DC-DC Converter Voltaje-Mode Control

Design OPAMPS and Infrastructure

Reyes, Rosales, Jos
Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla Puebla, Mxico [email protected]
Abstract This paper presents the design of a DC-DC converter and its internal structure, which basically for this paper considered three main blocks (an error amplifier, a comparator and a DC-DC converter), which will be explained later in more detail. This paper starts by giving a general introduction of the DCDC converters and their use today, then emphasizes the converter used in this document and the reason that was used, the output of this converter is sent as feedback error amplifier, which is also at the transistor design, so that the output generates a PWM signal (pulse-width modulation) that is necessary for a good converter efficiency.

Vin

Convertidor DC-DC

Vout

Controlador

Ref

The purpose of this document is to provide the reader a broad view about the DC-DC converter in voltage mode and observe that there is a transistor level circuit that meets the expectations of the error amplifier.

Fig. 1. Diagram of the power converter whit control.

The converters can transform the nature of the energy for it to be used in different applications. In this way they are divided into: AC to DC converter (Rectifier) DC to AC converter (Inverter) DC to DC converter (Chopper) AC to AC (Ciclo-converters)

I. INTRODUCTION Power electronics in general is responsible for processing and controlling the flow of electrical energy by supplying voltages and currents in an optimal way for the loads. This processing can become current conversions or regulation will be processed same parameters voltage, current, frequency, as required by the load. In the industrialized world, the key to any activity is energy. However, the loads that occur in such circumstances are largely non-linear, to help work with these charges have been introduced into the world electrical power converters as these significantly improve energy consumption, thereby improving also equipment performance and preventing these suffer any damage. A power converter is a basic module (building block) of power electronics systems. The converters use power semiconductor devices (diodes, transistors, thyristors, SCR) controlled by electronic signals (control circuits) and energy storage elements (inductors and capacitors). Figure 1 is shown the block diagram of the power converter with the necessary signal to the control.

These converters are termed direct energy converters, as used for a single step conversion. This paper emphasizes the DC-DC converters. There are two methods for DC-DC conversion: Linear: Based on the use of a regulatory element that works in your area resistive dissipating energy. Switched Converters: They are based on the use of semiconductor elements working in switching (cut / driving), thereby regulating the flow of power to the inverter output. These converters are also called switching power supplies and have significant advantages over linear converters.

II. SWITCHED CONVERTER OPERATION

power flow to the load. Mximosde values and average power voltage at the load will be: Vout (Max) = Vin Pout (Max) = (Vin)2/Ro (1) (2)

The principle is the same for all switched power converters is based on energy storage and transfer in switching cycles. During the first interval of the working cycle, the drive stores the energy in the coil, transferring the second energy range to work this capacitor. The control governs the conduction states and locking switches. To introduce the basic operation of the DC-DC converters, consider the circuit shown in Figure 2, consisting entirely of a switch and a pure resistive load.

As is well known, the ideal switch does not exist, but the design can be as close as possible to an ideal MOSFET transistor, it should be emphasized that despite the MOSFET can not handle as much power as the BJT, this has a much faster switching the aforementioned. Several topologies of DC-DC converters are the best known type boost, buck, buck-boost, SEPIC and CUK. Topologies mentioned only boost and buck types are basic DC-DC converters, the others are combinations or adaptations of these basic topologies. For this work we used buck topology. III. BUCK CONVERTER Also known as reducer converter, called this way because it is always true that the output voltage is equal to or less than the input voltage. In Fig 4 you can see the outline of this converter.

S Vin

i0

Vout R0

Fig. 2. Diagram of basic operation DC-DC converter The switch opens and closes according to a signal of period "T" drive period called. The time during which the switch is closed, and therefore the load is connected to the primary power source, driving time will be called T ON. On the other hand the time that the switch remains open, leaving the load isolation, lockout time is called T OFF . The sum of TON and TOFF, as seen in Figure 3, gives the converter period (T).

Vss Transistor DC Control

Inductor

Capacitor

TON Vin

T - TON
Fig. 4. Reducer Converter
z

Vout

The circuit was held in Pyxis next seen in Figure 5

T
Fig. 3. Converter period When the switch S is closed, 0 <t < TON, the source voltage is reflected in the load, causing current flow through it. If instead S is open, TON <t <T, the link between source and load is broken, the latter being insulated from the first. As the load is purely resistive, the current flowing through it, under these conditions, completely vanishes. Whereas all the elements involved in the converter are ideal, we can say that: The average load voltage, Vout, is directly proportional to the voltage applied to the converter input. Varying swing is achieved TON D (duty cycle) between 0 and 1 so that the output senial can vary between 0 and Vin. In this way it can control the

Fig. 5. Circuit Reducer Converter Whit Control The transistor switches at a frequency F = 1 / t. On the drive there are two operating modes, one when the inductor current is canceled and another when maintaining a minimum current without being canceled. For the study of the ideal converter will consider the transistor as a switch

Resistor

Diode

When the current is mild variation is said to be in "continuous mode". Now according to the law of conservation of flow holds: (Vs Vo)DT= -Vo (1-D)T (3) Where D is the duty cycle and T is the period, Vo is the output voltage Vs is the source voltage. From the above it follows that D=Vout/ Vs (4)

Voltaje Reference
Error Amplifier

Control Voltaje
Comparator

PWM Signal

Convertidor DC-DC

Sawtooth Waveform

Voltaje output

To calculate the capacitor inductor, one has as a rule of estimation. L >= R(1-D)/2F Cmin = (1 -D)Vo/ 8VrLF2 (5) (6)

Fig. 7. Voltage Mode Control Scheme The design of the DC-DC converter is done. To show the general behavior of this system is to design the error amplifier transistor level. This block involves placing an array of transistors single ended configuration such that input Vin is obtained, an input Vip and output Von, which is shown in Figure 8.

It proposes a 10K load at a frequency of 100 MHZ with this results in an inductor and a capacitor 30UH 3pF. As output clipped signal is obtained, as shown in Figure 6.

Fig. 6. Vout of the Reducer Converter Ideal This result is implemented with an ideal switch, but this was changed to a MOS transistor and its behavior is the same. IV. GENERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE DC-DC CONVERTER CONTROL MODE VOLTAGE In voltage mode control scheme shown in Figure 7, the converter output voltage is detected and subtracted from one external reference voltage error amplifier. The error amplified produces a control voltage which is compared with a constant amplitude waveform with a sawtooth. The PWM comparator produces a signal that feeds the switches that control the DC-DC converter.

Fig. 8. Array of Transistors Singles-Ended The proper functioning of the error amplifier depends on the good design of transistor-level device, for this we must ensure that all transistors are in the saturation region, so as we all know have to calculate the dimensions of the transistors for a positive response. The error amplifier is designed with a configuration in differential mode, where input is obtained as the output voltage and the reference voltage, the general diagram of this configuration is shown in Figure 9.

R3 R1 R2

R4

Vout

Fig. 11. To 1.2V reference voltage With a 1.4V reference voltage, the output is 1.5v offering.

V1

V2

Fig. 9. Differential Amplifier ideal From where you get Fig. 12. To 1.4V reference voltage (7) V. RESULTS The error amplifier is designed with a block instance where single ended configuration transistor level. The general scheme using the above described are shown in Figure 10. With a 1.6V reference voltage, the output is 1.6v offering.

Fig. 13. To 1.6V reference voltage

With a 1.7V reference voltage, the output is 1.8v offering.

Fig. 10. General Sheme of the D-DC Converter whit Control The following figures show the behavior of the converter made. With a 1.2V reference voltage, the output is 1.4v offering.

Fig. 14. To 1.7V reference voltage VI. CONCLUSION This document has allowed us to analyze the operation of a DC-DC converter controlled chopper in voltage mode. In the resulting signals obtained can be observed that all this has on pulse circuit in the output voltage of the circuit, this presents disadvantages applications when it is used by a control

signal fed back to avoid these voltage spikes that may be detrimental to the loads. The results generated in this paper were satisfactory, as it was found to design a transistor level amplifier which together with a feedback comparator worked for a DC-DC converter. This work was a result of learning which consisted of in-depth study of the transistor and its applications.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Rashid, Muhammad, Electrnica de Potencia, Tercera edicin, 2004 [2] Mohan, Ned, First Course on Power Electronics and Drives, edicin 2003 [3] F. Maloberti, Analog Design for CMOS VLSI systems, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001. [4] Mohan, Ned,Undelad, Tore, Robbins, William, Electrnica de potencia, convertidores, aplicaciones y diseo, tercera edicin. [5] Garzon S. Carolina, Anlisis de convertidores de potencia DCDC con software libre de openmodlica, 2012.