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    Chromosomes and DNA Packaging

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    Biju Mylachal
    The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged through its interaction with histone proteins. Histones form octamers that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are beads on a string of chromatin. Nucleosomes are further packaged with non-histone chromosomal proteins and additional histones into higher-order chromatin structures. In prokaryotes, DNA is organized into loops within the nucleoid region. A eukaryotic nucleus also contains regions of loosely packed, transcriptionally active euchromatin and more tightly packed, inactive heterochromatin.

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    Chromosomes and DNA Packaging

    Uploaded by

    Biju Mylachal
    526 views15 pages
    The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged through its interaction with histone proteins. Histones form octamers that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are beads on a string of chromatin. Nucleosomes are further packaged with non-histone chromosomal proteins and additional histones into higher-order chromatin structures. In prokaryotes, DNA is organized into loops within the nucleoid region. A eukaryotic nucleus also contains regions of loosely packed, transcriptionally active euchromatin and more tightly packed, inactive heterochromatin.

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    The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged through its interaction with histone proteins. Histones form octamers that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are beads on a string of chromatin. Nucleosomes are further packaged with non-histone chromosomal proteins and additional histones into higher-order chromatin structures. In prokaryotes, DNA is organized into loops within the nucleoid region. A eukaryotic nucleus also contains regions of loosely packed, transcriptionally active euchromatin and more tightly packed, inactive heterochromatin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    526 views15 pages

    Chromosomes and DNA Packaging

    Uploaded by

    Biju Mylachal
    The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged through its interaction with histone proteins. Histones form octamers that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are beads on a string of chromatin. Nucleosomes are further packaged with non-histone chromosomal proteins and additional histones into higher-order chromatin structures. In prokaryotes, DNA is organized into loops within the nucleoid region. A eukaryotic nucleus also contains regions of loosely packed, transcriptionally active euchromatin and more tightly packed, inactive heterochromatin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    of 15
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that DNA needs to be highly compacted to fit inside the nucleus and it is packaged through winding around histone proteins to form structures like nucleosomes.

    In eukaryotic cells, DNA is arranged around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further compacted to form chromatin and chromosomes.

    A nucleosome is a structure formed by wrapping DNA around an octamer of histone proteins. It is the basic unit of chromatin.

    DNA Packaging

    HSE Zoology blog


    Packaging of DNA double
    helix
    Human genome (in diploid cells) = 6 x
    10
    9
    bp
    6 x 10
    9
    bp X 0.34 nm/bp = 2.04 x 10
    9
    nm
    = 2 m/cell
    Diameter of nucleus = 5-10 mm

    HSE Zoology blog
    HSE Zoology blog
    Arrangement of DNA in a eukaryotic
    chromosomes
    In eukaryotes, the DNA is arranged around a
    set of positively charged basic proteins
    called histones .
    Histones are organized to form a unit of eight
    molecules called, histone octamer.
    The negatively charged DNA is wrapped
    around the positively charged histone octamer
    to form a structure called nucleosome.
    HSE Zoology blog
    DNA in a eukaryotic
    chromosomes
    HSE Zoology blog
    HSE Zoology blog
    HSE Zoology blog
    A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA
    helix.
    Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of
    structure in nucleus called chromatin.
    The nucleosomes in chromatin are seen as
    beads on strings structure under
    electron microscope.
    HSE Zoology blog
    HSE Zoology blog
    NHC Proteins

    The packaging of chromatin at higher
    level requires additional set of proteins
    called Non histone chromosomal proteins
    (NHC proteins)
    HSE Zoology blog
    DNA in a prokaryotic
    chromosomes
    HSE Zoology blog
    Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane
    and defined nucleus, even though DNA
    is not scattered throughout the cell.
    DNA, being negatively charged is held
    with some proteins having positive
    charges in a region termed as nucleoid.
    The DNA in nucleoid is organized in
    large loops held by proteins.
    HSE Zoology blog
    Fig. 9
    HSE Zoology blog
    Euchromatin and
    heterochromatin
    Euchromatin
    In a typical nucleus, some regions of chromatin
    are loosely packed and lightly stained known as
    euchromatin. This region contains active
    chromatin.
    Heterochromatin
    The chromatin that is more densely packed and
    stains dark are called heterochromatin. This
    region contains inactive chromatin.
    HSE Zoology blog
    HSE Zoology blog

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