WRITING AND NAMING COMPOUNDS

OXIDATION NUMBERS small whole numbers which are related to the combining ratios of elements. Common Oxidation States of Common Elements: Group # Oxidation Numbers Group IA +1 Group IIA +2 Group IIIA +3 Group IVA +4 / -4 Group VA -3 Group VIA -2 Group VIIA -1 Common Oxidations States of Common Transition Elements: Element Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Copper Mercury Tin Lead Ion Formula Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Co3+ Cu1+ Cu2+ Hg1+ Hg2+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Pb2+ Pb4+ Systematic Name Chromium (II) Chromium (III) Manganese (II) Manganese (IV) Iron (II) Iron (III) Cobalt (II) Cobalt (III) Copper (I) Copper (II) Mercury (I) Mercury (II) Tin (II) Tin (IV) Lead (II) Lead (IV) Common (Trivial) Name Chromous Chromic Manganous Manganic Ferrous Ferric Cobaltous Cobaltic Cuprous Cupric Mercurous Mercuric Stannous Stannic Plumbous Plumbic

Common Oxidation Numbers of Common Polyatomic Ions:

Monovalant Ions:
C2H3O2ClOClO2ClO3ClO4OHHCO3NO2NO3MnO4BrO3-

Acetate Hypochlorite Chlorite Chlorate Perchlorate Hydroxide Bicarbonate Nitrite Nitrate Permanganate Bromate

SCNIO3CNHSO3HSO4NH4+

Thiocyanate Iodate Cyanide Bisulfite (hydrogen sulfite) Bisulfate (hydrogen sulfate)

- Ammonium

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Divalent Ions:
CO32CrO42Cr2O72C2O42SO32SO42HPO42Carbonate Chromate Dichromate Oxalate Sulfite Sulfate Biphosphate

Trivalent Ions:
PO43PO33-

- Phosphate/Orthophosphate - Phosphite

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers: 1. The oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero. 2. The element with positive oxidation number usually comes first in the formula followed by the negative oxidation number. 3. In most cases, hydrogen and oxygen have +1 and -2 oxidation numbers respectively. 4. In the formula of a compound, the sum of the positive oxidation numbers and the negative oxidation numbers is equal to zero. Ex. Give the oxidation number of: 1. selenium in H2Se 2. chlorine in HClO3 3. carbon in H2CO3 4. sulfur in MgSO4 5. manganese in Ca(MnO4)2 6. chromium in K2Cr2O7 WRITING FORMULAS: General Rule: The symbol of the cation is written first followed by the symbol of the anion then apply the criss-cross method. Ex. Determine the formula of the following compounds. 1. sodium chloride 6. silver nitrate 2. ferrous oxide 7. magnesium oxalate 3. aluminum iodide 8. potassium biphosphate 4. calcium phosphate 9. barium hydroxide 5. ammonium carbonate 10. cobaltic acetate

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SYSTEMATIC NAMING OF COMPOUNDS: Binary Compound compound which is composed of two elements Metal + Non-metal a. for metals with fixed oxidation number Rule: name of (+) ion + name of (-) ion + IDE Example: Name the following binary compound 1. NaI : ____________________ 2. MgBr2 : ____________________ 3. K3N : ____________________ 4. CaO : ____________________ b. for metals with two oxidation numbers:

Rule: Method I : Classical Method Method II : Stock Method

Name of stem of (+) ion + ous/ic + name of stem of (-) Ion + IDE

Name of (+) ion + Roman numeral of the oxidation Number + name of stem of (-) ion + IDE Example: Name the following binary compounds using 2 methods 1. FeCl2 : ____________________ : ____________________ 2. FeCl3 : ____________________ : ____________________ 3. PbO : ____________________ : ____________________ 4. PbO2 : ____________________ : ____________________ 5. CuF : ____________________ : ____________________ 6. CuF2 : ____________________ : ____________________ Non-Metal + Non-Metal Numeric Prefixes: 1 mono 2 di 3 tri

4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa

7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona

10 deca 11 undeca 12 dodeca

Rule : prefix name of (+) ion + name of (+) ion + prefix name of (-)
Ion + stem of (-) ion + IDE *If 1 is the number in the first element, omit the prefix mono *The rule is also applied for non-metal + (-) polyatomic ion Example: Name the following compounds 1. CO : ____________________ 2. CO2 : ____________________ 3. P2O5 : ____________________ 4. H2O : ____________________ 5. NH3 : ____________________

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Ternary Compound: - compunds which is composed of three or more elements

Rule: name of (+) ion + name of (-) ion

Example: Name the following ternary compounds. Whether applicable, use both the classical and the stock methods 1. NaCN : ____________________ 2. Ca(MnO4)2 : ____________________ 3. BaSO4 : ____________________ 4. (NH4)CO3 : ____________________ 5. Mg2NO3 : ____________________ 6. Co3(PO3)2 : ____________________ 7. CoPO3 : ____________________ 8. Co3(PO4)2 : ____________________ 9. CoPO4 : ____________________ 10. Mg(OH)2 : ____________________ Naming of Acids: Binaty Acids composed of hydrogen and non-metal Rule 1 (For Dry Acid) : hydrogen + stem of non-metal + IDE Rule 2 (For Aqueous Acid) : hydro + stem of non-metal + IC + ACID Example: Name the following binary acids both in their dry and aqueous forms 1. HCl : ____________________ ____________________ 2. HI : ____________________ ____________________ 3. H2S : ____________________ ____________________ Ternary Acid composed of hydrogen, a non-metal and oxygen. They are called oxy acids. Rule 1 (For Dry Acid) : hydrogen + name of (-) ion Rule 2 (For Aqueous Acid) : name stem of the middle element + ous/ic + ACID Example: Name the following ternary acids both in their dry and aqueous forms 1. H2SO3 ____________________ ____________________ 2. H2SO4 ____________________ ____________________ 3. HNO2 ____________________ ____________________ 4. HNO3 ____________________ ____________________ 5. H3PO3 ____________________ ____________________ 6. H3PO4 ____________________ ____________________ 7. H2CO3 ____________________ ____________________

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TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION: Chemical Reaction representation of a chemical reaction A(s) + B(l) C(g) + D(aq) 1. Combination a type of reaction in which 2 or more reactants forming a single product. A + B AB C + O2 CO2 Mg + O2 MgO H2 + O2 H2O CO2 + H2O H2CO3 MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 2. Decomposition type of reaction in which a single reactant undergoes to a reaction forming 2 or more products that is due to breaking down of chemical bonding. AB A + B Ex. H2O H2 + O2 KClO3 KCl + O2 NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2 CaHCO3 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + H2O Ex.

3. Single Displacement - a free element replaces another element that is found in a compound; therefore, forming a new element and a new compound. A + BC AC + B Ex. Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2 Na + H2O NaOH + H2 CaCl2 + Na NaCl + Ca Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 Mg + FeSO4 MgSO4 + Fe Fe + MgSO4 no reaction BaCl2 + F2 BaF2 + Cl2

4. Double Displacement - This happens when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds. AB + CD AD + CB Ex. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Ca3(PO4)2 + NH4C2H3O2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 + (NH4)3PO4 K2Cr2O3 + Pb(NO3)2 KNO3 + PbCr2O7

5. Combustion it is an oxidation process that liberates heat and emits light. Ex. C12H22O11 + O2 CO2 + H2O C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

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ACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS: METAL Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Nickle Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Bismuth Antimony Mercury Silver Platinum Gold

SYMBOL K Na Ca Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Bi Sb Hg Ag Pt Au

CODE NAME Peter Saw Carl Make A Mangy Zebra Carry Iron Nails To Liverpool He Caught Ben A Mexican Silver Plated Goat

ACTIVITY SERIES OF NON-METALS: F, O, Cl, Br, I, S

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