1. BREAKING STORY (RUNNING STORY) - is a story that develops quickly with new information coming in 2.

NEWS FLASH (BULLETIN) - getting news on air almost as quickly as it happens, and sometimes while it is still happening

3. HEADLINE - brief summary of the main points of the story

4. COPY STORY - amplified version of the four line headline, giving the story in more detail, but without and accompanying interview (actuality) 5. VOICER OR VOICE REPORT avoids repeat of copy story HOLDING MATERIAL

6. TEASER (TASTER) - The teaser is an enigmatic abbreviated headline used at the start of a bulletin or news programme to act as a lure by giving a taste of the story to come 7. VOICE REPORT FROM THE SCENE - reporter places himself close enough to the action to pick up the sound of the rescue operation, yet not so close as to interfere with the work of rescuers 8. INTERVIEW - The interview adds more depth to the story and permits a further exploration of a story and gives an opportunity for informed comment.

9. NEWS CLIP - The most newsworthy quote form an interview is usually edited from it to provide a short illustration to go with the story in a later bulletin

10. PACKAGE - A package usually comprises a cue and a couple of short interviews and links

11. MINI-WRAP - is a forty-five seconds (or forty seconds) report that requires some creative editing to cut the actuality while still making sense of the narrative.

RADIO OR TELEVISION FORMATS 1. Written copy/ Voicers

- a story without actuality or sound-bites

*Sound-bites/actuality

some sort of sound effects from the event that is covered

2. Wrap- Around
A news anchor briefly introduces a story and the reporter. The reporter then gives the story and includes a sound-bite. The sound-bite is followed by the reporter giving a conclusion or tag line.

3.Mini-documentary
- A story runs for more than a minute, some run for fifteen minutes.

-They include several sound-bites with a variety of sources and sounds, such as interviews, noise from events or even music -Short lead-in will be introduced by news anchor that sets up what the listener is about to hear.

OTHER RADIO PROGRAM FORMATS

Documentary
Radio Magazine Program

Talk Show
Broadcast News Radio Features

Radio Drama Musical

Commentary

NATURE OF RADIO
It is a personal companion Theater in mind Not for detailed information Competes with a lot of distractions Radio is mobile Production cost is relatively low

RADIO SCRIPTWRITING Writing for the ear

Using short sentences

Conversational Following a subject-verb-object order News must always be present tense.

IMPORTANCE OF SCRIPTWRITING Smooth continuity of the program Aids in proper program timing Ensures accuracy of information

Helps in presenting information in an organized manner

TYPES OF SCRIPTS 1) 2) News Script Interview Script

3) 4)
5)

Spot announcements Program Script

Drama Scripts

MECHANICS OF SCRIPT FORM

1. Title Page -contains name of station, date and time of the broadcast
2.Left-hand Portion

-has the title of the program, person involved & respective roles

MECHANICS OF SCRIPT FORM

3. Inside Pages
(RDIO SCRIPT FORMAT)

Paper Size most common is 8.5x6.5 or the half page of a legal size paper. Slug contains the title of the article, title of the program, date of writing/Name or initials of the writer etc. (Basics of the program)

 Pagination - is the process of dividing (content) into discrete pages or now called page break.

Typescript spacing The standard spacing for typing radio scripts is double spaced

Program title The program title is separated by three dots or slashes, and then the page number is typed thrice

 Always start at number 1 for every new page

Spoken lines Use capital and lower case letters. Traditionally radio scripts are typed in uppercase

All non-spoken lines/instructions/character labels are in capital letters

BIZ (Business) statements are in all caps and underlined

 Line numbers at the left of the page are to aid recording while the MORE/END at the centered end of the page indicates if anything else will follow or not. The overhang or indention makes it easier for the talents or news reader to see where their lines start and end.

Example: (News Script)

State Dinner Saksi October 21, 2009/ F. Gaga

U.S. President Barrack Obama plans a state dinner for President Aquino on November 18, in New York. White House Spokesman Angelina Pot says Obama wants to salute Pnoy for doing a great job.
Pot cited that.. End

EDITING RADIO SCRIPTS

Reasons for Editing To check for factual and grammatical errors To check for broadcast style To check for readability To check for length

BROADCAST STYLE
Always be in active voice and use present tense Titles come before names Avoid abbreviations Avoid direct quotations and attribution should come before a quotation Use as little punctuations as possible but enough to help the newscaster through the copy

 Numbers and statistics should be rounded off Personalize the news when possible and appropriate Avoid using symbols when you type, spell out words so there will be no mistakes on the part of the news reader Use phonetic spelling for unfamiliar and hard to pronounce names and words Avoid pronouns, and when it cant be avoided make sure that referents are clear to the listener Avoid dependent clause at the beginning of sentences

CHECKING FOR READABILITY

Avoid tongue twisters

Avoid confusing words

Avoid long sentences

CHECKING FOR LENGHT 10 seconds - 25 words

20 seconds - 45 words

30 seconds - 65 words
45 seconds - 100 words

60 seconds - 125 words

 Keep it fresh

EXTRA TIPS AND WARNINGS

All copy should be typed and double-spaced.

Date the first page of the script

Indent all paragraphs

Don't use semicolons and write out abbreviations

Use underlines for emphasis and dashes for long pauses

 Avoid technical terms or jargon

Fact check Don't be careless Limit the amount of figures Use the active voice Stick to the story Be objective in your writing

Never

PLAGARIZE

is any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used to communicate over a distance by modulating and radiating electromagnetic waves in space without artificial guide. Radio Equipment also means any radio apparatus, including broadcasting equipment.

- Federal Information Management Regulations

The list contains a number of equipment which has been certified for use in a certain country. Certification of radio equipment means that the equipment complies with established Radio Standards Specifications requirements, in accordance with Radio Standards Procedure.

 The frequency range of equipment

approved under some specifications may be beyond the frequency range of a specific application. Frequency assignments are controlled by a department through the licensing process.

Very High Frequency (VHF) transponder: or radio frequency identification, a transponder is a device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal VHF radiotelephone Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Advanced Wireless Services (1710 1755 MHz and 21102155 MHz) Aeronautical (117.975 137 MHz) AM Land-Mobile and/or Fixed Radio Transmitter and Receiver (1.70550,0 MHz) Amplifier and/or Band Translator Analogue Scanner Receiver Auditory Assitance

BETS-1, 4, 5, 6,8, 9 Broadcast Transmitters for AM & FM Bluetooth Device Broadband Public Safety Equipment (4940 4990 MHz) Broadband Radio Service (25002690 MHz) Cable Locating Device

Cellular Base (869894 MHz) Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Systems Cellular Mobile Citizen Band (26.960 to 27.410 MHz) Coast and Ship Station SSB Transmitter and Receiver (1.60528.0 MHz) Cordless Telephone (2.4 GHz) / (5.8 GHz) / (900 MHz)

Digital Scanner Receiver Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon Family Radio Service Device (FRS) Field Disturbance Sensor Fixed Radio Transmitter and Receiver (27.41960 MHz) Fixed Wireless Access System (3400 3700 MHz)

General Mobile Radio Service Device (GMRS) GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System Goods Tracking Device Land and Coast Transmitter (200535 kHz) Land Mobile and Fixed Equipment (1670 1675 MHz) Land-Mobile Transmitter and Receiver (27.41960 MHz)

License Exempt PCS Device (2 GHz) Limited Modular Approval LMS Location and Monitoring Service (902928 MHz) Local Area Network (LAN) Device Local Multipoint Communication System (28 GHz)

Low Power Device and Transmitters (and General Field Limits) Maritime Radio Transmitter and Receiver (156162.5 MHz) MCS Multipoint Communication Systems (14271430 MHz, 1493.5 1496.5 MHz) Medical Telemetry

Mobile Broadband Service (MBS) (698 756 and 777787 MHz) Mobile Earth Station Modular Approval Multipoint & Point-to-Point Com.Sys. (21502160/25002596/26862690 MHz) PCS Base (19301990 MHz)

PCS Mobile (18501910 MHz) PCS Narrowband (901902 MHz, 930931 MHz and 940941 MHz) Personal Locator Beacon Point-to-Multipoint Broadband Equipment (512608 MHz) and (614 698MHz)

Point-to-Point and/or Point-to-Multipoint Communication System (24, 38, 57 64GHz) Proximity Reader Radar Device Receiver Remote Control Device RFID Device

Security Device / Alarm System Spread Spectrum/Digital Device Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Device Vehicle Device Video Device Wi-Fi device Wireless Audio device

Wireless Broadband Access (3650 3700 MHz) Restricted Contention Protocols Wireless Broadband Access (3650 3700 MHz) Unrestricted Contention Protocols Wireless Communications Service (2305 2320 MHz, 23452360 MHz) Wireless Computer Peripherals

Wireless Headset Wireless Microphone Wireless Video or Data Device (54 806 MHz) WLAN