58 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC.

2010
KOBELCO Pelletizing Process
Shinichi YAMAGUCHI
1
, Takeshi FUJII
1
, Norihito YAMAMOTO
1
, Tsutomu NOMURA
2
1
Plant Engineering Department, Iron Unit Division, Natural Resources & Engineering Business,
2
Technology & Process Engineering Department,
Iron Unit Division, Natural Resources & Engineering Business
Kobe Steel's history of pelletizing plants began when
the company built a plant at its Kobe Works in 1966.
This paper introduces the history of pelletizing plants,
including process outlines and the latest achievements
in the construction of plants overseas. In the past, plant
owners had focused mainly on the quality of the product
pellets and plant equipment, as well as the cost of the
plants. Lately, however, the environmental aspects of
plant operation have also been attracting more
attention. Kobe Steel, with its experience in design,
construction and operation, is contributing to the
further improvement and development of pelletizing
plants that meet all the requirements.
Introduction
In 1966, Kobe Steel installed a pelletizing plant
based on the kiln process at its Kobe Works. Since
then the company has built and run many pelletizing
plants using this process. This paper introduces the
history of the development of pelletizing plants and
the features of various processes. Also included are
the advantages of KOBELCO pelletizing, as well as the
current status of the projects conducted by Kobe Steel.
There are two major methods of ironmaking: (1)
ironmaking on large-scale using a blast furnace and
(2) ironmaking on small-to-mid scale using an electric
arc furnace (EAF). The raw materials for ironmaking
that are charged into a blast furnace include lump ore,
sintered ore and pellets. The ones charged into an EAF
include iron scrap, reduced iron pellets and reduced
iron briquettes. Sintered ore is made by partially
melting and sintering coarse iron ore 1 to 3mm in
size into products having a size of 15 to 30mm. The
sintering process uses the combustion heat of coke
breeze (fuel). Pellets are made from iron ore that is finer
than that used for sintered ore. The ore fine is formed
into spheroids, called green balls, approximately
12mm in diameter. The green balls are fired into
product pellets. The pellets are used as the raw
materials not only for blast furnaces but also for gas-
based direct reduction furnaces, the process becoming
popular among natural gas producing countries.
The history of pellets began in 1912 when A.G.
Andersson, a Swede, invented a pelletizing method.
The commercial use of pellets, however, began in the
USA after World War . Various studies were
conducted with the aim of developing the vast
reserves of taconite in the area around the Great
Lakes. In 1943, Dr. Davis, a professor at the University
of Minnesota, Mines Experiment Station, invented a
method for processing taconite containing low grade
iron ore. His process involved grinding taconite to
remove gangues and upgrading the iron ore (i.e., an
ore beneficiation process). The resultant high-grade
ore is in the form of fine particles, as small as 0.1mm
or less, which are not suitable for sintering. This issue
led to the use of pelletizing.
Pelletizing plants are expected to play an
important role in an era when the global reserve of
high-grade lump ore is shrinking. The plants
promote the concentrating of low-grade ore into
upgraded pellets, which will be increasingly used by
blast furnaces and direct reduction furnaces.
Fig. 1 shows the total global production of pellets
along with the regional production
1)
.
1. Equipment for pelletizing plants
A pelletizing plant includes four processes:
1) raw material receiving,
2) pretreatment,
3) balling, and
4) indurating.
This chapter outlines these processing steps.
1.1 Process of receiving raw material
The location of a pelletizing plant affects the
method of receiving raw materials such as iron ore,
additives and binders. Many pelletizing plants are
located near ore mines. This is because these plants
were developed to pelletize the raw materials that
are beneficiated at these mines. Such plants receive
the raw materials via railways and/or slurry
pipelines. Other pelletizing plants exist at a distance
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
Australia
Middle East
China
Asia
South America
North America
CIS
Europe
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
P
e
l
l
e
t

p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

t
o
n
s
)
Fig. 1 Worldwide pellet production
59 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
from and independent of ore mines. In such cases,
the receiving method involves the transportation of
the ore in a dedicated ship, unloading the ore at a
quay and stockpiling it in a yard. Iron ore must be
shipped in bulk for maximum economy.
1.2 Pretreatment process
In this process, the iron ore is ground into fines
having qualities required for the subsequent balling
process. The pretreatment includes concentrating,
dewatering, grinding, drying and prewetting.
In general, low-grade iron ore is ground into fines
to upgrade the quality of the iron ore, remove
gangues containing sulfur and phosphorus, and
control the size of the grains. In the case of magnetite,
a magnetic separator is employed for upgrading
and gangue removal. With hematite, on the other
hand, these operations are accomplished by gravity
beneficiation, flotation, and/or a wet-type, high-
magnetic separator. Fig. 2 schematically shows a
magnetic separator, a typical machine used for
magnetite beneficiation
2)
.
The grinding methods are roughly categorized as
to the following three aspects:
1) wet grinding - dry grinding
2) open-circuit grinding - closed circuit grinding
3) single stage grinding - multiple stage grinding
These methods are used in combination depending
on the types and characteristics of the ore and the
mixing ratio, taking into account the economic
feasibility. A wet grinding system (Fig. 3) accompanies
a dewatering unit with a thickener and filter, while
a dry grinding system (Fig. 4) requires a prewetting
unit. Drying is usually provided in association
with dry grinding. Prewetting includes adding an
adequate amount of water homogeneously into the
dry-ground material to prepare pre-wetted material
suitable for balling. This is a process for adjusting the
characteristics of the material that significantly
affect pellet quality. Occasionally, the chemical
composition of the product pellets is also adjusted
in this process to produce high quality pellets. A
typical binder is bentonite or organic binder. Adding
lime and/or dolomite to the ore adjusts the pellets
so as to have the target chemical composition
3)
.
1.3 Balling process
In this process, balling equipment produces green
balls from the pre-wetted material prepared in the
previous process. The green balls are produced either
by a balling drum (Fig. 5), or by a balling pan (disc)
(Fig. 6). Both of the units utilize centrifugal force to
form the fine materials into spheroids. The green
balls produced by a drum are not uniform in
diameter. A significant portion of the discharge
(about 70%) is smaller than target size and must be
returned to the drum after screening. It is difficult
Feed
Magnetic
concentrate
Magnet
Tailing
Raw
material
Balling drum
Screen
Undersize green ball
Green ball
Storage
bin
Ball
mill
Hot gas
generator
Raw
material
Bucket
elevator
Air
separator
Dust
collector
Product
Storage
bin
Ball mill
Hydrocyclone
Head
water
Raw
material
Sump Pump
Tail
water
Product
Fig. 2 Magnetic separator
Fig. 3 Flow of closed circuit wet-grinding system
Fig. 4 Flow of closed circuit dry-grinding system
Fig. 5 Flow of balling drum
60 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
to adjust the drum operation for varying raw
material conditions. The operation, however, is
stable for uniform raw material conditions (chemical
composition, particle size, moisture, etc.). A balling
disc, on the other hand, classifies green balls by itself,
reducing the amount of pellets returned. The disc
operation can easily be adjusted for varying raw
material conditions by changing the revolution,
inclined angle and depth of the pan.
1.4 Indurating process
The firing of pellets establishes the binding of
hematite particles at an elevated temperature
ranging from 1,250 to 1,350 in oxidizing condition.
Slag with a low melting point may form in the
pellets during this firing step, if the raw material
contains fluxed gangue, or if limestone is added to it.
In these cases, the product may have an intermediate
structure with both hematite binding and slag
binding. The firing process is characterized by
process temperatures lower than those required by
sintering which requires partially melting and
sintering fine ore mixed with coke breeze, a fuel
which generates combustion heat.
Three systems are used for indurating pellets, i.e.,
a shaft furnace system, a straight grate system and a
grate-kiln-cooler system. Shaft furnaces are the most
traditional facilities; however, few plants use this
system these days because of their limited scale. A
straight grate system emerged in the industry soon
after the shaft furnaces. It consists of a single unit
which moves a static layer of pellets. The system has
a simple structure for drying, preheating, firing and
cooling pellets. Due to its relative ease of operation,
along with ease of scaling-up, makes the system one
used by many plants. A grate-kiln-cooler system
consists mainly of a grate, a kiln and a cooler,
respectively designed for drying/preheating, firing,
and cooling the pellets. The system is easy to control,
and the product pellets have a uniform quality. It can
also be scaled up to a fairly large degree, and these
systems are used by many plants along with straight
grate systems.
Table 1 compares a grate-kiln-cooler system and
a straight grate system.
Raw
material
Balling disc
Green ball
Comments
Straight
-Grate
Grate-Kiln
-Cooler
Items No.
Pellet quality
1
Grate-Kiln-Cooler process enables all pellets to be uniformly and adequately heat-hardened by
tumbling action and be held at the peak temperature for longer period than in Straight-Grate.
a) Uniformity
b) Cold compression strength
c) Tumble index
Iron grade and impurity contents are basically influenced by ore beneficiation processes, but
not by the pelletizing process.
d) Chemical composition
Reducibility (final reduction degree in DR) and clustering tendency depend basically on the
characteristics of iron ore itself. Generally, the higher iron content of pellets have the higher
reducibility and the higher clustering tendency. Remark: Addition of lime (hydrated lime or
limestone) and/or dolomite to iron ore results in lower clustering tendency of pellets and
higher compression strength of sponge iron.
e) Reducibility

f) Clustering tendency during
reduction
The pellets uniformly and adequately heat-hardened in Grate-Kiln-Cooler process have lower
disintegrating tendency.

g) Disintegrating tendency
during reduction
Grate-Kiln-Cooler process attains lower fuel consumption, due to the followings ;
a) No hearth layer and side layer
b) Efficient heat transfer mechanism in grate, kiln and cooler to meet each specific
requirement
Fuel consumption 2
No requirement of hearth layer and low height of pellet bed on the grate of Grate-Kiln-Cooler
process lower the pressure drop across the pellet bed, which reduces the power consumption
of process fans.
Power consumption 3
Straight-Grate process needs more spare parts of grate bars which suffer from considerable
cyclic thermal stresses through drying, preheating, firing and cooling.
Maintenance cost 4
Grate-Kiln-Cooler process allows independent operation adjustment of grate, kiln and cooler,
which enables the operators ;
a) to, easily and without any risk, decrease and increase the rate of pellet production.
b) to overcome radical changes in the characteristics of iron ore materials fed to the
pelletizing plant, and to utilize various kinds of additives ; bentonite, hydrated lime and/or
limestone.
c) produce pellets of differing metallurgical characteristics. The single burner applied for
Grate-Kiln-Cooler process simplifies the process control.
When required, the burner has ability to simultaneously fire two fuels, gas and oil, and switch
on-stream from one fuel to another.
Process versatility 5
No specific difference on plant availability Plant availability 6
Fig. 6 Flow of balling disc
Table 1 Comparison of grate-kiln-cooler process and straight-grate process
61 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
2. Kobe Steel pelletizing plants
A pelletizing plant was built at the Kobe Works
of Kobe Steel in September 1966, with the aim of
increasing the productivity of the blast furnaces by
utilizing pellets. This involves optimizing the raw
materials. The raw materials are separately treated,
depending on their characteristics, in a sintering
plant and a pelletizing plant. This makes the
pretreatment more versatile and enables the use of
fine ores.
The raw material for the plant includes fines of
various hematites such as limonite. Thus the plant
adopts a dry grinding/pre-wetting system suitable
for such raw material. For the indurating process,
Kobe Steel introduced a Grate-kiln system developed
by Allis-Chalmers for assuring homogenous firing at
a high temperature. The plant had a capacity of one
million tonnes/year.
Then Kobe Steel built the No.1 pelletizing plant at
the Kakogawa Works in 1970 and the No.2
pelletizing plant in 1973, each having a production
capacity of 2 million tonnes/year. The only pelletizing
plant still in service is the No.1 pelletizing plant at
the Kakogawa Works. The plant now has an
increased capacity of about 4 million tonnes/year,
the result of various modifications for capacity
enhancement, labor-saving and energy-saving.
Kobe Steel is in the advantageous position of
operating its own pelletizing plants and using the
product pellets for its own blast furnaces. This has
led the company to the practical application of self-
fluxed pellets and the development of dolomite
pellets. Kobe Steel has taken a leading position in
utilizing pellets for large blast furnaces in Japan.
Fig. 7 depicts the typical flow in a KOBELCO
pelletizing plant.
3. Features of pellet indurating equipment
As described previously, Kobe Steel built
pelletizing plants based on the Grate-kiln process at
the Kobe Works and Kakogawa Works. After many
unique modifications, the company constructed
various pelletizing plants as KOBELCO pelletizing
systems, not only domestically, but also overseas. All
the systems adopt a grate-kiln-cooler process for
their indurating step.
This chapter describes more details of the three
indurating systems
4)
.
3.1 Shaft furnace system
A shaft furnace (Fig. 8) in an old system employs
an external combustion chamber to generate the heat
required for indurating and introduces the hot gas
into the furnace. The green balls, charged from the
furnace top, make contact with the hot gas as they
descend and exchange heat to increase their
temperature. The heated pellets pass a cooling zone
before being discharged outside the furnace. The
pellets charged from the furnace top come into
sufficient contact with the hot gas to ensure high
thermal efficiency, which is a feature of shaft
furnaces. However, it is difficult to attain a uniform
temperature distribution in the furnaces. This results
F F
F F F F
F
Drying Grinding Pre-wetting
Balling Slurry
Iron ore

Limestone
Bentonite
Products
Induration
Air heater
Travelling grate
1,1001,100
570 400
400
220
280
120
1,300
Air
Kiln burner
Annular cooler
Rotary kiln
Electrostatic
precipitator
Fig. 7 Typical flow of KOBELCO pelletizing plant
62 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
in nonuniform heating of the pellets, causing them to
cluster and/or to adhere to the furnace wall, leading
to difficulty of operation. In addition, the scale of
the plant is limited to about 450 thousand tonnes/
year at maximum, which limits the cost savings. This
technology has become obsolete due to the difficulty
of increasing the furnace size.
3.2 Straight grate system
A straight grate system (Fig. 9) emerged in the
industry soon after shaft furnaces. The system
comprises a grate which transfers green balls
charged onto it. The grate feeds the green balls
sequentially through the steps of drying, preheating,
firing and cooling. The advantage of a straight grate
over a shaft furnace exists in the wider range of
temperature control for the processing steps of
drying, preheating, firing and cooling. This system,
however, suffers from the disadvantage that a
change in the grate speed at once changes all the
conditions for the subsequent process steps.
A straight grate machine includes an endless
grate car consisting of grate bars with side walls. A
layer (about 100mm thick) of fired pellets is placed
on the grate bars and on the side walls (Fig.10).
Green balls are placed on top of this to form a layer
of about 300mm in thickness. The layer of fired
pellets protects the grate bar and side wall from high
temperatures and prevents the green balls from
being inhomogeneously fired. The green balls on the
grate pass through the zones for drying, preheating,
firing and cooling. Each zone is held at a
predetermined temperature, and heat exchange
occurs via hot air and/or combustion gas to fire the
pellets.
The straight grate system, consisting essentially of
a single unit which moves a static layer, is easy to
operate. However, the system must re-circulate a
portion of the fired pellets to form the layers on the
grate bars and side walls to protect the mechanical
Off gas
Green
pellet
Fuel
Air
Off gas
Cooling air
Off gas
Fuel
Air
Air Air
Off gas
Cooling air
Combustion
chamber
Combustion
chamber
Shaft
furnace
Cooling
chamber
Cooling
chamber
Product pellet
Fig. 8 Flow of shaft furnace system
Product
2nd
cooling
1st
cooling
Grate
After
firing
Firing Preheating
Down
draft
drying
Up
draft
drying Green pellet
Side layer Green pellet Hearth layer
Grate car
Fig.10 Cross sectional sketch of straight grate
Fig. 9 Flow of straight grate system
63 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
parts and prevent variations in pellet quality. Despite
this protection, the pellets are subject to wear
when passing through the process steps at elevated
temperatures. In addition, as previously described,
this system involves a thick layer (300mm), which is
prone to temperature variation between its top and
bottom portions. This leads to variations in the
quality of the product pellets.
3.3 Grate-kiln-cooler system
A grate-kiln-cooler system (Fig.11) consists of
three major components: a grate (e.g., a traveling
grate), a kiln (e.g., a rotary kiln) and a cooler (e.g., an
annular cooler). The green balls, fed uniformly onto
the grate, pass sequentially through the steps of
drying and preheating. The preheating step hardens
them to a strength great enough to endure the
tumbling and heating that occur in the subsequent
kiln step. The pellets, after being fired at an elevated
temperature inside the kiln, are cooled in the
following step to produce fired pellets.
The basic concept for designing a system
including a grate, kiln and cooler consists in
allocating the thermal transfer, occurring at
temperatures from ambient to 1,300 or higher, to
each process step so as not to cause any mechanical
problems.
The grate is partitioned into drying zones and
preheating zones. In these zones, heat exchanges at
relatively low temperatures occur for drying and
preheating the green balls. Forced convection is
applied to the heating for high thermal efficiency. The
source of the heat for drying and preheating the
pellets is not only the kiln off gas, but also recoup gas
from the cooler, an arrangement that gives the plant
as a whole high thermal efficiency.
A kiln with a relatively short length is connected
with the grate at its inlet and with the cooler at its
outlet. The kiln is lined with refractory materials for
firing the preheated pellets discharged from the
grate. The firing is conducted at an elevated
temperature, and radiation heating is applied to fire
the pellets efficiently and homogeneously. The
kiln is placed at a slight incline to the discharge
and rotates at a low revolution. The pellets tumble
inside the rotating kiln to be fired at a predetermined
temperature (Fig.12) and are subsequently transferred
to the cooler. The tumbling action ensures the
homogenous heating of all the pellets inside the kiln
and consistently yields high quality.
An annular-shaped, horizontally rotating cooler
decreases the temperature of the fired pellets to a
level suitable for subsequent transportation. This
step employs the forced convection of air blow for
cooling. A part of the hot gas collected from the
cooler is used as secondary air for fuel combustion in
the kiln. The hot gas is also used for the process steps
of drying and preheating the green balls, making the
entire system thermally efficient.
A grate-kiln-cooler system has the following
features:
1) The system produces homogeneous products,
since the pellets are subject to tumbling action
during the firing in the kiln.
2) Each of the steps of preheating, firing and
cooling can be controlled either in conjunction
with the others, or independently from the
others, as needed. This enables heating the hot
Traveling grate
Rotary kiln
Annular
cooler
No. 1
DDD
No. 2
DDD
TPH PH
DDDDown draft drying zone
TPHTempered preheating zone
PHPreheating zone
Product
Green pellet
D
Burner flame
Radiation heat
Pellet
Rotation
Fig.11 Flow of grate-kiln-cooler system
Fig.12 Cross sectional sketch of rotary kiln
64 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
gas and pellets in the pattern most suitable for
each process step and makes the process
versatile with regard to variations in raw
material quality and the production rate.
3) The ease of temperature control enables the
homogenous production of self-fluxed pellets,
whose production requires strict temperature
control.
4) Low fuel and power consumption can be
achieved.
5) The grate, kiln and cooler of the system are
independently designed and constructed
according to their respective thermal loads.
This reduces the frequency of replacing parts
such as the refractory material and grate-plate,
and consequently improves the availability of
the plant.
4. Product quality and features
The quality of the pellets depends on the process
of pellet production. A straight grate system transfers
pellets as a static layer. The system consists of a single
unit for drying, preheating, firing and cooling the
pellets. The pellet layer is relatively thick, about
300mm, causing a difference in the heating profile of
pellets in the upper and lower portions of the layer.
This causes variations in pellet quality, especially in
compression strength and tumble strength.
On the other hand, the pellets produced by the
KOBELCO pelletizing system have been heated
uniformly by the tumbling action inside the kiln
during the firing step. The firing temperature can be
adjusted with ease and accuracy by controlling the
fuel ratio for the kiln burner.
Fig.13 compares the distribution in the
compression strength of pellets produced by the
KOBELCO pelletizing system and those produced by
the straight grate process.
5. Ability to adapt to various raw materials
In a grate-kiln-cooler system, the drying/
preheating, firing and cooling steps are performed by
separate units, making it possible to control each of
the steps independently. An advantage of the grate-
kiln-cooler system is its capability of providing the
heat patterns most suitable for various raw materials.
In other words, it can accommodate any mixture of
ore, from 100 magnetite to 100 hematite. In a
case where the raw ore contains a large amount of
crystal water, the crystal water may explosively
vaporize to cause bursting of the green balls.
KOBELCO pelletizing systems can avoid such
bursting by providing a dewatering step, performed
at a relatively low temperature to prevent rapid
heating of the green balls.
6. Sample test and process design
When designing a pelletizing plant, the
equipment must be sized appropriately to achieve
the most suitable process conditions determined by
the types of ore to be processed by the plant.
More specifically, the approach involves
- computing the material and heat balance based on
the design conditions, such as the plant capacity,
types of raw materials and the properties required
for the product pellets, and
- determining the heat patterns best suited for the
grate, kiln and cooler.
The computation is conducted by a process-
designing simulation program owned by Kobe Steel.
The program's calculation parameters are based on
the company's wide experience. The heat patterns
thus determined are applied to sample tests to
confirm the qualities of the preheated pellets and
fired pellets.
The heat pattern thus obtained determines the
size of the grate, kiln, cooler, and other process
equipment, such as process fans and dust collectors,
all of which are reflected in the plant design.
The sample test involves the actual ore to be
processed, the ore being subjected to tests simulating
actual processes to confirm the qualities required for
the pellets.
Kobe Steel owns the following testing apparatuses
to conduct the process designing based on the above
procedure.
1) Batch-type ball mill : This apparatus is used to
grind iron ore and additives to predetermined
sizes and adopts the dry-grinding method
described in 1.2.
2) Batch-type mixer : This apparatus mixes raw
materials, such as iron-ore, binder and
KOBELCO pelletizing system Straight grate system
Compression strength (kg)
0

-

5
0

5
0

-

1
0
0

1
0
0

-

1
5
0

1
5
0

-

2
0
0

2
0
0

-

2
5
0

2
5
0

-

3
0
0

3
0
0

-

3
5
0

3
5
0

-

4
0
0
0

-

5
0

5
0

-

1
0
0

1
0
0

-

1
5
0

1
5
0

-

2
0
0

2
0
0

-

2
5
0

2
5
0

-

3
0
0

3
0
0

-

3
5
0

3
5
0

-

4
0
0 D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig.13 Comparison of product pellets
65 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
additives, together homogeneously. The
mixture may also be moistened by this mixer
for the subsequent balling step.
3) Continuous disc type balling apparatus
(Fig.14) : The apparatus produces green balls
to verify the green ball quality required by
actual plants. If the required quality is not
achieved, the balling test is repeated for
different fineness of iron ore and binder types
until an optimal result is obtained.
4) Pot grate (Fig.15) : This pot grate dries and
pre-heats the green balls. The apparatus
allows for freely setting the temperature and
flow rate of the process gas, as well as the
process time. In an actual plant, pellets are
transferred from a grate to a kiln via a chute
and are tumbled inside the kiln. Thus, the
preheated pellets must have a certain strength.
This apparatus can be used to confirm
whether or not the grate can produce such
preheated pellets. To produce preheated
pellets satisfying required specifications, the
temperature and flow rate of process-gas, as
well as the process time, must be controlled to
establish an appropriate heat pattern and
grate size.
5) Batch type kiln (Fig.16) : This apparatus is
used for firing the preheated pellets produced
by the pot grate. Since it allows for freely
setting the firing temperature and process
time, the apparatus is used to determine the
firing temperature and process time for
achieving the qualities required for the pellets.
6) Batch type cooler : This cools the pellets fired
by the kiln.
7) Quality testing apparatuses for pellets : The
apparatuses determine pellet qualities, such
as their physical properties, reduction
characteristics and chemical composition.
Kobe Steel designs pelletizing plants by
conducting sample tests using the above apparatuses
for appropriate equipment sizing.
Table 2 summarizes the typical values for the
pellet qualities that provide indices for the process
designing and sample test
5)
.
7. Pelletizing plants recently constructed
The following outlines the pelletizing plants
constructed by Kobe Steel in recent years. Table 3
summarizes the main specifications for each
pelletizing plant.
1) Iran : Ardakan Pelletizing Plant (Fig.17)
This plant is located near the city of Yazd, an
inland area of Iran. The contract covered the entire
pelletizing plant, from receiving the concentrate to
the loading out of the product pellets, both by
Typical target figure Physical propertty Phase
5 Drop strength
Green ball
1kg Compression strength
250kg Compression strength
Product pellet
95 Tumble strength
4 Abrasion Index
Reduction behaviour
(a) For BF pellet
60 Reducibility
15 Swelling
(b) For DR pellet
92 Metallization
3.5 Fragmentation
Fig.15 Photograph of pot grate
Fig.14 Photograph of balling disc
Fig.16 Photograph of batch type kiln
Table 2 Typical required figures for pellets
66 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
railway. A consortium was set up by Kobe Steel,
TAIM-TFG, S.A. (Spain), and ABB (Swiss), Kobe Steel
taking charge of designing the process, supplying the
processing equipment and managing construction,
while TAIM supplied the material handling equipment,
and ABB assumed responsibility for the electric
equipment and control system.
This pelletizing plant receives iron ore
concentrate (a mixture of magnetite and hematite)
produced by the ore beneficiation plant of a mine
located about 200km away. The ore beneficiation
plant, also constructed by Kobe Steel, has a capacity
of 5 million tonnes/year.
The product pellets are used as a raw material
for direct reduction furnace feed and are delivered
by rail to, for example, Mobarakeh Steel, one of the
companies operating a gas-based direct reduction
plant with the MIDREX process, which was
constructed by Kobe Steel.
General-purpose equipment, such as small fans
and pumps, and the plate working used for the
pelletizing plant were locally procured from
domestic companies in Iran. With various sorts of
training on production and project management, the
construction was completed successfully and the
plant inaugurated in 2008.
2) Bahrain : The No.2 pelletizing plant, Gulf Industrial
Investment Co. (GIIC: Fig.18)
The No.1 plant, constructed by Kobe Steel in 1985,
led to the contract for the No.2 plant. This project
was on a full turnkey basis, including the designing,
equipment supply, construction and commissioning
of the plant, encompassing everything from the
receiving of raw materials to the shipping of product
pellets.
The pellets produced by the No.1 plant are
delivered to direct reduction plants with the
MIDREX process utilizing natural gas in the
countries neighboring Bahrain. The high quality of
the products, as well as the high achievement of the
direct reduction plant constructed by Kobe Steel in
Qatar, led to the contract for the No.2 plant.
The pelletizing plants constructed by Kobe Steel
had a maximum capacity of 4 million tonnes/year.
As the No.2 plant constructed for GIIC, Bahrain, a
plant with a capacity of 6 million tonnes/year was
developed in response to the client's requirement
for upsizing. The plant started operation at the
end of 2009, as planned.
3) Oman : Vale/Sohar pelletizing plant (Fig.19)
This is the first overseas pelletizing plant for
Vale, a Brazilian mining giant and the world's largest
Vale
Sohar / Oman
GIIC No.2
Bahrain
Chador Malu
Ardakan / Iran
FMO Venezuela Plant
4,500,000 t/year2 lines 6,000,000 t/year 3,400,000 t/year 3,300,000 ton/year Nominal capacity
2010 2009 2007 1994 Start-up
Hematite Hematite Magnetite-Hematite Hemetite Feed material
DR pellet DR pellet DR pellet DR Pellet Product
7,500mm7units (2 lines) 7,500mm9units 7,500mm6units 7,500mm5units Balling disc
4,716mm W68,801mm L (2 lines) 5,782mm W83,020mm L 4,716mm W63,975mm L 4,716mm W66,388mm L Travelling grate
295.9m
2
440.8m
2
273.1m
2
284.5m
2
Effective area
26 25 24 25 No. of windbox
2,413mm 3,050mm 2,413mm 2,413mm Length/bay
6,900mm ID45,000mm L (2 lines) 7,200mm ID50,000mm L 6,000mm ID46,000mm L 6,000mm ID46,000mm L Rotary kiln
22,000mm3,700mm W (2 lines) 22,000mm3,700mm W 20,000mm3,100mm W 18,500mm2,800mm W Annular cooler
234.0m
2
234.0m
2
177.5m
2
145.5m
2
Effective area
Fig.17 Photograph of Ardakan pelletizing plant
Table 3 Reference list of pelletizing plant
Fig.18 Photograph of GIIC No.2 pelletizing plant
67 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
producer of iron ore. The plant is being constructed
in Sohar, Oman, as a base for supplying ore and
pellets to the Middle East. Kobe Steel has received
an order for the basic design of the process area,
including the processes of mixing and pre-wetting of
raw materials, balling, indurating and screening. The
basic designing of facilities for port, yard, ore-
grinding and utility is being done by Vale and other
Brazilian firms. In the first phase, two lines, each
having a capacity of 4.5 million tonnes/year (4.5
million tonnes/year2), are being constructed.
Similarly, two lines (4.5 million tonnes/year2) are
to be constructed in the second phase, for a total
pellet production capacity of 18 million tonnes/year.
The plant is to become a supply base stockpiling
forty million tonnes of iron ore.
All the pelletizing plants owned by Vale in
Brazil have straight grate systems. The choice of
a KOBELCO pelletizing plant was made in
consideration of the high quality pellet production of
Kobe Steel's grate-kiln-cooler system. Construction
work started in 2009, with operations to begin in
2010.
4) Malaysia : Vale pelletizing plant
This is the second overseas pelletizing plant for
Vale and is to be constructed in Perak, Malaysia, as
a base for supplying ore and pellets to Asia. The
plans call for a pelletizing plant having four lines,
each with a capacity of 4.5 million tonnes/year (4.5
million tonnes/year4). The plant adopts Kobe
Steel's KOBELCO pelletizing in the same manner as
the one in Oman. Designing started at the end of
2009.
8. Environmental responsiveness of pelletizing plants
The environmental regulations applied to
pelletizing plants are becoming more and more
stringent in developing nations. The regulations that
a pelletizing plant is required to follow in order to
reduce environmental pollution are almost the same
as those in Japan.
The following describes the environmental
regulations relating to pelletizing plants and the
measures taken to comply with them.
1) Dust
The dust generated by the process is collected by
dust collectors, such as electrostatic precipitators,
bag filters and scrubbers, without being emitted into
the atmosphere. The collected dust is reused as
one of the raw materials. In recent years, dust
emission control at material handling areas such as
stock yards has become a concern for developing
nations. Measures are being implemented to prevent
the scattering of dust by sprinkling water and
erecting large fences.
2) Sulfuric oxide (SOx)
Raw materials, such as iron ore, lime, bentonite
and dolomite contain sulfur in various amounts, as
do fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal. Sulfur is fed
into the process along with various materials used
for pellet production. All the sulfur is oxidized in the
pelletizing process, generating SOx, most of which is
emitted as exhaust.
Unlike nitrogen oxide (NOx), SOx can not be
reduced by the process itself. There are two ways of
reducing SOx in the exhaust. One is to use raw
materials and fuels containing less sulfur. The other
way is to install desulfurization equipment for
removing the SOx that is generated.
A typical desulfurization method, called the lime
slurry method, involves mixing water and lime into
slurry, which reacts with SO
2
in the exhaust to collect
sulfur in the form of gypsum (CaSO
4
2H
2
O).
3) Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
The heat for a grate-kiln-cooler system is supplied
by a burner provided with the kiln; the burner uses
the hot air from the cooler as combustion air. The
temperature of this combustion air is in the range
from 1,000 to 1,100, while the flame temperature
is 1,600 or higher. Thus the NOx generated is,
for the most part, thermal NOx, a product of the
nitrogen being oxidized in the combustion air.
More thermal NOx is generated as the
temperatures of the burner flame and combustion
air rise. There are two approaches to reducing NOx
emissions. One is low-NOx combustion and the other
is installing a de-NOx system. Low-NOx combustion
is an approach to reduce NOx generation by
improving the process and adopting low NOx
burners. This approach includes
decreasing the amount and/or temperature of the
combustion air
reducing the kiln burner's fuel combustion by
providing additional burners for the grate,
Fig.19 Bird's-eye view of Sohar pelletizing plant
68 KOBELCO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO. 29 DEC. 2010
reducing NOx generation by creating a localized
reducing atmosphere inside the flame, and
making the flame area larger to decrease the flame
temperature and to reduce the amount of NOx
generated
(but this may reduce the thermal efficiency of the
entire process).
There are two de-NOx approaches for reducing
generated NOx using a reductant and/or catalyst.
Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Both methods use ammonia or urea to reduce NOx.
In SNCR, ammonia (urea) is blown into the
atmosphere at a temperature from 900 to 1,000. In
SCR, the reduction reaction is promoted by a catalyst
at a temperature between 250 and 380.
For a newly constructed pelletizing plant using
natural gas or heavy oil for its fuel, the NOx
reduction achieved by a low NOx burner (i.e., about
a 20% reduction) may not be enough to keep the
plant within the environmental limits. In such a case,
the addition of a de-NOx system may be required
6)
.
Conclusions
In the past, countries constructing new plants
focused on the quality of the product pellets and
equipment and the cost, and Kobe Steel responded to
these concerns. In recent years, however, the focus
has shifted to environmental issues, making
environmental responsiveness an important factor in
contemplating a plant.
Pelletizing plants are playing a more and more
important role as they are integrated into iron ore
terminals all over the world. Some of them are being
integrated into direct reduction plants with EAF
steelmaking plants in their downstream.
Kobe Steel continues to accumulate experience in
the construction and operation of pelletizing plants
and thus contribute to the development of
technologies in this field.
References
1) Iron Ore Manual 2008, The TEX Report Ltd., pp.180-185.
2) Errol G. Kelly et al. : Introduction to Mineral Processing (1982),
pp.274-277.
3) Mular A et al. : Design and Installation of Communition Circuits
PT. 2 (1992), pp.728-737(Chapter 40).
4 ) Y. DOI : Tetsu-to-Hagane, Vol.50, No.6(1964), pp.64-72.
5) Iron Ore Manual 2008, The TEX Report Ltd., pp.315-333.
6) M. SADAKATA : Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineerings
(in Japanese), Vol.74, No.9, pp.831-838.