Algebra 2 Curriculum Alignment

Tools of Algebra
Chapter 1 Tools of Algebra

1-1 Properties of Real Numbers
1-2 Algebraic Expressions
1-3 Solving Equations
1-4 Solving Inequalities
1-5 Absolute Value Equations & Inequalities

College Readiness Standards
13-15

16-19

20-23

24-27

Solve routine one-step arithmetic problems (using whole numbers, fractions, and
decimals) such as single-step percent
Solve some routine two-step arithmetic problems
Substitute whole numbers for unknown quantities to evaluate expressions
Solve one-step equations having integer or decimal answers
Combine like terms (e.g., 2x +5x)
Locate points on the number line and in the first quadrant

Solve problems in one or two steps using whole numbers
Recognize equivalent fractions and fractions in lowest terms
Exhibit knowledge of basic expressions (e.g., identify an expression for a total as
b+g)
Solve equations of the form x +a =b, where a and b are whole numbers or
decimals
Identify the location of a point with a positive coordinate on the number line

Exhibit knowledge of elementary number concepts including rounding, the order
of decimals, pattern identification, absolute value, primes, and greatest common
factor
Evaluate algebraic expressions by substituting integers for unknown quantities
Add and subtract simple algebraic expressions
Solve routine first-degree equations
Perform straightforward word-to-symbol translations
Comprehend the concept of length on the number line
Order fractions
Solve real-world problems using first-degree equations
Write expressions, equations or inequalities with a single variable for common
pre-algebra settings
Add, subtract and multiply polynomials
Solve first-degree inequalities that do not require reversing the inequality sign
Identify the graph of a linear inequality on the number line
Determine when an expression is undefined
Tools of Algebra

28-32

33-36

Apply number properties involving positive/negative numbers
Manipulate expressions and equations
Write expressions, equations, and inequalities for common algebra settings
Solve linear inequalities that require reversing the inequality sign
Solve absolute value equations
Match number line graphs with solutions sets of linear inequalities

Draw conclusions based on number concepts, algebraic properties, and/or
relationships between expressions and numbers
Write expressions that require planning and/or manipulating to accurately model
a situation.
Write equations and inequalities that require planning, manipulating, and/or
solving
Solve simple absolute value inequalities
Tools of Algebra

Common Core State Standards

The Real Number System N-RN

Use properties of rational and irrational numbers
3. Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a
rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero
rational number and an irrational number is irrational.

Quantities N-Q

Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems
1. Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step
problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret
the scale and the origin in graph and data displays.
2. Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

Seeing Structure in Expressions A-SSE

Interpret the structure of expressions
1. Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context
a. Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients.
Interpreting Functions F-IF

Analyze functions using different representations
7. Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand
in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
b. Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step
functions and absolute value functions

Creating Equations A-CED

Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
2. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between
quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales
3. Represent constraints by equations of inequalities, and by systems of equations and or
inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in a modeling
context.
4. Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in
solving equations.

Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities A-REI

Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning
1. Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of
numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original
equation has a solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method.

Solve equations and inequalities in one variable
3. Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with
coefficients represented by letters.

Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically
10. Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions
plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line)

11. Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y=f(x)
and y=f(g) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x)=f(g); Find the solutions
approximately, e.g. using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or
find successive approximations, include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear,
polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

Building Functions F-BFI

Building a function that models a relationship between two quantities
1. Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities
a. Determine an explicit expression, a recursive process, or steps for calculation
from a context.
b. Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations,
c. (+) Compose functions

Build new functions from existing functions
3. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) +k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x +k)
for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs.
Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using
technology.

Linear Functions

Chapter 2 Linear Functions
2-1 Functions & Relations
2-2 Linear Equations
2-4 Using Linear Models
2-6 Vertical & Horizontal Translations of Absolute Value Functions
2-7 Two Variable Inequalities
Extension: Piecewise Functions


13-15

16-19
20-23

Solve problems in one or two steps using whole numbers
b+g)
decimals

Exhibit knowledge of elementary number concepts including rounding, the order of
decimals, pattern identification, absolute value, primes, and greatest common factor
Evaluate algebraic expressions by substitution integers of unknown quantities
Locate points on the coordinate plane
Exhibit knowledge of slope
Solve routine one-step arithmetic problems (using whole numbers, fractions, and
decimals) such as single-step percent
Solve some routine two-step arithmetic problems
Read tables and graphs
Solve one-step equations having integer or decimal answers
Locate points on the number line and in the first quadrant

Linear Functions

24-27

28-32

33-36

Linear Systems

Solve word problems containing several rates, proportions, or percentages
Interpret and use information from graphs in the coordinate plane
Match number line graphs with solutions sets of linear plane
Use properties of parallel and perpendicular lines to determine and equation of a line
of coordinated of a point
Write expressions that require planning and/or manipulating to accurately model a
situation
Write equations and inequalities that require planning, manipulating, and/or solving
Identify characteristics of graphs based on a set of conditions or on a general equation
such as c ax y + =
2

Solve problems integrating multiple algebraic concepts
Analyze and draw conclusions based on information from graphs in the coordinate
plane

Manipulate data from tables and graphs
Determine the slope of a line from points of equations
Match linear graphs with their equations
Write expressions, equations, or inequalities with a single variable for common pre-
algebra settings

Linear Functions


Quantities N-Q

Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems
problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret
the scale and the origin in graph and data displays.

Seeing Structure in Expressions A-SSE

1. Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context

Interpreting Functions F-IF

Understand the concept of a function and use function notation
1. Understand that a function from one set (domain) to another set (range) assigns to
each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a function and x
is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding to the
input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y=f(x)

2. Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret
statements that use function notation in terms of a context.

Interpret functions that arise in application in terms of the context
4. For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features
of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities and sketch graphs showing key features
given a verbal description of the relationship.

6. Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function over a specified
interval.

b. Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step
functions and absolute value functions

9. Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically,
graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions.)



12. Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half plane, and graph
the solution set to a system of linear inequalities in two variables as the intersection of the
corresponding half-planes.

Creating Equations A-CED

quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales



Building Functions F-BFI

Building a function that models a relationship between two quantities
from a context.

3. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) +k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x +k)
for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs.
technology.

Linear and Exponential Models F-LE

Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems
1. Distinguish between situation that can be modeled with linear functions and with
exponential functions.
b. Recognize situation in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit
interval relative to another.
2. Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric
sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs
(include reading these from a table)

Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model
5. Interpret the parameters in a linear or exponential function in terms of a context.

Linear Systems

Chapter 3
3-1 Graphing Systems of Equations
3-2 Solving Systems Algebraically
3-3 Systems of Inequalities
3-6 Multivariable Systems of Equations


13-15

16-19

20-23

24-27

28-32

33-36


b+g)
decimals

Locate points in the coordinate plane
Write expressions, equations or inequalities with a single variable for common
pre-algebra settings
Solve first-degree inequalities that do not require reversing the inequality sign

Use properties of parallel and perpendicular lines to determine an equation of a
line or coordinates of a point
Find solutions to systems of linear equations

a situation.
solving
Linear Systems


Quantities (N-Q)

Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret the
scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.


Creating Equations (A-CED)

1. Create equations and inequalities in on variable and use them to solve problems.

2. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities;
graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

3. Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or
inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in a modeling context.
For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on
combinations of different foods.

4. Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in
solving equations

Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities (A-REI)

Solve systems of equations
5. Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by
the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same
solutions.

6. Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately (e.g., with graphs), focusing
on pairs of linear equations in two variables.


11. Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y=f(x) and
y=g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x)=g(x); find the solutions
approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or
find successive approximations.

12. Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half-plane (excluding the
boundary in the case of a strict inequality), and graph the solution set to a system of
linear inequalities in two variables as the intersection of the corresponding half-planes.

Quadratic Functions

Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions
5-1 Modeling Data with Quadratic Functions
5-2 Properties of Parabolas
5-3 Translating Parabolas
5-4 Factoring Quadratic Expressions
5-5 Quadratic Equations
5-6 Complex Numbers
5-7 Completing the Square
5-8 The Quadratic Formula


20-23

24-27

28-32

33-36

Exhibit knowledge of elementary number concepts including rounding, ordering of
Multiply two binomials
Evaluate quadratic functions, expressed in function notation, at integer values
Work with numerical factors
Work with squares and square roots of numbers
Exhibit some knowledge of complex numbers
Identify solutions to simple quadratic equations
Factor simple quadratics (e.g., the difference of squares and perfect square trinomials)

Apply number properties involving prime factorization
Apply number properties involving even/odd numbers and factors/multiples
Multiply two complex numbers
Solve quadratic equations
Use the distance formula
Recognize special characteristics of parabolas and circles (e.g., the vertex of a
parabola and the center or radius of a circle)
Apply properties of complex numbers
situation
such as c ax y + =
2

Quadratic Functions


Quantities (N-Q)

Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.


The Complex Number System (N-CN)

Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
1. Know there is a complex number i such that 1
2
= i , and every complex number has the
form a+bi with a and b real.

2. Use the relation 1
2
= i and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to
add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

3. (+) Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients
of complex numbers.

Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
7. Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions.

9. (+) Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; show that it is true for quadratic
polynomials

Seeing Structure in Expressions (A-SSE)

1. Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.
a. Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients
b. Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a
single entity. For example, interpret P(1+r)n as a product of P and a factor not
depending on P.

2. Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems
3. Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties
of the quantity represented by the expression.
a. Factor a quadratic expression to reveal the zeros of the function it defines.
b. Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or
minimum value of the function it defines.

1. Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.
Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and

2. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities;
graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.


4. Solve quadratic equations in one variable.
a. Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x
into an equation of the form q p x =
2
) ( that has the same solutions. Derive the
quadratic formula from this form.
b. Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., 49
2
= x ), taking square roots,
completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring as appropriate to the
initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives
complex solutions and write them as bi a for real numbers a and b.

plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line).

Interpreting Functions (F-IF)

Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context
of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features
given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals
where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive or negative; relative maximums and
minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.

5. Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative
relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-
hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an
appropriate domain for the function.

7. Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in
simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
a. Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima and
minima.
c. Graph polynomial functions, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are
available, and showing end behavior.

8. Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and
explain different properties of the function.
a. Use the process of factoring and completing the square in a quadratic function to
show zeros, extreme values, and symmetry of the graph, and interpret these in
terms of a context.

9. Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically,
graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a graph
of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the
larger maximum.

Building Functions (F-BF)

Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities
1. Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
from a context.

3. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x)+k, kf(x), f(kx), and f(x+k) for
specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs.
technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic
expressions for them.

Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

6-1 Polynomial Functions
6-2 Polynomials and Linear Factors
6-3 Dividing Polynomials
6-4 Solving Polynomial Functions
6-5 Theorems about Roots of Polynomial Equations


16-19

24-27

28-32

33-36

Combine like terms
Add, subtract, and multiply polynomials
Factor simple quadratics
Evaluate polynomial functions, expressed in function notation, at integer values
Work with cubes and cube roots of numbers
Exhibit some knowledge of the complex numbers
Identify solutions to simple quadratic equations
Factor simple quadratics (difference of squares and perfect squares
Write expressions, equations, and inequalities for common algebraic settings

situation
Apply properties of complex numbers
Polynomials and Polynomial Functions


The Complex Number System (N-CN)

Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
9. Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: Show that it is true for quadratic
polynomials.

Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions (A-APR)

Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials
1. Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are
closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and
multiply polynomials.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials
2. Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the
remainder on division by x - a is p(a), so p(a) =0 if and if (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

3. Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros
to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.

Rewrite rational expressions
6. Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form
q(x) +r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less
than degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a
computer algebra system.



3. Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain
properties of the quantity represented by the expression.


4. Solve quadratic equations in one variable.
b. Solve quadratic equations by inspection, taking square roots, completing the
square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of
the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and
write them as bi a for real numbers a and b.


Understanding the concept of a function and use function notation

of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features
given a verbal description of the relationship.

c. Graph polynomial functions, identify zeros when suitable factorizations and
available, and showing end behavior.

Radical Functions and Rational Exponents

7-1 Roots and Radical Expressions
7-2 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions
7-3 Binomial Radical Expressions
7-4 Rational Exponents
7-5 Solving Radical Equations
7-6 Function Operations
7-7 Inverse Relations and Functions
7-8 Graphing Radical Functions


16-19

24-27

28-32

33-36

Combine like terms
Work problems involving positive integer exponents

Multiply two complex numbers
Apply Rules of Exponents
Evaluate composite functions at integer values

Write an expression for the composite of two simple functions

Radical Functions and Rational Exponents



1. Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they
are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract,
and multiply polynomials.


2. Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples
showing how extraneous solutions may arise.



1. Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the
range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a
function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f
corresponding to the input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y =f(x).


relationship it describes.

b. Graph square root, cube root functions.


a. Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations
c. (+) Compose functions

3. Identity the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) +k, k f(x), and f(x +k) for

4. Find inverse functions.
a. Solve an equation of the form f(x) =c for a simple function f that has an
inverse and write the expression for the inverse.
b. Verify by composition that one function is the inverse of another.
c. Read values of an inverse function from a graph or a table, given that the
function has an inverse.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Chapter 8
8-1 Exploring Exponential Models
8-2 Properties of Exponential Functions
8-3 Logarithmic Functions
8-4 Properties of Logarithms
8-5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
8-6 Natural Logarithms??


16 - 19

20 - 23

24 - 27

28 - 32

33 - 36

Quadratic Functions



Apply number properties involving prime factorization
Apply number properties involving positive/negative numbers
Apply rules of exponents

Exhibit knowledge of logarithms and geometric sequences
a situation
solving
Identify characteristics of graphs based on a set of conditions or on a general
equation
Solve problems integrating multiple algebraic and/or geometric concepts
Analyze and draw conclusions based on information from graphs in the
coordinate plane

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

Common Core Standards



single entity.


1. Create equations and inequalities in one variable use them to solve problems. Include
equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and

quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels.


plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve.

11. Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of equations ) (x f y = and
) (x g y = intersect are the solutions of the equation ) ( ) ( x g x f = ; find the solutions
approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make table of values or find
successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial,
rational, absolute value, exponential and logarithmic functions.


Analyze functions using different representations.

e. Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and
trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude.
8. Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal
and explain different properties of the function.
b. Use the properties of exponents to interpret expressions for exponential
functions.

9. Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way
(algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).


from a context.
b. Combine standard functions types using arithmetic operations. For example,
build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a
constant function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the
model.

5. (+) Understand the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms and use this
relationship to solve problems involving logarithms and exponents.

Linear, Quadratic, and Exponential Models (F-LE)

Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.
1. Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with
a. Prove that linear functions grow by equal differences over equal intervals, and
that exponential functions grow by equal factors over equal intervals.

c. Recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays at a constant rate per
unit interval relative to another.

2. Construct linear an exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric
sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs
(include reading these from a table).

3. Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually
exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a
polynomial function.

4. For exponential models, express as a logarithm the solution to
ct
ab d = where a, c,
and d are numbers and the base b is 2, 10, or e; evaluate the logarithm using
technology.

Rational Functions

Chapter 9
94 Rational Expressions
9-5 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
9-6 Solving Rational Equations
9-1 Inverse and Direct Variation
9-3 Rational Functions and Their Graphs


20-23

24-27

28-32

33-36

Add and Subtract simple algebraic expressions
Multiply two binomials
Evaluate quadratic functions, expressed in function notation, at integer values
Work with numerical factors
Work problems with positive integer exponents
Factor simple quadratics (e.g., the difference of squares and perfect square trinomials)


Solve problems integrating multiple algebraic and /or geometric concepts
Analyze and draw conclusions based on information from graphs in the coordinate
plane

Rational Functions





3. Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain
properties of the quantity represented by the expression.


b. Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or
minimum value of the function it defines.


1. Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they
are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract,
and multiply polynomials.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomial
3. Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the
zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.

Rewrite rational expressions
6. Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write
( )
( )
a x
b x
in the form
( )
( )
( )
r x
q x
b x
+ , where ( ), ( ), ( ), a x b x q x and ( ) r x are polynomials with the degree of
( ) r x less than the degree of ( ) b x , using inspection, long division, or for the more
complicated examples, a computer algebra system.

7.(+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational
numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero
rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions.


1. Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.
Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational
and exponential functions.


2. Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples
showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Functions, Interpreting Functions (F-IF)

d.(+) Graph rational functions, identifying zeros and asymptotes when suitable
factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.

Conic Sections

Chapter 10
10-2 Parabolas
10-3 Circles
10-4 Ellipses
10-5 Hyperbolas
Extension: Solving Quadratic Systems

28-32
Use the distance formula
Recognize special characteristics of parabolas and circles

33-36
Identify characteristics of graphs based on a set of conditions or on a general
equations

Conic Sections



single entity. For example, interpret
n
r P ) 1 ( + as the product of P and a factor
not depending on P.

7. Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two
variables algebraically and graphically. For example, find the points of intersection
between the line y =-3x and the circle 3
2 2
= + y x .
11. Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y =
f(x) and y =g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x)=g(x); find the
solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables
of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x)
are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic
functions.

2 .Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret

9. Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way
(algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For
example, given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for
another, say which has the larger maximum.


from a context.
b. Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations. For example,
build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a
constant function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the
model.
2. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) +k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x+k)
for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the
graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the
graph using technology, include recognizing even and odd functions from their
graphs and algebraic expressions for them.
Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations (G-GPE)

Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section
1. Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean
Theorem; compete the square to find center and radius of a circle given by an
equation.
2. Derive the equation of a parabola given a focus and directrix.
3. Derive the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas given foci and directrices.

Sequences and Series
Chapter 11
11-1 Mathematical Patterns
11-2 Arithmetic Sequences
11-3 Geometric Sequences
11-4 Arithmetic Series
11-5 Geometric Series

20-23
Calculate the missing value, given the average and all data values but one
Exhibit knowledge of elementary number concepts including rounding, the ordering of

24-27

28-32
Apply number properties involving even/odd numbers and factors/multiples
Apply rules for exponents

33-36
Draw conclusions based on number concepts, algebraic properties, and/or relationships
between expressions and numbers
Exhibit knowledge of logarithms and geometric sequences

Sequences and Series



single entity. For example, interpret
n
r P ) 1 ( + as the product of P and a factor
not depending on P.
4. Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series (when the common ratio is
not 1), and use the formula to solve problems. For example, calculate mortgage
payments.

3. Recognize that sequences are functions, sometimes defined recursively, whose
domain is a subset of the integers. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is defined
recursively by f(0) = f(1) = 1, f(n + 1) = f(n) + f(n 1) for 1 n .

from a contest.
2. Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit
formula, use them to model situations, and translate between the two forms.
Linear and Exponential Models (F-LE)

Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems
1. Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with
a. Prove that linear functions grow by equal differences over equal intervals, and
that exponential functions grow by equal factors over equal intervals.
b. Recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit
interval relative to another.
c. Recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant
percent rate per unit interval relative to another.
2. Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric
sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship or two input-output pairs
(include reading these from a table).
3. Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually
exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a
polynomial function.

Trigonometry

Chapter 13/14
Geometry Review Special Right Triangles
14-3 Right Triangles and Trigonometric Ratios
13-2 Angles and the Unit Circle
13-8 Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions
13-3 Radian Measure

13-2 Exploring Periodic Data
13-4 The Sine Function
13-5 The Cosine Function
13-7 Translating the Sine and Cosine Functions
13-6 The Tangent Function

14-1 Trigonometric Identities
14-2 Solving Trigonometric Equations Using Inverses


24-27

28-32

33-36

Recognize Pythagorean triples
Compute the area of triangles and rectangles when one or more additional simple
steps are required
Express the sine, cosine, and tangent of an angle in a right triangle as a ratio of given
side lengths
Apply properties of

90 45 45 , 90 60 30 , similar and congruent triangles
Use the Pythagorean theorem
Apply basic trigonometric ratios to solve right-triangle problems

Use trigonometric concepts and basic identities to solve problems
Exhibit knowledge of unit circle trigonometry
Match graphs of basic trigonometric functions with their equations
Trigonometry


Quantities (N-Q)

Reason quantitatively and use units solve problems.


3. Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting
quantities.




1. Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the
range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a
function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding
to the input of x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation ) (x f y =


Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of context
4. For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of
graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features give
a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts, intervals where
the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, negative; relative maximums and
minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.

relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-
hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an
appropriate domain for the function.

7. Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in
simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
e. Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts, and end
behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude.


from a context.
b. Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations. For example, build
a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a constant
function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the model.

3. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x)+k, kf(x), f(kx), and f(x+k) for
technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic
expressions for them.

4. Find inverse functions.
a. Solve an equation of the form f(x)=c for a simple function f that has an inverse
and write an expression for the inverse.

Trigonometric Functions (T-TF)

Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle
1. Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle
subtended by the angle.
2. Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric
functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed
counterclockwise around the unit circle.
3. (+) Use special triangles to determine geometrically the values of sine, cosine, tangent for
3
,
4
, and
6
, and use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent
for x, x + , and x 2 in terms of their values of x, where x is any real number.
4. (+) Use the unit circle to explain symmetry (odd and even) and periodicity of
trigonometric functions.

Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions
5. Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude,
frequency, and midline.
6. (+) Understand that restricting a trigonometric function to a domain on which it is always
increasing or always decreasing allows its inverse to be constructed
7. (+) Use the inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling
contexts; evaluate the solutions using technology, and interpret them in terms of the
context.

Prove and apply trigonometric identities
8. Prove the Pythagorean Identity 1 cos sin
2 2
= + and use it to calculate trigonometric
ratios.
9. (+) Prove the addition and subtraction formula

Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry (G-SRT)

Define trigonometric ratios and solve problems involving right triangles

6. Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in
the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios for acute angles.

7. Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.

8. Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangles in applied
problems.

Probability

Probability
Expected Value
Addition Rule of Probability
Multiplication Rule of Probability
Conditional Probability
Permutations and Combinations


16-19

20-23

24-27

28-32

33-36

Use the relationship between the probability of an event and the probability of its
complement
Determine the probability of a simple event
Exhibit knowledge of simple counting techniques
Compute straightforward probabilities for common situations
Use Venn diagrams for counting
Apply counting techniques
Compute a probability when the event and/or sample space are not given or obvious
Exhibit knowledge of conditional and joint probability
Probability


Making Inferences and Justifying Conclusions (S-IC)

Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments.
2. Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating
process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up
with probability 0.5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model?

Conditional Probability and the Rules of Probability (S-CP)

Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data.
1. Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics
(or categories) or the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other
events (or, and, not)

2. Understand that two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B
occurring together is the product of their probabilities, and use the characterization to
determine if they are independent.

3. Understand the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B), and interpret
independence of A and B as saying that the conditional probability of A given B is the
same as the probability of A, and the conditional probability of B given A is the same as
the probability of B.

4. Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are
associated with each object being classified. Use the two-way table as a sample space to
decide if events are independent and to approximate conditional probabilities. For
example, collect data from a random sample of students in your school on their favorite
subject among math, science, and English. Estimate the probability that a randomly
selected student from your school will favor science given that the student is in tenth
grade. Do the same for other subjects and compare the results.

5. Recognize and explain the concepts of conditional probability and independence in
everyday language and everyday situations. For example, compare the chance of having
lung cancer if you are a smoker with the chance of being smoker if you have lung cancer.

Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform
probability model
6. Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of Bs outcomes that also
belong to A, and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

7. Apply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) =P(A) +P(B) P( A and B), and interpret the
answer in terms of the model.

8. (+) Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model,
P(A and B) =P(A)P(B|A) =P(B)P(A|B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

9. (+) Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and
solve problems.
Using Probability to Make Decisions (S-MD)

Calculate expected values and use them to solve problems
1. (+) Define a random variable for a quantity of interest by assigning a numerical value
to each event in a sample space; graph the corresponding probability distribution
using the same graphical displays as for data distributions.

2. (+) Calculate the expected value of a random variable; interpret it as the mean of the
probability distribution.

3. (+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample
space in which theoretical probabilities can be calculated; find the expected value.
For example, find the theoretical probability distribution for the number of correct
answers obtained by guessing on all five questions of a multiple-choice test where
each question has four choices, and find the expected grade under various grading
schemes.

4. (+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample
space in which probabilities are assigned empirically; find the expected value. For
example, find a current data distribution on the number of TV sets per household in
the United States, and calculate the expected number of sets per household. How
many TV sets would you expect to find in 100 randomly selected households?

Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions
5. (+) Weigh the possible outcomes of a decision by assigning probabilities to payoff
values and finding expected values.
a. Find the expected payoff for a game of chance. For example, find the
expected winnings from a state lottery ticket or a game at a fast-food
restaurant.

b. Evaluate and compare strategies on the basis of expected values. For
example, compare a high-deductible versus a low-deductible automobile
insurance policy using various, but reasonable, chances of having a minor or
major accident.

6. (+) Use probabilities to make fair decisions (e.g., drawing by lots, using a random
number generator).

7. (+) Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts (e.g., product testing,
medical testing, pulling a hockey goalie at the end of a game).

Univariate Data

Graphs: Bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs, dot plots, histograms, and boxplots
Mean, Median and Mode
Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Scatter plots
Regression and Correlation


13-15

16-19

20-23

24-27

28-32

33-36

Calculate the missing data value, given the average and all data values but one
Translate from on representation of data to another (e.g., a bar graph to a circle graph)

Calculate the average, given the frequency counts of all the data values

Distinguish between mean, median and mode for a list of numbers
Analyze and draw conclusions based on information from figures, tables and graphs
Calculate the average of a list of positive whole numbers
Perform a single computation using information from a table or chart
Calculate the average of a list of numbers
Calculate the average, given the number of data values and the sum of the data values
Read tables and graphs
Perform computations on data from tables and graphs
Calculate or use a weighted average
Interpret and use information from figures, tables and graphs

Univariate Data


Interpreting Categorical and Quantitative Data (S-ID)

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable
1. Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box
plots)

2. Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center
(median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more
different data sets.

3. Interpret differences in shape, center and spread in context of the data sets,
accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers)

4. Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution to
estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such
procedure is not appropriate. Use calculators, spreadsheets, and tables to estimate
areas under the normal curve.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables

6. Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the
variables are related.

a. Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the
context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the
context. Emphasize linear and exponential models.

b. Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals.

c. Fit a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association.

Interpret linear models
7. Interpret the slope (rate of change) and interpret (constant term) of a linear model in
the context of the data.

8. Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.

9. Distinguish between correlation and causation.

Matrices

Chapter 4

4-1 Organizing Data Into Matrices
4-2 Adding and Subtracting Matrices
4-3 Matrix Multiplication
4-4 Geometric Transformations With Matrices
4-5 2x2 Matrices, Determinants, and Inverses
4-6 3x3 Matrices, Determinants, and Inverses
4-7 Inverse Matrices and Systems
4-8 Augmented Matrices and Systems


20-23

28-32

33-36

Translate from one representation of data to another.
Manipulate expressions and equations.
Solve problems integrating multiple algebraic and/or geometric concepts.
Matrices


Vector and Matrix Quantities (N-VM)

Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
6. (+) Use matrices to represent and manipulate data, e.g., to represent payoffs or
incidence relationships in a network.

7. (+) Multiply matrices by scalars to produce new matrices, e.g., as when all the payoffs
in a game are doubled.

10. (+) Add, subtract, and multiply matrices of appropriate dimensions.

11. (+) Understand that, unlike multiplication of numbers, matrix multiplication for
square matrices is not a commutative operation, but still satisfies the associative and
distributive properties.

12. (+) Understand that the zero and identity matrices play a role in matrix addition and
multiplication similar to the role of 0 and 1 in the real numbers. The determinant of a
square matrix is nozero if and only if the matrix has a multiplicative invers.

13. (+) Multiply a vector (regarded as a matrix with one column) by a matrix of suitable
dimensions to produce another vector. Work with matrices as transformations of
vectors.

14. (+) Work with 2 x 2 matrices as a transformation of the plane, and interpret the
absolute value of the determinant in terms of area.


8. (+) Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector
variable.

9. (+) Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear
equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 x 3 or greater).

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