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Albert Puey Poltica Internacional Europea (Relacions Internacionals II) Grup 3 14-01-2014

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International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond by Anthony Best, Jussi Hanhimaki, Joseph A. Maiolo, Kirsten E. Schulze. CHAPTER 21; The Rise of a new Europe: the history of European integration 19452007 pgines 3-9

La Histria de la Uni Europea MORAT A, F. (2005) Barcelona: pgines 10-20 The Erupean Union; How does it work? Elisabeth Bomberg, John Peterson and Richard Corbett. CHAPTER 2: How did we get here? By Desmond Dinan. Pgines 21- 23

International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond by Anthony Best, Jussi Hanhimaki, Joseph A. Maiolo, Kirsten E. Schulze. CHAPTER 21; The Rise of a new Europe: the history of European integration 1945-

2007

Although through this time period of 1945-2007 there have been hardships and bitter wars between countries, there have also been positive aspects surfacing within the cooperation between countries and trying to diffuse rivalries. The League of Nations was created with the hope that this cooperation and peace between nations would continue. However this organisation struggled without the support of the United States. The League of Nations was eventually transformed into the United Nations after the end of the Second World War. Once again however, members of the organisation took advantage of the organisation by solely trying to improve their national interests.

Post 1945 new continental/ regional supra- governmental organisations surfaced that aimed at developing the economic, social and political integration. This was demonstrated with the European Economy Community in 1958, evolving into the European Community and then becoming the European Union. Due to the successful outcome of Europe, other countries followed suit. Like the Association of South- East Asian Nations was also effective. Integration in East Asia however has not been so effective largely due to political figures undermining the process.

The idea of integration in Europe and the European Union was based on the facts of National Security. Individually these Western European countries were too weak to defend themselves if anything happened, possibly an attack from the Soviets, thereby uniting together it gave them strength. The other fact was that Europe did not want to be dominated and ruled by America so once again, uniting would give them much needed strength. Europe has shown in the past that when there has been a threat, they can unite and cooperate. It is discussed also that Europeans share the same set of values, through the Christian religion which helps them integrate with one another.

Leaders started to discuss the importance of integration as after the Second World War, European leaders realised that they needed to do something to unite together as it was clear to see from the devastation of the two previous 3

wars, how due to ambitions leadership and wanting to have the most power was detrimental for Europe. Europe realised that they needed to take peaceful means and actions that wouldn't be catastrophic for those European countries. Secondly because of the War, Europe's influence wasn't as powerful and businesses abroad weren't generating as much money and decolonization was a threat. Uniting natural resources and power through integration was the key. Joining together however, seemed to accelerate decolonization as countries had to abandon their airs and graces. Due to this Europe was now weaker compared to the Soviet Union and the United States. Integration was the only way that they could prevent being pawns in the Cold War international system.

The process of integration was slow and it wasn't until 1949 that progress was significantly made with the founding of the Council of Europe. This was to 'protect democratic principles and sponsor the integration of legal norms.' ( Page 504) Over 60years, this councils membership has grown from ten to fortyseven countries. Germany and France believed in a closer relationship with one another to aid political and economic integration directly. After the threat and damage that each county had done to the other during the two World Wars, they realised that the only way to enhance their prosperity was to cooperate together. The Marshall Plan was drawn up and during 1947-1948 participating countries were required to design a plan of recovery. The Marshall Plan was an idea from the United States, however it was Europe who made the leap together.

The European Coal and Steal Community of 1952 was the first step towards working together. This production was essential for the reconstructing of countries in Europe and also economically.

The European Atomic Energy Community and the EEC were created to aid the integration of Europe. These treaties were formed to meet the needs of each state.

Different ideas about where European integration was heading, particularly the political and economic process, made some states reluctant to join the EEC. 4

France was one state that was using the EEC for their own benefit of furthering Nationalist participation. The President of that time, 1958-1969, Charles de Gaulle was trying to advance France's power. Gaulle's attitude to make France a powerful player in Europe hindered the integration process. Bad relations led to the 'Empty Chair' crisis during which France boycotted, during six months, the meetings of the Council of Ministers. The presence of Gaulle's politics prevented developments for integration and also hindered the growth of the EEC as he opposed the enlargement of the EEC that would have had significant implications of the EEC's economic stability and strength.

Britain by the 1950's was conscious of possibilities of using European integration as a means of expanding trade links with Europe. Thus in 1960 the European Free Trade Area was created. The countries that Britain was promoting Free Trade with were Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland. A year later Britain applied for membership of the EEC. France was worried about Britains intentions as Gaulle believed that Britain would act as a 'Trojan horse' that would in reality do America's bidding. (Page 507) In 1963 France stated that they would veto Britain's entry. In 1973, Britain along with Ireland and Denmark managed to become part of the EEC. With the involvement of these three new members the EEC was stronger that it had ever previously been.

Over the next 15years, the EEC continued to grow in strength and deeper in integration. The 1980's saw Greece, Portugal and Spain become members. To join, these three countries had had to go from being authoritarian to democratic governments. The development of Europe's relationship is shown with the creation of the European Monetary System in the late 1970's and the European Currency Unit. This agreement helped to keep fluctuations to a minimum and started the process towards having a common currency.

The Single European Act of 1985 was a revision for the Rome Treaty and established a single European market.

The future of the European integration was in a panic as during 1989 the Berlin 5

Wall came down, the Soviet Bloc dissolved and the USSR disintegrated. The EEC leading into the 1990's was very unstable. At the same time of the falling of the Berlin Wall, both the German chancellor and French president were backing a single European currency. In 1992 the integration process was further aided with the Maastricht summit. This treaty ironed out concerns and worries about rivalries between nations. This treaty eventually led to the distribution of a common currency between nations known as the 'euro'. The British were not keen on joining to have a common currency and so along with Denmark they refused.

Following on from the Maastricht Treaty, the Amsterdam Treaty of 1999 was put into force. This treaty was to improve individual rights whilst also keeping the European Parliament strong. The Treaty of Nice of 2003 'fixed' the voting powers of countries in the council of the EU. A larger number of seats in the EP was also needed which reflected the growth of the EU. This growth represented the want for world wide democracy. By 2007 the EU already consisted of twenty seven member states with a population of 493million compared with a population of 167million in 1957.

Not all countries believed that joining the EU would benefit their country like Norway and Switzerland. They feared that they would suffer an economic loss and that but joining as part of the EU, their Nations identity would be lost. These were worries that continuously surfaced.

2010 saw ten countries joining the EU, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. With these countries however, there was a visible difference in annual salary compared to the existing members. These ten new countries had an annual capita of 9000 euros whereby those existing members were earning over 20,000 euros. The attraction of joining the EU was the protection against 'future intervention' from other countries. For countries that wanted to join the EU, the EU was used as a bargaining mechanism. As in exchange for ' good behaviour' they were allowed to join. The growth of the member states also contributed the older states by the 6

new labour force that they were allowing into their country. Britain and Ireland were two of these states who benefited from these workers.

One of the EU's biggest problem has been to take a global role after the Cold War. There is an 'inability' for the twenty-seven members to 'coordinate their foreign policies' (Page 513) The area that has seen progress and effect is in the economic area for example in trade and tariffs. The EU also works together to give aid, originally focusing on Africa, now the EU is the largest donor of aid and aids a majority of continents. Other strengths of the EU have been working as a united front on issues regarding 'environment, terrorism, international crime, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration.' (Page 513) However the EU has still been unable to carry out military operations and often turns to the support from NATO, which means that Europe still is reliant on the United States. The achievements of the EU have been noted across the globe and in 1967 the USEAN was formed. South East Asia wanted to benefit from economic stability and integration that Europe had shown possible. During the Colombo Plan of 1950 the British Commonwealth and the US gave financial aid to independent states of South and South East Asia. This integration took many years however as people were divided over the Cold War. The first signs of economic integration came with the uniting of Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand in the Association of South East Asia in 1963. Efforts were thwarted however when there were debates over the creation of Malaysia 'which was opposed by the Philippines diplomatically and Indonesia militarily.' (Page 515) The USA came in to try to stabilise the region as the War with Vietnam was going on and also the President of Indonesia was removed from power. In 1967 ASA became ASEAN which included Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.

With the War on Vietnam raging on, ASEAN declared themselves to be 'a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality.' (Page 515) When the Vietnamese invaded Cambodia in 1978 the ASEAN were able to express their concerns and talk on behalf of the region to encourage western involvement and investment. After 7

1978 the USA backed ASEAN as well as Japan. Although the ASEAN helped improve trade they lacked a reliable, solid base with which to formulate new ideas. ASEAN still holds two imperative challenges, the first being to form a security network in the wake of Al- Qaeda and the second being that Burma is still not a democracy.

Burma ran for chairmanship of ASEAN however because of previous military regimes in Burma, the Philippines and Singapore encouraged Burma to withdraw their petition. In 2005 the foreign minister of Burma decided to postpone 'so that Burma could focus on national reconciliation.' (Page 516) Burma has yet to transition into a democratic nation and has demonstrated the control the military and government have over the people. This is clearly visible in the aftermath of supposedly peaceful protests e.g. the Saffron Revolution.

In 1996 conferences were arranged between the EU and ASEAN to bring together powers and to talk about current issues. In 2005 as well, a meeting of Asian Pacific governments met in Kuala Lumpur in the hopes of becoming an Asian Community.

In the 1990's the West began working more on free trade and regional integration which they hoped would solve many of South America's economic problems. The North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1992, was a big decision to integrate with the Latin America's. This Agreement brought together the USA, Canada and Mexico. Here they agreed to disregard 'trade barriers, duties and tariffs.' (Page 517) The NAFTA largely benefited Mexico as it allowed the Mexican president to push for economic reforms and liberalization of the people. The had wanted to move away from the 'semi- authoritarian rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.' (Page 517) However at a crucial moment when Mexico wanted to be democratised, guerilla warfare started and opposed the NAFTA. Mexico went through many years of difficult economic years and with the help of the USA managed to recover. Saying this going into the new millennium 'an estimated one-third of the population lived below the poverty line.' (Page 517)

The NAFTA and the WHFTA had difficulties with expanding as there were many obstacles. Potential new members were concerned that joining these Associations would cause harm to their trade profiles and also a potential dependency on the North. The NAFTA was limited to what it could offer and aside from trade barriers there was little else.

Although the EU has achieved many things, it remains a work in progress. Even in spite of previous rivalry and conflict with fellow countries these nations united together for the improvement and stability of their country. This group of countries make up 30% of the global gross domestic product. In the future it is likely that more countries will be added to this list, all wanting the main point of integration. The EU has brought strength to countries and aided many both economically and politically through their ideas of wanting a true democracy. La Histria de la Uni Europea MORAT A, F. (2005) Barcelona: En aquest volum es descriu i sanalitza el procs dintegraci europea des dels seus inicis, els anys cinquanta, fins els nostres dies. Ofereint una visi del conjunt sobre un procs que va comenar amb la integraci dels mercats del carb i de lacer dels sis membres fundadors i que ha derivat en una Uni Europea (UE) de 25 estats membres i ms de 455 milions dhabitants, amb poltiques comunes i una moneda nica en dotze estats. La comprensi del procs dintegraci europea segons exposa lautor planteja una srie de reptes. Un dels ms importants s la resposta a fenmens globals com la immigraci, el terrorisme o la delinqncia organitzada. Per altra banda ens trobem tamb, per primera vegada, es parla dels principis i valors que uneixen els europeus. Un fet que tal i com subratlla lautor es tradueix en un debat el qual reflecteix la tensi permanent entre els partidaris denfortir les institucions supranacionals i els qui posen laccent sobretot en la cooperaci intergovernamental. Un dels principals reptes que planteja el procs de integraci dels estats membres, est relacionat amb el sistema institucional i amb la democrcia supraestatal que emanen del procs democrtic ms llarg de la histria. Tot i no ser un Estat, la UE disposa de lautoritat necessria per prendre decisions, resoldre conflictes, produir bens pblics, regular el mercat i la moneda, 9

coordinar el benestar dels ciutadans, convocar eleccions, respondre a pressions dels grups dinteressos, administrar un pressupost preservar el medi ambient, representar interessos europeus, cooperar amb els pasos menys desenvolupats i participar en missions humanitries. Segons lautor ens trobem davant dun sistema hbrid que combina dues nimes, la internacional i lestatal, reflectit en lordenament jurdic europeu en virtut del qual els tractats i totes les normes que sen deriven simposen obligatriament als estats membres fins al punt que poden ser condemnats pel Tribunal de Justcia. Tamb es reflecteix en el sistema institucional. No hi ha un Govern elegit pels ciutadans, es tracten de grups parlamentaris i no de veritables partits poltics, per sobretot el que no hi ha s una veritable divisi de poders i per tant un govern responsable davant dels ciutadans. A nivell legislatiu, la Comissi Europea t el monopoli de la iniciativa, alhora dencarregar-se de vigilar el respecte del dret comunitari per part dels estats membres. El president s designat pels caps dEstat i de Govern (Consell Europeu) i posteriorment el ratifica el Parlament Europeu, el qual ha de donar el vistiplau a lequip de comissaris que li proporciona el president. Daltre banda el poder executiu el comparteixen la Comissi i el Consell de Ministres. El poder legislatiu tamb sel reparteixen el Consell de Ministres i el Parlament Europeu mitjanant el procediment de codecisi. En resum tenim un sistema institucional fragmentat i complex que barreja elements tecnocrtics, democrtics i autocrtics, la legitimitat del qual es base ms en leficcia de les poltiques que en el suport popular directe. Arran de lelecci directa del Parlament Europeu el 1979; una segona font de legitimitat (popular) es va afegir a la tradicional (intergovernamental). I un Parlament elegit pels ciutadans no podia conformar-se a emetre noms opinions, com havia esta aleshores. Aquest fet conjuntament amb reformes successives va permetre lampliaci incessant de les competncies comunitries, lextensi de les decisions per majoria qualificada i lincrement del poder de codecisi del Parlament, limitant aix cada vegada ms lexercici del poder de veto per part dels estats membres. Tot i aquestes millores el pas ms important de tots va ser la creaci de la Uni Monetria. Per primera vegada, un grup dEstats renunciaven a la seva sobirania monetria a favor duna 10

moneda nica gestionada per una autoritat independent, el Banc Central Europeu.

Al final de la Segona Guerra Mundial, Europa apareixia exhausta i dividida. A loest noms Espanya i Portugal mantenien els seus rgims autoritaris. En la resta de pasos, les forces antifeixistes, des de comunistes i socialdemcrates fins a liberals i conservadors, van formar governs dunitat encarregats de restablir la democrcia. El manteniment de la pau i la reconstrucci de les societats constituen les principals prioritats. En certa manera, lenfonsament poltic, social i econmic dels estats van crear les condicions necessries per a comenar de nou i van imposar una idea molt ms radical sobre la configuraci poltica de lEuropa occidental. Un procs que es va veure condicionat directament per la hegemonia militar dels Estats Units i la Uni Sovitica, els dos grans aliats dEuropa en la lluita contra el nazisme, per tamb el mxims protagonistes de la Guerra Freda, que va tenir en Europa el seu principal camp de batalla. Aleshores, la cooperaci militar i econmica era el principal objecte, i ms endavant poltic. Des del punt de vista econmic, la creaci de Benelux (Blgica, Pasos Baixos i Luxemburg) va esdevenir el prefigurador del que ms tard seria el mtode dintegraci seguit per la Comunitat Econmica Europea (CEE). Des del punt de vista poltic, sota limpuls de les elits poltiques i moviments dopini, com la Uni Europea de Federalistes, el Moviment per als Estats Units Socialistes dEuropa o el United European Movement, durant els anys immediatament desprs de la guerra, van sorgir iniciatives importants per afavorir lincrement de la cooperaci entre els diferents estats, i fins i tot, la unificaci europea. Aquest pBenelux, Gran Bretanya, Itlia, Dinamarca, Noruega, Sucia i Irlanda) a firmar els Estatuts del Consell dEuropa. Les seves funciones es limitaven a discutir sobre qestions dinters com, assegurar el respecte dels drets humans i establir acords i accions comunes en matria econmica, social, cultural, cientfica, legal i administrativa. Amb la creaci de la Comunitat Europea del Carb i de lAcer (CECA), servir com a primera etapa del procs de la integraci dels estats membres de la actual Uni Europea, creada amb el Tractat de Pars firmat el 18 dabril de 1951 per Frana, Alemanya, Itlia i Benelux, ideat pel francs Jean Monnet comissari 11

del Pla econmic Schuman i principal artfex de la Comunitat i que va aconseguir resoldre el problema de les relacions entre Alemanya i els seus vens europeus occidentals. Amb aquest Pla sinaugurava un mtode fructfer sense precedents en les relacions internacionals: la lliure delegaci de sobirania en alguns sectors bsics en benefici dinstitucions sup ranacionals comunes i independents. Es tractava del mtode de la integraci europea. Va constituir una revoluci, ja que va establir les bases per a la construcci duna nova Europa superadora dels vells nacionalismes. En quan els objectius daquesta integraci, el primer pas va ser lapropament cap a la federaci europea, referint-se tamb a la salvaguarda de la pau mundial i lestabliment duna comunitat econmica. El tractat de Pars atribueix a la CECA amplis poders relatius a labolici i prohibici de barreres tarifries internes, subvencions estatals i prctiques restrictives de la competncia fixaci de preus sota supsits, harmonitzaci de la poltica comercial externa i establiment de taxes sobre la producci de carb i acer per a finanar les activitats de la Comunitat. Per aix es varen crear 4 institucions, lAlta Autoritat, el Consell de Ministres, lAssemblea Comuna i el Tribunal de Justcia. LAlta Autoritat, inaugurada com a president el mateix Jean Monnet, es configurava com una instituci supranacional, la qual els seus poders no eren legislatius sin essencialment consultius i de control. El tribunal de Justcia satribua el control de laplicaci i execuci de les normes i la seva interpretaci dacord amb el mercat. Igual que lAssemblea el Tribunal va veure ampliades les seves competncies al conjunt de les comunitats a partir de 1958. Ms tard, safegia el Comit Consultiu compost per representants empresarials sindicals i daltres sectors afectats. Laspecte per aix ms important de la CECA va ser la reconciliaci francoalemanya, mitjanant lestabliment duna comunitat dinteressos.

Jean Monnet i els seus partidaris van formar un grup de pressi denominat Comit dAcci per als Estats Units dEuropa. El Comit va comenar a treballar en un projecte de Comunitat Europea de lEnergia Atmica. El 1955 a la Conferncia de Messina es va proposar establir una comunitat especialitzada en la utilitzaci pacfica de lenergia atmica. Daltra banda es 12

pretenia instituir una comunitat econmica, amb la creaci dun mercat com i leliminaci de les barreres comercials, a ms de lestabliment dun fons europeu dinversions i lharmonitzaci de la poltica social i docupaci. El Comit Spaak es va encarregar delaborar un informe sobre les possibilitats duna integraci progressiva i que servir de base per a les negociacions dels tractats de creaci de la Comunitat Econmica Europea (CEE) i de la Comunitat Europea de lEnergia Atmica (Euratom). Linforme va portar, el 25 de mar de 1957, a la firma dels tractats a Roma. Dels dos tractats el de la CEE va ser el ms important ja que ampliava el concepte dintegraci al conjunt de la economia. Fet que va propiciar a que es converts en el motor principal del desenvolupament comunitari. Els objectius que es van establir, entre els ms importants, destaca la voluntat destablir les bases duna uni cada vegada ms estreta entre els pobles europeus, la millora de les condicions de vida i de treball, la reducci de les diferncies entre les diferents regions i el progrs de les menys afavorides i la supressi progressiva de les restriccions als intercanvis internacionals. El tractat preveia la creaci dun mercat com, o un mercat nic, per als sis estats formants. Implicava la creaci duna uni duanera basada en tres llibertats fonamentals; la lliure circulaci de mercaderies, la lliure circulaci de factors de producci (persones, empreses, serveis i capitals), i la lliure competncia. El tractat preveia aix mateix lharmonitzaci progressiva de les poltiques econmiques generals i lestabliment de les poltiques sectorials comunes, especialment en matria dagricultura, transports i relacions comercials amb altres estats. El punt de partida de la unificaci europea va ser la creaci dun mercat com, lestabliment de les poltiques comunes dintensitat variable i lacostament progressiu de les poltiques econmiques dels estats membres, una integraci que es va dur de manera gradual. No obstant, el canvi comportava tamb una reducci de les competncies de la instituci supranacional en benefici del Consell (lintergovernamentalisme). La Comissi continuava tenint el poder legislatiu, mitjanant proposicions dirigides al Consell, completat amb certa capacitat de decisi prpia i dexecuci de les poltiques comunes El Consell de Ministres serigia com a lrgan decisori per excellncia. Per a aix comptava amb lassistncia del Comit de Representants Permanents 13

(Coreper), integrat per diplomtics i experts de les diferents administracions nacionals. LAssemblea Parlamentria (al 1979 Parlament Europeu) shi assignaven funcions consultives i, en mesura ms petita, de control de la Comissi, que podia castigar amb un vot de censura. EL Tribunal de Justcia (TJE) interpretava els tractats a petici dels jutges estatals i el control de la compatibilitat dels actes de les institucions europees i dels estats membres amb el dret comunitari. Sense el rang oficial dinstituci, sestablia un Comit Econmic i Social (CES), inspirat en el Consell Econmic i Social francs i compost per representants de les organitzacions empresarials, els sindicats i personalitats independents. En definitiva loriginalitat de la CEE consistia en la combinaci del supranacionalisme amb lintergovernamentalisme. Els estats membres acceptaven una prdua progressiva de sobirania en certs mbits econmics a favor de la Comunitat sense renunciar al poder de decisi en ltima instncia.

A mitjans del 1958 a la Conferncia de Stresa a Itlia, es van establir les bases de la poltica agrcola comuna (PAC) dacord amb tres grans principis; preus comuns; finanament com dels excedents per mitj dun pressupost agrcola i preferncia comunitria, prioritat a la producci interna davant de les importacions de tercers pasos. Leliminaci de totes les barreres duaneres existents entre els estats i de tots els obstacles comercials, acompanyada de la creaci dun sistema com de preus agraris, de carcter proteccionista, que garantia un nivell unitari de preus en tots els estats membres. La implementaci progressiva duna tarifa aranzelria comuna, juntament amb lexistncia duna poltica comercial comuna, van convertir rpidament la Comunitat en una potncia comercial mundial. En el Pla institucional lany 1965 malgrat el manteniment de les tres Comunitats van mantenir un nic Consell i una nica Comissi. I en segon terme COREPER es situava com a rgan responsable de la preparaci de les decisions del Consell.

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La Comissi lany 1965 va proposar un Pla basat en la consecuci de tres objectius de carcter pressupostari; el finanament directe per la Comunitat de les despeses agrcoles, la reforma del sistema financer de la Comunitat per a substituir les contribucions dels estats membres per recursos propis (drets duaners i exaccions sobre la importaci) i el reforament de les competncies del Parlament, es feia ser partcip, conjuntament amb el Consell, de laprovaci del pressupost per garantir el control democrtic dels ingressos i despeses comunitaris. La proposta de la Comissi era el resultat de la instauraci dun mercat com agrcola i industrial.

Els consells europeus, sota la presidncia dels caps de estat, es farien dues vegades lany per tal de confirmar el paper cada vegada ms decisiu dels estats membres en la direcci poltica de la Comunitat, en detriment del Consell de Ministres i Afers Generals, integrat per Ministres dExteriors i en particular, en particular, de la Comissi. Lany 1979 es va celebrar les primeres eleccions directes del Parlament Europeu. La prrroga del poder de veto dels estats mitjanant el Comproms de Luxemburg, lelecci del Parlament Europeu i la reforma encoberta dels tractats conduent a la institucionalitzaci del Consell Europeu constituirien tres moments fonamentals en la histria de la Comunitat abans del rellanament dels anys vuitanta. Per a la Comissi la Uni shavia de basar en un govern europeu collegiat compost per personalitats independents dels governs i una Cambra de Pobles elegida per sufragi universal i directe. Els tres objectius primordials de la Uni havien de consistir en la construcci-o dun espai econmic i social integrat; una poltica dexterior comuna i lassupci progressia dels temes de defensa. Linforme Tindemans de 1975 explicava com la Uni Europea no podria tenir una data fixa, sin que havia de resultar dun procs gradual de reforament i millora de la institucions comunitries per afrontar els nous reptes mundials, linforme advocava per una poltica de defensa. Tan mateix proposava re forar el paper democrtic del Parlament Europeu mitjanant latribuci del dret diniciativa legislativa, lampliaci de les seves competncies a tots els temes

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vinculats a la Uni i lobligaci del Consell Europeu de prendre en consideraci les seves resolucions. Malgrat tot Tindemans no va donar cap resultat. EL mar de 1978, els caps destat i de govern van acordar la creaciO del sistema monetari europeu amb lobjectiu destablir una zona monetria europea estable, protegida de les fluctuacions de les diferents monedes, i la convergncia de les poltiques econmiques nacionals. Per aix els sistema monetari europeu pretenia aconseguir lestabilitat dels preus interns i dels tipus de canvi, per tal de aconseguir-ho es va crear lecu, una unitat de compte europea consistent en un cistell de les monedes dels estats membres, el pes relatiu del qual es corresponia amb el pes econmic real.

LA PAC (Poltica Agrcola Comuna), continuava consumint prop de les tres quartes parts del pressupost comunitari i provocava el consegent malestar de britnics i alemanys, a ms de dificultar el desenvolupament de noves poltiques. Entre els factors externs de remissi a la Uni Europea es pot destacar la deterioraci de les relacions Est-Oest i limpacte de la segona crisi energtica del 1977, que va alimentar una vegada ms les reaccions proteccionistes. Es tractava dun mercat fragmentat per la persistncia de les mltiples barreres que el mercat com no havia aconseguit eradicar. EL 1982 la Comissi i el Consell de Ministres van elaborar un informe sobre la recomanaci dun conjunt de mesures que haurien de constituir el nucli principal del mercat nic; aquestes incloen la simplificaci_ de les formalitats duaneres, eliminaci de les barreres encara existents, obertura dels mercats pblics en matria de telecomunicacions, harmonitzaci de les legislacions i de la fiscalitat empresarial i la liberalitzaci dels serveis, especialment en el sector financer. Quan a la situaci poltica entre 1979 u el 1982 es van registrar canvis importants de lideratge en els pesos pesants de la Comunitats. Desprs de superar amb xit els seus processos de transici democrtica respectius, Grcia, Portugal i Espanya, reunien el requisit de tenir sistemes de govern homologables amb els de la resta de lEuropa occidental. El 1981, Grcia es va convertir en el des estat membre de la Comunitat. Espanya i 16

Portugal van haver desperar fins lany 1986, ja que suscitava reticncies entre alguns estats membres, en particular a Frana, el potencial agrcola espanyol; el previsible augment d ela despesa comunitria derivada de ladhesi ibrica; i les negociacions de lActa nica Europea (AUE). Lany 1985 Jacques Delors va descartar tres possibles eixos de rellanament; lincrement de la cooperaci en matria de poltica exterior i defensa no semblava prou madur; la reforma institucional generava moltes reticncies malgrat que la majoria dels seus interlocutors coincidien a assenyalar la unanimitat com la causa principal de lestancament, i la uni monetria resultava en general un tema atractiu. En definitiva el rellanament dels vuitanta necessitava recolzar-se en la instauraci del mercat intern. Delors va posar com a objectiu prioritari de la Comissi la supressi de les barreres interiors de la Comunitat abans de 1993. Les motivacions econmiques van tenir un pes fonamental en el procs que desembocaria tant a lActa nica Europea com en el mercat nic. Tanmateix, amb la implementaci del mercat com i el desenvolupament dels intercanvis, el grau dinterdependncia econmica dels pasos comunitaris havia augmentat. El 1985 la Comunitat constitua el primer mercat exportador per a cada un dels estats membres, es tractava dun mercat fragmentat a causa de la persistncia de barreres tcniques, fiscals, i monetries que limitaven la lliure circulaci-o dels factors de producci. Mitterrand platejava una Europa geomtrica variable. El juny de 1984, Margaret Thatcher amb una actitud ms conciliadora, va acceptar una compensaci financera, equivalent a la que havia rebutjat mesos abans, amb lobjectiu deliminar el saldo financer negatiu del Regne Unit amb la Comunitat.

La negociaci en el tractat de la CEE, el govern alemany va mantenir amb fermesa la seva voluntat de liberalitzar el comer, en la mesura que aix significava ms penetraci de les exportacions germanes en els altres mercats comunitaris.

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En el cas de Frana es va declarar a favor dacceptar els pressupostos de lliure mercat, tot i que fou molt menys partidria de la desregulaci econmica, sobretot en el sector industrial. El 1992 la Comissi va establir un espai sense fronteres. En contrapartida es van aconseguir que el vot majoritari no fos aplicable a dos temes directament lligats al mercat intern; lharmonitzaci fisical i la poltica socials. El esforos de la Comissi van desembocar en la definici del principi de la cohesi econmica i social, i en el conseqent establiment de la poltica regional com a competncia plenament comunitria finanada pels fons estructurals, el Banc Europeu dInversions i la resta dinstruments financers comunitaris. A lhora sestava decidint en institucionalitzar la poltica comunitria de medi ambient. Per tal de operar conforme al principi de subsidiarietat, que atorgava a la Comissi la capacitat dactuar en els frums internacionals en representaci dels estats membres tenint en compte el carcter transnacional de molts problemes mediambientals. Lincrement de les competncies comunitries exigia ms control democrtic i una capacitat de gesti reforada. En contrapartida del que creia Regne Unit i Dinamarca, sobretot pel que fa a la participaci-o del Parlament Europeu en el procs de decisi. El resultat final de la negociaci va quedar reflectit el nou article 169 del Tractat de la CEE, en virtut del qual sinstitueix un procediment de cooperaci relacionat amb les decisions per majoria qualificada (mercat intern, poltica social, cohesi econmica i social, i recerca i desenvolupament). La reforma atorgava al Parlament la capacitat de vetar decisions inicialment aprovades per la majoria dels estats membres. Aquest procediment de cooperaci semblava destinat a frenar el procs decisori. La unanimitat exigida al Consell en segona lectura per a derrotar les possibles esmenes de la Comissi i el Parlament mantenia el perill del bloqueig de les decisions pels diferents estats membres. Larticle 145 del Tractat de la CEE, la Comissi, exerceix les competncies que el Consell li atribueix per a lexecuci de les normes establertes per aquest.

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Per aix, lActa nica Europea, completa larticle 145 i estableix que aquest atribuir a la Comissi, respecte dels actes que adopti, les competncies necessries per a executar-los, encara que en casos especfics i per unanimitat es pugui reservar lexercici directe de les competncies dexecuci. LActa nica Europea va formalitzar el paper del Consell Europeu en les reunions de qual participava igualment el president de la Comissi. El Consell Europeu que va tenir lloc a Luxemburg el 1985 es va encarregar de tancar les negociacions, desprs de dures discussions sobretot pel que fa a lobstinaci britnica, va provocar que el Parlament Europeu es mostres profundament insatisfet. Tot i aix amb la perspectiva del temps, el balan final de la negociaci va ser positiu. LActa nica Europea, va esdevenir un comproms entre la necessitat dincrementar les competncies supranacionals i el desig dels estats membres de conservar el control de les decisions. Tanmateix, la introducci dek vot per majoria qualificada en el Consell i el reforament dels poders diniciativa i dexecuci de la Comissi van propiciar una nova dinmica, amb cinc efectes importants; lacceleraci del procs decisori ms possibilitats per al debat i la innovaci poltica i, per aix ms espai dactuaci per a la ComissiM la necessitat de constituir aliances vencedores o minories de bloqueig consistents i ms qualitat de les decisions ats que resultava ms difcil exigir concessions unilaterals o imposar compromisos ineficients. Per a molt lobjectiu ltim de lActa nica Europea va ser la recreaci de les conicions que havien facilitat els primers passos del mercat com. Lentrada en vigor de lActa nica Europea l1 de juliol de 1987, va significar lacceleraci del procs deliminaci dels obstacles estatals al comer intracomunitari. The Erupean Union; How does it work? Elisabeth Bomberg, John Peterson and Richard Corbett. CHAPTER 2: How did we get here? By Desmond Dinan. The most pressing question at the end of the war was what to do about Germany. The Us championed integration as a means of reconciling old enemies, promoting prosperity, and strengthening Western Europes resistance to communism. The Marshal Plan was the main instrument of American policy. 19

European governments wanted American dollar for post war reconstruction, but without any strings attached. It was Germany rapid economic recovery, thanks in part to the Marshal Plan, that made the status quo untenable. The US wanted to accelerate German recovery in order to reduce occupation costs and promote recovery throughout Europe. Marshal Plan was an aid package from US of 13$ billion, to help rebuild Western European economies after the war. The aid was given on the condition that European states cooperate and jointly administer these funds. Originally, the US wanted the UK to lead on the German question. The UK had already taken the initiative on military security in Europe, having pressed the US to negotiate the Washinton Treary. For reasons of history, national sovereignty, and economic policy, UK decide to not lead the process. France came up with the Shuman Plan, designed by Jean Monnet, was couched in the language of reconciliation rather than realpolitik and it represented a new departure in European as well as in French and German affairs.

One of the most important objective of the Plan was the establishment of a closeness relationship between the European states; a better conditions for the life and work, the reduction of the differences between regions and progress of the disadvantaged regions, and progressive abolition of restriction on international interchanging.

The market anticipated the creation, of a common market, involves the creation of a customs union based on three basic freedoms; the free movement of goods, free movement of factors of production and competition. It is remarkable how quikly the idea of European integration bounced back to life. Monnet, became President of the High Authority, and set up a transnational organization the Action Committee for the United State of Europe, to advocate further integration. Jean Monnet and his supporters formed a pressure group called the Action Committee for the United States of Europe. The Committee began work on a draft European Atomic Energy Community . In 1955 the Conference of Messina was proposed to establish a community specializing in the peaceful use of atomic energy . However, sought to establish an economic community , the 20

creation of a common market and the elimination of trade barriers , as well as the establishment of a European fund investments and harmonization of social policy and employment . The Spaak Committee was commissioned to prepare a report on the possibility of a gradual integration and the basis for negotiations of treaties creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy (Euratom). The report brought on 25 March 1957 , the signing of treaties in Rome. Both treaties the EEC was the most important since expanded the concept of integrating the whole economy. That led to become the main engine of community development. The goals were established , among the most important , is the desire to establish the foundations for ever closer union among the peoples of Europe , improving the conditions of life and work , reduced the differences between different regions and the progress of disadvantaged and progressive abolition of restrictions to international trade . The treaty provided for the creation of a " common market " or a " single market " for six states formants . Involves the creation of a customs union based on three basic freedoms : the free movement of goods , free movement of factors of production (people, companies , services and capital ) and the competition. The treaty also provided for the gradual harmonization of the general economic policies and the establishment of common sectoral policies , especially in agriculture , transportation and trade relations with other states. The starting point of European unification was the creation of a common market , the establishment of common policies of varying intensity and progressive approach to economic policies of the Member States , an integration that took so gradually. The big news in Europe in 1958 was not the launch if the European Community but collapse of the French Fourth Republic and the return to power of General Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle helped to consolidate the new Community by establishing France politically and financially by devaluing the franc. I should apology for the non continuing with the essay, its taking me edges to do it, and dont have more time to try to finish it. Hope that what I made, can be enough to pass this part Thanks to understand.

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Albert Puey.

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