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    Aramco-RTFI Presentation 10-1-21

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    Mohammad Sazid Alam
    This presentation covers radiographic film interpretation for weld inspection. It discusses factors that affect interpretation, including visual perception, the condition of the human eye, equipment, film techniques, and welding processes like SMAW and GMAW. The morning session covers interpretation, welding processes, defect appearance and classification, and acceptance criteria in codes like ASME B31.1 and API 1104. The afternoon focuses on interpreting radiographs and detecting, classifying, and evaluating defects according to acceptance standards.

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    Aramco-RTFI Presentation 10-1-21

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Sazid Alam
    7K views193 pages
    This presentation covers radiographic film interpretation for weld inspection. It discusses factors that affect interpretation, including visual perception, the condition of the human eye, equipment, film techniques, and welding processes like SMAW and GMAW. The morning session covers interpretation, welding processes, defect appearance and classification, and acceptance criteria in codes like ASME B31.1 and API 1104. The afternoon focuses on interpreting radiographs and detecting, classifying, and evaluating defects according to acceptance standards.

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    ARAMCO RTFI

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    This presentation covers radiographic film interpretation for weld inspection. It discusses factors that affect interpretation, including visual perception, the condition of the human eye, equipment, film techniques, and welding processes like SMAW and GMAW. The morning session covers interpretation, welding processes, defect appearance and classification, and acceptance criteria in codes like ASME B31.1 and API 1104. The afternoon focuses on interpreting radiographs and detecting, classifying, and evaluating defects according to acceptance standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    7K views193 pages

    Aramco-RTFI Presentation 10-1-21

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Sazid Alam
    This presentation covers radiographic film interpretation for weld inspection. It discusses factors that affect interpretation, including visual perception, the condition of the human eye, equipment, film techniques, and welding processes like SMAW and GMAW. The morning session covers interpretation, welding processes, defect appearance and classification, and acceptance criteria in codes like ASME B31.1 and API 1104. The afternoon focuses on interpreting radiographs and detecting, classifying, and evaluating defects according to acceptance standards.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 193

    R

    Radiographic Film
    Interpretation of Welds
    ASNT
    Saudi Arabian Section
    Jim Carswell
    RTFI Presentation Outline

    Morning 8:00am 12:00noon

    Interpretation/perception
    Welding processes
    Appearance and classification of defects
    Review acceptance criteria:
    ASME B31.1
    API 1104
    AWS D1.1
    Interpret radiographs

    Afternoon 1:00pm 4:00pm

    Interpret radiographs
    This presentation reviews the
    process of detecting, classifying
    and evaluating to acceptance
    criteria discernable defects on
    radiographic film.

    Factors affecting Interpretation

    Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
    Can you see it?
    What do you see?

    Perception
    Distortion
    Illusion
    Detection

    Perception
    Distortion
    Illusion
    Detection
    How many faces can you detect?
    There are eleven faces

    Scoring:


    1-4 average
    8 extraordinary
    9 above average
    10 very observant
    11 extremely observant
    Factors affecting Interpretation

    Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
    Condition of the human eye
    Eye examinations 20/40
    Wear your glasses/contacts, if scratched
    replace.

    Factors affecting Interpretation

    Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
    Condition of the human eye
    Equipment
    Viewer/densitometer
    Viewing conditions
    Tools

    Factors affecting Interpretation

    Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
    Condition of the human eye
    Equipment
    Film and radiographic techniques
    Discussing throughout




    When in doubt
    Ask for 2nd opinion
    Re-shoot
    Grind & re-shoot
    Radiography
    Contact - DWSV
    Elliptical - DWDV
    Single wall single view
    Radiographic film
    Film processing
    Results: good technique
    Welding
    Joining materials at the atomic/molecular level
    Welding equipment
    Welding is generated by an electric arc

    Terminology
    Five Basic Weld Joints
    Common Welding Processes Used
    In The Petrochemical Industry
    SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding)

    GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)

    GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding)

    SAW (Submerged Arc Welding)
    Shielded Metal Arc Welding
    (SMAW)
    Welding is generated by an electric arc established
    between the flux covered electrode and the base
    metal and melts the two together.




    Benefits of the electrode coating


    Arc stabilization
    Provides gas shielding decomposition of
    cellulose and limestone
    De-oxidation of weld pool
    Strengthens the weld - adds alloying elements
    Increases deposition by adding iron filler
    Slag provides oxide barrier for solidifying metal
    Slag provides thermal insulation of the cooling weld

    Common defects associated
    with SMAW

    Porosity
    Cracks
    Slag
    Incomplete fusion
    Incomplete penetration
    Burn through
    Lack of fill
    Root concavity
    Undercut
    Excessive penetration
    The SMAW process is almost totally operator dependant






    Gas Metal Arc Welding
    (GMAW)
    Welding is generated by an electric arc
    between a continuously fed solid wire
    consumable and the base metal




    Common defects associated
    with GMAW

    Porosity
    Cracks
    Incomplete fusion
    Undercut
    lack of fill
    Incomplete penetration

    The GMAW process is automated, semi-automated and
    machine.






    Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
    (GTAW)
    Welding is generated by an electric arc
    between a tungsten electrode, a solid wire
    consumable and the base metal.
    Common defects associated
    with GTAW

    Porosity
    Tungsten inclusions
    Cracks
    Incomplete fusion
    Undercut

    The GTAW process is almost totally operator dependant






    Submerged Arc Welding
    (SAW)
    Welding is generated by an electric arc
    between a continuously fed solid wire
    consumable and the base metal while
    totally submerged in a protective flux.



    Common defects associated
    with SAW

    Porosity
    Cracks
    Slag
    Incomplete fusion

    The GMAW process is automated, semi-automated and
    machine.






    Welding Defects

    Common causes of defects

    Welder-technique
    Cleaning
    Joint preparation
    Joint design

    Welding technique
    Cleaning
    (Porosity, Fusion, Tungsten & Slag)
    Cleaning - slag removal
    Joint preparation - poor fit-up
    (Fusion, Penetration & Mismatch - Hi-Lo)
    POROSITY






    Causes:
    Contamination
    Moisture
    Environment wind, etc.


    Porosity
    Porosity
    Cluster Porosity
    Cluster Porosity
    Aligned Root-Pass Porosity
    Hollow Bead
    Incomplete Fusion







    Causes:
    Incomplete penetration of arc
    Inadequate welding current
    Poor joint fit-up


    Incomplete fusion - Sidewall
    Incomplete Penetration








    Cause:
    Poor joint design
    Welding technique


    Incomplete Penetration
    Incomplete Penetration
    Incomplete Penetration
    Incomplete Penetration
    Mismatch - Hi low








    Cause:
    Poor joint fit-up


    Mismatch
    Mismatch
    Cracks






    Causes:
    Stress - thermal/mechanical
    Welding technique
    Electrode material (wrong alloy)


    Transverse Cracks
    Transverse Cracks
    Longitudinal Root Crack
    Longitudinal Root Crack
    Slag Inclusion






    Causes:
    Non-removal
    Welding technique

    Interpass Slag
    Interpass Slag
    Burn Through






    Cause:
    Welding technique
    Poor joint fit-up

    Burn Through
    Burn Through
    Root Concavity






    Cause:
    Welding technique
    Poor joint fit-up

    Root Concavity
    Root Concavity
    Undercut








    Cause:
    Welding technique excessive heat


    Internal Undercut
    Internal Undercut
    External Undercut
    External Undercut
    Excessive Penetration








    Cause:
    Welding technique excessive arc
    penetration
    Poor joint fit-up
    Excessive Penetration
    Excessive Penetration
    Lack of Fill








    Cause:
    Welding technique


    Lack of Fill
    Lack of Fill

    Tungsten Inclusion








    Cause:
    Welding technique


    Tungsten Inclusions
    Tungsten Inclusions
    Weld Spatter


    Cause:
    Poor joint fit-up
    Welding technique

    Miscellaneous
    Film Handling And Processing
    Defects
    Scratches
    Finger prints
    Crimp marks
    Light Leaks
    Chemical Stains
    Roller Marks & Artifacts
    Scratches
    Chemical Stains

    Light Leaks
    Static Marks
    Store film upright
    Artifacts
    Water marks
    Crimp marks
    CODES & STANDARDS
    in the petrochemical
    industry
    What is the purpose for Codes &
    Standards?
    They ensure uniform practices throughout
    industry

    Three common codes used in Saudi
    Arabias petrochemical industry
    ASME B31.3
    In-Plant Process Pipe
    API 1104
    Welding of Pipelines And Related Facilities
    AWS D1.1
    Structural Welding Code - Steel
    ASME B31.3
    and
    Appendix 4
    Film interpretation acceptance criteria for
    Process Piping on-plot facilities
    API 1104
    Film interpretation acceptance criteria for
    pipelines
    AWS D1.1
    Film interpretation acceptance criteria for
    structures

    END

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