Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum: NLD SPDC NLD
Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum: NLD SPDC NLD
Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum Rmwdum: NLD SPDC NLD
rmwdum
acgi;f }uD; 1 anmifEp S y f ifZmwf}kH uD; 2 ppfty k p f a k y:vpDcsykH 2 &Jabmfo@kd ay;pm 3 tcGit hf vrf;avm 8 tm%mjy\em 9 us& D m G pdw" f mwf 10 oef;a&$re d @f ce G ;f 10 owif;eJ@rw S c f suf 11 tn=w,l*sr D sm; 13 aumufEw k c f suE f i S hf xifjrifcsuf 14
1? NLD nDvmcH wufa&;wGif xpfaeonfhtcsuf 2 csufpvHk;onf 'Dy, J if; ESifh ywfoufonf? SPDC u 'Dy, J if; w&m;cHay:rSm odyfa=umufonf? 'ga=umifh jynfwGif; jynfyrSm tqJtqdkcH+yD; nDvmcH udk NLD rygbJ ZGwfwdk;usif;yaejcif; jzpfonf? OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfv#if - ppfudkif;/ rE Wav; Hk;awGzGifhv#if udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efjzifh 'DyJ,if;tjzpfrSef azmfxkwf=uawmhrnf? azmfxkwfv#if oef;a&$ESifhtaygif;ygrsm; bGm;bGGm;}uD;ay:rnf? 2? oef;a&$u ae0if;vdk owWr d &Sv d @kd pHp k rf;a&;aumfr&Sif rzG@J 0w hH m r[kw? f tjzpfre S f ay:v#if olu wpfw&m;cHtjzpf ay:vmrSma=umufI jzpfonf? ae0if;u OD;wifatmif[e d ;f pHp k rf;a&;tpD&ifcp H m zwf&+y;D rS ol@va l wGta=umif; od&ol jzpfonf? oef;a&$uawmh udk,fwdkifpDpOfoljzpfI odyfa=umufaeonf? nDvmcH udk NLD rygbJ ZGwfwdk;usif;yaejcif;onf owWd&SdI r[kwf? a=umufvGef;vdk@ jzpfonf? 3? 0ef}uD;csKyf c&D;xGuf&awmhrnf? NC rSm NLD bma=umifh rygwmvJ [k [dku ar;=uawmhrnf? ar;v#if oef;a&$vnf; rxdcdkufatmif b,fvdkajzrvJ apmifh=unfh oifhonf? tvSnfhtywf - tzmtax; b,favmufaumif;ovJqdkwm awG@=u& awmhrnf?
uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
yl;owf cGmowf kyfvHk;uawmh ay:aeyg+yD? yl;owf vkyfaeolawGtxJrSm +idrf; tzG@J awGygw,f? cG m owf xJ r S m awmh NLD - SNLD - (UNA) eJ @ a&G;aumufcv H w $ a f wmfu, kd p f m;vS,r f sm;/ vufeufui kd t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;/ jynfya&muf'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@rsm;tjyif EU - tar&duefwifru ukvor*~awmif 0ifygvmyg+yD? tm%mjy\em b,foa l jym&rvJ? +idr;f tzG@J awGu ajymvd@k rjzpf? jynfolawGu tcGifhtm%may;xm;wJh NLD - SNLD eJ@ a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,fawGu ajym&rSmjzpfw,f? +idrf;tzGJ@awGu udk,fhudpP udk,fajym=uygr,f? 'gawmif udk,fhtpkxJrSmom ajymcGifh&Sdygw,f?olwdk@a'oE W&tusdK;pD;yGm;udk &yfc+H y;D ajym&ifuy kd J auseyfp&myg? wifjywmawG[mvJ ode;f pdea f umfr&Sif a&muf&if y,fcsrSm aocsmw,f? ode;f pdea f umfr&Si& f @J wm0efu ppftm%m&Sip f epf cdi k +f rJatmif rsdK;!Gef@aumfr&Sifvkyfay;oGm;wJh tcsufawGudk w&m;0ifjzpfatmif Adef;aAmif;wdkuf+yD; vkyfoGm;p&myJ usefygawmhw,f? ck yDyDjyifjyif vkya f e=u+yD? NLD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolu owif;pmawG zwf=unfhawmh rlvpdk;&drfxm;wmxufawmif ydkpdk;&drfp&m jzpfaew,f vdk@ zGifhajym vmygw,f? ukvoHwref &mZmvDuawmh vdyfcJwnf;vnf;udpPawG twGuf Armjynfvmcsifygw,fvdk@ ol@udk,fol vl&m0ifatmif vkyfae &w,f? etz &J@ cHuwkwfuvJ wjznf;jznf;yvmwm awG@&w,f? ol@&@J jynfytrmcHawGjzpfwhJ *syef/ xdkif;/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wdk@u tjypfqdkvm=u+yD? ZmwfHkwGif; +idrf; tzGJ@awGuvJ +idrf+idrfrae/ 'Drdkua&pD pum;awG ajymvmae+yD? awmif;qdc k sua f wG xGuv f m=uw,f? wcsKd @u oydwfoH ay;vmw,f? 'gawGa=umifh nDvmcH}uD; xd;k &yfom G ;OD;rSmvm;vd@k wGuo f u l wGufw,f? jzpfoifhwmu 'Dwcg nDvmcH&yfHke@J r+yD;/ oef;a&$&@J 'Dy, J if; *dk%f;uvJ aemufqkwfr,fhyHk r&Sd? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufuvJ nDvmcH&yfe kH @J r+yD;/ ysuo f m G ;rS jzpfygr,f? ysuo f m G ;wmeJ@twl ppfty k p f k wcgwnf; ywfygoGm;atmif 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmif=uzdk@ vdka=umif;yg?
1? OD;vGif (NLD) u Adkvfoef;a&$/ Adkvfarmifat;/ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@ ay:vpD c syH k t a=umif ; ud k cyf j ywf j ywf a jymvd k u f w m =um;&onf ? olajymwm rSefonf? uGefrif'g (C.O) wyfr;u tm%mydkifjzpfonf? OD;vGifu eHygwf0rf; [kawmh rajym? uGefrif'g[k ajymonf? 2? Adkvfatmif}uD;uawmh eHygwf0rf; ae0if;ta=umif; trsm;}uD; a&;onf? ol@tay: or*~ taqmuftOD; AHk;cGJonfhw&m;cHtjzpf ppf t k y f p k u pG y f p G J I xk a cspmwrf ; a&;&mwG i f ygonf ? vk y f a zmf udkifzufa[mif;rsm;odk@yg jzef@ojzifh uGefjrLepfrsm; zwf&onf? OD;vGif ajymwmxuf pHkonf? twGif;pnf;0dkif; (inner circle) u wifjyv#if jzpfap/ rde;f ru wGe;f v#ijf zpfap ae0if;u vufvw G p f y,f trde@f ay;avh &Sda=umif;udk taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmjzifh a&;onf? 3? OD;vGiw f i Gv f nf; taxmuftxm;jyp&m rsm;vdrr hf nf? od@k aomf NLD . acgif;aqmif jzpfaevdk@ csdKxm;wm jzpfrnf? wu,fqdk&v#if b,f ppftkyfpkrS aumfrwDpepf rvkkyfyg? aumfrwDpepf vkyfonf[kxif+yD; wGuf=ucsuf=uv#if wvGJawG jzpfukefvdfrfhrnf? Ad k v f c if ! G e f @ ES i f h ywf o uf + yD ; KNU ES i f h yxrwcsD aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u Adkvfcif!Gef@u tv,ftvwform; (moderate) [kajymwm =um;&I CO ESifh IO wyfr;ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;r; ukd,hf tvkyfudk,fvkyfae=uwmyg[k ajymcJh&zl;onf? ,ckvnf; ArmjynfwGif axmufvSrf;a&;r;csKyf b,fawmhrS eHygw0 f rf; rjzpfEi kd [ f k ajymygonf? axmufvr S ;f a&;. weyfpm;^m%fjzifh [da k jym'Dajym ajymxm;aom Adv k c f if!e G @f ukd txifr}uD;apvdI k jywfjywf ajymjcif; jzpfonf? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;cJhwm olwdk@tm;vHk;qHk;jzwf+yD; vkyfcJhwmjzpfonf? ab;csdwfawmhvnf; eHygwf0rf;tvdkudkvdkuf+yD; ab;csw d =f uonf? NLD udk trsKd ;om;nDvmcH (a[mif;) u xkwy f pfwm AdkvfrsdK;!Gef@wa,mufwnf; r[kwf? eHygwf0rf;xkwfcdkif;wm jzpfonf? 4? ,ckwavmwGif Adv k o f ef;a&$Ei S hf ol@vr l sm;u udp}P uD;wdi k ;f udk OD;pD;wm awG@ae&onf? Adkvfcif!Gef@u yg0ifolwOD;tjzpfom wufonf? olOD;pD;wmu bk&m;xD;wifwmavmuf/ ausmif;zGifhyGJvkyfwmavmuf jzpfonf? trsd K ;om;nD v mcH o d k @ wuf = u&ef usH K ;oG i f ; ay;+yD ; v#if Adv k c f if!e G @f tcef; uke+f y? D wGi;f 2 .tcef; prnf? wGi;f (2) u eHygw0 f rf;udk wdkufdkufajymEdkifol jzpfonf? AdkvfrsdK;!Gef@wkef;u &efukefwdkif;r; e0w tzGJ@0if/ ,ckAdkvfodef;pdefu wGif; (2) jzpfonfudk owdy=uapcsifonf?
uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
&Jabmfoha dk y;pm
&Jabmfo@kd ay;pm (3)
&Jabmf 1? ZEM0g&DvukefrSm +idrf;tzGJ awG tm;vHk; avmufeJ AdkvfcifnGefawG+yD;oGm;+yD? tckawmh aemufwokwfudk tawG;tac:vkyfief;vkyf aew,f? tJ'guawmh wuUodkvfq&m q&mr awGyJ? q&m q&mrawGudk awGwJhtcgrSm pum;wcGef; xGufvmw,f? vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifhwdkif;udk uefuGufqefusifae=u &if 'Drdkua&pD eD;vsufeJ a0;vdrfhr,f? wJh? 'g[m trsdK;om;nDvmcH (NC) ac:zdk cufaew,fvdk oG,f0dkuf+yD; 0efcHvdkuf wmyJ? (RM) &J yGO J ;D xGua f jcvSr;f [m (NC) jzpfw,f? yJO G ;D xGur f aumif;&if a&S@ajcvSr;f awG vSr;f zdk cufw,fqw kd m Adv k c f ifne G f oa d ew,f? 'ga=umifh odi k ;f odi k ;f 0di k ;f 0di k ;f vkya f ewm jzpfw,f? 2? +idrf;tzGJawGudk ac:awGwkef;u Adkvf cifne G f u opfawm/ owWK/ vrf;yef;/ pufrp _ wJh Xmeqdi k& f m0ef}uD;awG +cH&+H yD; awGw,f? vdi kp f if uefxkdufay;+yD; acsmhjrLzdk jzpfw,f? q&m q&mrawGeJawGawmh tJ'D 0ef}uD;awG rygb;l ? w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&S@aecsKyf/ 0efxrf;avhusifha&;OuUX pwmawG +cH&H+yD; awGw,f? acsmhjrLa&;r[kwf +cdrf;ajcmufa&; vkyfzdk jzpfw,f? q&m q&mrawGu rajcmufcifu a=umufaewJh a&arawGy? J RM axmufcy H r JG m S pifay:wufcJh&olawGyJ? 3? +idrf;tzGJ awGuawmh cg;ydkufxu J arayG; awG jzpfw,f? racsmh&if 'kuQawGoGm;Edkifw,f? Edi ki f jH cm;a&; 'k0ef}uD;OD;cifarmif0if;&J xkwjf yefcsur f m S +idr;f tzGJ awGvufxJ vufeuf aygif;wodef;&Sdvdk olwdkudk tav;xm;&wmyJ vdk 0efcHxm;w,f? yxrawmh wod e f ; &S d E d k i f y gh r vm;vd k pOf ; pm;rd w ,f ? aemuf a wmh r S ud k i f x m;wJ h vufeufudkajymwm r[kwfbl;/ *dka'gifxJu vufeufawGyg aygif;+yD;ajymwmyJvdk em;vnf +yD;/ 'gjzpfEdkifw,fvdk oabmaygufoGm;w,f? [kww f ,f? *da k 'gia f wGxr Jm S vufeufawG trsm;}uD; &Sw d ,f? Auy acgi;f aqmifra _ tmuf ra&mufcifuwnf;u olwdkudk KMT wdkufzdk acwfa[mif;wcsufcsif; armif;xdk;dkifz,fawG wyfqifxm;wm &Sdw,f? Auy vufatmuf a&mufawmh tJ'gawG *dka'gifxJ a&mufoGm; w,f? aemuf wdkufyJG&vufeufawG *dka'gifxJ a&muf w ,f ? ES p f a ygif ; 20 ausmf t wG i f ; wdkufyGa J wGwdkuf&if; G/3, G/4 awG/ pdefajymif; awG aomif;cs+D y;D &w,f? usnr f aygvkd roH;k bl;? o,f&wm av;vnf;av;w,f? *dka'gifxJ xnfhxm;w,f? wu,fu oHk;aysmfygw,f? olvnf; acwfrDvufeufawGy? J ABSDF udk ay;zd k vuf e uf w aomif ; qd k w m/ tJ ' D vufeufawGudk ajymwmjzpfw,f? Auy u M21, M22 awG usnfawGaygaygrsm;rsm; &Sdaevdk roHk;bJxm;wmyJ? udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; pdwf"mwfvnf; r&Sdvdk roHk;bJxm;wmyg? 4? vufeuftm;ud;k +y;D tm%modr;f xm;ol[m vufeufudkyJ a=umufygw,f? vdkifpifawG/ uHxdu k a f wGeJ =um&Snx f e d ;f xm;vdk r&Edi kw f m ppftkyfpk odygw,f? 'ga=umifh +idrf; awG vufxJu vufeufjzKwfzdk t+rJ}uHcJhwmyg? tckawmh - tajccHOya'jrefjrefay:rS jrefjref vufeufjzKwfEdkifrSmyJqdk+yD; vkyfaewmyJ? vdkifpifeJuefxdkuf u acgif;aqmif vufwqkyfpmudk +idrfatmifxdef;Edkifayr,fh atmufajcwyfxu k kd rxde;f Edi ky f g/ vufeufjzKwf wmudk vdkifpifolaX;/ uHx&dkufolaX;u vufcHcsif vufcHygvdrfhr,f? atmufajcxku vuf r cH E d k i f y gbl ; ? tajccH v l x k t wG u f tmrcHcsuf r&Sb d J vufeuftjzKwfrcHEi kd y f gb;l ? r[mrdwfacgif;aqmifwa,muf ajym ovkd usKyfwdkb0u +cHavSmifarG;wJh0ufvdky/J qmvm&if a tmf v d k u f = u/ vmau;awmh pm;vdkuf=u/ aemufqHk;awmh owf+yD;tpm;cH &r,fhb0yJ qdkwm trSefygyJ? 'ga=umifh atmufajcxku r+idrfroufjzpfae=uwmygy? J 5? NLD (DASSK) udv k nf; azsmif;zsem;csvkd r&? KNU eJtwdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;uvnf; jrefjrefqefqefjzpfajrmufzdk rvG,f? KIA xJrm S vnf; r+idro f uf? NC wufygr,fajymwJh tzGJ awGuvnf; rwufru/ tJ'Dvdkjzpfaevdk AdkvfcifnGef&JavoH ajymif;oGm;wmvdk ,lq ygw,f? NC ac:EdkifrS jynfwGif;jynfyzdtm; av#mhr,fqdkwmvnf; odae/ NC udk ZGwf ac:vdkuvnf;rjzpf tJ'Dvdk tusyfawGaevdk eD;vsufeJa0; vdk ajymxGufvmwmygy? J wu,fuawmh eD;vsufeJa0; atmif vkyfaewm AdkvfcifnGefyg? eD;eD;em;em; &efukefrSm &SdaewJh NLD eJ awGvdkuf&if +yD;aewJhOpPm/ bma=umifh oa0xdk;aeovJ? qufa&;OD;r,f?
uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
qif a cgif ; jy\emud k ajz&S i f ; zd k ol w d k t}udrf}udrf pOf;pm;zl;w,f? enf;emtrsdK;rsdK; }uHzl;w,f? 'gayrJh b,fenf;rS vufawGvkyfvdk r&bl;qdkwmod+yD; vufavsSmhxm;&wmyJ? wyf z suf / vuf e uf zwf z d k qd k w J h u d p P [ m b,fwkef;urS vG,fvG,fululjzpfcJhwmrsdK; r[kwb f ;l ? t=urf;udi k& f if wefjyeft=urf;zufr_ udk cH&r,f? +idr;f tzGJ awGbufuvnf; tcuf tcJ&SdwmyJ? EdkifiHa&;t& ajyajyvnfvnf aph p yf a qG ; aEG ; ajz&S i f ; wm rvk y f & ao;bJ vufeuf tzwfrcHEdkifbl;? olwdk&JEdkifiHa&; tqifhae&meJ olwkd&JtusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf &Sdxm;csifw,f? +yD;awmhvnf; vufeufudkifwdkufyJG jyefwdkuf&rSmudk wwfEdkif orsS a&Smifcsifw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdku vdrfrm yg;eyfpm G pcef;oGm;ae&wmyJ jzpfw,f? olwkd u Edi ki fa H &;evyde;f wH;k awG r[kwb f ;l ? awmfve Sa f &; orm;awG jzpfw,f? 2? vufeufudkifwyf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;&SdwmeJ *dka'gifxJ vufeufawG odrf;xm;Edkifwmu Auy cGJxGuf awGyJ? 1989 ckESpfrSm olwdkwawG AuyeJtdrfcGJawmh ,loGm;wm awG y J ? e0wu ruH p zl ; &vmwJ h tcGifhta&;udk trdt&qkyfudkif+yD; ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ enf;eJ ajz&Sif;xm;&wm jzpfw,f? vufeuftyf&r,f? wyfzsuf&r,f qdk+yD; t=urf ; ud k i f & if td r f c G J ol a wG u cH r S m r[kwb f ;l ? Auy eJ jyefwr JG o d m G ;rSmyJ? 'ga=umifh rdk udk,fhe,f/ udk,fhwyf yHkpHrysuf&Sda&; udk rwwfombJ vkyfxm;&w,f? 'g[m ppftkyfpk wav#mufvHk; qkyfudkifxm;wJh tywfwdkuf a&; vrf;pOf udk pGefvdkuf&wmyg? pGef we k ;f uawmh ,m,Dpe G f zkd y? J 1990 a&G;aumufyt JG +yD; wpntpd;k & wufvmwJh tcg vufeuftyfcdkif;r,f? wyfzsufcdkif;r,f? r&&if acsr_ef;ypfr,fvdk pOf;pm;cJhwmyg? 'gayrJh tjzpftysufawGu olwdk pOf;pm;ovdkrjzpfcJhbl;? NLD EdkifoGm;w,f?
4
Ed k i f w muvnf ; tjywf t owf E d k i f w m? 'ga=umifh +idrf; awGeJ udpPudk csdKxm;&wmyJ? KIA eJ twdu k t f cdu k & f yfzkd aqG;aEG; awmhawmifrS e0wu tywfwdkufa&; vrf;pOftwdi k ;f wyfzsuc fi kd ;f - vufeuftyfci kd ;f zdk pOf;pm;cJa h o;w,f? 'gayrJh rvG,a f wmhygb;l ? EdkifiHwumzdtm;awG/ ukvor*~ qHk;jzwfcsuf awG tay;cHae&+yD? 'ga=umifh 1989 ajz&Si;f enf; Auy cGJxGufawGudk ajz&Sif;wJhenf;twdkif;yJ vkyfchJ&w,f? wkwfe,fpyfrSm tywfwdkufa&; rvkyfEdkifayr,fh xdkif;e,fpyfrSm tywf wdkufa&; vkyfEdkifr,fvdk ppftkyfpku xifcJh ao;w,f? KNU tay: vkyf=unfhao;w,f? vkyfr&ygbl;? 'DvdkeJyJ 2003 ckESpfrSm tywf wdkufa&;udk xyf+yD;pGefvwfvdkuf&jyefygw,f? KNU eJ twdkuftcdkuf&yf+yD;&ifawmh wjynf vHk;rSm twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&; tajccH tm;jzifh +yD;oGm;yg+yD? 'gayrJh twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;[m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;r[kwfygbl;? EdkifiHa&; jy\em rajz&S i f ; &ao;or# jynf w G i f ; +idrf;csrf;a&; &+yDvdk rajymEdkifygbl;? 3? tywfwdkufa&; ajz&Sif;enf;rSmu &Sif;yg w,f ? Ed k i f o l u =oZmay;? &_ H ; ol u emcH apm'uwufcGifh r&Sd/ Edkifolajymwm waoG rwd r f ; vd k u f e m&wmyg? tck 1989 ajz&Sif;enf; u tJ'Denf; r[kwfygbl;? ygwu D wifjyaewJh aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; jynf w G i f ; ppf & yf p J jynf w G i f ; +id r f ; csrf ; a&; wnfaqmufwJhenf;vnf; r[kwfjyefygbl;? =um;enf;yg? twdkuftcdkufudk t&if&yf/ ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ a e/ aemif r S aph p yf a qG ; aEG ; =ur,fqdkwJhenf; jzpfygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG; a&;u aemufa&mufaeygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG; wm tqifrajy&if jyefwdkuf=urSmyg? 'ga=umifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&+yDvdk rajymEdkifygbl;? 4? Armppf t k y f p k [ m b,f o l ud k r S vufeufudkifoD;jcm;wyfudk zGJcGifhray;ygbl;? 0g;&if;wkwfudkifwhJwyfawmif zG@J cGifhray;ygbl;/
uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
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