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GLAUCOMA

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the result of inadequate drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye.
The increased pressure causes atrophy of the optic nerve and, if untreated, blindness. There are two primary categories of
glaucoma: (1) open-angle and (2) closed-angle (or narrow angle). Chronic open-angle glaucoma is the most common type,
accounting for 90% of all glaucoma cases. It develops slowly, may be associated with diabetes and myopia, and may develop in
both eyes simultaneously. Chronic glaucoma has no early warning signs, and the loss of peripheral vision occurs so gradually that
substantial optic nerve damage can occur before glaucoma is detected.
Narrow-angle, or angle-closure, glaucoma is the less common form and may be associated with eye trauma, various
inflammatory processes, and pupillary dilation after the instillation of mydriatic drops. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is
manifested by sudden excruciating pain in or around the eye, blurred vision, and ocular redness. This condition constitutes a
medical emergency because blindness may suddenly ensue.

CARE SETTING
Community, unless sudden increase in IOP requires emergency intervention and close monitoring.

RELATED CONCERNS
Psychosocial aspects of care

Patient Assessment Database

ACTIVITY/REST
May report:Change in usual activities/hobbies due to altered vision

FOOD/FLUID
May report:Nausea/vomiting (acute glaucoma)

NEUROSENSORY
May report: Gradual loss of peripheral vision, frequent change of glasses, difficulty adjusting to darkened room,
halos around lights, mild headache (chronic glaucoma)
Cloudy/blurred vision, appearance of halos/rainbows around lights, sudden loss of peripheral vision,
photophobia (acute glaucoma)
Glasses/treatment change does not improve vision
May exhibit: Dilated, fixed, cloudy pupils (acute glaucoma)
Fixed pupil and red/hard eye with cloudy cornea (glaucoma emergency)
Increased tearing
Intumescent cataracts, intraocular hemorrhage (glaucoma secondary to trauma)

PAIN/DISCOMFORT
May report: Mild discomfort or aching/tired eyes (chronic glaucoma)
Sudden/persistent severe pain or pressure in and around eye(s), headache (acute glaucoma)

SAFETY
May report: History of hemorrhage, trauma, ocular disease, tumor (secondary to trauma)
Difficulty seeing, managing activities
May exhibit: Inflammatory disease of eye (glaucoma secondary to trauma)

TEACHING/LEARNING
May report: Family history of glaucoma, diabetes, systemic vascular disorders
History of stress, allergies, vasomotor disturbances (e.g., increased venous pressure), endocrine
imbalance, diabetes
History of ocular surgery/cataract removal; steroid use
Discharge plan May
require assistance with transportation, meal preparation, self-care, homemaker/
maintenance tasks
considerations: Refer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Ophthalmoscopy examination: Assesses internal ocular structures, noting optic disc atrophy, papilledema, retinal hemorrhage,
and microaneurysms. Slit-lamp examination provides three-dimensional view of eye structures, identifies corneal
abnormalities/change in shape, increased IOP, and general vision deficits associated with glaucoma.
Visual acuity tests (e.g., Snellen, Jayer): Vision may be impaired by defects in cornea, lens, aqueous or vitreous humor,
refraction, or disease of the nervous or vascular system supplying the retina or optic pathway.
Visual fields (e.g., confrontation, tangent screen, perimetry): Reduction of peripheral vision may be caused by glaucoma or
other conditions such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), pituitary/brain tumor mass, or carotid or cerebral artery pathology.
Tonography measurement: Assesses intraocular pressure (normal: 12–20 mm Hg). In acute angle-closure glaucoma, IOP may be
50 mm Hg or higher.
Gonioscopy measurement: Helps differentiate open-angle from angle-closure glaucoma.
Provocative tests: May be useful in establishing presence/type of glaucoma when IOP is normal or only mildly elevated.
Glucose tolerance test/fasting blood sugar (FBS): Determines presence/control of diabetes, which is implicated at times in
secondary glaucoma.

NURSING PRIORITIES
1. Prevent further visual deterioration.
2. Promote adaptation to changes in/reduced visual acuity.
3. Prevent complications.
4. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment needs.

DISCHARGE GOALS
1. Vision maintained at highest possible level.
2. Patient coping with situation in a positive manner.
3. Complications prevented/minimized.
4. Disease process/prognosis and therapeutic regimen understood.
5. Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Sensory Perception, disturbed: visual

May be related to
Altered sensory reception: altered status of sense organ
Possibly evidenced by
Progressive loss of visual field
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Sensory Function: Vision (NOC)
Participate in therapeutic regimen.
Maintain current visual field/acuity without further loss.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Communication Enhancement: Visual Deficit

(NIC)

Independent
Ascertain type/degree of visual loss. Affects choice of interventions and patient’s future
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expectations.

Encourage expression of feelings about loss/possibility of Although early intervention can prevent blindness, patient
loss of vision. faces the possibility or may have already experienced
partial or complete loss of vision. Although vision loss
cannot be restored (even with treatment), further loss can
be prevented.

Recommend measures to assist patient to manage visual Reduces safety hazards related to changes in visual
limitations, e.g., reducing clutter, arranging furniture out fields/loss of vision and papillary accommodation to
of travel path; turning head to view subjects; correcting environmental light.
for dim light and problems of night vision.

Medication Administration: Eye (NIC)

Demonstrate administration of eye drops, e.g., counting Controls IOP, preventing further loss of vision.
drops, adhering to schedule, not missing doses.

Collaborative

Assist with administration of medications as indicated:

Chronic, open-angle glaucoma
Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Isopto Carpine, Ocusert These direct-acting topical myotic drugs cause pupillary
[disc], Pilopine HS gel); constriction, facilitating the outflow of aqueous humor
and lowering IOP. Note: Ocusert is a disc (similar to a
contact) that is placed in the lower eyelid, where it can
remain for up to 1 wk before being replaced.

Timolol maleate (Timoptic), betaxolol (Betoptic), [Beta]-blockers decrease formation of aqueous humor
carteolol (Ocupress), metipranolol (OptiPranolol), without changing pupil size, vision, or accommodation.
levobunolol (Betagan); Note: These drugs may be contraindicated or require close
monitoring for systemic effects in the presence of
bradycardia or asthma.

Acetazolamide (Diamox), methazolamide Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease the rate of

(Neptazane), dorzolamide (Trusopt). production of aqueous humor. Note: Systemic adverse
effects are common, including mood disturbances, GI
upset, and fatigue.

Narrow-angle (angle-closure) type

Myotics (until pupil is constricted); Contracts the sphincter muscles of the iris, deepens
anterior chamber, and dilates vessels of outflow tract
during acute attack or before surgery.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, e.g., acetazolamide Decreases secretion of aqueous humor and lowers IOP.
(Diamox); dichlorphenamide (Daranide);
methazolamide (Neptazane);

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Medication Administration: Eye (NIC)

Collaborative
Sympathomimetids, e.g., dipivefrin (Propine), Adrenergic drops also decrease formation of aqueous
bromonidine (Alphagan), epinephrine (Epifrin), humor and may be beneficial when patient is
apraclonidine (Lopidine), latanoprost (Xalatan); unresponsive to other medications. Although free of side
effects such as miosis, blurred vision, and night blindness,
they have potential for additive adverse cardiovascular
 effects in combination with other cardiovascular agents.
Note: Light-colored eyes are more responsive to these
drugs than dark-colored eyes, necessitating added
considerations when determining appropriate dosage.

Hyperosmotic agents, e.g., mannitol (Osmitrol), glycerin Used to decrease circulating fluid volume, which will
(Ophthalgan, Osmoglyn oral); isosorbide (Ismotic). decrease production of aqueous humor if other treatments
have not been successful.

Provide sedation, analgesics as necessary. Acute glaucoma attack is associated with sudden pain,
which can precipitate anxiety/agitation, further elevating
IOP. Medical management may require 4–6 hr before IOP
decreases and pain subsides.

Prepare for surgical intervention as indicated, e.g.:

Laser therapy, e.g., argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) Filtering operations (laser surgery) are highly successful
or trabeculectomy/trephination; procedures for reducing IOP by creating an opening
between the anterior chamber and the subjunctival spaces
so that aqueous humor can bypass the trabecular mesh
block. Note: Apraclonidine (Lopidine) eye drops may be
used in conjunction with laser therapy to lessen/prevent
postprocedure elevations of IOP.

Iridectomy; Surgical removal of a portion of the iris facilitates

drainage of aqueous humor through a newly created
opening in the iris connecting to normal outflow channels.
Note: Bilateral iridectomy is performed because glaucoma
usually develops in the other eye.

Malento valve implant; Experimental ocular implant device corrects or prevents

scarring over/closure of drainage sac created by
trabeculectomy.

Cyclocryotherapy; Separates ciliary body from the sclera to facilitate outflow

of aqueous humor.

Aqueous-venous shunt; Used in intractable glaucoma.

Diathermy/cryosurgery. If other treatments fail, destruction of the ciliary body

reduces formation of aqueous humor.
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NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Anxiety [specify level]

May be related to
Physiological factors, change in health status; presence of pain; possibility/reality of loss of vision
Unmet needs
Negative self-talk
Possibly evidence by
Apprehension, uncertainty
Expressed concern regarding changes in life events
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Anxiety Control (NOC)
Appear relaxed and report anxiety is reduced to a manageable level.
Demonstrate problem-solving skills.
Use resources effectively.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Anxiety Reduction (NIC)

Independent
Assess anxiety level, degree of pain These factors affect patient perception of threat to self,
experienced/suddenness of onset of symptoms, and potentiate the cycle of anxiety, and may interfere with
current knowledge of condition. medical attempts to control IOP.

Provide accurate, honest information. Discuss probability Reduces anxiety related to unknown/future expectations,
that careful monitoring and treatment can prevent and provides factual basis for making informed choices
additional visual loss. about treatment.

Encourage patient to acknowledge concerns and express Provides opportunity for patient to deal with reality of
feelings. situatin, clarify misconceptions, and problem-solve
concerns.

Identify helpful resources/people. Provides reassurance that patient is not alone in dealing
with problem.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding condition, prognosis,
treatment, self-care, and discharge needs
May be related to
Lack of exposure/unfamiliarity with resources
Lack of recall, information misinterpretation
Possibly evidenced by
Questions; statement of misconception
Inaccurate follow-through of instruction
Development of preventable complications
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Knowledge: Illness Care (NOC)
Verbalize understanding of condition, prognosis, and treatment.
Identify relationship of signs/symptoms to the disease process.
Verbalize understanding of treatment needs.
Correctly perform necessary procedures and explain reasons for the actions.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)

Independent
Review pathology/prognosis of condition and lifelong Provides opportunity to clarify/dispel misconceptions and
need for treatment. present condition and something that is manageable.

Discuss necessity of wearing identification, e.g., Vital to provide information for caregivers in case of
MedicAlert bracelet. emergency to reduce risk of receiving contraindicated
drugs (e.g., atropine).

Demonstrate proper technique for administration of eye Enhances effectiveness of treatment. Provides opportunity
drops, gels, or discs. Have patient perform return for patient to show competence and ask questions.
demonstration.

Review importance of maintaining drug schedule, e.g., This disease can be controlled, not cured, and maintaining
eye drops. Discuss medications that should be avoided, a consistent medication regimen is vital to control. Some
e.g., mydriatric drops (atropine/propantheline bromide), drugs cause pupil dilation, increasing IOP and
overuse of topical steroids, and additive effects of[beta]- potentiating additional loss of vision. Note: All [beta]-
blocking when systemic [beta]-blocking agents are used. blocking glaucoma medications are contraindicated in
patient with greater than first-degree heart block,
cardiogenic shock, or overt heart failure.

Identify potential side effects/adverse reactions of Drug side/adverse effects range from uncomfortable to
treatment, e.g., decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, severe or health-threatening. Approximately 50% of
diarrhea, fatigue, “drugged” feeling, decreased libido, patients develop sensitivity/allergy to parasympathomi-
impotence, cardiac irregularities, syncope, heart failure metics (e.g., pilocarpine) or anticholinesterase drugs.
(HF). These problems require medical evaluation and possible
change in therapeutic regimen.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)

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Independent
Encourage patient to make necessary changes in lifestyle. A tranquil lifestyle decreases the emotional response to
stress, preventing ocular changes that push the iris
forward, which may precipitate an acute attack.

Reinforce avoidance of activities such as heavy May increase IOP, precipitating acute attack. Note: If
lifting/pushing, snow shoveling, wearing patient is not experiencing pain, cooperation with drug
tight/constricting clothing. regimen and acceptance of lifestyle changes are often
difficult to sustain.

Discuss dietary considerations, e.g., adequate fluid, Measures to maintain consistency of stool to avoid
bulk/fiber intake. constipation/straining during defecation.

Stress importance of routine checkups. Important to monitor progression/maintenance of disease

to allow for early intervention and prevent further loss of
vision.

Advise patient to immediately report severe eye pain, Prompt action may be necessary to prevent further vision
inflammation, increased photophobia, increased loss/other complications, e.g., detached retina.
lacrimation, changes in visual field/veil-like curtain,
blurred vision, flashes of light/particles floating in visual
field.

Recommend family members be examined regularly for Hereditary tendency to shallow anterior chambers places
signs of glaucoma. family members at increased risk for developing the
condition. Note: African-Americans in every age category
should have frequent examinations because of increased
incidence and more aggressive course of glaucoma in
these individuals.

Identify strategies/resources for socialization, e.g., Decreased visual acuity may limit patient’s ability to
support groups, Visually Impaired Society, local library, drive/casue patient to withdraw from usual activities.
and transportation services.

POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS long-term/chronic concerns.

Trauma, risk for—poor vision.
Social Interaction, impaired—limited physical mobility (poor vision), inadequate support system.
Therapeutic Regimen: ineffective management—complexity of therapeutic regimen, economic difficulties, inadequate number
and type of cues to action, perceived seriousness (of condition) or benefit (versus side effects).