati,e re"ult". .n other @ord"F our "&ien&e appear" to ha,e no predi&ti,e ,alue. $oe"
thi" in,alidate the "&ien&e4 8r are @e "imply a"=in% the @ron% Iue"tion"4
1a"ed on pharma&euti&al thin=in%F mo"t inter,ention "tudie" ha,e attempted to mea"ure the impa&t o a "in%le mi&ronutrient on the
in&iden&e o di"ea"e. The &la""i&al approa&h "ay" that i you %i,e a &ompound ormula to te"t "ub7e&t" and obtain po"iti,e re"ult"F
you &annot =no@ @hi&h in%redient i" eHertin% the beneitF "o you mu"t te"t ea&h in%redient indi,idually. 1ut in the ield o
nutritionF thi" doe" not @or=. Ca&h inter,ention on it" o@n @ill hardly ma=e enou%h dieren&e to be mea"ured. The be"t
therapeuti& re"pon"e mu"t thereore &ombine mi&ronutrient" to normali<e our internal phy"iolo%y. *o do @e need to analy<e ea&h
/J
indi,idual?" nutritional "tatu" and then tailor a ormula "pe&ii&ally or him or her4 0hile @e do not ha,e the re"our&e" to analy<e
million" o indi,idual &a"e"F there i" no need to do "o. The ,a"t ma7ority o people are &on"umin% "uboptimal amount" o mo"t
mi&ronutrient"F and mo"t o the mi&ronutrient" &on&erned are ,ery "ae. A&&ordin%lyF a &omprehen"i,e and uni,er"al pro%ram o
mi&ronutrient "upport i" probably the mo"t &o"t-ee&ti,e and "ae"t @ay o impro,in% the %eneral health o the nation.
''. Type-1 malnutrition i" a "eriou" &on&ern in de,eloped &ountrie" be&au"e
1. de,elopin% &ountrie" mainly "uer rom Type-A malnutrition.
2. it i" a ma7or &ontributor to illne"" and death.
'. pharma&euti&al &ompanie" are not produ&in% dru%" to treat thi" &ondition.
/. national "ur,ey" on malnutrition do not in&lude ne@er mi&ronutrient %roup".
'/. 0hy are a lar%e number o apparently healthy people deemed pre-ill4
1. They may ha,e &hroni& de%enerati,e di"ea"e".
2. They do not =no@ their o@n %eneti& ri"= a&tor" @hi&h predi"po"e them to di"ea"e".
'. They "uer rom Type-1 malnutrition.
/. There i" a len%thy laten&y period a""o&iated @ith &hroni&ally de%enerati,e di"ea"e".
'5. The author re&ommend" mi&ronutrient-repletion or lar%e-"&ale treatment o &hroni& de%enerati,e di"ea"e" be&au"e
1. it i" relati,ely ea"y to mana%e.
2. mi&ronutrient dei&ien&y i" the &au"e o the"e di"ea"e".
'. it &an o,er&ome %eneti& ri"= a&tor".
/. it &an &ompen"ate or other lie"tyle a&tor".
'#. Tailorin% mi&ronutrient-ba"ed treatment plan" to "uit indi,idual dei&ien&y proile" i" not ne&e""ary be&au"e
1. it i" ,ery li=ely to %i,e in&on"i"tent or ne%ati,e re"ult".
2. it i" a &la""i& pharma&euti&al approa&h not "uited to mi&ronutrient".
'. mo"t people are &on"umin% "uboptimal amount" o "ae-to-&on"ume mi&ronutrient".
/. it i" not &o"t ee&ti,e to do "o.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (2) 2. (') '. (1) /. (') 5. (/)
#. (/) >. (2) J. (1) ). (2) 10. (2)
11. (1) 12. (2) 1'. (/) 1/. (1) 15. (1)
1#. (2) 1>. (1) 1J. (') 1). (2) 20. (1)
21. (') 22. (') 2'. (1) 2/. (') 25. (2)
2#. (') 2>. (2) 2J. (/) 2). (2) '0. (1)
'1. (') '2. (') ''. (2) '/. (1) '5. (2)
'#. (')
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
/)
SECTION -I: SOCIET+0 C.*T.RE0 , H.MAN 4EHA-IO.R
PASSAGE I
The "tory be%in" a" the Curopean pioneer" &ro""ed the Alle%henie" and "tarted to "ettle in the ;id@e"t. The land they ound @a"
&o,ered @ith ore"t". 0ith in&redible eort they elled the tree"F pulled the "tump" and planted their &rop" in the ri&hF loamy "oil.
0hen they inally rea&hed the @e"tern ed%e o the pla&e @e no@ &all .ndianaF the ore"t "topped and ahead lay a thou"and mile" o
the %reat %ra"" prairie. The Curopean" @ere pu<<led by thi" ne@ en,ironment. *ome e,en &alled it the K2reat $e"ertL. .t "eemed
untillable. The earth @a" oten ,ery @et and it @a" &o,ered @ith &enturie" o tan%led and matted %ra""e". 0ith their &a"t iron
plo@"F the "ettler" ound that the prairie "od &ould not be &ut and the @et earth "tu&= to their plo@"hare". C,en a team o the be"t
oHen bo%%ed do@n ater a e@ year" o tu%%in%. The iron plo@ @a" a u"ele"" tool to arm the prairie "oil. The pioneer" @ere
"tymied or nearly t@o de&ade". Their @e"tern mar&h @a" halted and they illed in the ea"tern re%ion" o the ;id@e"t.
.n 1J'>F a bla&="mith in the to@n o 2rand $etourF .llinoi"F in,ented a ne@ tool. -i" name @a" (ohn $eere and the tool @a" a plo@
made o "teel. .t @a" "harp enou%h to &ut throu%h matted %ra""e" and "mooth enou%h to &a"t o the mud. .t @a" a "imple toolF the
K"od bu"terL that opened the %reat prairie" to a%ri&ultural de,elopment.
*au= CountyF 0i"&on"in i" the part o that prairie @here . ha,e a home. .t i" named ater *au= .ndian". .n 1#>'F 6ather ;arIuette
@a" the ir"t Curopean to lay hi" eye" upon their land. -e ound a ,illa%e laid out in re%ular pattern" on a plain be"ide the
0i"&on"in Ri,er. -e &alled the pla&e !rairie du *a&. The ,illa%e @a" "urrounded by ield" that had pro,ided mai<eF bean" and
"Iua"h or the *au= people or %eneration" rea&hin% ba&= into the unre&orded time.
0hen the Curopean "ettler" arri,ed at the *au= prairie in 1J'>F the %o,ernment or&ed the nati,e *au= people @e"t o the
;i""i""ippi Ri,er. The "ettler" &ame @ith (ohn $eere?" ne@ in,ention and u"ed the tool to open the area to a ne@ =ind o
a%ri&ulture. They i%nored the traditional @ay" o the *au= .ndian" and u"ed their "od-bu"tin% tool or plantin% @heat. .nitiallyF the
"oil @a" %enerou" and the armer" thri,ed. -o@e,erF ea&h year the "oil lo"t more o it" nurturin% po@er. .t @a" only thirty year"
ater the Curopean" arri,ed @ith their ne@ te&hnolo%y that the land @a" depleted. 0heat armin% be&ame une&onomi& and ten" o
thou"and" o armer" let 0i"&on"in "ee=in% ne@ land @ith "od to bu"t.
.t too= the Curopean" and their ne@ te&hnolo%y 7u"t one %eneration to ma=e their homeland into a de"ert. The *au= .ndian" @ho
=ne@ ho@ to "u"tain them"el,e" on the *au= prairie land @ere bani"hed to another =ind o de"ert &alled a re"er,ation. And they
e,en or%ot about the te&hniIue" and tool" that had "u"tained them on the prairie or %eneration" unre&orded. And that i" ho@ it
@a" that three de"ert" @ere &reated90i"&on"inF the re"er,ation and the memorie" o a people. A &entury laterF the land o the
*au=" i" no@ populated by the &hildren o a "e&ond @a,e o Curopean armer" @ho learned to repleni"h the "oil throu%h the
re%enerati,e po@er" o dairyin%F %round &o,er &rop" and animal manure". The"e third and ourth %eneration armer" and to@n
people do not reali"eF ho@e,erF that a ne@ "ettler i" &omin% "oon @ith an in,ention a" po@erul a" (ohn $eere?" plo@.
The ne@ te&hnolo%y i" &alled Eberea,ement &oun"ellin%?. .t i" a tool or%ed at the %reat "tate uni,er"ityF an inno,ati,e te&hniIue to
meet the need" o tho"e eHperien&in% the death o a lo,ed oneF a tool that &an Kpro&e""L the %rie o the people @ho no@ li,e on the
!rairie o the *au=. A" one &an ima%ine the inal day" o the ,illa%e o the *au= .ndian" beore the arri,al o the "ettler" @ith (ohn
$eere?" plo@F one &an al"o ima%ine the"e inal day" beore the arri,al o the ir"t berea,ement &oun"ellor at !rairie du *a&. .n the"e
inal day"F the armer" and the to@n"people mourn at the death o a motherF brotherF "on or riend. The berea,ed i" 7oined by
nei%hbour" and =in. They meet %rie to%ether in lamentationF prayer and "on%. They &all upon the @ord" o the &ler%y and "urround
them"el,e" in &ommunity.
50
1. [CAT-2000] .mpa&t o Ne@ Te&hnolo%y on *o&iety
2. [CAT-2001] Ra&ial and Ca"te-ba"ed $i"&rimination
'. [CAT-2002] The !ra&ti&e o Abortion
/. [CAT-No, 0'] The 3"eulne"" o *o&ial Bie
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] Cultural $ieren&e"+ ;y 6ather and ;e
#. [CAT-200/] Ba&= o Real Chan%e
.t i" in the"e @ay" that they %rie,e and then %o on @ith lie. Throu%h their mournin% they are a""ured o the bond" bet@een them
and rene@ed in the =no@led%e that thi" death i" a part o the !rairie o the *au=. Their %rie i" &ommon propertyF an an%ui"h rom
@hi&h the &ommunity dra@" "tren%th and %i,e" the berea,ed the &oura%e to mo,e ahead.
.t i" into thi" prairie &ommunity that the berea,ement &oun"ellor arri,e" @ith the ne@ %rie te&hnolo%y. The &oun"ellor &all" the
in,ention a "er,i&e and a""ure" the prairie ol= o it" ee&ti,ene"" and "uperiority by in,o=in% the name o the %reat uni,er"ity
@hile di"playin% a diploma and &ertii&ate. At ir"tF @e &an ima%ine that the lo&al people @ill be pu<<led by the berea,ement
&oun"ellor?" &laim. -o@e,erF the &oun"ellor @ill tell a e@ o them that the ne@ te&hniIue i" merely to a""i"t the berea,ed?"
&ommunity at the time o death. To "ome other prairie ol= @ho are i"olated or or%ottenF the &oun"ellor @ill approa&h the County
1oard and ad,o&ate the ri%ht to treatment or the"e unortunate "oul". Thi" ri%ht @ill be %uaranteed by the 1oard?" de&i"ion to
reimbur"e tho"e too poor to pay or &oun"ellin% "er,i&e". There @ill be other"F "&hooled to belie,e in the inno,ati,e ne@ tool"
&ertiied by uni,er"itie" and medi&al &entre"F @ho @ill "ee= out the berea,ement &oun"ellor by or&e o habit. And one o the"e
people @ill tell a berea,ed nei%hbour @ho i" un"&hooled that unle"" hi" %rie i" pro&e""ed by a &oun"ellorF he @ill probably ha,e
ma7or p"y&holo%i&al problem" in later lie. *e,eral people @ill be%in to u"e the berea,ement &oun"ellor be&au"eF "in&e the County
1oard no@ taHe" them to in"ure a&&e"" to the te&hnolo%yF they @ill eel that to ail to be &oun"elled i" to @a"te their moneyF and to
be denied a beneitF or e,en a ri%ht.
6inallyF one dayF the a%ed ather o a *au= @oman @ill die. And the neHt door nei%hbour @ill not drop by be&au"e he doe"n?t @ant
to interrupt the berea,ement &oun"ellor. The @omen?" =in @ill "tay home be&au"e they @ill ha,e learned that only the berea,ement
&oun"ellor =no@" ho@ to pro&e"" %rie the proper @ay. The lo&al &ler%y @ill "ee= te&hni&al a""i"tan&e rom the berea,ement
&oun"ellor to learn the &orre&t orm o "er,i&e to deal @ith %uilt and %rie. And the %rie,in% dau%hter @ill =no@ that it i" the
berea,ement &oun"ellor @ho really &are" or her be&au"e only the berea,ement &oun"ellor &ome" @hen death ,i"it" thi" amily on
the !rairie o the *au=.
.t @ill be only one %eneration bet@een the berea,ement &oun"ellor arri,e" and the &ommunity o mourner" di"appear". The
&oun"ellor?" ne@ tool @ill &ut throu%h the "o&ial abri&F thro@in% a"ide =in"hipF &areF nei%hbourly obli%ation" and &ommunity @ay"
o &omin% to%ether and %oin% on. Bi=e (ohn $eere?" plo@F the tool" o berea,ement &oun"ellin% @ill &reate a de"ert @here a
&ommunity on&e louri"hed. And inallyF e,en the berea,ement &oun"ellor @ill "ee the impo""ibility o re"torin% hope in &lient"
on&e they are %enuinely alone @ith nothin% but a "er,i&e or &on"olation. .n the ine,itable ailure o the "er,i&eF the berea,ement
&oun"ellor @ill ind the de"ert" e,en in her"el.
1. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% be"t de"&ribe" the approa&h o the author4
1. Comparin% eHperien&e" @ith t@o inno,ation" triedF in order to illu"trate the ailure o both.
2. !re"entin% &ommunity per"pe&ti,e" on t@o te&hnolo%ie" @hi&h ha,e had ne%ati,e ee&t" on people.
'. 3"in% the ne%ati,e out&ome" o one inno,ation to illu"trate the li=ely out&ome" o another inno,ation.
/. Contra"tin% t@o &onteHt" "eparated in timeF to illu"trate ho@ Ede"ert"? ha,e ari"en.
2. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF berea,ement handlin% traditionally in,ol,e"+
1. the &ommunity berea,ement &oun"ellor" @or=in% @ith the berea,ed to help himPher o,er&ome %rie.
2. the nei%hbour" and =in 7oinin% the berea,ed and meetin% %rie to%ether in mournin% and prayer.
'. u"in% te&hniIue" de,eloped "y"temati&ally in ormal in"titution" o learnin%F a trained &oun"ellor helpin% the berea,ed
&ope @ith %rie.
/. the *au= .ndian Chie leadin% the &ommunity @ith ritual" and rite" to help le""en the %rie o the berea,ed.
'. $ue to @hi&h o the ollo@in% rea"on"F a&&ordin% to the authorF @ill the berea,ement &oun"ellor ind de"ert" e,en in her"el4
1. 8,er a period o timeF @or=in% @ith *au= .ndian" @ho ha,e lo"t their =in"hip and relation"hip"F "he be&ome" one o them.
2. *he i" @or=in% in an en,ironment @here the di"appearan&e o &ommunity mourner" ma=e" her @or= pla&e a "o&ial de"ert.
'. -er eort" at %rie pro&e""in% @ith the berea,ed @ill ail a" no amount o proe""ional "er,i&e &an ma=e up or the lo""
due to the di"appearan&e o &ommunity mourner".
/. *he ha" been @or=in% @ith people @ho ha,e "ettled or a lon% time in the 2reat $e"ert.
/. A&&ordin% to the authorF the berea,ement &oun"ellor i"+
1. a riend o the berea,ed helpin% him or her handle %rie.
2. an ad,o&ate o the ri%ht to treatment or the &ommunity.
'. a =in o the berea,ed helpin% himPher handle %rie.
/. a ormally trained per"on helpin% the berea,ed handle %rie.
5. The !rairie @a" a %reat pu<<lement or the Curopean pioneer" be&au"e+
1. it @a" &o,ered @ith thi&=F untillable layer" o %ra"" o,er a ,a"t "tret&h.
51
2. it @a" a lar%e de"ert immediately neHt to lu"h ore"t".
'. it @a" ri&h &ulti,able land let allo@ or &enturie".
/. it &ould be ea"ily tilled @ith iron plo@".
#. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% doe" the Ede"ert? in the pa""a%e reer to4
1. !rairie "oil depleted by &ulti,ation o @heat.
2. Re"er,ation" in @hi&h nati,e .ndian" @ere re"ettled.
'. Ab"en&e oF and emptine"" inF &ommunity =in"hip and relation"hip".
/. All o the abo,e.
>. A&&ordin% to the authorF people @ill be%in to utili"e the "er,i&e o the berea,ement &oun"ellor be&au"e+
1. ne@ County re%ulation" @ill ma=e them eel it i" a ri%htF and i they don?t u"e itF it @ould be a lo"".
2. the berea,ed in the &ommunity @ould ind her a helpul riend.
'. "he @ill i%ht or "ub"i"ten&e allo@an&e rom the County 1oard or the poor amon% the berea,ed.
/. %rie pro&e""in% need" tool" &ertiied by uni,er"itie" and medi&al &entre".
J. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% parallel" bet@een the plo@ and berea,ement &oun"ellin% i" not &laimed by the author4
1. 1oth are inno,ati,e te&hnolo%ie".
2. 1oth re"ult in mi%ration o the &ommunitie" into @hi&h the inno,ation" are introdu&ed.
'. 1oth lead to Ede"ert"? in the "pa&e o only one %eneration.
/. 1oth are tool" introdu&ed by out"ider" enterin% eHi"tin% &ommunitie".
PASSAGE II
The union %o,ernment?" pre"ent po"ition ,i"-S-,i" the up&omin% 3nited Nation" &oneren&e on ra&ial and related di"&rimination
@orld-@ide "eem" to be the ollo@in%+ di"&u"" ra&e plea"eF not &a"teG &a"te i" our ,ery o@n and not at all a" bad a" you thin=. The
%ro"" hypo&ri"y o that po"ition ha" been lu&idly under"&ored by "anc!a Ilaia!. CHpli&itlyF the @orld &ommunity i" to be &heated
out o &on"iderin% the matter on the te&hni&ality that &a"te i" notF a" a &on&eptF tantamount to a ra&ial &ate%ory. .nternallyF ho@e,erF
allo@in% the i""ue to be put on a%enda at the "aid &oneren&e @ouldF @e are patrioti&ally admoni"hedF dama%e the &ountry?" ima%e.
*omeho@F .ndia?" ,irtual belie" elbo@ out &on&rete a&tualitie". .n,erted repre"entation"F a" @e =no@F ha,e oten been deployed in
human hi"torie" a" balm or the or"a=en9reli%ion bein% the mo"t per"i"tent o "u&h in,er"ion". MetF @e @ould humbly "ubmit that
i %lobali"in% our mar=et" are thou%ht %ood or the Enational? po&=etF %lobali"in% our "o&ial ineIuitie" mi%ht not be "o bad or the
ma"" o our people. Ater allF ra&i"m @a" a" uniIuely in"titutionali"ed in *outh Ari&a a" &a"te di"&rimination ha" been @ithin our
"o&ietyG @hy then &an?t @e permit the @orld &ommunity to eHpre"" it"el on the latter @ith a ra&tion o the <eal @ith @hi&hF
throu%h the year"F @e pronoun&ed on the ormer4
A" to the te&hni&ality about @hether or not &a"te i" admi""ible into the a%enda about ra&e (that the &oneren&e i" al"o about Erelated
di"&rimination"? tend" to be or%otten)F a reputed "o&iolo%i"t ha" re&ently ar%ued that @here ra&e i" a Ebiolo%i&al? &ate%ory &a"te i" a
E"o&ial? one. -a,in% earlier ier&ely oppo"ed implementation o the ;andal Commi""ion ReportF the "aid "o&iolo%i"t i" at lea"t to
be &omplimented no@ or admittin%F ho@e,er tan%entiallyF that &a"te di"&rimination i" a realityF althou%hF in hi" ,ie@F in&ompatible
@ith ra&ial di"&rimination.
8ne @ould li=e Iui&=ly to oer the hypothe"i" that biolo%yF in important @ay" that ae&t the li,e" o many million"F i" in it"el
perhap" a "o&ial &on"tru&tion. 1ut let u" loo= at the matter in another @ay.
. it i" a%reed9a" per the po"ition today at @hi&h anthropolo%i&al and allied "&ientii& determination" re"t9that the entire ra&e o
!omo sapiens deri,ed rom an ori%inary bla&= Ari&an emale (&alled EC,e?) then one i" hard put to under"tand ho@F on "ome
"ub"eIuent %roundF ontolo%i&al di"tin&tion" are to be dra@n either bet@een ra&e" or &a"te". Bet u" al"o underline the di"tin&tion
bet@een the "uppo"ition that @e are all %od?" &hildren and the rather more "ub"tantiated ar%ument about our de"&ent rom EC,e?F
le"t both po"ition" are thou%ht to be eIually di,er"ionary. .t then "tand" to rea"on that all "ub"eIuent di"tin&tion" areF in modern
parlan&eF E&on"tru&ted? one"F andF li=e all ideolo%i&al &on"tru&tion"F attributable to &han%in% eIuation" bet@een =no@led%e and
po@er amon% human &ommunitie" throu%h &onte"ted hi"torie" hereF thereF and el"e@here.
Thi" line o thou%ht re&ei,e"F than=ullyF eHtremely &on"eIuential buttre"" rom the indin%" o the -uman 2enome pro7e&t.
Contrary to earlier (&hiely 1)
th
&entury &olonial) per"ua"ion" on the "ub7e&t o ra&eF a" @ell a"F one mi%ht addF the "ome@hat
inamou" (en"en oerin%" in the 20
th
&entury rom Ameri&aF tho"e indin%" deny %eneti& dieren&e bet@een Era&e"?. . anythin%F
they "u%%e"t that en,ironmental a&tor" impin%e on %ene-un&tionF a" a diale&ti& "eem" to unold bet@een nature and &ulture. .t
@ould thu" "eem that ?biolo%y? a" the &on"titution o pi%mentation enter" the pi&ture ir"t only a" a part o that diale&ti&. Ta=en
to%etherF the ori%inary mother "tipulation and the 2enome indin%" ou%ht indeed to urni"h %round or human eIuality a&ro"" the
52
boardF a" @ell a" yield poli&y initiati,e" to@ard" eIuitable material di"pen"ation" aimed at buildin% a %lobal order @hereF in
-e%el?" "tirrin% ormulationF only the rational &on"titute" the ri%ht. *u&hF "adlyF i" not the &a"e a" e,eryday re"h arbitrary %round"
or di"&rimination are &on"tru&ted in the intere"t" o "e&tional dominan&e.
). 0hen the author @rite" E%lobali"in% our "o&ial ineIuitie"?F the reeren&e i" to+
1. %oin% beyond an internal deliberation on "o&ial ineIuity.
2. dealin% @ith internal po,erty throu%h the e&onomi& beneit" o %lobali"ation.
'. %oin% beyond an internal delimitation o "o&ial ineIuity.
/. a&hie,in% di"ad,anta%ed people?" empo@ermentF %lobally.
10. A&&ordin% to the authorF Ein,erted repre"entation" a" balm or the or"a=en?+
1. i" %ood or the or"a=en and oten deployed in human hi"torie".
2. i" %ood or the or"a=enF but not oten deployed hi"tori&ally or the oppre""ed.
'. o&&ur" oten a" a mean" o =eepin% people oppre""ed.
/. o&&ur" oten to in,ert the status )uo.
11. 1a"ed on the pa""a%eF @hi&h broad area" unambi%uou"ly all under the pur,ie@ o the 3N &oneren&e bein% di"&u""ed4
A. Ra&ial pre7udi&e.
1. Ra&ial pride.
C. $i"&riminationF ra&ial or other@i"e.
$. Ca"te-related di"&rimination.
C. Ra&e-related di"&rimination.
1. AF C
2. CF C
'. AF CF C
/. 1F CF $
12. A&&ordin% to the authorF the "o&iolo%i"t @ho ar%ued that ra&e i" a Ebiolo%i&al? &ate%ory and &a"te i" a E"o&ial? one+
1. %enerally "hare" the "ame orientation a" the author?" on many o the &entral i""ue" di"&u""ed.
2. tan%entially admit" to the eHi"ten&e o E&a"te? a" a &ate%ory.
'. admit" the in&ompatibility bet@een the people o dierent ra&e and &a"te.
/. admit" indire&tly that both &a"te-ba"ed pre7udi&e and ra&ial di"&rimination eHi"t.
1'. An important me""a%e in the pa""a%eF i one a&&ept" a diale&ti& bet@een nature and &ultureF i" that+
1. the re"ult" o the -uman 2enome !ro7e&t reinor&e" ra&ial dieren&e".
2. ra&e i" at lea"t partially a "o&ial &on"tru&t.
'. di"&rimination i" at lea"t partially a "o&ial &on"tru&t.
/. &a"te i" at lea"t partially a "o&ial &on"tru&t.
PASSAGE III
T!ere are a seemingly endless variety of laws* restrictions* customs and traditions t!at affect t!e practice of abortion around t!e
world( lobally* abortion is probably t!e single most controversial issue in t!e w!ole area of women+s rig!ts and family matters( It
is an issue t!at inflames women+s rig!t groups* religious institutions* and t!e self#proclaimed ,guardians- of public morality( T!e
growing worldwide belief is t!at t!e rig!t to control one+s fertility is a basic !uman rig!t( T!is !as resulted in a worldwide trend
towards liberalization of abortion laws( .orty percent of t!e world+s population lives in countries w!ere induced abortion is
permitted on re)uest( /n additional 01 percent live in countries w!ere it is allowed if t!e women+s life be endangered if s!e went to
full term wit! !er pregnancy( T!e estimate is t!at between 02 and 34 million legal abortions were performed in 4567( However*
t!ere were also between 48 and 00 million illegal abortions performed in t!at year(
6emini"t" ha,e ,ie@ed the patriar&hal &ontrol o @omen?" bodie" a" one o the prime i""ue" a&in% the &ontemporary @omen?"
mo,ement. They ob"er,e that the deinition and &ontrol o @omen?" reprodu&ti,e reedom ha,e al@ay" been the pro,in&e o men.
!atriar&hal reli%ionF a" manie"t in ."lami& undamentali"mF traditionali"t -indu pra&ti&eF orthodoH (udai"mF and Roman
Catholi&i"mF ha" been an important hi"tori&al &ontributory a&tor or thi" and &ontinue" to be an important pre"en&e in
&ontemporary "o&ietie". .n re&ent time"F %o,ernment"F u"ually &ontrolled by menF ha,e K%i,enL @omen the ri%ht to &ontra&epti,e
u"e and abortion a&&e"" @hen their &ountrie" @ere per&ei,ed to ha,e an o,erpopulation problem. 0hen the"e &ountrie" are
per&ei,ed to be underpopulatedF that ri%ht ha" been ab"ent. 3ntil the nineteenth &enturyF a @oman?" ri%ht" to an abortion ollo@ed
5'
Cn%li"h &ommon la@G it &ould only be le%ally &hallen%ed i there @a" a KIui&=enin%LF @hen the ir"t mo,ement" o the oetu"
&ould be elt. .n 1J00F dru%" to indu&e abortion" @ere @idely ad,erti"ed in lo&al ne@"paper". 1y 1)00F abortion @a" banned in
e,ery "tate eH&ept to "a,e the lie o the mother. The &han%e @a" "tron%ly inluen&ed by the medi&al proe""ionF @hi&h o&u""ed it"
&ampai%n o"ten"ibly on health and "aety i""ue" or pre%nant @omen and the "an&tity o lie. .t" po"ition @a" al"o a mean" o
&ontrol o nonli&en"ed medi&al pra&titioner" "u&h a" mid@i,e" and @omen healer" @ho pra&ti&ed abortion.
The anti-abortion &ampai%n @a" al"o inluen&ed by politi&al &on"ideration". The lar%e inluH o ea"tern and "outhern Curopean
immi%rant" @ith their lar%e amilie" @a" "een a" a threat to the population balan&e o the uture 3nited *tate". ;iddle and 3pper
&la"" !rote"tant" @ere ad,o&ate" o abortion a" a orm o birth &ontrol. 1y "upportin% abortion prohibition" the hope @a" that the"e
Ameri&an" @ould ha,e more &hildren and thu" pre,ent the tide o immi%rant babie" rom o,er@helmin% the demo%raphi&
&hara&teri"ti&" o !rote"tant Ameri&a.
The anti-abortion le%i"lati,e po"ition remained in ee&t in the 3nited *tate" throu%h the ir"t "iHty-i,e year" o the t@entieth
&entury. .n the early 1)#0"F e,en @hen it @a" @idely =no@n that the dru% thalidomide ta=en durin% pre%nan&y to alle,iate anHiety
@a" "ho@n to &ontribute to the ormation o deormed Klipper-li=eL hand" or le%" o &hildrenF abortion @a" ille%al in the 3nited
*tate". A "e&ond health tra%edy @a" the "e,ere outbrea= o rubella durin% the "ame time periodF @hi&h al"o re"ulted in ma7or birth
dee&t". The"e tra%edie" &ombined @ith a &han%e o attitude to@ard" a @oman?" ri%ht to pri,a&y led a number o "tate" to pa""
abortion-permittin% le%i"lation.
8n one "ide o the &ontro,er"y are tho"e @ho &all them"el,e" Kpro-lieL. They ,ie@ the oetu" a" a human lie rather than a" an
unormed &ompleH o &ell"G thereoreF they hold to the belie that abortion i" e""entially murder o an unborn &hild. The"e %roup"
&ite both le%al and reli%iou" rea"on" or their oppo"ition to abortion. !ro-lier" point to the ri"e in le%ali<ed abortion i%ure" and "ee
thi" a" morally intolerable. 8n the other "ide o the i""ue are tho"e @ho &all them"el,e" Kpro-&hoi&eL. They belie,e that @omenF
not le%i"lator" or 7ud%e"F "hould ha,e the ri%ht to de&ide @hether and under @hat &ir&um"tan&e" they @ill bear &hildren. !ro-
&hoi&er" are o the opinion that la@" @ill not pre,ent @omen rom ha,in% abortion" and &ite the horror "torie" o the pa"t @hen
many @omen died at the hand" o Kba&=roomL abortioni"t" and in de"perate attempt" to "el-abort. They al"o ob"er,e that le%ali<ed
abortion i" e"pe&ially important or rape ,i&tim" and in&e"t ,i&tim" @ho be&ame pre%nant. They "tre"" phy"i&al and mental health
rea"on" @hy @omen "hould not ha,e un@anted &hildren.
To %et a better under"tandin% o the &urrent abortion &ontro,er"yF let u" eHamine a ,ery important @or= by Kri"tin Bu=er titled
Abortion and the !oliti&" o ;otherhood. Bu=er ar%ue" that emale pro-&hoi&e and pro-lie a&ti,i"t" hold dierent @orld ,ie@"
re%ardin% %enderF "eHF and the meanin% o parenthood. ;oral po"ition" on abortion" are "een to be tied intimately to ,ie@" on
"eHual beha,iourF the &are o &hildrenF amily lieF te&hnolo%yF and the importan&e o the indi,idual. Bu=er identiie" Kpro-&hoi&eL
@omen a" edu&atedF aluentF and liberal. Their &ontra"tin% &ounterpart"F Kpro-lieL @omenF "upport traditional &on&ept" o @omen
a" @i,e" and mother". .t @ould be in"tru&ti,e to "=et&h out the dieren&e" in the @orld ,ie@" o the"e t@o "et" o @omen. Bu=er
eHamine" CaliorniaF @ith it" liberali<ed abortion la@F a" a &a"e hi"tory. !ubli& do&ument" and ne@"paper a&&ount" o,er a t@enty-
year period @ere analy<ed and o,er 200 inter,ie@" @ere held @ith both pro-lie and pro-&hoi&e a&ti,i"t".
Bu=er ound that pro-lie and pro-&hoi&e a&ti,i"t" ha,e intrin"i&ally dierent ,ie@" @ith re"pe&t to %ender. !ro-lie @omen ha,e a
notion o publi& and pri,ate lie. The proper pla&e or men i" in the publi& "phere o @or=G or @omenF it i" the pri,ate "phere o the
home. ;en beneit throu%h the nurturan&e o @omenG @omen beneit throu%h the prote&tion o men. Children are "een to be the
ultimate benei&iarie" o thi" arran%ement by ha,in% the mother a" a ull-time lo,in% parent and by ha,in% &lear role model". !ro-
&hoi&e ad,o&ate" re7e&t the ,ie@ o "eparate "phere". They ob7e&t to the notion o the home bein% the K@omen?" "phereL. 0omen?"
reprodu&ti,e and amily role" are "een a" potential barrier" to ull eIuality. ;otherhood i" "een a" a ,oluntaryF not a mandatory or
KnaturalL role.
.n "ummari<in% her indin%"F Bu=er belie,e" that @omen be&ome a&ti,i"t" in either o the t@o mo,ement" a" the end re"ult o li,e"
that &enter around dierent &on&eptuali<ation" o motherhood. Their belie" and ,alue" are rooted to the &on&rete &ir&um"tan&e" o
their li,e"F their edu&ation"F in&ome"F o&&upation"F and the dierent marital and amily &hoi&e" that they ha,e made. They
repre"ent t@o dierent @orld ,ie@" o @omen?" role" in &ontemporary "o&iety and a" "u&h the abortion i""ue" repre"ent the
battle%round or the 7u"tii&ation o their re"pe&ti,e ,ie@".
1/. A&&ordin% to your under"tandin% o the author?" ar%ument" @hi&h &ountrie" are more li=ely to allo@ abortion4
1. .ndia and China.
2. Au"tralia and ;on%olia.
'. Cannot be inerred rom the pa""a%e.
/. 1oth (1) and (2).
15. 0hi&h amon%"t the"e @a" 1't a rea"on or bannin% o abortion" by 1)004
1. ;edi&al proe""ional" "tre""in% the health and "aety o @omen.
5/
2. .nluH o ea"tern and "outhern Curopean immi%rant".
'. Control o unli&en"ed medi&al pra&titioner".
/. A tradition o matriar&hal &ontrol.
1#. A pro-lie @oman @ould ad,o&ate abortion i+
1. the mother o an unborn &hild i" "ui&idal.
2. bearin% a &hild &onli&t" @ith a @oman?" &areer pro"pe&t".
'. the mother be&ome" pre%nant a&&identally.
/. none o the abo,e.
1>. !ro-&hoi&e @omen ob7e&t to the notion o the home bein% the K@omen?" "phereL be&au"e they belie,e+
1. that the home i" a K7oint "phereL "hared bet@een men and @omen.
2. that reprodu&tion i" a matter o &hoi&e or @omen.
'. that men and @omen are eIual.
/. both (2) and (')
1J. T@o health tra%edie" ae&tin% 3.*. "o&iety in the 1)#0" led to+
1. a &han%e in attitude to @omen?" ri%ht to pri,a&y.
2. retainin% the anti-abortion la@" @ith "ome eH&eption".
'. "&rappin% o anti-abortion la@".
/. "tren%thenin% o the pro-lie lobby.
1). -i"tori&allyF the pro-&hoi&e mo,ement ha" %ot "upport romF amon% other"F+
1. ma7or patriar&hal reli%ion".
2. &ountrie" @ith lo@ population den"ity.
'. medi&al proe""ion.
/. none o the abo,e.
PASSAGE III
*o&ial lie i" an outlo@ and meetin% o per"onalityF @hi&h mean" that it" end i" the meetin% o &hara&terF temperamentF and
"en"ibilityF in @hi&h our thou%ht" and eelin%"F and "en"e per&eption" are brou%ht into play at their li%hte"t and yet =eene"t.
Thi" a"pe&tF to my thin=in%F i" reali<ed a" mu&h in lar%e partie" &ompo"ed o &a"ual a&Iuaintan&e" or e,en "tran%er"F a" in intimate
meetin%" o old riend". . am not one o tho"e "uperior per"on" @ho hold &o&=tail partie" in &ontemptF loo=in% upon them a" barren
or at be"t a" ,ery tryin%ly =aleido"&opi& pla&e" or %atherin%F be&au"e o the "tran%er" one ha" to meet in themG @hi&h i" no
ar%umentF or e,en our mo"t intimate riend" mu"t at one time ha,e been "tran%er" to u". The"e lar%e %atherin%" @ill be only @hat
@e ma=e o them9i not anythin% betterF they &an be a" %ood pla&e" to &olle&t ne@ riend" rom a" the "la,e-mar=et" o ."tanbul
@ere or beautiul "la,e" or Ne@ ;ar=et or ra&e hor"e".
1ut they do oer more immediate en7oyment. 6or one thin%F in them one &an "ee the eHternal eHpre""ion o "o&ial lie in
appearan&e and beha,iour at it" @ide"t and mo"t ,aried9 @here one &an admire beauty o body or airF hear ,oi&e" remar=able
either or "@eetne"" or reinementF loo= on ele%an&e o &lothe" or deportment. 0hat i" moreF the"e partie" are "&hool" or trainin%
in "o&iabilityF or in them @e ha,e to treat "tran%er" a" riend". *oF in them @e "ee "o&ial "ympathy in @ide"t &ommonality "preadF
or at lea"t "hould. 0e "ho@ an atrophy o the natural human in"tin&t o %ettin% plea"ure and happine"" out o other human bein%" i
@e &annot treat "tran%er" a" riend" or the moment. And . @ould %o urther and paraphra"e !ater to "ay that not to be able to
di"&riminate e,ery moment "ome pa""ionate attitude in tho"e about u"F e,en @hen @e meet them &a"uallyF i" on thi" "hort day o
ro"t and "un @hi&h our lie i"F to "leep beore e,enin%.
*oF it @ill be "een that my &on&eption o "o&ial lie i" mode"tF or it ma=e" no demand" on @hat @e !aveF thou%h it doe" ma=e
"ome on @hat @e are. .ntere"tF @onderF "ympathyF and lo,eF the ir"t t@o leadin% to the la"t t@oF are the p"y&holo%i&al prereIui"ite"
or "o&ial lieG and the need or the ir"t t@o mu"t not be underrated. 0e &annot ma=e the mo"t e,en o our intimate "o&ial lie
unle"" @e are able to ma=e "tran%er" o our olde"t riend" e,eryday by di"&o,erin% un=no@n area" in their per"onalityF and
tran"orm them into ne@ riend". .n "umF "o&ial lie i" a un&tion o ,itality.
.t i" tra%i&F ho@e,erF to ob"er,e that it i" the"e ,ery natural "prin%" o "o&ial lie @hi&h are dryin% up amon% u". .t i" be&omin%
more and more dii&ult to &ome a&ro"" ello@-eelin% or human bein%" a" "u&h in our "o&iety9and in all it" "trata. .n the poor
middle &la""F in the &our"e o all my lieF . ha,e hardly "een any "o&ial lie properly "o-&alled. Not only ha" the %rindin% routine o
ma=in% a li,in% =illed all de"ire or it in themF it ha" al"o %enerated a "tandin% mood o pee,i"h ho"tility to other human bein%".
55
.n&rea"in% e&onomi& di"tre"" in re&ent year" ha" ininitely @or"ened thi" "tate o aair"F and ha" al"o brou%ht a "ini"ter addition9
&la"" hatred. Thi" ha" be&ome the %reate"t &olle&ti,e emotional en7oyment o the poor middle &la""F and indeed they eel mo"t
"o&ial @hen they orm a pa&=F and "narl or ho@l at people @ho are better o than they.
Their mo"t inno&ent eHhibition o "o&iability i" "een @hen they "pill out rom their home" into the "treet" and ba<aar". . @a"
a"toni"hed to "ee the millin% &ro@d" in the poor "uburb" o Cal&utta. 1ut e,en there a %roup o lippant youn% loaer" @ould put on
a &on"piratorial loo= i they "a@ a man in %ood &lothe" pa""in% by them either on oot or in a &ar. . had borro@ed a &ar rom a
relati,e to ,i"it a riend in one o the"e "uburb"F and he be&ame ,ery anHiou" @hen . had not returned beore du"=. A&id and
bomb"F he "aidF @ere thro@n at &ar" almo"t e,ery e,enin% in that area. . @a" ama<ed. 1ut . al"o =no@ a" a a&t that my brother @a"
bla&=mailed to pay i,e rupee" on a trumped up &har%e @hen pa""in% in a &ar throu%h one "u&h lo&ality.
The "ituation i" dierently inhumanF but not a @hit more humanF amon% the @ell-to-do. Kindline"" or ello@-human bein%" ha"
been "mothered in themF ta=en a" a &la""F by the arro%an&e o @orldly po"itionF @hi&h amon% the 1en%ali" @ho "ho@ thi" "nobbery
i" oten only a third-&la"" po"ition.
20. 0hat i" the author tryin% to "ho@ throu%h the t@o in&ident" in the para%raph be%innin%F KTheir mo"t inno&ent eHhibition o
"o&iability...L4
1. The &ro@d" in poor Cal&utta "uburb" &an turn ,iolent @ithout any pro,o&ation.
2. Althou%h poorF the people o poor Cal&utta "uburb" ha,e a ri&h "o&ial lie.
'. .t i" ri"=y or ri&h people to mo,e around in poor "uburb".
/. A&hie,in% a hi%h de%ree o "o&iability doe" not "top the poor rom hatin% the ri&h.
21. The @ord Edi"&riminate? in the la"t "enten&e o the third para%raph mean"
1. re&o%ni"e. 2. &ount.
'. di"tin%ui"h. /. analy<e.
22. .n thi" pa""a%e the author i" e""entially
1. "ho@in% ho@ "hallo@ our "o&ial lie i".
2. po=in% un at the lo@er middle &la"" people @ho ho@l at better o people.
'. lamentin% the dryin% up o our real "o&ial lie.
/. &riti&i<in% the upper &la"" or la,i"h "ho@y partie".
2'. The author?" &on&eption o E"o&ial lie? reIuire" that
1. people attend lar%e %atherin%".
2. people po""e"" Iualitie" li=e @onder and intere"t.
'. people do not "pend too mu&h time in the &ompany o intimate riend".
/. lar%e partie" &on"i"t o &a"ual a&Iuaintan&e" and intimate riend".
2/. The @ord Ethey? in the ir"t "enten&e o the third para%raph reer" to
1. Bar%e partie" &on"i"tin% o &a"ual a&Iuaintan&e" and "tran%er".
2. .ntimate meetin%" o old riend".
'. Ne@ riend".
/. 1oth 1 W 2.
PASSAGE -
0hile . @a" in &la"" at ColumbiaF "tru%%lin% @ith the esoterica du jourF my ather @a" on a bri&=layer?" "&aold not ar up the
"treetF @or=in% on a &ampu" buildin%. 8n&e @e met up on the "ub@ay %oin% home9he @a" @ith hi" tool"F . @ith my boo=". ;y
ather @a"n?t intere"ted in Thu&ydide"F and . @a"n?t up on ar&he". ;y dad ha" built lot" o pla&e" in Ne@ Mor= City he &an?t %et
into+ &olle%e"F &ondo"F oi&e to@er". -e made hi" li,in% on the out"ide. 8n&e the @all" @ere upF a pla&e too= on a dierent eel or
himF a" thou%h he @a"n?t @el&ome anymore. Related by bloodF @e?re "eparated by &la""F my ather and .. 1ein% the @hite-&ollar
&hild o a blue-&ollar parent mean" bein% the hin%e on the door bet@een t@o @ay" o lie. 0ith one oot in the @or=in%-&la""F the
other in the middle &la""F people li=e me are *traddler"F at home in neither @orldF li,in% a limbo lie.
0hat dro,e me to lea,e @hat . =ne@4 1orn blue-&ollarF . "till ne,er elt &ompletely at home amon% the tou%h %uy" and anti-
intelle&tual &ro@d o my nei%hbourhood in deepe"t 1roo=lyn. . ne,er did &ompletely it in amon% the preppie" and "uburban
royalty o ColumbiaF either. .t?" li=e that or *traddler". .t @a" not "o "mooth 7umpin% rom .talian old-@orld "tyle to 3*
5#
proe""ional in a "in%le %eneration. 8ther" @ho @ere the ir"t in their amilie" to %o to &olle%eF @ill tell you the "ame thin%+ the
a&ademy &an render you unre&o%ni"able to the ,ery people @ho laun&hed you into the @orld. The idea" and ,alue" ab"orbed in
&olle%e &hallen%e the mom-and-pop orthodoHy that pa""ed or truth or 1J year". Bimbo ol= may e"&he@ polye"ter blend" or "ea-
i"le &ottonF preer 1rie to Krat "li&e". They marry out"ide the nei%hbourhood and rai"e their =id" dierently. They mi%ht not be in
&hur&h on *unday.
0hen they pi&= &areer" (not jobs)F it?" oten a =ind o @or= their parent" ne,er heard o or &an?t under"tand. 1ut or the @hite-
&ollar =id" o blue-&ollar parent"F the oi&e i" not ne&e""arily a "an&tuary. .n Corporate Ameri&aF @here the rule" are ba"ed on
notion" orei%n to @or=in%-&la"" peopleF a *traddler &an %et lo"t. *o&ial &la"" &ount" at the oi&eF e,en thou%h nobody li=e" to
admit it. 3ltimatelyF &orporate norm" are ba"ed on middle-&la"" ,alue"F bu"ine"" type" "ay. 6rom an early a%eF middle-&la"" people
learn ho@ to %et alon%F u"in% diploma&yF nuan&eF and politi&" to %rab @hat they need. .t i" a" thou%h they are ollo@in% a "et o
rule" laid out in a manual that blue-&ollared amilie" ne,er ha,e the &han&e to read.
!eople born into the middle &la"" to parent" @ith &olle%e de%ree" ha,e li,ed li,e" illed @ith @hat 6ren&h "o&iolo%i"t !ierre
1ourdieu &all" E&ultural &apital?. 2ro@in% up in an edu&ated en,ironmentF they learn about !i&a""o and ;o<artF "to&= portolio"
and 17r9me brulee. .n a home @ith &ultural &apitalF there are net@or="+ "omeone al@ay" ha" an aunt or %olin% buddy @ith the
in"ide tra&= or an intern"hip or "ome entry-le,el 7ob. $inner-table tal= &ould in,ol,e @hat happened that day to mom and dad at
the la@ irmF the do&tor?" oi&eF or the eHe&uti,e "uite. ;iddle-&la"" =id" &an %ro@ up @ith a "en"e o entitlement that @ill &arry
them throu%h their li,e". Thi" Ebelon%in%ne""? i" not 7u"t related to ha,in% material mean"F it al"o ha" to do @ith learnin% and
po""e""in% &oniden&e in your pla&e in the @orld. *u&h early a&&e"" and dire&t eHpo"ure to &ulture in the home i" the more or%ani&F
Ele%itimate? mean" o appropriatin% &ultural &apitalF 1ourdieu tell" u". Tho"e o u" po""e""in% Eill-%otten Culture? &an learn itF but
ne,er a" @ell. *omethin% i" al@ay" a little o about u"F li=e an en%ine @ith impre&i"e timin%. There?" a %reater mat&h bet@een
middle-&la"" li,e" and the in"titution" in @hi&h the middle &la"" @or=" and operate"9uni,er"itie" or &orporation". Children o the
middle and upper &la""e" ha,e been "pea=in% the lan%ua%e o the bo""e" and "uper,i"or" ore,er.
1lue-&ollar =id" are tau%ht by their parent" and &ommunitie" to @or= hard to a&hie,eF and that merit i" re@arded. 1ut no blue-
&ollar parent =no@" @hether "u&h thin%" are true in the middle-&la"" @orld. ;any proe""ional" born to the @or=in%-&la"" report
eelin% out o pla&e and outmanoeu,red in the oi&e. *oon enou%hF *traddler" learn that "trai%ht tal= @on?t al@ay" &ut. Re"ol,in%
&onli&t" head-on and "pea=in% your mind doe"n?t al@ay" @or=F no matter ho@ edu&ated the *traddler i".
.n the @or=in%-&la""F people perorm 7ob" in @hi&h they are &lo"ely "uper,i"ed and are reIuired to ollo@ order" and in"tru&tion".
ThatF in turnF ae&t" ho@ they "o&iali"e their &hildren. Children o the @or=in%-&la"" are brou%ht up in a home in @hi&h
&onormityF obedien&e and intoleran&e or ba&= tal= are the norm9the "ame &hara&teri"ti&" that ma=e a %ood a&tory @or=er.
25. 0hen *traddler" enter @hite &ollar 7ob"F they %et lo"t be&au"e+
1. they are thro@n into an alien ,alue "y"tem.
2. their amilie" ha,e not read the rule" in &orporate manual".
'. they ha,e no one to %uide them throu%h the &orporate ma<e.
/. they mi"" the Emom and pop orthodoHy?.
2#. 0hat doe" the author?" "tatementF K;y ather @a"n?t intere"ted in Thu&ydide"F and . @a"n?t up on ar&he"LF illu"trate4
1. 8r%ani& &ultural &apital.
2. !roe""ional arro%an&e and "o&ial di"tan&e.
'. C,ol,in% "o&ial tran"ormation.
/. 1rea=do@n o amily relation"hip".
2>. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" about *traddler" doe" the pa""a%e N8T "upport eHpli&itly4
1. Their ood preeren&e" may not mat&h tho"e o their parent".
2. They may not =eep up "ome &entral reli%iou" pra&ti&e" o their parent".
'. They are at home neither in the middle &la"" nor in the @or=in% &la"".
/. Their politi&al ideolo%ie" may dier rom tho"e o their parent".
2J. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" about E&ultural &apital? i" N8T true4
1. .t "o&iali<e" &hildren early into the norm" o middle &la"" in"titution".
2. .t help" them learn the lan%ua%e o uni,er"itie" and &orporation".
'. .t &reate" a "en"e o entitlement in middle-&la"" &hildren.
/. .t de,elop" bri%ht =id" into *traddler".
2). A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF the pattern" o "o&iali<ation o @or=in%-&la"" &hildren ma=e them mo"t "uited or 7ob" that reIuire
5>
1. diploma&y. 2. &omplian&e @ith order".
2. enterpri"e and initiati,e. /. hi%h ri"= ta=in%.
PASSAGE -I
Re&ently . "pent "e,eral hour" "ittin% under a tree in my %arden @ith the "o&ial anthropolo%i"t 0illiam 3ryF a -ar,ard 3ni,er"ity
proe""or @ho "pe&iali<e" in the art o ne%otiation and @rote the be"t"ellin% boo=F etting to :es. -e &apti,ated me @ith hi" theory
that tribali"m prote&t" people rom their ear o rapid &han%e. -e eHplained that the pillar" o tribali"m that human" rely on or
"e&urity @ould al@ay" &ounter any "i%nii&ant &ultural or "o&ial &han%e. .n thi" @ayF he "aidF &han%e i" ne,er allo@ed to happen too
a"t. Te&hnolo%yF or eHampleF i" a pillar o "o&iety. 3ry belie,e" that e,ery time te&hnolo%y mo,e" in a ne@ or radi&al dire&tionF
another pillar "u&h a" reli%ion or nationali"m @ill %ro@ "tron%er9in ee&tF the traditional and amiliar @ill a""ume %reater
importan&e to &ompen"ate or the ne@ and unte"ted. .n thi" mannerF human tribe" a,oid rapid &han%e that lea,e" people in"e&ure
and ri%htened.
1ut @e ha,e all heard that nothin% i" a" permanent a" &han%e. Nothin% i" %uaranteed. !ithy eHpre""ion"F to be "ureF but no more
than &li&hV". A" 3ry "ay"F people don?t li,e that @ay rom day-to-day. 8n the &ontraryF they a&ti,ely "ee= &ertainty and "tability.
They @ant to =no@ they @ill be "ae.
C,en "oF @e "&are our"el,e" &on"tantly @ith the idea o &han%e. An .1; CC8 on&e "aid+ E0e only re-"tru&ture or a %ood rea"onF
and i @e ha,en?t re-"tru&tured in a @hileF that?" a %ood rea"on.? 0e are "&ared that &ompetitor"F te&hnolo%y and the &on"umer @ill
put u" out o bu"ine""9"o @e ha,e to &han%e all the time 7u"t to "tay ali,e. 1ut i @e a"=ed our ather" and %randather"F @ould
they ha,e "aid that they li,ed in a period o little &han%e4 *tru&ture may not ha,e &han%ed mu&h. .t may 7u"t be the "peed @ith
@hi&h @e do thin%".
Chan%e i" o,er-ratedF any@ay. Con"ider the automobile. .t?" an e"pe&ially ,aluable eHampleF be&au"e the auto indu"try ha" "pent
ten" o billion" o dollar" on re"ear&h and produ&t de,elopment in the la"t 100 year". -enry 6ord?" ir"t &ar had a metal &ha""i"
@ith an internal &ombu"tionF %a"oline-po@ered en%ineF our @heel" @ith rubber tyre"F a oot operated &lut&h a""embly and bra=e
"y"temF a "teerin% @heelF and our "eat"F and it &ould "aely do 1J mile" per hour. A hundred year" and ten" o thou"and" o
re"ear&h hour" laterF @e dri,e &ar" @ith a metal &ha""i" @ith an internal &ombu"tionF %a"oline-po@ered en%ineF our @heel" @ith
rubber tyre"F a oot operated &lut&h a""embly and bra=e "y"temF a "teerin% @heelF our "eat"9and the a,era%e "peed in Bondon in
2001 @a" 1>.5 mile" per hourR
That?" not a hell o a lot o return or the money. 6ord e,idently doe"n?t ha,e mu&h to tea&h u" about &han%e. The a&t that they?re
"till manua&turin% &ar" i" not proo that 6ord ;otor Co. i" a "ound or%ani<ationF 7u"t proo that it ta=e" ,ery lar%e &ompanie" to
ma=e &ar" in %reat Iuantitie"9ma=in% or an almo"t impre%nable entry barrier.
6ity year" ater the de,elopment o the 7et en%ineF plane" are al"o little &han%ed. They?,e %ro@n bi%%erF @ider and &an &arry more
people. 1ut tho"e are in&rementalF lar%ely &o"meti& &han%e".
Ta=en to%ether thi" la&= o real &han%e ha" &ome to mean that in tra,el9@hether dri,in% or lyin%9time and te&hnolo%y ha,e not
&ombined to ma=e thin%" mu&h better. The "aety and de"i%n ha,e o &our"e a&&ompanied the time" and the ne@ ,olume o &ar"
and li%ht"F but nothin% o any "i%nii&an&e ha" &han%ed in the ba"i& a""umption" o the inal produ&t.
At the "ame timeF mo,in% around in &ar" or aeroplane" be&ome" le"" and le"" ei&ient all the time. Not only ha" there been no
%reat &han%eF but al"o both orm" o tran"port ha,e deteriorated a" more people &lamour to u"e them. The "ame i" true or
telephone"F @hi&h too= o,er hundred year" to be&ome mobileF or photo%raphi& ilmF @hi&h al"o reIuired an entire &entury to
&han%e.
The only eHplanation or thi" i" anthropolo%i&al. 8n&e e"tabli"hed in &al&iied or%ani<ation"F human" do t@o thin%"+ "abota%e
&han%e" that mi%ht render people di"pen"ableF and en"ure indu"try-@ide emulation. .n the 1)#0"F 2erman auto &ompanie"
de,eloped plan" to "&rap the entire &ombu"tion en%ine or an ele&tri&al de"i%n. (The "ame eHi"ted in the 1)>0" in (apanF and in the
1)J0" in 6ran&e.) *o or /0 year" @e mi%ht ha,e been ree o the @a"teul and ludi&rou" dependen&e on o""il uel". 0hy didn?t it
%o any@here4 1e&au"e auto eHe&uti,e" under"tood pi"ton" and &arburettor"F and @ould be loath to &annibali<e their eHperti"eF
alon% @ith mo"t o their a&torie".
'0. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" i" true4
1. CHe&uti,e" o automobile &ompanie" are inei&ient and ludi&rou".
2. The "peed at @hi&h an automobile i" dri,en in a &ity ha" not &han%ed mu&h in a &entury.
'. Anthropolo%i&al a&tor" ha,e o"tered inno,ation in automobile" by promotin% u"e o ne@ te&hnolo%ie".
/. 6urther inno,ation in 7et en%ine" ha" been more than in&remental.
5J
'1. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% ,ie@" doe" the author ully "upport in the pa""a%e4
1. Nothin% i" a" permanent a" &han%e.
2. Chan%e i" al@ay" rapid.
'. ;ore money "pent on inno,ation lead" to more rapid &han%e.
/. 8,er de&ade"F "tru&tural &han%e ha" been in&remental.
'2. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% be"t de"&ribe" one o the main idea" di"&u""ed in the pa""a%e4
1. Rapid &han%e i" u"ually @el&omed in "o&iety.
2. .ndu"try i" not a" inno,ati,e a" it i" made out to be.
'. 0e "hould ha,e le"" &han%e than @hat @e ha,e no@.
/. Competition "pur" &ompanie" into radi&al inno,ation.
''. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF the rea"on @hy @e &ontinued to be dependent on o""il uel" i" that+
1. Auto eHe&uti,e" did not @i"h to &han%e.
2. No alternati,e uel" @ere di"&o,ered.
'. Chan%e in te&hnolo%y @a" not ea"ily po""ible.
/. 2ermanF (apane"e and 6ren&h &ompanie" &ould not &ome up @ith ne@ te&hnolo%ie".
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (') 2. (2) '. (') /. (/) 5. (1)
#. (/) >. (1) J. (2) ). (1) 10. (')
11. (1) 12. (/) 1'. (2) 1/. (1) 15. (/)
1#. (/) 1>. (/) 1J. (2) 1). (/) 20. (')
21. (1) 22. (') 2'. (2) 2/. (1) 25. (1)
2#. (') 2>. (/) 2J. (/) 2). (2) '0. (2)
'1. (/) '2. (2) ''. (1)

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
5)
SECTION -II: MISCE**ANEO.S
PASSAGE I
The per"i"tent pattern" in the @ay nation" i%ht rele&t their &ultural and hi"tori&al tradition" and deeply rooted attitude" that
&olle&ti,ely ma=e up their "trate%i& &ulture. The"e pattern" pro,ide in"i%ht" that %o beyond @hat &an be learnt 7u"t by &omparin%
armament" and di,i"ion". .n the :ietnam 0arF the "trate%i& tradition o the 3nited *tate" &alled or or&in% the enemy to i%ht a
ma""ed battle in an open areaF @here "uperior Ameri&an @eapon" @ould pre,ail. The 3nited *tate" @a" tryin% to re-i%ht 0orld
0ar .. in the 7un%le" o *outhea"t A"iaF a%ain"t an enemy @ith no intention o doin% "o.
*ome 1riti"h military hi"torian" de"&ribe the A"ian @ay o @ar a" one o indire&t atta&="F a,oidin% rontal atta&=" meant to
o,erpo@er an opponent. Thi" tra&e" ba&= to A"ian hi"tory and %eo%raphy+ the %reat di"tan&e" and har"h terrain ha,e oten made it
dii&ult to eHe&ute the "ort o open ield &la"he" allo@ed by the lat terrain and relati,ely &ompa&t "i<e o Curope. A ,ery dierent
"trate%i& tradition aro"e in A"ia.
The bo@ and arro@ @ere metaphor" or an Ca"tern @ay o @ar. 1y it" natureF the arro@ i" an indire&t @eapon. 6ired rom a
di"tan&e o hundred" o yard"F it doe" not ne&e""itate phy"i&al &onta&t @ith the enemy. Thu"F it &an be ired rom hidden po"ition".
0hen ired rom behind a rid%eF the barra%e "eem" to &ome out o no@hereF ta=in% the enemy by "urpri"e. The tradition o thi"
=ind o i%htin% i" &aptured in the &la""i&al "trate%i& @ritin%" o the Ca"t. The 2F000 year"? @orth o Chine"e @ritin%" on @ar
&on"titute" the mo"t "ubtle @ritin%" on the "ub7e&t in any lan%ua%e. Not until Clau"e@it<F did the 0e"t produ&e a "trate%i& theori"t
to mat&h the "ophi"ti&ation o *un-t<uF @ho"e /rt of ;ar @a" @ritten 2F'00 year" earlier.
.n *un-t<u and other Chine"e @ritin%"F the hi%he"t a&hie,ement o arm" i" to deeat an ad,er"ary @ithout i%htin%. -e @rote+ KTo
@in one hundred ,i&torie" in one hundred battle" i" not the a&me o "=ill. To "ubdue the enemy @ithout i%htin% i" the "upreme
eH&ellen&e.L A&tual &ombat i" 7u"t one amon% many mean" to@ard" the %oal o "ubduin% an ad,er"ary. 0ar &ontain" too many
"urpri"e" to be a ir"t re"ort. .t &an lead to ruinou" lo""e"F a" ha" been "een time and a%ain. .t &an ha,e the un@anted ee&t o
in"pirin% heroi& eort" in an enemyF a" the 3nited *tate" learned in :ietnamF and a" the (apane"e ound out ater !earl -arbor.
A@are o the un&ertaintie" o a military &ampai%nF *un-t<u ad,o&ated @ar only ater mo"t thorou%h preparation". C,en then it
"hould be Iui&= and &lean. .deallyF the army i" 7u"t an in"trument to deal the inal blo@ to an enemy already @ea=ened by i"olationF
poor moraleF and di"unity. C,er "in&e *un-t<uF the Chine"e ha,e been "een a" ma"ter" o "ubtlety @ho ta=e mea"ured a&tion" to
manipulate an ad,er"ary @ithout hi" =no@led%e. The di,idin% line bet@een @ar and pea&e &an be ob"&ure. Bo@ le,el ,iolen&e
oten i" the ba&=drop to a lar%er "trate%i& &ampai%n. The un@ittin% ,i&timF o&u"ed on the day-to-day e,ent"F ne,er reali<e" @hat?"
happenin% to him until it?" too late. -i"tory hold" many eHample". The :iet Con% lured 6ren&h and 3.*. inantry deep into the
7un%leF @ea=enin% their morale o,er "e,eral year". The mobile army o the 3nited *tate" @a" de"i%ned to i%ht on the plain" o
CuropeF @here it &ould Iui&=ly mo,e unhindered rom one "pot to the neHt. The 7un%le did more than ma=e Iui&= mo,ement
impo""ibleG bro=en do@n "maller unit" and "&attered in i"olated ba"e"F 3* or&e" @ere depri,ed o the eelin% o "upport and
prote&tion that ordinarily &ome" rom bein% part o a bi% army.
The i"olation o 3.*. troop" in :ietnam @a" not 7u"t a lo%i"ti&al detailF "omethin% that &ould be o,er&ome byF or in"tan&eF brin%in%
in reinor&ement" by heli&opter. .n a bi% army reinor&ement" are readily a,ailable. .t @a" Napoleon @ho reali<ed the eHtraordinary
ee&t" on morale that &ome rom bein% part o a lar%er ormation. (u"t the =no@led%e o it lo@er" the "oldier?" ear and in&rea"e"
hi" a%%re""i,ene"". .n the 7un%le and on i"olated ba"e"F thi" eelin% @a" remo,ed. The thi&= ,e%etation "lo@ed do@n the
reinor&ement" and made it dii&ult to ind "tranded unit". *oldier" elt they @ere on their o@n.
;ore importantF by alterin% the @ay the @ar @a" ou%htF the :iet Con% "tripped the 3nited *tate" o it" belie in the ine,itability o
,i&toryF a" it had done to the 6ren&h beore them. ;orale @a" hi%h @hen the"e armie" ir"t @ent to :ietnam. 8nly ater many year"
#0
1. [CAT-1)))] The Art o 0ar+ Ca"tern and 0e"tern
2. [CAT-2001] !honolo%i&al *=ill"
'. [CAT-2002] The Rhetori& o C&onomi"t"
/. [CAT-No, 0'] 0ine Con"umption
5. [CAT-6eb 0/] *e&ulari<ation o Cdu&ation+ T@elth Century Curope
#. [CAT-200/] The ;anele"" T"a,o Bion"
>. [CAT-2005] The 2ame o *trate%y
o debilitatin% and demorali<in% i%htin% did -anoi laun&h it" de&i"i,e atta&="F at $ienbienphu in 1)5/ and a%ain"t *ai%on in 1)>5.
.t "hould be re&alled that in the inal pu"h to ,i&tory the North :ietname"e abandoned their 7un%le %uerrilla ta&ti&" &ompletelyF
&ommittin% their entire army o t@enty di,i"ion" to pu"hin% the *outh :ietname"e into &ollap"e. Thi" inal battleF @ith the enemy?"
army all in one pla&eF @a" the one that the 3nited *tate" had de"perately @anted to i%ht in 1)#5. 0hen it did &ome out into the
open in 1)>5F 0a"hin%ton had already @ithdra@n it" or&e" and there @a" no po""ibility o re-inter,ention.
The (apane"e early in 0orld 0ar .. u"ed a modern orm o the indire&t atta&=F one that relied on "tealth and "urpri"e or it" ee&t.
At !earl -arborF in the !hilippine"F and in *outhea"t A"iaF "tealth and "urpri"e @ere attained by "ailin% under radio "ilen&e "o that
the na,y?" mo,ement" &ould not be tra&=ed. ;o,in% troop" aboard "hip" into *outhea"t A"ia made it appear that the (apane"e army
@a" al"o Kin,i"ible.L Atta&=" a%ain"t -a@aii and *in%apore "eemedF to the Ameri&an and 1riti"h deender"F to &ome rom no@here.
.n .ndone"ia and the !hilippine" the (apane"e atta&= @a" e,en a"ter than the 2erman blit< a%ain"t 6ran&e in the 0e"t.
The %reate"t military "urpri"e" in Ameri&an hi"tory ha,e all been in A"ia. *urely there i" "omethin% %oin% on here beyond the
purely te&hni&al dii&ultie" o dete&tin% enemy mo,ement". !earl -arborF the Chine"e inter,ention in KoreaF the Tet oen"i,e in
:ietnam all &ame out o a tradition o "urpri"e and "tealth. 3.*. te&hni&al intelli%en&e9the lo&ation o enemy unit" and their
mo,ement"9@a" %reatly impro,ed ater ea&h "urpri"eF but @ith no noti&eable impro,ement in the Ameri&an ability to ore"ee or
prepare @hat @ould happen neHt. There i" a &ultural di,ide hereF not a te&hni&al one. C,en @hen it @a" po""ible to tra&= an army
@ith intelli%en&e "atellite"F a" @hen .raI in,aded Ku@ait or @hen *yria and C%ypt atta&=ed ."raelF "urpri"e @a" a&hie,ed. The
3nited *tate" @a" "tunned by .raI?" atta&= on Ku@ait e,en thou%h it had "atellite pi&ture" o .raIi troop" ma""in% at the border.
The eH&eption that pro,e" the point that &ultural dieren&e" ob"&ure the 0e"t?" under"tandin% o A"ian beha,ior @a" the *o,iet
3nion?" 1)>) in,a"ion o A%hani"tan. Thi" @a" ully anti&ipated and under"tood in ad,an&e. There @a" no "urpri"e be&au"e the
3nited *tate" under"tood ;o"&o@?" @orld ,ie@ and thin=in%. .t &ould anti&ipate *o,iet a&tion almo"t a" @ell a" the *o,iet"
them"el,e"F be&au"e the *o,iet 3nion @a" really a 0e"tern &ountry.
The dieren&e bet@een the Ca"tern and the 0e"tern @ay o @ar i" "tri=in%. The @e"t?" %reat "trate%i& @riterF Clau"e@it<F lin=ed
@ar @ith politi&"F a" did *un-t<u. 1oth @ere opponent" o militari"mF o turnin% @ar o,er to the %eneral". 1ut there all "imilarity
end". Clau"e@it< @rote that the @ay to a&hie,e a lar%er politi&al purpo"e i" throu%h de"tru&tion o the enemy?" army. Ater
ob"er,in% Napoleon &onIuer Curope by "ma"hin% enemy armie" to bit"F Clau"e@it< made hi" amou" remar= in <n ;ar (1)'2)
that &ombat i" the &ontinuation o politi&" by ,iolent mean". ;orale and unity are importantF but they "hould be harne""ed or the
ultimate battle. . the Ca"tern @ay o @ar i" embodied by the "tealthy ar&herF the metaphori&al 0e"tern &ounterpart i" the
"@ord"man &har%in% or@ardF "ee=in% a de&i"i,e "ho@do@nF ea%er to admini"ter the blo@ that @ill obliterate the enemy on&e and
or all. .n thi" ,ie@F @ar pro&eed" alon% a iHed &our"e and o&&upie" a inite eHtent o timeF li=e a play in three a&t" @ith a
be%innin%F a middleF and an end. The endF the inal "&eneF de&ide" the i""ue or %ood.
0hen thin%" don?t @or= out Iuite thi" @ayF the 0e"tern military mind eel" tremendou" ru"tration. *un-t<u?" %reat di"&iple"F ;ao
Nedon% and -o Chi ;inhF are re"pe&ted in A"ia or their &le,er u"e o indire&tion and de&eption to a&hie,e an ad,anta%e o,er
"tron%er ad,er"arie". 1ut in the 0e"t their approa&h i" "een a" underhand and de,iou". To the Ameri&an "trate%i& mindF the :iet
Con% %uerrilla did not i%ht airly. -e "hould ha,e &ome out into the open and ou%ht li=e a manF in"tead o hidin% in the 7un%le
and "nea=in% around li=e a &at in the ni%ht.
1. A&&ordin% to the authorF the main rea"on or the 3.*. lo"in% the :ietnam @ar @a"
1. the :ietname"e under"tood the lo&al terrain better.
2. the la&= o "upport or the @ar rom the Ameri&an people.
'. the ailure o the 3.*. to mobili<e it" military "tren%th.
/. their inability to i%ht a @ar on term" other than tho"e they under"tood @ell.
2. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% "tatement" doe" not de"&ribe the EA"ian? @ay o @ar4
1. .ndire&t atta&=" @ithout rontal atta&=".
2. The "@ord"man &har%in% or@ard to obliterate the enemy on&e and or all.
'. ;anipulation o an ad,er"ary @ithout hi" =no@led%e.
/. *ubduin% an enemy @ithout i%htin%.
'. 0hi&h o the ollo@in% i" not one o *un-t<u?" idea"4
1. A&tual &ombat i" the prin&ipal mean" o "ubduin% an ad,er"ary.
2. 0ar "hould be underta=en only ater thorou%h preparation.
'. 0ar i" lin=ed to politi&".
/. 0ar "hould not be let to the %eneral" alone.
#1
/. The dieren&e in the &on&ept" o @ar o Clau"e@it< and *un-t<u i" be"t &hara&teri<ed by
1. Clau"e@it<?" "upport or militari"m a" a%ain"t *un-t<u?" oppo"ition to it.
2. their relati,e de%ree" o "ophi"ti&ation.
'. their attitude to %uerrilla @arare.
/. their dierin% &on&eption" o the "tru&tureF time and "eIuen&e o a @ar.
5. To the Ameri&an"F the approa&h o the :iet Con% "eemed de,iou" be&au"e
1. the :iet Con% did not i%ht li=e men out in the open.
2. the :iet Con% allied @ith Ameri&a?" enemie".
'. the :iet Con% too= "trate%i& ad,i&e rom ;ao Nedon%.
/. the :iet Con% u"ed bo@" and arro@" rather than &on,entional @eapon".
#. A&&ordin% to the authorF the %reate"t military "urpri"e" in Ameri&an hi"tory ha,e been in A"ia be&au"e
1. The Ameri&an" ailed to implement their military "trate%ie" many mile" a@ay rom their o@n &ountry.
2. The Ameri&an" @ere unable to u"e their te&hnolo%ie" li=e intelli%en&e "atellite" ee&ti,ely to dete&t enemy mo,ement".
'. The Ameri&an" ailed to under"tand the A"ian &ulture o @ar that @a" ba"ed on "tealth and "urpri"e.
/. Clau"e@it< i" inerior to *un-t<u.
PASSAGE II
*tudie" o the a&tor" %o,ernin% readin% de,elopment in youn% &hildren ha,e a&hie,ed a remar=able de%ree o &on"en"u" o,er the
pa"t t@o de&ade". Thi" &on"en"u" &on&ern" the &au"al role o phonolo%i&al "=ill" in youn% &hildren?" readin% pro%re"". ChildrenF
@ho ha,e %ood phonolo%i&al "=ill" or %ood Ephonolo%i&al a@arene""?F be&ome %ood reader" and %ood "peller". Children @ith poor
phonolo%i&al "=ill" pro%re"" more poorly. .n parti&ularF tho"e @ho ha,e a "pe&ii& phonolo%i&al dei&it are li=ely to be &la""iied a"
dy"leHi& by the time that they are ) or 10 year" old.
!honolo%i&al "=ill" in youn% &hildren &an be mea"ured at a number o dierent le,el". The term p!onological awareness i" a
%lobal oneF and reer" to a dei&it in re&o%ni"in% "maller unit" o "ound @ithin "po=en @ord". $e,elopmental @or= ha" "ho@n that
thi" dei&it &an be at the le,el o "yllable"F o on"et" and rime"F or o phoneme". 6or eHampleF a /-year old &hild mi%ht ha,e
dii&ulty in re&o%ni"in% that a @ord li=e valentine ha" three "yllable"F "u%%e"tin% a la&= o syllabic a@arene"". A 5-year old mi%ht
ha,e dii&ulty in re&o%ni"in% that the odd @ord out in the "et o @ord" fan* cat* !at* mat i" fan. Thi" ta"= reIuire" an a@arene"" o
the "ub-"yllabi& unit" o the onset and the rime. The on"et &orre"pond" to any initial &on"onant" in a "yllableF and the rime
&orre"pond" to the ,o@el and to any ollo@in% &on"onant". Rime" &orre"pond to rhyme in "in%le-"yllable @ord"F and "o the rime in
fan dier" rom the rime in cat* !at* and mat. .n lon%er @ord"F rime and rhyme may dier. The on"et" in val=en=tine are >v> and >t>F
and the rime" &orre"pond to the "pellin% pattern" ?al+* ?en+F and ?ine+.
A #-year old mi%ht ha,e dii&ulty in re&o%ni"in% that plea and pray be%in @ith the "ame initial "ound. Thi" i" a p!onemic
7ud%ement. Althou%h the initial phoneme >p> i" "hared bet@een the t@o @ord"F in plea it i" part o the on"et ?pl+F and in pray it i"
part o the on"et ?pr+. 3ntil &hildren &an "e%ment the on"et (or the rime)F "u&h phonemi& 7ud%ement" are dii&ult or them to ma=e.
.n a&tF a re&ent "ur,ey o dierent de,elopmental "tudie" ha" "ho@n that the dierent le,el" o phonolo%i&al a@arene"" appear to
emer%e "eIuentially. The a@arene"" o "yllable"F on"et"F and rime" appear" to emer%e at around the a%e" o ' and /F lon% beore
mo"t &hildren %o to "&hool. The a@arene"" o phoneme"F on the other handF u"ually emer%e" at around the a%e o 5 or #F @hen
&hildren ha,e been tau%ht to read or about a year. An a@arene"" o on"et" and rime" thu" appear" to be a pre&ur"or o readin%F
@herea" an a@arene"" o phoneme" at e,ery "erial po"ition in a @ord only appear" to de,elop a" readin% i" tau%ht. The on"et-rime
and phonemi& le,el" o phonolo%i&al "tru&tureF ho@e,erF are not di"tin&t. ;any on"et" in Cn%li"h are "in%le phoneme"F and "o are
"ome rime" (e.%.F sea* go* zoo).
The early a@arene"" o on"et" and rime" i" "upported by "tudie" that ha,e &ompared the de,elopment o phonolo%i&al a@arene"" o
on"et"F rime"F and phoneme" in the "ame "ub7e&t" u"in% the "ame phonolo%i&al a@arene"" ta"=". 6or eHampleF a "tudy by Treiman
and Nudo@"=i u"ed a "amePdierent 7ud%ement ta"= ba"ed on the be%innin% or the end "ound" o @ord". .n the be%innin% "ound
ta"=F the @ord" either be%an @ith the "ame on"etF a" in plea and plankF or "hared only the initial phonemeF a" in plea and pray. .n
the end-"ound ta"=F the @ord" either "hared the entire rimeF a" in spit and witF or "hared only the inal phonemeF a" in rat and wit.
Treiman and Nudo@"=i "ho@ed that /-year and 5-year old &hildren ound the on"et-rime ,er"ion o the "amePdierent ta"=
"i%nii&antly ea"ier than the ,er"ion ba"ed on phoneme". 8nly the #-year-old"F @ho had been learnin% to read or about a yearF
@ere able to perorm both ,er"ion" o the ta"=" @ith an eIual le,el o "u&&e"".
#2
>. 6rom the ollo@in% "tatement"F pi&= out the true "tatement a&&ordin% to the pa""a%e+
1. A mono-"yllabi& @ord &an ha,e only one on"et.
2. A mono-"yllabi& @ord &an ha,e only one rhyme but more than one rime.
'. A mono-"yllabi& @ord &an ha,e only one phoneme.
/. All o the abo,e.
J. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% i" li=ely to emer%e la"t in the &o%niti,e de,elopment o a &hild4
1. Rhyme.
2. Rime.
'. 8n"et.
/. !honeme.
). A phonolo%i&al dei&it in @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" li=ely to be &la""iied a" dy"leHia4
1. !honemi& 7ud%ement.
2. 8n"et 7ud%ement.
'. Rime 7ud%ement.
/. Any one or more o the abo,e.
10. The Treiman and Nudo@"=i eHperiment ound e,iden&e to "upport the ollo@in%+
1. at a%e #F readin% in"tru&tion help" &hildren perormF bothF the "ame-dierent 7ud%ement ta"=.
2. the de,elopment o on"et-rime a@arene"" pre&ede" the de,elopment o an a@arene"" o phoneme".
'. at a%e /-5F &hildren ind the on"et-rime ,er"ion o the "amePdierent ta"= "i%nii&antly ea"ier.
/. the de,elopment o on"et-rime a@arene"" i" a ne&e""ary and "ui&ient &ondition or the de,elopment o an a@arene"" o
phoneme".
11. The "in%le-"yllable @ord" @!yme and @ime are &on"tituted by the eHa&t "ame "et o+
A. rime("). 1. on"et("). C. rhyme("). $. phoneme(").
1. AF 1
2. AF C
'. AF 1F C
/. 1F CF $
PASSAGE III
. tran"lated into Cn%li"hF mo"t o the @ay" e&onomi"t" tal= amon% them"el,e" @ould "ound plau"ible enou%h to poet"F 7ournali"t"F
bu"ine""peopleF and other thou%htul thou%h noneconomical ol=. Bi=e "eriou" tal= any@here9amon% boat de"i%ner" and ba"eball
an"F "ay9the tal= i" hard to ollo@ @hen one ha" not made a habit o li"tenin% to it or a @hile. The &ulture o the &on,er"ation
ma=e" the @ord" ar&ane. 1ut the people in the unamiliar &on,er"ation are not ;artian". 3nderneath it all (the e&onomi"t?" a,orite
phra"e) &on,er"ational habit" are "imilar. C&onomi&" u"e" mathemati&al model" and "tati"ti&al te"t" and mar=et ar%ument"F all o
@hi&h loo= alien to the literary eye. 1ut loo=ed at &lo"ely they are not "o alien. They may be "een a" i%ure" o "pee&h9metaphor"F
analo%ie"F and appeal" to authority.
6i%ure" o "pee&h are not mere rill". They thin= or u". *omeone @ho thin=" o a mar=et a" an Kin,i"ible handL and the
or%ani<ation o @or= a" a Kprodu&tion un&tionL and hi" &oei&ient" a" bein% K"i%nii&antFL a" an e&onomi"t doe"F i" %i,in% the
lan%ua%e a lot o re"pon"ibility. .t "eem" a %ood idea to loo= hard at hi" lan%ua%e.
. the e&onomi& &on,er"ation @ere ound to depend a lot on it" ,erbal orm"F thi" @ould not mean that e&onomi&" @ould be not a
"&ien&eF or 7u"t a matter o opinionF or "ome "ort o &oniden&e %ame. 2ood poet"F thou%h not "&ienti"t"F are "eriou" thin=er" about
"ymbol"G %ood hi"torian"F thou%h not "&ienti"t"F are "eriou" thin=er" about data. 2ood "&ienti"t" al"o u"e lan%ua%e. 0hat i" more
(thou%h it remain" to be "ho@n) they u"e the &unnin% o lan%ua%eF @ithout parti&ularly meanin% to. The lan%ua%e u"ed i" a "o&ial
ob7e&tF and u"in% lan%ua%e i" a "o&ial a&t. .t reIuire" &unnin% (orF i you preerF &on"ideration)F attention to the other mind" pre"ent
@hen one "pea=".
The payin% o attention to one?" audien&e i" &alled Krhetori&FL a @ord that . later eHer&i"e hard. 8ne u"e" rhetori&F o &our"eF to
@arn o a ire in a theatre or to arou"e the Henophobia o the ele&torate. Thi" "ort o yellin% i" the ,ul%ar meanin% o the @ordF li=e
#'
the pre"ident?" Kheated rhetori&L in a pre"" &oneren&e or the Kmere rhetori&L to @hi&h our enemie" "toop. *in&e the 2ree= lame
@a" litF thou%hF the @ord ha" been u"ed al"o in a broader and more amiable "en"eF to mean the "tudy o all the @ay" o
a&&ompli"hin% thin%" @ith lan%ua%e+ in&itin% a mob to lyn&h the a&&u"edF to be "ureF but al"o per"uadin% reader" o a no,el that it"
&hara&ter" breatheF or brin%in% "&holar" to a&&ept the better ar%ument and re7e&t the @or"e.
The Iue"tion i" @hether the "&holar9@ho u"ually an&ie" him"el an announ&er o Kre"ult"L or a "tater o K&on&lu"ion"L ree o
rhetori&9"pea=" rhetori&ally. $oe" he try to per"uade4 .t @ould "eem "o. Ban%ua%eF . 7u"t "aidF i" not a "olitary a&&ompli"hment.
The "&holar doe"n?t "pea= into the ,oidF or to him"el. -e "pea=" to a &ommunity o ,oi&e". -e de"ire" to be heededF prai"edF
publi"hedF imitatedF honoredF en-Nobeled. The"e are the de"ire". The de,i&e" o lan%ua%e are the mean".
Rhetori& i" the proportionin% o mean" to de"ire" in "pee&h. Rhetori& i" an e&onomi&" o lan%ua%eF the "tudy o ho@ "&ar&e mean"
are allo&ated to the in"atiable de"ire" o people to be heard. .t "eem" on the a&e o it a rea"onable hypothe"i" that e&onomi"t" are
li=e other people in bein% tal=er"F @ho de"ire li"tener" @hen they %o to the library or the laboratory a" mu&h a" @hen they %o to the
oi&e on the poll". The purpo"e here i" to "ee i thi" i" trueF and to "ee i it i" u"eul to "tudy the rhetori& o e&onomi& "&holar"hip.
The "ub7e&t i" "&holar"hip. .t i" not e&onomyF or the adeIua&y o e&onomi& theory a" a de"&ription o the e&onomyF or e,en mainly
the e&onomi"t?" role in the e&onomy. The "ub7e&t i" the &on,er"ation e&onomi"t" ha,e amon% them"el,e"F or purpo"e" o
per"uadin% ea&h other that the intere"t ela"ti&ity o demand or in,e"tment i" <ero or that the money "upply i" &ontrolled by the
6ederal Re"er,e.
3nortunatelyF thou%hF the &on&lu"ion" are o more than a&ademi& intere"t. The &on,er"ation" o &la""i&i"t" or o a"tronomer"
rarely ae&t the li,e" o other people. Tho"e o e&onomi"t" do "o on a lar%e "&ale. A @ell =no@n 7o=e de"&ribe" a ;ay $ay parade
throu%h Red *Iuare @ith the u"ual ma"" o "oldier"F %uided mi""ile"F and ro&=et laun&her". At la"t &ome ran= upon ran= o people
in %ray bu"ine"" "uit". A by"tander a"="F K0ho are tho"e4L KAhaRL &ome" the replyF Ktho"e are e&onomi"t"+ you ha,e no idea @hat
dama%e they &an doRL Their &on,er"ation" do it.
12. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the be"t "et o rea"on" or @hi&h one need" to Kloo= hardL at the
e&onomi"t?" lan%ua%e4
a. C&onomi"t" a&&ompli"h a %reat deal throu%h their lan%ua%e.
b. C&onomi&" i" an opinion-ba"ed "ub7e&t.
&. C&onomi&" ha" a %reat impa&t on other?" li,e".
d. C&onomi&" i" dama%in%.
1. a and b 2. & and d '. a and & /. b and d
1'. .n the li%ht o the deinition o rhetori& %i,en in the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% @ill ha,e the lea"t element o rhetori&4
1. An ele&tion "pee&h.
2. An ad,erti"ement 7in%le.
'. $ialo%ue" in a play.
/. Command" %i,en by army oi&er".
1/. A" u"ed in the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the &lo"e"t meanin% to the "tatement KThe &ulture o the &on,er"ation ma=e"
the @ord" ar&aneL4
1. C&onomi"t" belon% to a dierent &ulture.
2. 8nly mathemati&ian" &an under"tand e&onomi"t".
'. C&onomi"t" tend to u"e term" unamiliar to the lay per"onF but depend on amiliar lin%ui"ti& orm".
/. C&onomi"t" u"e "imile" and ad7e&ti,e" in their analy"i".
15. A" u"ed in the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the &lo"e"t alternati,e to the @ord Ear&ane?4
1. ;y"teriou" 2. *e&ret '. Co,ert /. !eridiou"
1#. 1a"ed on your under"tandin% o the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% &on&lu"ion" @ould you a%ree @ith4
1. The %eo&entri& and the helio&entri& ,ie@" o the "olar "y"tem are eIually tenable.
2. The helio&entri& ,ie@ i" "uperior be&au"e o better rhetori&.
'. 1oth ,ie@" u"e rhetori& to per"uade.
/. *&ienti"t" "hould not u"e rhetori&.
#/
PASSAGE I-
At the heart o the enormou" boom in @ine &on"umption that ha" ta=en pla&e in the Cn%li"h-"pea=in% @orld o,er the la"t t@o
de&ade" or "o i" a a"&inatin%F happy paradoH. .n the day" @hen @ine @a" eH&lu"i,ely the pre"er,e o a narro@ &ultural eliteF
bou%ht either at au&tion" or rom %entlemen @ine mer&hant" in @in% &ollar" and bo@-tie"F to be "tored in ramblin% &ellar" and
de&anted to order by one?" butlerF the ordinary drin=er didn?t %et a loo=-in. 0ine @a" &on"idered a hi%hly te&hni&al "ub7e&tF in
@hi&h anybody @ithout the ne&e""ary ability &ould only all lat on hi" or her a&e in embarra""ment. .t @a"n?t 7u"t that you needed
a reined ae"theti& "en"ibility or the "tu i it @a"n?t to be hopele""ly @a"ted on you. .t reIuired an intimate =no@led%e o @hat
&ame rom @hereF and @hat it @a" "uppo"ed to ta"te li=e.
Tho"e @ere time"F ho@e,erF @hen @ine appre&iation e""entially meant a amiliarity @ith the %reat 6ren&h &la""i&"F @ith perhap" a
"matterin% o other @ine"9li=e "herry and port. That @a" @hat the @ine trade dealt in. The"e day"F @ine i" bou%ht daily in
"upermar=et" and hi%h-"treet &hain" to be &on"umed that e,enin%F hardly anybody ha" a &ellar to "tore it in and mo"t don?t e,en
po""e"" a de&anter. Abo,e allF the @ine" o literally do<en" o &ountrie" are a,ailable on the mar=et. 0hen a "upermar=et oer" it"
&u"tomer" a &ouple o ruity little number" rom 1ra<ilF @e "&ar&ely rai"e an eyebro@.
.t "eem"F in other @ord"F that the &ommer&ial 7un%le that @ine ha" no@ be&ome ha" not in the "li%hte"t deterred people rom
plun%in% ad,enturou"ly into the thi&=et" in order to ta"te and "ee. Con"umer" are no lon%er intimidated by the thou%ht o needin%
to =no@ their !ouilly-6ui""eF 7u"t at the ,ery moment @hen there i" more to =no@ than e,er beore.
The rea"on or thi" ne@ mood o &oniden&e i" not hard to ind. .t i" on e,ery @ine label rom Au"traliaF Ne@ NealandF *outh
Ari&a and the 3nited *tate"+ the name o the %rape rom @hi&h the @ine i" made. At one time that mi%ht ha,e "ounded li=e a airly
te&hni&al approa&h in it"el. 0hy "hould nati,e Cn%li"h-"pea=er" =no@ @hat Cabernet *au,i%non or Chardonnay @ere4 The
an"@er lie" in the popularity that @ine" made rom tho"e %rape ,arietie" no@ en7oy. Con"umer" ee&ti,ely re&o%ni<e them a"
brand name"F and ha,e a&Iuired a ba"i& leHi&on o @ine that &an "er,e them e,en @hen &onronted @ith tho"e 1ra<ilian up"tart".
.n the @ine heartland" o 6ran&eF they are "&ared to death o that trend9not be&au"e they thin= their @ine i"n?t a" %ood a" the be"t
rom Caliornia or *outh Au"tralia (0hat 6ren&h @inema=er @ill e,er admit that4) but be&au"e they don?t traditionally &all their
@ine" Cabernet *au,i%non or Chardonnay. They &all them Chateau $u&ru-1eau&aillou or Corton-Charlema%neF and they aren?t
about to &han%e. *ome area"F in the middle o "outhern 6ran&eF ha,e no@ produ&ed a %eneration o %ro@er" u"in% the ,arietal
name" on their label" and are temptin% &on"umer" ba&= to 6ren&h @ine. .t @ill be an uphill "tru%%leF but there i" probably no other
@ay i 6ran&e i" to a,oid "imply be&omin% a "pe&ialty "our&e o old-a"hioned @ine" or old-a"hioned &onnoi""eur".
0ine &on"umption @a" al"o %i,en a "i%nii&ant boo"t in the early 1))0" by the @or= o $r. *er%e RenaudF @ho ha" "pent many
year" in,e"ti%atin% the rea"on" or the un&annily lo@ in&iden&e o &oronary heart di"ea"e in the "outh o 6ran&e. 8ne o hi" ma7or
indin%" i" that the at-deri,ed &hole"terol that build" up in the arterie" and &an e,entually lead to heart trouble &an be di"per"ed by
the tannin" in @ine. Tannin i" deri,ed rom the "=in" o %rape"F and i" thereore pre"ent in hi%her le,el" in red @ine"F be&au"e they
ha,e to be inu"ed @ith their "=in" to attain the red &olour. That ne@" &au"ed a hu%e up"ur%e in red @ine &on"umption in the 3nited
*tate". .t ha" not been a&&orded the prominen&e it de"er,e" in the 3KF lar%ely be&au"e the medi&al proe""ion "till "ee" all al&ohol
a" a mena&e to healthF and i" &on"tantly &allin% or it to be made prohibiti,ely eHpen"i,e. Certainly the manua&turer" o
anti&oa%ulant dru%" mi%ht ha,e "omethin% to lo"e i @e all %ot the me""a%e that @e @ould do 7u"t a" @ell by our heart" by ta=in%
hal a bottle o red @ine e,ery dayR
1>. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in%F i trueF @ould pro,ide mo"t "upport or $r. Renaud?" indin%" about the ee&t o tannin"4
1. A "ur,ey "ho@ed that ilm &elebritie" ba"ed in 6ran&e ha,e a lo@ in&iden&e o &oronary heart di"ea"e.
2. ;ea"urement" &arried out in "outhern 6ran&e "ho@ed red @ine drin=er" had "i%nii&antly hi%her le,el" o &oronary
heart in&iden&e than @hite @ine drin=er" did.
'. $ata "ho@ed a po"iti,e a""o&iation bet@een "ale" o red @ine and in&iden&e o &oronary heart di"ea"e.
/. Bon%-term "ur,ey" in "outhern 6ran&e "ho@ed that the in&iden&e o &oronary heart di"ea"e @a" "i%nii&antly lo@er in
red @ine drin=er" than in tho"e @ho did not drin= red @ine.
1J. 0hi&h one o the ollo@in% CANN8T be rea"onably attributed to the labellin% "trate%y ollo@ed by @ine produ&er" in
Cn%li"h-"pea=in% &ountrie"4
1. Con"umer" buy @ine" on the ba"i" o their amiliarity @ith a %rape ,ariety?" name.
2. C,en ordinary &u"tomer" no@ ha,e more a&&e"" to te&hni&al =no@led%e about @ine.
'. Con"umer" are able to appre&iate better Iuality @ine".
/. *ome non-Cn%li"h "pea=in% &ountrie" li=e 1ra<il indi&ate %rape ,ariety name" on their label".
#5
1). The tone that the author u"e" @hile a"=in% K0hat 6ren&h @inema=er @ill e,er admit that4L i" be"t de"&ribed a"
1. &au"ti&. 2. "atiri&al. '. &riti&al. /. hypo&riti&al.
20. The de,elopment @hi&h ha" &reated ear amon% @inema=er" in the @ine heartland" o 6ran&e i" the
1. tenden&y not to name @ine" ater the %rape ,arietie" that are u"ed in the @ine".
2. Eedu&ation? that &on"umer" ha,e deri,ed rom @ine label" rom Cn%li"h-"pea=in% &ountrie".
'. ne@ %eneration o lo&al @ine%ro@er" @ho u"e label" that "ho@ name" o %rape ,arietie".
/. ability o &on"umer" to under"tand a @ine?" Iualitie" @hen &onronted @ith K1ra<ilian up"tart"L.
21. 0hat a&&ordin% to the author "hould the 6ren&h do to a,oid be&omin% a produ&er o merely old-a"hioned @ine"4
1. 6ollo@ the labellin% "trate%y o the Cn%li"h-"pea=in% &ountrie".
2. 2i,e their @ine" Cn%li"h name".
'. .ntrodu&e ruity @ine" a" 1ra<il ha" done.
/. !rodu&e the @ine" that ha,e be&ome popular in the Cn%li"h-"pea=in% @orld.
PASSAGE -
!ure lo,e o learnin%F o &our"eF @a" a le"" &ompellin% moti,e or tho"e @ho be&ame edu&ated or &areer" other than tea&hin%.
*tudent" o la@ in parti&ular had a reputation or bein% materiali"ti& &areeri"t" in an a%e @hen la@ @a" be&omin% =no@n a" Kthe
lu&rati,e "&ien&eL and it" "u&&e""ul pra&ti&e the be"t mean" or rapid ad,an&ement in the %o,ernment o both &hur&h and "tate.
;edi&ine too had it" proit-ma=in% attra&tion". Tho"e @ho did not %o on to la@ or medi&ine &ouldF i they had been @ell trained in
the art"F %ain po"ition" at royal &ourt" or ri"e in the &ler%y. CloIuent te"timony to the proit moti,e behind mu&h o t@elth-&entury
edu&ation @a" the lament o a "tudent o Abelard around 1150 that KChri"tian" edu&ate their "on"...or %ainF in order that the one
brotherF i he be a &ler=F may help hi" ather and mother and hi" other brother"F "ayin% that a &ler= @ill ha,e no heir and @hate,er
he ha" @ill be our" and the other brother"?.L 0ith the openin% o po"ition" in la@F %o,ernmentF and the &hur&hF edu&ation be&ame a
mean" or ad,an&ement not only in in&ome but al"o in "tatu". ;o"t @ho @ere edu&ated @ere @ealthyF but in the t@elth &enturyF
more oten than beoreF many @ere not and @ere able to ri"e throu%h the ran=" by mean" o their edu&ation. The mo"t amiliar
eHample" are Thoma" 1e&=etF @ho ro"e rom a humble ba&=%round to be&ome &han&ellor o Cn%land and ar&hbi"hop o
CanterburyF and (ohn o *ali"buryF @ho @a" born a KplebianL but be&au"e o hi" reputation or learnin% died a" bi"hop o Chartre".
The in"tan&e" o 1e&=et and (ohn o *ali"bury brin% u" to the mo"t dii&ult Iue"tion &on&ernin% t@elth-&entury edu&ation+ To
@hat de%ree @a" it "till a &leri&al pre"er,e4 $e"pite the a&t that throu%hout the t@elth &entury the &ler%y had a monopoly o
in"tru&tionF one o the out"tandin% medie,ali"t" o our dayF R.0. *outhernF reer" @ith %ood rea"on to the in"titution" "taed by the
&ler%y a" K"e&ular "&hool".L -o@ &an @e ma=e "en"e out o the paradoH that t@elth-&entury "&hool" @ere &leri&al and yet
K"e&ularL4
Bet u" loo= at the &leri&al "ide ir"t. Not only @ere all t@elth-&entury tea&her" eH&ept proe""ional" and &rat"men in &hur&h order"F
but in northern Curope "tudent" in "&hool" had &leri&al "tatu" and loo=ed li=e prie"t". Not that all really @ere prie"t"F but by ,irtue
o bein% "tudent" all @ere a@arded the le%al pri,ile%e" a&&orded to the &ler%y. 6urthermoreF the lar%e ma7ority o t@elth-&entury
"tudent"F out"ide o the po""ible eH&eption o .talyF i not already prie"t" be&ame "o ater "tudie" @ere ini"hed. 6or the"e rea"on"F
the term K&leri&L @a" oten u"ed to denote a man @ho @a" literate and the term KlaymanL one @ho @a" illiterate. The Cn%li"h @ord
or &leri&F &ler=F &ontinued or a lon% time to be a "ynonym or "tudent or or a man @ho &ould @riteF @hile the 6ren&h @ord clerc
e,en today ha" the &onnotation o intelle&tual.
$e"pite all thi"F t@elth-&entury edu&ation @a" ta=in% on many "e&ular Iualitie" in it" en,ironmentF %oal"F and &urri&ulum. *tudent
lie ob,iou"ly be&ame more "e&ular @hen it mo,ed rom the mona"terie" into the bu"tlin% to@n". ;o"t "tudent" @andered rom
to@n to to@n in "ear&h not only o %ood ma"ter" but al"o o @orldly eH&itementF and a" the t@elth &entury pro%re""ed they ound
the be"t o ea&h in !ari". ;ore important than en,ironment @a" the a&t that mo"t "tudent"F e,en thou%h they entered the &ler%yF
had "e&ular %oal". Theolo%y @a" re&o%ni<ed a" the KIueen o the "&ien&e"FL but ,ery e@ @ent on to it. .n"tead they u"ed their
"tudy o the liberal art" a" a preparation or la@F medi&ineF %o,ernment "er,i&eF or ad,an&ement in the e&&le"ia"ti&al hierar&hy. Thi"
bein% "oF the &urri&ulum o the liberal art" be&ame more "ophi"ti&ated and more di,or&ed rom reli%ion. Tea&hin% @a" "till almo"t
eH&lu"i,ely in BatinF and the ir"t boo= mo"t oten read @a" the !"alterF but urther edu&ation @a" no lon%er "imilar to that o a
&hoir "&hool. .n parti&ularF the di"&ipline o rhetori& @a" tran"ormed rom a lin%ui"ti& "tudy into in"tru&tion in ho@ to &ompo"e
letter" and do&ument"G there @a" a ne@ "tre"" on lo%i&G and in all the liberal art" and philo"ophy teHt" more ad,an&ed than tho"e
=no@n in the early ;iddle A%e" @ere introdu&ed.
##
Alon% @ith the ri"e o lo%i& &ame the tran"lation o 2ree= and Arabi& philo"ophi&al and "&ientii& @or=". ;o"t important @a" the
tran"lation o almo"t all the @ritin%" o Ari"totleF a" @ell a" hi" "ophi"ti&ated Arabi& &ommentator"F @hi&h helped to brin% about an
intelle&tual re,olution ba"ed on 2ree= rationali"m. 8n a more pro"ai& le,elF &onta&t @ith Arab" re"ulted in the introdu&tion in the
t@elth &entury o the Arabi& numeral "y"tem and the &on&ept o <ero. Thou%h mo"t @e"terner" ir"t re"i"ted thi" and made &rude
7o=e" about the <ero a" an ambitiou" number Kthat &ount" or nothin% and yet @ant" to be &ountedFL the "y"tem "teadily made it"
inroad" ir"t in .taly and then throu%hout CuropeF thereby ,a"tly "impliyin% the art" o &omputation and re&ord =eepin%.
22. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hat led to the "e&ulari<ation o the &urri&ulum o the liberal art" in the t@elth &entury4
1. .t @a" di,or&ed rom reli%ion and it" inluen&e".
2. *tudent" u"ed it mainly a" a ba"e or "tudyin% la@ and medi&ine.
'. Tea&hin% &ould no lon%er be &ondu&ted eH&lu"i,ely in Batin.
/. Arabi& @a" introdu&ed into the &urri&ulum.
2'. A&&ordin% to the authorF in the t@elth &enturyF indi,idual" @ere moti,ated to %et hi%her edu&ation be&au"e it+
1. @a" a mean" or material ad,an&ement and hi%her "tatu".
2. %a,e people @ith @ealth an opportunity to learn.
'. oered a &o,eted pla&e or tho"e @ith a lo,e o learnin%.
/. dire&tly added to the in&ome le,el" o people.
2/. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF t@elth &entury "&hool" @ere &leri&al and yet "e&ular be&au"e+
1. many tea&her" @ere &rat"men and proe""ional" @ho did not orm part o the &hur&h.
2. @hile the "tudent" had the le%al pri,ile%e" a&&orded to the &ler%y and loo=ed li=e prie"t"F not all @ere really prie"t".
'. the term K&leri&L denoted a literate indi,idual rather than a "tri&t a""o&iation @ith the &hur&h.
/. thou%h the &ler%y had a monopoly in edu&ationF the en,ironmentF ob7e&ti,e" and &urri&ulum in the "&hool" @ere
be&omin% "e&ular.
25. 0hat doe" the "enten&e KChri"tian" edu&ate their "on"...@ill be our" and the other brother"? L imply4
1. The Chri"tian amily @a" a &lo"e-=nit unit in the t@elth &entury.
2. Chri"tian" edu&ated their "on" not "o mu&h or the lo,e o learnin% a" or material %ain.
'. Chri"tian" belie,ed ,ery "tron%ly in edu&atin% their "on" in the Chur&h.
/. The relation"hip bet@een Chri"tian parent" and their "on" @a" eHploitati,e in the t@elth &entury.
2#. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% i" the mo"t note@orthy trend in edu&ation in t@elth-&entury Curope4
1. *e&ulari<ation o edu&ation.
2. 6lo@erin% o theolo%y a" the Iueen o the "&ien&e".
'. 0ealthy people in&rea"in%ly turnin% to edu&ation.
/. Ri"e o the &ler%y?" inluen&e on the &urri&ulum.
PASSAGE -I
6ity eet a@ay three male lion" lay by the road. They didn?t appear to ha,e a hair on their head". Notin% the &olor o their no"e"
(leonine no"e" dar=en a" they a%eF rom pin= to bla&=)F Crai% e"timated that they @ere "iH year" old9youn% adult". KThi" i"
@onderulR? he "aidF ater "tarin% at them or "e,eral moment". KThi" i" @hat @e &ame to "ee. They really are manele"".L Crai%F a
proe""or at the 3ni,er"ity o ;inne"otaF i" ar%uably the leadin% eHpert on the ma7e"ti& *eren%eti lionF @ho"e head i" mantled in
lon%F thi&= hair. -e and !eyton 0e"tF a do&toral "tudent @ho ha" been @or=in% @ith him in Tan<aniaF had ne,er "een the T"a,o
lion" that li,e "ome 200 mile" ea"t o the *eren%eti. The "&ienti"t" had partly "u"pe&ted that the manele"" male" @ere adole"&ent"
mi"ta=en or adult" by amateur ob"er,er". No@ they =ne@ better.
The T"a,o re"ear&h eHpedition @a" mo"tly !eyton?" "ho@. *he had "pent "e,eral year" in Tan<aniaF &ompilin% the data "he needed
to an"@er a Iue"tion that ou%ht to ha,e been an"@ered lon% a%o+ 0hy do lion" ha,e mane"4 .t?" the only &atF @ild or dome"ti&F that
di"play" "u&h ornamentation. .n T"a,o "he @a" atta&=in% the riddle rom the oppo"ite an%le. 0hy do it" lion" not ha,e mane"4
(*ome Kmanele""L lion" in T"a,o Ca"t do ha,e partial mane"F but they rarely attain the re%al %lory o the *eren%eti lion"?.) $oe"
en,ironmental adaptation a&&ount or the trait4 Are the lion" o T"a,oF a" "ome people belie,eF a di"tin&t "ub"pe&ie" o their
*eren%eti &ou"in"4
The *eren%eti lion" ha,e been under &ontinuou" ob"er,ation or more than '5 year"F be%innin% @ith 2eor%e *&haller?" pioneerin%
@or= in the 1)#0". 1ut the lion" in T"a,oF Kenya?" olde"t and lar%e"t prote&ted e&o"y"temF ha,e hardly been "tudied. Con"eIuentlyF
#>
le%end" ha,e %ro@n up around them. Not only do they loo= dierentF a&&ordin% to the myth"F they be!ave dierentlyF di"playin%
%reater &unnin% and a%%re""i,ene"". KRemember tooFL "enya= T!e @oug! uide @arn"F KT"a,o?" lion" ha,e a reputation o
ero&ity.L Their ear"ome ima%e be&ame @ell-=no@n in 1J)JF @hen t@o male" "talled &on"tru&tion o @hat i" no@ Kenya Rail@ay"
by alle%edly =illin% and eatin% 1'5 .ndian and Ari&an laborer". A 1riti"h Army oi&er in &har%e o buildin% a railroad brid%e o,er
the T"a,o Ri,erF Bt. Col. (. -. !atter"onF "pent nine month" pur"uin% the pair beore he brou%ht them to bay and =illed them.
*tued and mountedF they no@ %lare at ,i"itor" to the 6ield ;u"eum in Chi&a%o. !atter"on?" a&&ount o the leonine rei%n o terrorF
T!e Man#Eaters of TsavoF @a" an international be"t-"eller @hen publi"hed in 1)0>. *till in printF the boo= ha" made T"a,o?" lion"
notoriou". That annoy" "ome "&ienti"t". K!eople don?t @ant to %i,e up on mytholo%yFL $enni" Kin% told me one day. The <oolo%i"t
ha" been @or=in% in T"a,o o and on or our year". K. am "o "i&= o thi" man-eater bu"ine"". !atter"on made a hellu,a lot o
money o that "toryF but T"a,o?" lion" are no more li=ely to turn man-eater than lion" rom el"[email protected]
1ut tale" o their "a,a%ery and @iline"" don?t all &ome rom "en"ationali"t author" loo=in% to ma=e a bu&=. T"a,o lion" are
%enerally lar%er than lion" el"e@hereF enablin% them to ta=e do@n the predominant prey animal in T"a,oF the Cape bualoF one o
the "tron%e"tF mo"t a%%re""i,e animal" on Carth. The bualo don?t %i,e up ea"ily+ They oten =ill or "e,erely in7ure an atta&=in%
lionF and a @ounded lion mi%ht be more li=ely to turn to &attle and human" or ood.
And other prey i" le"" abundant in T"a,o than in other traditional lion haunt". A hun%ry lion i" more li=ely to atta&= human". *aari
%uide" and Kenya 0ildlie *er,i&e ran%er" tell o lion" atta&=in% Band Ro,er"F raidin% &amp"F "tal=in% touri"t". T"a,o i" a tou%h
nei%hborhoodF they "ayF and it breed" tou%her lion".
1ut are they really tou%her4 And i "oF i" there any &onne&tion bet@een their manele""ne"" and their ero&ity4 An intri%uin%
hypothe"i" @a" ad,an&ed t@o year" a%o by 2no"=e and !eterhan"+ T"a,o lion" may be "imilar to the #Jnmanned &a,e lion" o the
!lei"to&ene. The *eren%eti ,ariety i" amon% the mo"t e,ol,ed o the "pe&ie"9the late"t modelF "o to "pea=9@hile &ertain
morpholo%i&al dieren&e" in T"a,o lion" (bi%%er bodie"F "maller "=ull"F and maybe e,en la&= o a mane) "u%%e"t that they are
&lo"er to the primiti,e an&e"tor o all lion". Crai% and !eyton had "eriou" doubt" about the ideaF but admitted that T"a,o lion" po"e
a my"tery to "&ien&e.
2>. The boo= Man#Eaters of Tsavo annoy" "ome "&ienti"t" be&au"e
1. it re,ealed that T"a,o lion" are ero&iou".
2. !atter"on made a hellu,a lot o money rom the boo= by "en"ationali"m.
'. it perpetuated the bad name T"a,o lion" had.
/. it narrated ho@ t@o male lion" @ere =illed.
2J. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% ha" N8T &ontributed to the popular ima%e o T"a,o lion" a" "a,a%e
&reature"4
1. T"a,o lion" ha,e been ob"er,ed to brin% do@n one o the "tron%e"t and mo"t a%%re""i,e animal"9
the Cape bualo.
2. .n &ontra"t to the "ituation in traditional lion haunt"F "&ar&ity o non-bualo prey in the T"a,o ma=e" the T"a,o lion"
more a%%re""i,e.
'. The T"a,o lion i" &on"idered to be le"" e,ol,ed than the *eren%eti ,ariety.
/. T"a,o lion" ha,e been ob"er,ed to atta&= ,ehi&le" a" @ell a" human".
2). The "enten&e @hi&h &on&lude" the ir"t para%raphF KNo@ they =ne@ betterLF implie" that+
1. The t@o "&ienti"t" @ere "tru&= by @onder on "eein% manele"" lion" or the ir"t time.
2. Thou%h Crai% @a" an eHpert on the *eren%eti lionF no@ he al"o =ne@ about the T"a,o lion".
'. CarlierF Crai% and 0e"t thou%ht that amateur ob"er,er" had been mi"ta=en.
/. Crai% @a" no@ able to &onirm that dar=enin% o the no"e" a" lion" a%ed applied to T"a,o lion" a" @ell.
'0. 0hi&h o the ollo@in%F i trueF @ould @ea=en the hypothe"i" ad,an&ed by 2no"=e and !eterhan" mo"t4
1. Crai% and !eyton de,elop e,en more "eriou" doubt" about the idea that T"a,o lion" are primiti,e.
2. The manele"" T"a,o Ca"t lion" are "ho@n to be &lo"er to the &a,e lion".
'. !lei"to&ene &a,e lion" are "ho@n to be ar le"" ,iolent than belie,ed.
/. The morpholo%i&al ,ariation" in body and "=ull "i<e bet@een the &a,e and T"a,o lion" are ound to be in"i%nii&ant.
PASSAGE -II
A %ame o "trate%yF a" &urrently &on&ei,ed in %ame theoryF i" a "ituation in @hi&h t@o or more Kplayer"L ma=e &hoi&e" amon%
a,ailable alternati,e" (mo,e"). The totality o &hoi&e" determine" the out&ome" o the %ameF and it i" a""umed that the ran= order
#J
o preeren&e" or the out&ome" i" dierent or dierent player". Thu" the Kintere"t"L o the player" are %enerally in &onli&t.
0hether the"e intere"t" are diametri&ally oppo"ed or only partially oppo"ed depend" on the type o %ame.
!"y&holo%i&allyF mo"t intere"tin% "ituation" ari"e @hen the intere"t" o the player" are partly &oin&ident and partly oppo"edF
be&au"e then one &an po"tulate not only a &onli&t amon% the player" but al"o inner &onli&t" @ithin the player". Ca&h i" torn
bet@een a tenden&y to &ooperateF "o a" to promote the &ommon intere"t"F and a tenden&y to &ompeteF "o a" to enhan&e hi" o@n
indi,idual intere"t".
.nternal &onli&t" are al@ay" p"y&holo%i&ally intere"tin%. 0hat @e ,a%uely &all Kintere"tin%L p"y&holo%y i" in ,ery %reat mea"ure
the p"y&holo%y o inner &onli&t. .nner &onli&t i" al"o held to be an important &omponent o "eriou" literature a" di"tin%ui"hed
rom le"" "eriou" %enre". The &la""i&al tra%edyF a" @ell a" the "eriou" no,elF re,eal" the inner &onli&t o &entral i%ure". The
"uperi&ial ad,enture "toryF on the other handF depi&t" only eHternal &onli&tG that i"F the threat" to the per"on @ith @hom the reader
(or ,ie@er) identiie" "tem in the"e "torie" eH&lu"i,ely rom eHternal ob"ta&le" and rom the ad,er"arie" @ho &reate them. 8n the
mo"t primiti,e le,el thi" "ort o eHternal &onli&t i" p"y&holo%i&ally empty. .n the i"ti&u" bet@een the prota%oni"t" o %ood and
e,ilF no p"y&holo%i&al problem" are in,ol,ed orF at any rateF none are depi&ted in 7u,enile repre"entation" o &onli&t.
The dete&ti,e "toryF the KadultL analo%ue o a 7u,enile ad,enture taleF ha" at time" been de"&ribed a" a %lorii&ation o
intelle&tuali<ed &onli&t. -o@e,erF a %reat deal o the intere"t in the plot" o the"e "torie" i" "u"tained by @ithholdin% the unra,elin%
o a "olution to a problem. The eort o "ol,in% the problem i" in it"el not a &onli&t i the ad,er"ary (the un=no@n &riminal)
remain" pa""i,eF li=e NatureF @ho"e "e&ret" the "&ienti"t "uppo"edly unra,el" by dedu&tion. . the ad,er"ary a&ti,ely put" ob"ta&le"
in the dete&ti,e?" path to@ard the "olutionF there i" %enuine &onli&t. 1ut the &onli&t i" p"y&holo%i&ally intere"tin% only to the
eHtent that it &ontain" irrational &omponent" "u&h a" a ta&ti&al error on the &riminal?" part or the dete&ti,e?" in"i%ht into "ome
p"y&holo%i&al Iuir= o the &riminal or "omethin% o thi" "ort. Conli&t &ondu&ted in a pere&tly rational manner i" p"y&holo%i&ally
no more intere"tin% than a "tandard 0e"tern. 6or eHampleF Ti&-ta&-toeF played pere&tly by both player"F i" &ompletely de,oid o
p"y&holo%i&al intere"t. Che"" may be p"y&holo%i&ally intere"tin% but only to the eHtent that it i" played not Iuite rationally. !layed
&ompletely rationallyF &he"" @ould not be dierent rom Ti&-ta&-toe.
.n "hortF a pure &onli&t o intere"t (@hat i" &alled a <ero-"um %ame) althou%h it oer" a @ealth o intere"tin% &on&eptual problem"F
i" not intere"tin% p"y&holo%i&allyF eH&ept to the eHtent that it" &ondu&t depart" rom rational norm".
'1. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF @hi&h o the ollo@in% option" about the appli&ation o %ame theory to a &onli&t-o-intere"t "ituation
i" true4
1. A""umin% that the ran= order o preeren&e" or option" i" dierent or dierent player".
2. A&&eptin% that the intere"t" o dierent player" are oten in &onli&t.
'. Not a""umin% that the intere"t" are in &omplete di"a%reement.
/. All o the abo,e.
'2. The problem "ol,in% pro&e"" o a "&ienti"t i" dierent rom that o a dete&ti,e be&au"e
1. "&ienti"t" "tudy inanimate ob7e&t"F @hile dete&ti,e" deal @ith li,in% &riminal" or la@ oender".
2. "&ienti"t" "tudy =no@n ob7e&t"F @hile dete&ti,e" ha,e to deal @ith un=no@n &riminal" or la@ oender"
'. "&ienti"t" "tudy phenomena that are not a&ti,ely alteredF @hile dete&ti,e" deal @ith phenomena that ha,e been deliberately
inluen&ed to mi"lead.
/. "&ienti"t" "tudy p"y&holo%i&ally intere"tin% phenomenaF @hile dete&ti,e" deal @ith KadultL analo%ue" o 7u,enile ad,enture
tale".
''. A&&ordin% to the pa""a%eF internal &onli&t" are p"y&holo%i&ally more intere"tin% than eHternal &onli&t" be&au"e
1. internal &onli&t"F rather than eHternal &onli&t"F orm an important &omponent o "eriou" literature a" di"tin%ui"hed rom le""
"eriou" %enre".
2. only 7u,enile" or ,ery e@ Kadult"L a&tually eHperien&e eHternal &onli&tF @hile internal &onli&t i" more @idely pre,alent in
"o&iety.
'. in "ituation" o internal &onli&tF indi,idual" eHperien&e a dilemma in re"ol,in% their o@n preeren&e" or dierent out&ome".
/. there are no threat" to the reader (or ,ie@er) in &a"e o eHternal &onli&t".
'/. 0hi&hF a&&ordin% to the authorF @ould Iualiy a" intere"tin% p"y&holo%y4
1. A "tati"ti&ian?" dilemma o,er &hoo"in% the be"t method to "ol,e an optimi<ation problem.
2. A &he"" player?" predi&ament o,er adoptin% a deen"i,e "trate%y a%ain"t an a%%re""i,e opponent.
'. A mountaineer?" &hoi&e o the be"t path to ;t. C,ere"t rom the ba"e &amp.
/. A inan&e mana%er?" Iuandary o,er the be"t @ay o rai"in% money rom the mar=et.
#)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ANSER 9E+
1. (/) 2. (2) '. (1) /. (/) 5. (1)
#. (') >. (1) J. (/) ). (/) 10. (2)
11. (2) 12. (') 1'. (/) 1/. (') 15. (1)
1#. (') 1>. (/) 1J. (') 1). (2) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2) 2'. (1) 2/. (/) 25. (2)
2#. (1) 2>. (') 2J. (') 2). (') '0. (')
'1. (/) '2. (') ''. (') '/. (2)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
>0