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~NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-H-6875H 1 March 1989 SUPERSEDING MIL-H-6875G 16 September 1983

MILITARY SPECIFICATION HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL, PROCESS FOR This speclflcatlon is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. SCOPE

1.1 Scope. This spec!flcatlon covers the requirements for heat-treatment of four classes of steel (see 1.2) and the requirements for furnace equipment, test procedures and information for heat-treating procedures, heat-treating temperatures and material (see 6.11) test procedures. It is applicable to all heat treatment of parts and to only the heat treatment of mill products which could affect Its fabricab!l!ty or the properties of parts. This specification also describes procedures which, when followed, wI1l produce the desired properties and material qualitles within the limitations of the respective A11OYS other than those alloys tabulated In Tables IA, IB, IC and ID. specifically covered herein may be heat treated using all applicable requirements of this specification. 1.1.1 Limitations. Unless otherwise speclfled, this specification is not applicable to heating or to intermediate (non-final) heat treatment, of raw Processes not covered Include deliberate material, e.g. for hot working. surface heat-treating and spectaltzed heat-treating, such as induction hardening, flame hardening, carburizlng, nltriding; however, this specification may be referenced for equipment and controls. Austemperlng, ausbay quenching and martemperlng may be used when specified by the cognizant engtneer!ng organization. 1.2 Classification. Steels covered by this specification are classified into the followlng four classes. Unless otherwise specified, the process and equipment requirements In this specification refer to all classes of steel tabulated In Tables IA, IB, IC and ID, respectively. Class Class Class Class A B C D Carbon and low alloy steel Martensltic corrosion-resistant steel Austenitlc corrosion-resistant steel Prectpitatlon-hardening and maraging steel

8eneflclal comments (recommendations, additions, deletlons) and any pertinent data With may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Systems Engineering and Standardization Department (Code 53), Naval Air Engineering Center, Lakehurst, NJ 08733-5100, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter.

AMSC N/A
DISTRIBUTION .=.. ~TATEMFN~ . ------ A

FSC 95GP

Approved for public rr?lease; distribution Is unliml ed.

MIL-H-6875H

? -.

APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS Government documents.

2.1

form a part of this The followlng spec ficatlons, 2.1.1 Specifications. Unl~ss otherwise specified, the issues document to the extent spec fied nerein. of these documents shali be those listed In the issue of the Department of Defense Index of Speclfl cat ons and Standards (0001SS) and supplement thereto, cited in the ~cfltc:tat?on.
SPECIFICATIONS Federal QQ-N-290 Mil~tary MIL-C-14550 Copper Plating, (Electrodeposlted). Nickel Plating (Electroplated)

(Unless otherwise Indicated, copies of federal and mllltary speclflcatlons, standards. and handbooks are avatlable from the Naval Publlcatlons and Forms Center, (ATTN: NPODS), 5801 Tabor Avenue, Phi adelphla, PA 19120-5099). 2.2 Non-Government publications. The fol owing documents form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise speclfled, the issues of the documents which are DoD adopted are those llsted In the Issue of Unless otherwise speclfled, the Issues of the DoDISS cited in the solicitation. documents not llsted in the DoDISS are the Issues of the documents c!ted \n the solicitation. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ASTM A 262 ASTM A 370 (ASTM)

to Intergranular Attack In Austenltlc Detecting Susceptlbillty Stainless Steels. Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, Methods and Definitions for.
Youngs Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poissons Rat!o for Ceramic Nhltewares by Resonance, Test Method for. Test Method for Quenching Time of Heat Treating FluIds (Magnetic Quenchometer Test) Metal lographic Specimens, preParat~On of. Tension-Tektlng of Metalllc Materials. Brlnell Hardness of Metallic Materials. Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superflc al Hardness of Metallic Materials. Mlcrohardness of Materials.

ASTM C 848

ASTM D 3520 ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM E E E E 3 8 10 18 -

ASTM E 384

(Appllcatlon for copies should be addressed to the Amer can Society for Testing and Materla s, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA I9103.)

141L-H-6875H

Society of Automotive

Engineers

(SAE)

MIS 2418
AMS AMS AMS AMS 2424 2750 2759 2759i3

- Copper Plating - Nickel Plating, Low Stressed Deposit - Pyromety. - Heat Treatment of Steel Parts, General Requirements - Heat Treatment of Precipitation Hardening Corrosion Res~stant and Maraglng Steel Parts
Drive,

(Appllcatlon for copies should be addressed to SAE, 400 Commonwealth 14arrendale, PA 15096.)

(Nongovernment standards and other publications are normally available from the organizations which prepare or wh~ch distribute the documents. These documents also may be available In or through Ilbrarles or other Informational services).

2.3 Order of precedence. In the event of a confllct between the text of this document and the references cited herein except for associated detail document, specification sheets or MS standards, the text of this speclflcatlon Nothing in this specification, however, supersedes applicable takes precedence. laws and regulations unless a speclflc exemption has been obtained. In the event of a conflict 2.3.1 Order of precedence for mill products. between the requirements of this document and speclflcatlons for mill products which reference it, the mill product specif!catlon shall take precedence. 3.
3.1 3.1.1 REQUIREMENTS Equipment. Furnace media and protective coatings.

3.1.1.1 Atmosphere for Classes A, 8, C and D steel parts. The gaseous medium for heat treating Classes A, B, C and D steel parts above 1250eF shall be air/products of combustion, argon, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, or blends of these gases, vacuum, exothermic, endothermic, nitrogen based, or dissociated ammon!a conforming to the requirements below. Supplementary protective coatings, in accordance with 3.3.1.3, may be used where necessary.
Atmosphere Air/Products of Combustion Argon jl Helium j/ Hydrogen ~1 Class A ~1 x gl x x x Class B~/ x g/ x x x 7/ Class C ~/ x x x x Class D 1/ x x x x ~/

#JiIL-H-6875H

Nitrogen ~1 Vacuum

gi

x gl
x x

x
x x

x x x
No

No

x
No

Exothermfc ~/ N~trogen based or endothermic JI Dissociated Ammonia ~/ $/

x fl/

No

No

No

NO

- Denotes atmosphere acceptable for steel with or without Iltnltations.

use on that designated class of

Unless otherwise spec~fied, an air/product of combustion atmosphere shall be limited to precipitation hardening, tempering, stress rellevlng and 1400F transformation treatments. An air/product of combustion atmosphere may be used for treatment above 1400F for Classes A and B material which will have a mlnlmum of 0.020 inch metal removed from all surfaces after heat treatment or which have been protected by electroplates. Dew point shall be not higher than -40F at the exit of the working zone.

Atmosphere shall be refined or blended to avoid a change In carbon content at the surface of the material as speclfled In 3.3.3. A product of combustion at -40F maximum dew point (e.g. endothermic) may be used for class A mater!al wh~ch allows 0.003 Inch maximum partial decarbur!zatlon at the surface. Exothermlc atmosphere permissible only for heat treatment of class A mill products. Acceptable up to 1950F. Nitrogen atmosphere does not include nitrogen from dissociated ammonia

Only acceptable when tempered at 1000oF or above. Acceptable for annealing. Class A steels may be fine grain copper plated 0.002 to 0.005 Inch thick In accordance with MIL-C-14550 or AMS 2418 or nickel plated per AUS 2424 or QQ-N-290 or equivalent as a supplementary surface protection. Other supplementary protective coatings may be used If approved by the cognizant engineering organization. Permissible only for anneallng of mill products providing residual ammonia at the outlet of the generator does not exceed 15 ppm.

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MIL-H-6875H

Furnaces for mill products shall be 3.1.1.2 AtrnosRheres for mill products. suppl led with gases of a consistent analysis such that the product meets the requirements of the appropriate material specif~catfon. Furnaces, gases, and gas generators shall be controlled. Ducts and working zones shall be sealed to prevent contamination by outside gases. Vacuum furnaces shall have a calibrated recording instrument for sensing the vacuum In the vacuum chamber. All atmosphere furnaces and gas supply lines shall be purged w!th the designated and approved atmosphere gas for the specific steel to be heat treated.

3.1.1.3 Salt baths. Salt baths may be used for the heat treatment of Classes A and 6 steels. Salt baths shall be tested Inltlally and at least once each week and shall be adjusted to assure that part surfaces shall be free from general corrosion, carburization and decarburlzatlon or Intergranular attack In excess of llmlts speclfled In 3.3.3. Addit!ves used for adjustments shall be limited to salts in bath and rectifiers recommended by the salt manufacturer.
The design and construction of heat!ng 3.1.1.4 Temperature uniformity. equipment shall be such that the temperature at any point in the furnace working zone or work load shall comply with AMS 2750. The set temperature on the 3.1.1.5 Temperature range and set temperature. furnace control Instrument shall be such that the load temperature falls wlthln the spec!fled range, taking fnto account the temperature uniformity of the In continuous furnaces used to anneal and normalize mill products, a furnace. thermal head may be used. The temperature of the mill product shall not exceed the maximum processing temperature. 3.1.2 Pyrometry and furnace temperature control. The requirements and procedures for control and testing of furnaces, ovens, salt baths, vacuum refrigeration equipment and allied pyrometric equipment used for heat furnaces, treatment shall be In accordance with AMS 2750 and the appendix thereto (see 4.2.1 and 4.2.2). Equipment which cannot be controlled and tested in accordance with AMS 2750 shall be controlled and tested as directed by the cognizant engineering organization. 3.1.3 Quenching equipment.

3.1.3.1 Quench baths. Quench baths shall permit complete Immersion of material, provide for adequate circulat on of the media or agltat!on of material, provide a means for indicating the temperature of the media and for Baths shall be adequate to produce the coollng and heating, as applicable. requfred properties In the most massive material to be quenched. 3.1 .3.1.1 Oil-quenching baths. The oll-quenching medium shall be between 6C@F and 160F at the beginning of the quenching operation and shall not exceed 2000F at any time during the quenching operation, unless otherwise The temperature of the oil approved by the cognizant engineering organization. quenching media shall not exceed the manufacturers recommended operating range. Quench oil useo in integrai quench vacuum furnace systems, where the quench chamber Is below atmospheric pressure, shall be vacuum degassed at approximately the maximum recommended temperature for the quenchant Initially and after each major addition of oil.

MIL-H-6875H s.~.~,l,z A~ueo~ po~ymer ~uenc~ants. Aqueous polymer quenchants may be The temperature of the aqueous used as permttted In Tables IA through ID. polymer quenchant baths shall not exceed the manufacturers recommended operating range. These baths shall also be adequately circulated to assure homogeneity of the aqueous polymer quenchant media. 3.1 .3.1.3 Quenching from salt bath furnaces. Hater-quenching baths employed in cooling steel parts which have been heated in salt-bath furnaces should be provided tiithan ~nflow of fresh water to prevent a concentration of dissolved salts in the tanks. Polymer quenching baths when used in conjunction w!th salt bath furnaces shall be monitored weekly so that the salt content of the bath shall not exceed 62 by weight of the bath. All salt residues shall be removed from parts processed In salt-bath furnaces or quenched In brine, during or immediately following quenching.

In lieu of the stated methods in Tables 3. 1.3.1.4 Alternative Quenchants. IA through ID, steam, air ,water sprays, inert gases, polymers, molten salts or
other commercial quenching media or processes may be used when approved by the cognizant engineering organization, provldfng equivalence with respect to mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, as applicable to the material Equivalence tests shall be as and Its application, can be substantiated. blhere air quenching is spec!fled by the cognizant engineering organization. permitted In the Tables IA-ID, argon and hellum may be used; other Inert gases may be substituted when approved by the cognizant engineering organ!zatlon. Quenching equipment shall be 3.1.3.2 Location of quenching equipment. located In such a manner and handling facilities shall function with sufficient speed to prevent the Inltlat\on of transformation or sensitization prior to quenching. Suitable jigs, fixtures, trays, hangers, 3.1.4 Miscellaneous equipment. racks, ventilators, and so on, shall be employed as necessary for the proper handllng of the work and for maintenance of the major Items of equipment. The use of heat-treating f!xtures or ftxture materials where the contact with or proximity to the material could contaminate the material or reduce the heating, cooling or quenching rates to less than required for complete transformation or through-hardening of the material shall not be permitted. 3.1.5 Cleaning Equipment. Equipment shall be provided to clean material In accordance with 3.3.1.1. Hhere toxic or harmful cleaners are employed, they shall be used In compliance with the applicable health and safety regulations. 3.2 Thermal treatment.

3.2.1 Rate of heating. Heating rates shall be controlled to prevent damage to the material (see 6.2). Pre-heating at 1000F-1200F is recommended before heating material above 13000F If the material:

a.
b. c.

Has been previously hardened above Rc 35, or IS made of steel of 0.50 (nominal) ~ercent carbon or over, or Has abrupt changes of section, or sharp re-entrant angles, or Hds been finish machined, b

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MIL-H-6875H

3,2.2 Hardening of Classes A and B material. Classes A and B matertal shall be hardened by austenltlzlng, quenching and tempering.
3.2.2.1 Prior condition of Class A steel parts.

H-II parts shall be In the annealed condltlon, 3.2.2 .1.1 H-n material. ~rior to hardening, unless it has been hot headed. HGt headed H-1: material shall be annealed; prior to hardening, by furnace cooling from 1625F ~ 25F to at least 1000CF, at a maximum rate of 50F per hour. Parts made of 52100 or 1095 steel 3.2.2. 1.2 52100 and 1095 material. should be hardened from the spheroldlze annealed condition. 3.2.2.1.3 Other Class A parts. Parts made from other Class A steels to be hardened and tempered to 220 ksi and above shall be either normalized, normalized and tempered, or normalized and sub-critical annealed, prior to Parts that have been welded shall be normalized, prior initial austenitlzing. Parts ident~fied as damage tolerant, maintenance critical or to hardening. fracture critical shall be normalized, normalized and tempered or normalized and subcritical annealed, regardless of the strength to which they are subsequently to be heat-treated. The austen!tizlng temperature shall conform to 3.2.2.2 Austenltlz!ng. Parts shall be held within the speclfled Tables IA and IB, as applicable. temperature range for sufficient time for the necessary transformation and diffusion to take place. The recommended holding times at temperature are listed in Table 11A. Material shall be quenched from the austenitizing 3.2.2.3 Quenching. temperature In the quenchant specified In Tables IA or 15, as appl~cable. Material shall be cooled to or below the quenchant temperature before tempering. Material should be tempered within two hours after quench or within If hardened two hours after reaching room temperature after cold treatment. parts cannot be tempered w~thln 2 hrs. of quenching, they can be snap tempered for one hour at 400F ~ 25F or as appropriate to prevent cracking. Mill products shall be quenched In a manner consistent with commercial practice where They shall be cooled sufficiently and Tables IA & 16 are not applicable. tempered within a period of time adequate to prevent quench cracking or conditions deleterious to end product mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

3.2.2.4 Tempering. Material shall be tempered In accordance with Table multlple tempering Is used, material shall be cooled to room 111. I+4hen
The tempering temperatures llsted In temperature between tempering treatments. Tables IA or IB are recommended, unless fndicated as mandatory by the fcotnotes.

3.2.3 Hardening Class D steel. Class D steel parts shall be hardened by precipitation heat-treatment of material which has been either solut~ontreated, austenite conditioned, or cold worked. Class D material is normally acquired in the solutlon treated or solutlon treated and cold worked (I.e. Spr ng temper) condition. Thermal treatment for Class D material shall conform to able ID. The aging temperature In Table ID may be adjusted higher to meet the specified tensile strength.

MIL-H-6875H

3.2.4

Other thermal treatment.

3.2.4.1 Normalizing (applicable to Class A steel only). Normalizing shall be accomplished by cool~ng from Table 1A temperatures In circulated air or In a The recommended minimum holdlng times at circulated protective atmosphere. temperature are Ilsted in Table 11A. 3.2.4.2 Annealing Classes A and B steel. Anneallng (full annealing) of Classes A and B material shall be accomplished In accordance with Tables 1A or IB, as applicable, and at suggested holding times in Table 11A. Sub-critical (partial) anneallng of Class A material shall be accomplished by heating to 1200F-1250F and holding in that temperature range for two hours. Sub-crltlcal annealing of Class B material shall be accomplished as speclfled In Tables IB and 11A, as applicable. 3.2.4.3 Annealing Class C steel. Annealing of Class C material shall be accomplished as specified In Tables IC and IIB, as applicable. 3.2.4.4 Stress rellevlng. Stress relieving before hardening of Class A material shall be accomplished at any temperature between 1000F and 1250F. Stress relleving after hardening of Classes A and B material shall be accomplished by heating to a maximum temperature of 50F below the tempering The recommended minimum holding times at temperature are listed in temperature. Table 11A. Stress relieving after hardening is prohibited on parts which have been peened or cold deformed; e.g., roll threaded. Stress relieving of Class C material shall be accomplished by either heating to 875 ~ 25*F maximum or to 1900F and rapid cooling. Hardened class D material shall be stress relieved for a mtnimum of one hour at 30F below the aging temperature. 3.2.5 Thermal treatment of mill products. Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, processing of mill products for which the tables are not applicable (e.g. raw material which Is continuously heat-treated) shall be annealed, austenitized, quenched and tempered with proven commercial practices. Such practices shall provtde equivalence with respect to end product mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and microstructure, as required by the applicable material specification or engineering drawing, and shall be substantiated by tests or methods determined by the cognizant engineering organization. 3.3 Process requirements.

The equipment and processing techniques employed in the 3.3.1 General. heat-treatment of material shall be fully capable of providing the combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and microstructure in the product as specified in the appropriate procurement document. Material shall be cleaned prior to heat-treatment as 3.3.1.1 Cleaning. required to remove contaminants and leave no substance that could have a deleterious effect. Cleaning prior to heat treatment of mill products is not required provided no surface condition is retained which could have a deleterious effect on the product .

 . .. ..

MIL-H-6875H

Material shall be racked or supported to allow circulation 3.3.1.2 SM. of heating and quenching media; to ensure exposure of surfaces to heating and quenching media; and to mlnimlze warpage during heating and quenching. Except for copper or 3.3.1.3 Approval for use of coatlnqs or plattngs. ntckel Dlatinq as described in footnote 8/ cf 3.1.1.1, a~proval from the cognizant engineering organization shall-be obtained prior to the use of coatings or plating for protection of surfaces during heat-treatment. Parts made from Classes A and B steels shall, 3.3.2. Mechanical properties. after heat treatme~, be hardness tested In accordance with 4.3.2.1. Hardness test data shall be converted to equivalent tensile strengths as speclfled by ASTM A 370 (see 6.5) and the tensile strengths shall conform to the design requirements. Where a dispute exists in the hardness test, the tensile test shall conform shall be performed In accordance with ASTM E8 and the test results to the design requirements. Parts made from the following Class D steels shall be accompanied through heat treatment by a minimum of one tensile specimen of the same alloy form and condition: AM 350 (thicker than .015 Inch thickness), AM 355, all parts heat-treated to an RH temper, parts that are re-solutton heat-treated, and all parts made from 17-4 PH and 15-5 PH heat treated to H11OO and H1150 tempers. Tensile specimens shall be tested In accordance with 4.3.2.2 and shall meet the requirements of the applicable drawing, cieslgn specification, All other class D steel parts shall be hardness or material specification. tested to the requirements of AMS 2759 and MIS 275913. Hhen specified in the contract or purchase order, a minimum of one tensile specimen shall accompany anY Class D Steel solution heat-treated, aged or both. Consideration shall be given so that the tensile specimen Is representative of the parts that are to be manufactured, i.e. they are of slmllar size and of the same alloy form and condition. 3.3.2.1 Permlsslble variations of Classes A and B steel from design ultlmate strength. When a minimum acceptable strength level and no maximum strength level Is s~eclfled by design or the applicable material speciflcatlon, the maximum strength shail be 20 ksi above the mlnlmum. except for Hy-Tuf and H-11 steels for which a maximum strength of 30 ksl above the mlnlmum Is acceptable. For 300 M steel, a maximum strength of 30 ksi above the mlnlmum is acceptable, provided the maximum tensile strength does not exceed 305 ksl. When material is hardened, normalized before 3.3.3 Surface contamination. hardening or is rehardened after hardening, the requirements of 3.3.3.1, 3.3.3.2 and 3.3.3.3 shall apply, These requirements do not apply provided It Is definitely known that sufficient material will subsequently be removed to eltminate any cieleterlous surface conditions. The heating medium In 3.3.3.1 Decarburization of Classes A and B material. furnaces used for normalizing Class A material and for hardening Classes A and B material shall be so controlled as not to produce excessive decarburlzation. For furnaces used to heat-treat material whose final hardness wI1l be HRC 46 (220 ksi) and above, partial decarbur~zation shall be judged excessive If greater than 0,003 inch deep on any ffnish machined surface. For furnaces used to heat-treat material whose final hardness will be less than tiRC 46 (220 ksi) decarburizatlon shall be not greater than 0.005 inch deep on any f!nish machined surface. The extent of decarburlzatlon shall be determined in accordance with 4.3.3.1. Any total decarburlzation at the surface is not acceptable. 9

MIL-H-6875H

The heating med!a in furnaces used for and nitriding. 3 .2.3.2 Larburizatim heating material shall be controlled to preclude carburlzation and nitridlng. and nltrlding shall be determined In accordance-with The eyient O= carburizatlon 4.3,3.1, The heating media In furnaces used for Inte~granu?ar attack. 3.3.3.3 heating material to temperatures above 125CJoF shall be controlled to preclude Intergranular attack. exceeding 0,0007 Inch on materiai under 220 ksi and 0.0005 Inch on other material. lhe depth of intergranular attack shall be determined by testing the specimens as specifies in 4.3.3.2. 3.3.4. Consistency of quench effectiveness. Shall be determined by testing each quenchant in each tank Initially and quarterly thereafter, by one of the methods In 4.4, and comparing the results with those obtained previously by the same method. The heat treating fac!llty shall establish control Ilmlts for each quenching system, If the results Indicate that a quenchant is outside the established limits, corrective action shall be taken and the test shall be repeated to verify restoration of the prior condition. 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Responsibility for inspection. Unless otherwise specified In the contract or purchase order, the contractor is responsible for the performance of all Inspection requirements (examinations and tests) as specified herein. Except as otherwise specified In the contract or purchase order, the contractor may use his own or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the inspection requirements spectfied herein, unless disapproved by the Government, The Government reserves the right to perform any of the Inspections set forth in this specification where such Inspections are deemed necessary to ensure supplles and services conform to prescribed requirements. All items shall meet all requirements 4.1.1 Responsiblllty for compliance. of section 3. The Inspection set forth In this specification shall become a part of the contractors overall inspection system or quality program. The absence of any Inspection requirements In the speclflcatlon shall not relieve the contractor of the responsibility of ensuring that all products or supplies submitted to the Government for acceptance comply with all requirements of the contract. Sampling inspection, as part of manufacturing operations, Is an acceptable practice to ascertain conformance to requirements, however, this does not authorize submission of known defective matertal, either Indicated or actual, nor does it commit the Government to accept defective material. 4.1.2 Control records. Records of system accuracy tests, furnace temperature surveys, calibration of control and recording Instruments and date, time, temperature, and quenchant used in heat treating material shall be on file and available for review by contractors and Government representatives for five (5) years. In addltlon heat treaters of final parts shall keep furnace recorder charts ?or f:ve (5) years.

10

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MIL-H-6875H

If any test result fails to meet the requirements 4.1.3 Noncompliance. If attributable to specified herein, the cause of failure shall be determined. equipment , repair shall be completed before the equipment iS used for The quality assurance organization responsible for the additional processing. raw material In the case of mfl? processing, or for parts In the case of finished or semi-finished parts processing, shall evaluate possible effects of the deficiency on material processed since the last successful test. The evaluation and corrective actions shall be documented.
4.2 Equipment Calibration and tests. In

4.2.1 Pyrometric calibration. Pyrometric equipment shall be calibrated accordance with AMS 2750 and appendix thereto (see 3.1.2). Heat-treating equipment shall be 4.2.2 Test procedures for equipment. tested In accordance with AMS 2750 and appendix thereto (see 3.1.2). 4.3 Test procedure for materla~.

4.3.1 Surface contamination tests. Each furnace used for any of the followlng treatments shall be tested for conformance with 3.3.3: normalizing and austenltlz!ng of classes A and B material, and solutfon treating and A furnace used exclusively for heat austenite conditioning of class D material. - treatment of material where all contamination on that material will subsequently be removed need not be tested. 4.3.1.1 Specimens of Classes A and B material, except H-II, shall be tested either in the tempered or in the untempered condltlon at the option of the H-n specimens and specimens of Class D cognizant engineering organization. material shall be tested after completion of heat treatment. Specimens shall be metal lographically prepared per 4.3.3 and tested per 4.3.3.1 and 4.3.3.2 for conformance to 3.3.3. 4.3.1.2 For material made from Class A steels with a final strength of220 ksi or hardness of Rc 46 or higher, at least one specimen of the same alloy shall be heat treated with each load. For material that Is damage tolerant or fracture critical, a minimum of one specimen of the same alloy shall be heat-treated with each load regardless of the final strength or hardness. If such material is reheat-treated, the original specimen, or a portion of the original specimen must accompany the material and be tested after the reheat-treatment in accordance with 3.3.3. 4.3.1.3 For lower strength material, under 220 ksl. made from Class A steels and material made from Classes B and D steels, at least one specimen shall be tested In accordance w!th 3.3.3 as follows with the first load of each alloy group as defined in 4.3,1.3.1: a. b. Each month for atmosphere furnaces, Each week for salt baths, and

11

MIL-H-6875H

c.

Each occurrence that purge cycles are run for Class O steel as required by 3.1.1.2.

4.3.1 .3.1 For the purposes of the monthly and weekly tests of 4.3.1.3, steels wlthln the following groups may be considered to be the same alloy: a. b. c. d. e. 4.3.2 Class A steels of 0.45 percent carbon and lower. Class A steels of above 0.45 percent carbon. Class B steels: Class D steels: Class D steels: 403, 410 and 416. 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH and PH 13-8 Mo. 17-7 PH, PH 15-7 Mo and PH 14-8 Mo.

Mechanical Properties.

4.3.2,1 Hardness test of heat treated matertal made from Classes A, B and D steels. The frequency of hardness testing for material which has been final heat-treated, shall be In accordance with the sampling requirements of At4S 2759. The testing shall be performed In the heaviest section which 1s suitable blhenheat treating and not detrimental to the function of the material. standard components such as nuts and bolts or mill products, the sampling and hardness test reaulrements of the apc)licable conmonent and steel specifications shall take precedence. 4.3,2.2 Tensile Tests, Hhere speclfled, specimens of the same alloy form and condltlon within class D steel, heat treated and aged in the same furnace charge, shall be tension tested in accordance with ASTM E 8. The testing sha encompass, as a mlnlmum, one specimen representative of the part. 14hen speclfled, Classes A and B material shall be slmllarly tension tested In accordance with ASTM E 8. Hhen testing of a size representative of the part s impractical because of Inablllty to make a representative specimen sufficient Y small while still using an accepted tensile specimen or excessive in cost due to wasted steel from a blank which Is much larger than that needed to produce a standard size tensile specimen, then a sam~le sufficient to accommodate one standard tensile bar Inaccordance with ASTM E-8 will be heat treated and aged with the furnace charge and considered to be a representative sample. 4.3.3 Metal loqraphic tests. Specimens shall be metal lographlcally prepared In accordance with ASTM E 3. Determination of decarburlzatlon, carburizatlon, nltridlng and Intergranular attack shall be In accordance with 4.3.3.1 and 4.3.3.2. 4.3.3.1 Determination of surface chem!stry changes. The depth of decarburizatlon shall be determined by making a mlcrohardness traverse per ASTM E 384 using at least 250X magnlflcatl~n and ~ecording hardness versus depth below surface. The boundary of the decarburlzation shall be at the depth at which the hardness rises to the equivalent of 20 points Knoop below the core hardness. In addition, the microhardness and microstructure shall show no evidence of carburlzatlon or n!tr!ding. The traverse shall show no evidence of Increased hardness at the surface as Indicated by (20) points knoop or equivalent above the core hardness.
i2

MIL-H-687SH

4.3,3.2 Intergranular attack. Intergranular oxldat~on of Class A material shall be determined by tnetallographlcally etching specimens of these steels for 7 - 20 minutes In a freshly prepared bolllng solution consisting of 16 grams of chromic acid and 80 grams of sodium hydroxide In 145 mllllllters of water. Intergranular oxldatlon of Classes 8 and O material shall be determined metal lographically by etching specimens of these steels for 1 - 2 minutes In a freshly prepared solution consisting of 1 gram of picric acid In 5 milliliters of hydrochloric acid and 100 mtlll liters of ethanol. Alternate etchants may be used provided their effectiveness with respect to reveallng intergranular attack is substantiated. 4.4 Test procedures for quench rate control.

Variat!on in the quenching 4.4.1 Comparative cooling curve evaluation. effectiveness of an oil, water, or aqueous polymer quenchant bath may be monitored using a suitable cooling curve evaluation procedure approved by the cognizant engineering organlzat!on. 4.4,2 Maqnetlc quenchometer. Var!ation in the quenching effectiveness quenching media may be monitored using a magnetic quenchometer test as described in ASTM D3520. of

011

Hot wire test. Hhen this test is used variation In the quenching 4.4 3 effect veness of oil quenching media shall be performed in accordance with the follow rig. Pour 150 ml of otl to be tested In clean 250 ml beaker. 4.4 3.1 Procedure. Heat o 1 to 60C by placing thermometer in oil and heating on a hot plate (heat Place precut wire (No. 28 Cupron- 55% Copper, 45% Nlckelwithin 5 minutes). wlre cut In 2.5 inch lengths) in clamps such that the wire Is straight and taut. Hires that have been kinked or In any way flattened should not be used. Uhen oil is at 60 ~2C, remove thermometer and transfer beaker to Hot Y/ire Tester setup. The Hot bllre Tester consists of a dual spring clamp for holding the wire (1.0 inch of effective wire length), electrical leads to the control box which supplles 60 cycle A.C. current to each clamp. The current Is stead~ly Increased from O to 35 amperes in 4.5 seconds using solld state clrcultry with a thyrlstor (trlac) optically coupled to a stair case generator. Maximum current through the wire is displayed on a LED Dlgltal Read Out. Immediately immerse Reading is completed clamped wire and holder In oil and turn on contro?s. w~th~n 10 seconds. The maximum current flow Is read from the LED dlgltal read Fresh wire can be placed In clamps and test repeated as out and recorded. quickly as manipulations can be performed. Tests must be performed In triplicate and the 3 results averaged. Readings should fall wlthln ~0.5 amps to be valld. Otherwise test should be repeated. Mechanical properties test of all quenching media 4.4.4 Shall be performed by quenching specimens of alloy steel, of appropriate hardenablllty and dimensions and testing a mechanical property ( e.g., hardness, strength, or inversely with the effectiveness of quench. modulus) which varies directly The specific test shall verify quenchant effectiveness by comparing the tested mechanical property results with those properties listed \n the applicable drawing or material specification.

MIL-H-6875H

4.4.4.1 Specimen selectlon for mechanical properties test of all quenchln~ media. Selection of the specimen dimensions/hardenablllty combination should be _ at achteving approximately full hardening (e.g. 95% martenslte) on the surface and significantly less hardening (e.g., less than 5(IZmartens!te PluS bainite) at the center. 4.4.4.2 Tempering specimen for machining. Specimensmay be tempered lightly (e.g,, at 500F (260C)) after quenching to facilitate machlnlng. Testfng area. Tests may be performed on (1) surface, sub-surface, 4.4.4.3 mld-radius or center material, or (2) the entire section or any portion of it. 4.4.4.4 Conformance of testing. Hardness testing shall conform to ASTM E18 for Rockwell hardness testina and ASTM E1O for Brlnell hardness testing. Tensile testing shall confor~ to ASTM E8. Modulus testing sha 1 be by-a dynam!c (resonant frequency) method slmllar to ASTM C848. 5. 6. PACKAGING - This section Is not applicable to this spec flcation. NOTES

6.1 Intended use. Heat-treating processes are used to obtain desired properties within the limitation of the respective classes of steel (see 1.2). 6.2 Rate of heatinq. klhen the steel, size, design of parts, or the operat!ng conditions are such that no cracking or excessive warpage results, the material may be charged into the heat-treating furnace or bath at any desired temperature not exceeding the maximum temperature specified for the operation and the material involved. In continuous furnaces used to anneal and normalize mill products, a thermal head may be used. The temperature of the mill product shall not exceed the maximum processing temperature. 6.3 Holding-time intervals and protective coatfngs. The holdlng-time intervals Indicated by Tables 11A and 118 are approximately correct for heating in air, in a gaseous atmosphere, or in salt baths. The proper time interval wI1l vary with the type of steel, capacity of heating elements, and size of charge, as well as with the thickness of the individual material and protective coatings. 6.4 Shape influence. Much of the published literature and the data In this In order to use speciflcat~on refers to round specimens of various diameters. the data successfully on actual parts, It 1s first necessary to visualize the parts as simple geometric shapes such as rounds, hexagons, squares. Plates or tubes. These shapes can then be considered as the round size which w1ll have approximately the same coollng rate as that of the simple shape. The relationship between the various simple shapes and the corresponding round size 1s Indicated on Figure 1. 6.5 Hardness-tensile relationship. The normal relationship between the tensile strength and hardness of carbon and low alloy steel is indicated in the hardness conversion table of ASTM A 370. The table Is to be used as a guide as the relationship is not precise.

14

MIL-H-6875H

6.5.1 Narrow strength range (+ 5 ksi). Nhen a narrow range ~n strength is required, tests to determine the relationship between hardness anc strength should be made on the actual part. Hardness values should be considered as the average value obtained by at least three determinations, each of which should checu w~thln 2 points Rockwell, or 20 points Brlnell or V ckers, or either of the other two values. . 6.5.2 Thin-walled tubing hardness tests. On relative y thin-walled tublngs or parts which cannot be firmly supported on the anvil of the test machine, only methods wnich measure the area of the impression (Vickers or Knoop) are Any process which affects the surface, such i s buffing and plating, acceptable. or the presence of decarburlzed or porous areas and hard spots wI1l affect the hardness and the corresponding relation between hardness and tensile strength. 6.6 Heating baths. Material inserted in salt baths should be free from llaulds and coatlnas which may subllme or become aaseous and thereby s~latter or explode the conten~s of the b~th. Precautions sh~uld be taken when- heat-treating corrosion-res stant steel In salt baths to which carbonaceous rectifiers have been added. Such baths, while neutral to carbon and low alloy steel, may carburlze corros on-resistant steel and lower the Impact properties and resistance to corrosion 6.7 Verlflcation of heat-treating procedures. Hardness Is not the only criterion of satisfactory heat-treatment since excessively coarsened grains, over-heated, or Improperly tempered steel may show adequate hardness,-but may be def~c!ent In ductility and other mechanical properties. Parts are acceptable only when the requirements of this specification and applicable des~gn requirements are met. 6.8 Classification of strength. All references herein to strength or tensile strength refer to ultimate tensile strength. 6.9 Holdlng at temperature. t{me at temperature. Holding at temperature refers to material

Hhen parts made from Classes 6.10 Classes A and B finish machined surfaces. A and B steel containing finish machined surfaces are normalized or rehardened and these operations are not immediately before or after hardening, it is the manufacturers responsibility to assure that the combined effects of the treatment meet the requirements of 3.3.3. Finish machined surfaces are those from which less than 0.020 Inch (Class A) and 0.010 Inch (Class B) w1ll subsequently be removed.

6.11

Definltlons of terms:

6.11.1 Material Includes all forms of steel products described wlthln the specification (mill products and parts). 6.11.2 Mill product !s defined herein as a product which Is commonly produced In: finished form as plate, sheet, strip, bar, rod, and structural shapes; sem!-finished form as blooms, billets, slabs and tube rounds, and wh~ch are not supplied in heat treated form; forgings, castings and extrusions.

15

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MIL-H-6875H

6.11.3 Part Is a rough from wrought or cast stock process, fo~ qualification where achievement of final

machined or finish machined Indlvldual piece made heat treated by the user during the fabrlcat~on of response to heat treatment, or any other operation physical or mechanical properties is intended.

6.11.4. Cognizant engineering organization is the term applled to the engineering organization responsible for the design of the item being heat treated. All requirements for 431 stainless steel have been deleted from this 6.12 specification (see MIL-S-18732). 6.13 Subject term (Key Nerd) listing Anneallng Austenlt~z!ng Furnace atmosphere Heat Treatment Normalizing Pyrometry Quenching Steel Alloys Tempering 6.14 Changes from the previous draft. The margins of this specification are marked with asterisks to indicate where changes (additions, modlflcatlons, corrections) from the previous draft were made.

Custodians Army - MR Navy - AS Alr Force - 20 Review act!v!tles: Army - AR, AV, EA, MI Navy - OS A!r Force - 82, 84, 99 DLA - IS User actlvlties: Army - AT

Preparing activity: Navy - AS (Project 95GP-0096)

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TABLE IC.

Anneallng Procedure for Class C (austenit{c corrosionreslstant steel.

SAE AISI or producers des!gnat\on

Annealing treatment

Heating F

Cooling 16/

201 and
202 17/

1850 to
2050

Nater quench

302 and 303 17/

1850 to 2050
,

tidier quench

304 304L and 308 17/

I
1850 to 2050
!

I
Hater quench
1

I 309 El 310 316 and 316L 17/ 321 lJ/ 1900 to 2050

I
Nater quench

1900 2050

to

I
I ,

Hater quench

I
1800 to 2050

I
Air or water quench Air or water quench

347 and 348

13/

Footnotes to Tables IA, 16 and IC: ~t For the purpose of this speclflcatlon, normaltzlng describes a metallurgical process rather than a set of properties. All steels are air quenched from temperature range. Furnace cool to 1000F or below, except furnace cool 4330V, 4335V to 800F, 4640 to 750F, 4340 to 800F and 300M to 600F. Rate of furnace cool for alloy steels, except 4130, 8630, 4037 and 8735 should be 50F per hour or slower. Recommended subcritical anneal temperature Is 1250F.

~/

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19

MIL-H-6875H

Footnotes to Tables IA,

IB and IC - Continued

Cool to-lOOF for 1 hour minimum within 2 hours after quenching and before tempering, Steel alloys listed are the more freuuent ones used. A11OYS not llsted should be ~eat treated as recommended by their manufacture~s. In genera In genera - for spring temper, temper at 700 - 800F for Rc 40-45. - for spring temper, temper at 725 - 900F for Rc 43-47.

For antlfr!ctlon bearings, temper to Rc 58 to 65 at 300 - 450F. The following anneallng treatment for 52100 steel should be used: Heat to 1430F, hold for 20 minutes, and cml as follows: at controlled rates,

1430 to 1370F at a rate not to exceed 20F per hour, 1370 to 1320F at a rate not to exceed 10F per hour. 1320 to 1250F at a rate not to exceed 20F per hour. Absence of values Indicates the respec ~ve steel Is not recommended for th!s tensile strength range. mum; 400F for Rc 50 minimum; Temper 420 steel: 300F for Rc 52 rein 600F for Rc 48 minimum. Controlled atmosphere quench Is optional for small parts. The quench for 440C shall be followed by refrigeration to -1OOF or lower for 2 hours. Double temper to remae retained austenite. When stress relleving after weldlng is speclftecf, hold for 1/2 hour mlnlmurn at temperature speclfled In Table XC or holdlng for 2 hours at 1650F t 25F. a. b. 4340, 260 - 280 tempering must be between 425F and 500F. 300M and Hy Tuf - tempering temperature Is mandatory.

Final tempering shall be at or above 1000F. No tempering temperature shall be less than that of previous temper nor more than 25F higher than the previous temper. Other means of coollng permitted provided It Is substantiated by that the rate Is rapid enough to prevent carbide preclpltatlon.

tests

20

MIL-H-6875H

Footnotes to Tables 17/

IA, 18 and IC - Continued

Stress relieving of unstabilized grades, except 304L and 316L Stress relievtng of between 875 ~ 25F and 1500F ls-prohibited. stabilized grades shou d be at 1650F for 1 hour. Multiple cyclic anneal ng may be permitted to prevent grain growth. Size stability may be enhanced by refrigeration. to -100oF for 1 hour w!thin 2 hours before tempering. Hhen required, cool quenching and

18/ 19/

after

20/ Normalizing

Is not recommended practice for 52100 steel.

alr cool to 21/ Duplex anneal - hold 4 hrs. ~ 0.25 hrs. at 1250F ~25F, room temperature, then reheat to l150~25F and hold for 8 hrs ~ 0.25hrs and alr cool to room temperature. 221 Overage to facilitate machlnlng by normalizing plus 1250F ~ 25*F for not less than 6 hrs. and alr cool. 231 Mhen approved by the cognizant engineering organtzatlon, parts may be tempered In 1000-10500F range when 135-145 ksi tensile strength is required provldlng the parts are not subject to substantial impact Tempering these alloys In the loading or stress-corrosion conditions. range I!sted results in decreased impact strength and also reduced However, tempering in this range is sometimes corrosion resistance. Hhen approved necessary to obtain the strength and ductility requ!red. by the purchaser, material may be tempered in this range.

21

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TABLE 10.

Heat-treatment procedure for Class D (precipitation-hardening and maraqlng) steel.

~1

Treatment Ccmdltlon: A = Solution T= Transformation at 1400F R, SR, SC = Transformation at 1700 - 1750F, also at -90 to -lOOF HC = Homogenization of casting, 2100F, alr cool to below 90F prior to soluticm treatment.

~1

For applications where stress corrosion cracking is a posslbillty, 17-4 material should be aged at the highest temperature compatible with the strength requirements and a temperature not lower than 1000*F (wrought), 935F (cast) and not less than four hours hold time. Bring furnace charge to uniform temperature For Sheet and Strip, hold 3 minutes plus 1 minute thickness.

j/ ~/

for

each 0.01 Inch

~f $/ ~/

Hold 90 minutes minimum for forgings, bars, plates. Hold 10 minutes plus 1 minute for each 0.01 Inch thickness. Hold 15 minutes per inch of thickness.

~/ Hold for a tlrne commensurate with thickness and heating equipment and procedure used. ~/ 10/ 11/ El Cool to below 90F. Cool to below 60*F. Cool to rcom temperature. Start transformation treatment wlthln 1 hour.

Cool to -1OOF Immediately after water quenching, after austenlte condltlonlng. Cold worked material (condltlon C) shall be heat-treated to spring temper (condition CH 900) by age-tempering at 900F for 60 minutes to 90 minutes. Cold work material (condltlon C) shall be heat-treated to spring temper (condition CH 850) by age-tempering at 850F for 30 minutes. 18 percent nickel (Nl) maraglng steel. Aging the maraglng alloys at 900F for 4 hours should produce the following minimum y~eld strengths: Mar 200 - 200 ksl Mar 250 - 240 ksi Mar 300 - 275 ksl 23

13/

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15/ 16/

MIL-H-6875H

TABLE ID.

Heat-treatment procedure for Class D (preclpl tatlon-hardenln~ and maraqing) steel. - Continued

17/ 18/

Times: plus 15 minutes, minus O minutes. Inch thick. Hater Air quench may be applled to materials up to 0,500 quenching is recommended for materials over 0.500 Inch thick.

19/ When approved by the cognizant eng!neerlng organization, alternate qufichants may be used providing their equivalence with respect to mechanical properties and corros~on properties of parts is substantiated. Parts may be quenched in an aqueous polymer solutlon if specified on the engineering drawing. 201 Condition H1150 M may be achieved after solution treating by heating to 14~ F ~ 25F and holding for 2 hours, alr coollng below 90F, and then aging for 4 hours at 1150F ~ 25F.

24

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MIL-H-6875H

TABLE 11A.

Heating and holding time for annealing, normalizing, austenltizinq and stress rellevinq Class A steel and Class B steel. Suggested heat-up time (minutes) 4/ Furnace ~1 Salt bath Recommended minimum holdlng time ~1 ~1 (minutes)

Thickness (inches) ~/

0.250 & under 0,251 - 0.500 0.501 - 1.000 1.001 - 1.500 1.501 - 2.000 2.001 - 2.500 2.501 - 3.000 3.001 - 3.500 3.501 - 4.000 4.001 - 5.000 5.001 - 6.000 6.001 - 7.000 7.001 - 8.000

20 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 165 195 225 255

10 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 90

15 25 30 30 30 40 45 55 60 75 90 105 120

~/

For unplated parts only. Copper plated parts require at least fifty (a) percent longer heat-up time and the heat-treating facility should: determine the appropriate heat-up time as a function of maximum part thickness and (b) establish suitable process controls for ensuring that the parts reach the required heat-treat temperature prtor to start of holdlng time. Maxfmum holding time should not exceed twice the recommended mlnlmum time. In all cases, hold!ng time shall not start until parts or material have reached specified heat-treat temperature. Mlnlmum stress rellevlng time shall be one hour for stress rellevlng temperatures up to 850F, inclustve, and 2 hours for higher stress relleving temperatures. Heat-up time starts when all temperature Indicators rise to wlthln 10F These times are suitable for simple solid shapes of set temperature. heated from all-surfaces. Longer times are necessary for complex shapes andlor parts not uniformly heated. Th!ckness Is minimum dimension of heaviest section. 25

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MIL-H-687SH

TABLE IIB,

Holding time for Class C (corrosion-resistant)

steel.

Minimum holdlng time In minutes for full annealing ~/ Diameter or thickness of maximum section (inches) ~/

Atmosphere furnace

up too.loo 0.101 too.250 0.251 to 0.500 0.501 to 1.00 1.01 to 1.50 1.51 to 2.00 2.01 to 2.50 2.51 to 3.00

20 25 45 60 75 90 105 120

~/ Thickness is the minimum dimension of heaviest section of a part or the mlnlmum dlmenslon of the heaviest section of a multi-layer load. ~1 Holdlng time starts when all temperature indicators rise to wlthln For continuous and repet!t~ve 10*F of set temperature. batch heat treatment, the holdlng time may be lowered provided the solution of carbides 1s assured per ASTM A 262.

26

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MIL-H-6B75H

TABLE SAE, AISI x producers designation H-11 9N!-4C0-.2OC 9Ni-4Co-.3OC Hy-Tuf D6AC AF 1410 ~/ f)thers 220 ksi tnd over ~1 Others, under ~20 ksi 1/ 2/

III.

Required tempering conditions. Mlnlmum numt Under 220 ksl - of tempers 220 ksl and over

Minimum tempering time (hours

Two hours pllJ5

2
2

addit~onal

hour for each Inch of metal thickness or fraction thereof greater than 1 inch. 2

2 1 2 1 2

1 hour per inch minimum 1 hour

1
I

AF 1410 requires aging for 4-7 hrs. at 500F t250F because of Its secondary hardening characteristics. Double temper is not applicable to 1095, 6150, 420, 440C, and 52100.

27

MIL-H-6875H

SOLIDS,
ROUND HEXAGON

LENGTH
SQUARE

L
RECTANGULAR OR PLATE

Oj

#~

n~

~i~

ER~=T

ER=I.

IT

ER=I,25T

ER.I,5T

WHEN L IS LESS THAN T, CONSIDER SECTtON AS A PLATE OF L THICKNESS TUBE ( ANY SECTION) OPEN BOTH ENDS RESTRICTED OR CLOSED AT ONE OR BOTH ENDS

cq +,4 ER = 2T T

li!~~~~~~~~:

f
T 2/

NOTE: WHEN L IS LESS THAN D, CONSIDER AS A PLATE OF T THICKNESS, WHEN L tS LESS THAN T, CONSIDER SECTION AS A PLATE OF L THICKNESS, ~/ & ER = EQUIVALENT USE MAXIMUM ROUND,

ER= 2.5 T ER = 3.5 T

WHEN D IS LESS THAN 2.5 INCHES. WHEN D IS GREATER THAN 2.5 INCHES.

THICKNESS

FOR CALCULATION.

FIGURE ).

Equivalent rounds for simple shapes.

28

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