CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS

BY
J. B. WEEMS.
CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS
BY J. B. WEEMS.
CONTENTS.
Page
Chemistry of rock composition. .......... . . . . ... . .... ... . .. ... .. 322
Classes of clays . ... .......... . .. ... .. .. . . . ............................. 325
Rational analysis. object of. . .. . . .... . . ...... . .. ....... .. .. . ..... . .... 326
Ultimate analysis, object of .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 326
Rational analysis .. .......... ..... .... ..... .... .... . . . . . _ . . . ......... 327
Methods used .... . .................... , . . .. . . .. . .... .. . .. .... .... 330
The chemical analysis of clays . .. . . ..... . ......... ... ... ........ . ... .. 333
Determinations made .. ..... ........ ... .. .... .. .... . .. .. ....... .. .. 334
Moisture .. .. ... .... .. . ...... .. ... .. ...... ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 334
Loss on ignition ... . ... . .... . ... . ..... ... . . .... . ........ .. . . 334
Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......................... . ... ..... - 334
Aluminum and iron .. ... . ...... .. ... . . .. . 335
Iron .. . . .. .... .. ...................................... ..... 335
Calcium . ... .. . . : . . . .. ... . . ............ . . . .... .... ....... . . .. . 336
Magnesium ... .. .................. . ... ... . ... . ........ . . ..... .. 336
Alkalis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... 336
Titanic oxides . ... _ ......... .. .. . '" . . , ...... _ ...... . .. .. ..... 338
Sulfur ....... .. .. . . .. ...... ............. . ... ..... ........ .... 339
Ferrous oxide .. .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The value of chemical analysis .. .. ... ... ... . ... ...... ..... ... .... 339
Colors of clays ... . .......... .... . . . . ... ... _ . . . . ........ ... ... 340
Incrustation on brick walls .... .. ... .... ... .... ... ..... ........ 341
Ultimate analyses ........ . ........ . . . .. . .. . ...... . ..... . . .. .... .. 344
Rational analyses . . . . .... .. . . . . .. . . .... . ... .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. . 315
(321)
322 OHEMISTRY OF OLA YS.
CHAPTER V.
Chemistry of Rock Composition.
Clay is a, substance which we Imow as a deposit which is exten-
sively distributed over the surface ("f, the earth. It is found al-
most everywhere but differs greatly in its purity. This deposit
has been produced! by tlle! decomposition of various rocks.
As these decomposed products have belen acted upon by water,
the variou original materials have been separated, leaving dP-
posits of various kinds. Some of these we knO'W, as sand, clay
and various mixtures. Clay in its pure conditiO'n is compara-
tively rarely found, the larger POirtion of the deposit being com-
posed of impure clay. Pure clay is a silicate of aluminum and
when fO'und in large quantities it is called kaolin. The various
changes which take place uPOIn the mineraJs present in the
earth's crust, in order that clay may be produced is accO'rding
to' the results O'f Forchhammer shown in t.he fOirmula
A1
2
0
3
, 2Si0'2 + 2H
2
0'.
The changes which take place in the original rock to produce
the clay substance may he shoiWll by the follQlwing equation, as
the result of the action of walter and carbon dioxide upon feld-
spar.
2A1
2
0'3, 2K
2
0, 2Si0
2
(Feldspar) + 4H
2
0 + 2G0
2
=
3SiD
2
, 4H
2
0 + K
2
00
a
+ 9Si0
2
(Clay suhs,tamre.)
As an illustratiOin of the various changes which may ta,ke place
during the decomposition of the original clay substance both in
the mechanical as well as chemical changes, the inves,tigation of
Reicharrt(l)is of interest : Tille results under column (a) represent
the original material. r:ehe second O'lumn (b) gives the results
(I) Haniworterbuch der Chemie Ladenburg 12, p. 17.
CHEMISTRY OF ROCK COMPOSITION. 323
of the pr0<111ct produced from the weathering p:rocesses and the
third column (e) the resulting kaolin.
(a) (b) (c)
Coarse sand .... ......... ..
3395 } 22.56}
2.48 ~
Fine sand ................. 36 . 20 78 . 05 37.40 72.11 28.52 49.42
Finest sand . . ........... .. 7.90 12.15 18.42
Clay .......... . ...........
9.27}
12 . 26 (
20.51 }
Fine earth ............ .. . 7.46 21.95
8. 55 \
27.89 17.69 50 58
Silt ....................... 5. 22 7.08 12.38
Silica ..... . ... .. .......... 77.43 75.73 76 48
Alumina .. .... . ........... 17.10 21.92 21. 58
Iron oxide ....... . . . .... . 2 83 0.98 0.97
Magnesium oxide ... ...... 0.84 0.18 0.17
Lime ............. ....... .. o 3H 0.27 0. 25
Magnesia .. ......... . ..... 0.10 0.10 0.07
Potash ......... ... ..... ... l.03 o 55 o 16
Soda ...... _ .0 0.13 0.08 0.01
Phosphoric acid . . ..... . ... Trace
The res.ulting product from this decomposition is naturally a
complicated mixture and it is necessary to study it not only
from a chemical point O'f view but also its. phy,sical conditions..
Such physical properties, as plasticity, naturally belong to' the
physical cO'nsideration of the subject.
It is of interest to note that as the result of the chemical
changes taking' place in the production of kaolin from tlle mig-
inal rock that the amount of sand decreases while the clay suh-
stance increaises. In the chemical results the amount of silica
and alumina undergo only a slight change while ferric oxide,
manganese oxide, calcium mide (lime), magnesium oxide (mag-
nesia), and the alkalis decrease as the results of the cbanges tak-
ing place in the products.
Pure clay substance is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid or
nitl'icacidi. Concentrated sulfuric acid decompoEle's it at 250
0
to' 300
0
C. with the separatiO'n of sand and silica. Hydrof:luoric
acid illi the presence of s.ulfuriCJ acid decomposes the sand which
may be present producing silicon fluoride which is volatile.
The fact tha:t the CJla1y substance with many of its impurities
is acted upon by sulfuric acid enables the sepaJ'ation of the
CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
clay substance from the sand or quartz. The aiCtion upO'n im-
pure quartz of a dilute sO'lution of sodium hydrate 0'1' sodium
carbonate, furnishes means fO'r separating the quartz from the
amorphous silica. The action of sulfuric acid and the alkali has
given rise to a method O'f analysis, which is knO'wn as rational
ana-lysis. vVO'rk of this nature has been earried O'n extensively
by ArOtn: and Seger. In s:ome cases rational analysis is all tha:t
is necessary to enable one tQi detennine) within certain limits: the
relative proportions of quartz, clay and feldspar which may be
present in the clay. FOIl' the detenmnation of other substances
'
,
however, a complete cheinical analysis is necess:ary.
The typical clay such as kaolin has the formula 2Si0
2
, AI
2
0
a
,
2H
2
0. Its percentage of1 compos,itiO'n would be aecordingly
. Si0
2
, 47.1; AI
2
0
a
, 39.2; H
2
0, 13.7. The imp1u.re clays, contain
feldspar such aiS, Qirthoclase, K
2
0, A1
2
0
3
, 68io,2' 0'1' albite', Na:
2
0,
Al
z
0
3
, 6Si0
2
and there will be alIso: present mica having' the
ula K
2
0, 3A1
2
0
a
, 4Si0
2
and) quaI'tz. As: a natur'al result of the
weathering pr'ocesses the alkalis disappear and aluminum and
silica mar be washed away after it is hydrated. Some of the
typical clays! may be shown by the following analyses: (2)
Kaolin clay substance ..... . .... .
Feldspar ....... . .. . .. . .. .. . , .... .
Quartz ................. . ..... ..
PURE KAOLIN. KAOLIN WITH KAOLIN WITH
(Zettlitz). QUARTZ. FELDSPAR.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
96.6
1.1
2.3
63.8
0.7
35.5
55.9
38.2
5.9
Kaolin clay substance containing:
Silica ... . .......... . ........... .
Alumina ..................... .
Ferric oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........ . ...... .. ..... .
Alkalis .. . ............... . ..... .
Water . ...... .. . ... . ....... . ..... .
PURE KAOLIN. KAOLIN WITH KAOLIN WITH
(Zettlitz) . QUARTZ. FELDSPAR.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
45.6
38.1
0.9
0.7
1.8
13.3
45.3
37.1
1.3
0.8
2.0
12.1
47.1
36.0
0.6
3.3
12.9
(2\ Ref. Chemistry for Engineer3 and Manufacturers, Vol. cr, p. 143.
CLASSES OF CLAYS. 325
The clays of all classes are prepared for use in manufacturing
and depend upon two physical properties: (1) The ease witt
which they may be molded and shaped when wet, and! (2) their
change of state to a ha,rd, unalterable product when subj;Bcted tOI
heat. The chemical comiposition haSI little to dOl with the fir t
physical property. The second physical property of course is
affected more or less by the chemical composition of the clay and
as t h ' e r ~ is dehydration and agglomeratiolllJ it is: accompanied by
shrinkage. The effe{t, of impurities present in pure kaolin is to
lower the fusing point.
CLASSES OF CLAYS .
':Phe days are gene.rally divided into three classes :
(1) Porcelain clay, which is approximately pure kaolin. This
burns tOi white or light-cream cOllo'!'.
(2) Plastic clay, which contains more impurities than the
porcelain clay. It burns to a yellow-red color and is used for
ordinary earthenware.
(3) Fire Olays.- .Tllese clays approach very close to the por-
celain clays in composition, horwever they contain a larger quan-
tity of iro'lli, also mlore silica as quartz. Some of the highest
fire clays, are very rich in quartz. The typicaJ fi re clay and brick
clay as found in England, contains the fonowing substances:
BRICK CLAY. PER CENT. FIRE' CLAY. PER CENT.
Quartz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.42 Quartz .... ...... . .. .. ' . . . . . . . .. 84.59
Feldspar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 3. 27
Calcium carbonate............. 4.45
Combined silica.. ......... . .... 5.11
Alumina. ... .. ... . . ... . . ...... 5.40
Calcium sulfate ... ... ... ..... . .95 Ferric oxide.... ...... ........ .. 0.21
True clay substance.... ..... . .. 74 .91 Lime........ ......... .. .. .... 0.20
Magnesia.......... .. ...... .. . 0. 09
Potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61
Water .......... .... ....... :. ... 3.74
Clay substance consisting of :
BRICK CLAY. PER CENT.
Silica. ...... . .. ....... .... . .. ........ ... .... . . . ...... 46.96
Alumina.................... . .................. ..... 36 . 42
Ferric oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.80
Magnesia... . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... ... . ... ........ .. . .. . .... 0.87
Alkalis ....... .. . . .............. ..... . ... : ......... 0.91
Water........ . . . .. ................... ..... ... .. .. ... 12 . 04
320 CHEMISTRY CLAYS
OBJECT OF RATIONAL ANALYSIS.
,The ratiO'nal analysis O'f clay has for its O'bject the separatiOon
O'f the cby into clay substance, quartz and feldspar. The methods
used dependl upon the action of sulfuric acid upon the clay. The
remaining residue cO'ntarin:s amOorphousl and quartz. The
amorphous silica is then sepamted from it by the aotiOon of so-
dium carbonate Oor sodium hydroxide. As- to. the value of the
rational analysis of clay, there seemsl to be a difference Oof opinion
upon the subject. FOor example, Ries cOonsiders that it is nec-
essary and custOomary fDr the manufacturersl of porcelain or
earthenware Oor fire brick or any product made from high grade
clay to. use the rational analysis as a guide fo,r their mixtures in
order to obtain a consltant product. It is claimled that the advan-
tage of this method is tha,t it separates, the clay into middle COlD-
ponents and enables o:oe to obtain an idea of the pbysica,l char-
acter of the material. ,Tlris is claimed to be, frequently, a matter
of far greater importance than is the chemical composition of
the clay. It is claimed that the ordinary ultimate analysis only
considers, the clay as a mixture of Ooxides and that these sub-
stances may be present as silicates, carbonates, hydrates, sulfates,
etc. 8i1ioo, it is claimed, will decrease the shrinkage and up to'
certa,in liInits, Oo:fl temperatme increase the refractoriness. If,
howeVler, it is present in combina,tion as feldspar, it a,cts as a flux
and somewhat increases the plasticity.
In contrast with the value of the rational and ultimate analyses
of clay it may be said that each has its value and cannot replace
the other.
The value of the ultimate and rational analyses and' what may
be indicated by them, is. stated by Ries, as follows:
OBJECT OF ULTIMATE ANALYSIS.
(( ,The ultimate analysis may be used to supply infO'rma60TI on
the following points:
METHODS USED IN RATIONAL ANALYSIS. 327
(1) The purity OIf the clay, showing the prOlpOirtions of silica,
alumina, combined water, and fluxing impurities.
(2) FrOim the ultimate analysis: we can form an estimate 0,:1
the refractOlriness of the clay, for, oIther things being equal, the
greater the tOlta,l sum OIf fiUkung1 impurities the mOire fusible the
dalY.
(3) The cOilol- to which a clay -will hum may alsO' be judged ap-
proximately, for the greater the amount of iron presenit the
deeper red will the clay burn, pr61vided the iron is evenly and
finely distributed, and an excess OIf lime is nOit contained in the
clay. If the prOlportion OIf irOin to' lime is as 1 tOi 3, then a buff
product results, prOlvided the clay is! heated tOi incipient fusion o,r
vitrificatiOln, the above condition will be affected by a reducing at-
mOisphere in burning, Oil' the presence OIf sulfur in the fire gases.
(4) Clays with a, large amOlunt of: cOlmbined wa,ter sometimes
exhibit a telldency to cra,ck in burning. This combined water
would be shOlwn in the chemical analysis.
(5) A large exoo'ss OIr silica would indicate a sandy clay. "
,These are: practically an the po,ints which the ultimate analsis
explains, and :they are mostly OIf a chemlical nature.
METHODS USED IN RATIONAL ANALYSES.
As regards thel rati0'nal analysis, it may be carried out in a sim-
ple way o,r in an elabOirate one.
Mj0'st ka0'lins and other high grade clays consist OInly of kao-
linite, quartz and the kaolinite forming thel finest parti-
cles OIf the mass
l
while the balance iSI quartz, feldspar and perhaps.
S0'me mica. The finest partides a,re known as' the 0lay substance,
which may be looked upon as having the prOlperties of kaolinite,
fOlD the latter is present in it in such a: la,rge excess. N0'was eoach
OIf these three cOlmponents of the. kaolin -ela,y substance, quartz
and feldspar-have characteristic properties, the kaolin will vary
in its beha;viOlr as one or the 0'ther of thesel. cOinstituents predom-
iuates 0'1' tends to increase.
, \
328 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
As tOI the characters of these three : Quartz is nearly infusible,
non-plastic, has very little shrinkage, and is, of low. tensile
strength; feldspar is easily fusible, and of 101W' plasticity by it-
self; kaolinite is plastic and quite refractory, but shrinks, con-
siderably in burning.
Mica may practicailly be' considered as kaO'linite, fO'r the' reason
that there is usually so little of, it, and also becaU!se tile experi-
ments of G. Vog,t have indicated that it acts very simaarly tal
kaolin, being, when fine, fairly plastic and una.fected by a tern,...
perature' o ~ 1,300
0
C. In chemical composition it is of course
different from kaolinite, but frOom a physical point Oof view it is
similar.
The investigations of Voglt (H) have called attention to the fact
that in the cases where the analyses of clays were made with de-
terminations of1 leaolin, feldspar, and quartz the results are
not satisbctory. In the attempt, from the results ohtained in
the analys-es, tOI imita.te the pOlrCielain of. China and Japan the
conclusion wa I reached that 50 parts of ka.o'lin, 30 f feldspar and
20 of quartz would meet the requir.ements and U!pon this, data the
manufacturing of porcelain in Europe was founded. Vogt calls
attention to the fact that in the rational analyses, alS carried out
under these conditions" no' attention was paid to the mica which
may have been present. The 'experiment p["oved that a clay com-
posed of kaolin 20, mica 25 and quartz 40 yielded merely stone-
ware of fine quality. In order to. obtain the beautiful and trans-
parent pOI'leclain a quantity of feldspar w:as found necessary. The
following mixture was prepared with this object in view: kaolin
25, mica 25, orthoclase 25 and quartz 25. In some cases, however,
in the ordinary manufacture' or cheapet ware alIld clleap clay
products it is not deemed necessary to make the analysis cam-
pI ete as carried out by Vogt.
l3) Bull de La. Soc. Chim. d. Paris, Abst. Chern. News 62 (1890) p . 315.
METHODS USED IN RATIONAL ANALYSIS. 329
From a scientific point of view, it is generallly conooded that
the results 0' the rational analysis is as stated by Doctor
"Ein Kuntschlich Theoretis'ches Bild."
This is dUie to the assumption tha,t, in the calculation from
the analysis, the mineral sand is regarded as: feldspar. The
aration of the mineral, quartz sand and clay substance cannot be
regarded in any way as an accurate analysis.
Langenbeck ( ) in speaking of the analytical results ohtained
from the tre'atment of the feldspar in the samie manner as the
cla,ys, during' the analytical process, states that pure feldspar
left a; residue of 81.44 per cent and in the oither 83.95 per cent.
Attempts have been made to remedy the action of the concentrated
sulfuric acid upon felds'par, by treating the clay with dilute sul-
furic acid under pressure. Yet it waSt found' that the clay was
only; patrtially decomposed while the feldspar was a,cted upon to
the extent of leaving a residue of 812.67 per cent which is prac-
tically the same as when treated with concentrated acid. Langen-
beck states t.hat under the existing methods used in the rational
analysis it is impossrible tOt dissolve the clay substance out
of the claiY without a loss of feldspar that may reach 20 per
cent of the material present. The action of sulfmic acid has an
effect 'u,pon the qualrtz, although not SOl much as upon the feld-
spar. In the examples given it was found that the acid may dis-
solve from the quartz 3.88 per cent as the result of its action.
However, in spite of the imlperfectiOlllSI of the methods used in
rational analysis there is, n(), doubt but that from a pTactical
point of view the resUilts are of value for it has enabled the
manufacturer 1.0
1
mix the natural clays with other substances in
which the clay lacks and thi enables him to. d'eal with many of
the problems connected with his work. Where the ultimate
method wo'uld be, under ordinary circumsk'UlOOS, an unintelligi-
ble analysis the rational analysis js ofl service to, him.
(4) Chemistry of Pottery. pp, 8-12.
330 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
In SQime cases the fad that the aotion of the sulfuric acid upon
the ola,y will dissolve a quantity of feldspar and some of the
quartz, has led some investigatO'rs to reject the rational analysis.
As an example of this obj ectiO'n the fO'llowing is of inteI'lest
jn cO'nnection with the rational ana:lysis, (5) "On account Qif
the fact that the WiseO'nsin clays contain a large amount olf feld-
spathic material the rational analysis would have little signifi-
cance and the fO'llowing method! was adO'pted to' calculate ~ h e
feldspar and }{'aO'lin, from the ultjmate analysis, using the fol-
lO'wing percelllta.ges o:ll compositiO'n of feldspar:
R20, 16.9; A1
2
0
3
, 18.4; 6Si0
2
, 64.7; N a
2
0, 11.8; A1
2
0
3
, 19.5;
6Si0
2
, 68.7; and kaO'lin: AJ
2
0
3
, 39.5; 2Si0
2
, 46.5; 2H
2
0, 14.
Under these cO'nditiQins potash and soda were re'g'arded as part of
feldspar. The alumina requirled for this amQiunt of feldspar was
deducted frO'm the total alumina present and the remainder was
the basis on which the kaO'linite substance was calculated. ~ r , h e
difference between the total amount of silica and that required by
feldsrpar and kaolin gives the am:ount of quartz present."
In cO'nnection with the calculation of the rational anlalysis the
following results shO',wing the composition O'f various, feldspars
will be of interest. (6) Ii ,
POTASSIUM SODIUM CALCIUM
FELDSPAR FELDSPAR FELDSPAR
ORTHOCLASE. ALBITE. ANORTHITE .
(K, AI , Si .O,,) (Na, AI,Si.O, . ) (CaAI , Si , O. )
Per cent Per cent Per cent
Potassium
oxide, K,O .......... 16,89 11 .82 20.10
Aluminum oxide, AI,O . .. . ... ... 18.43 19.56 36 .82
Silica, SiO, ...... . ....... ....... 64.68 68.62 43 08
There are in UlSe twO' methods fO'r the determination of silica,
feldspar, and quartz in clay. The following is one of the methO'ds
which is! used in Germany:(7)
. "About five grams O'f clay are weighed and placed in a 200 c. c.
Erlen:mleyer flask. 100-150 c. c. O'f wa,ter and twO' c. c. of sodium
(5) Clays and Clay Industries of Wisconsin, p. 267.
(6) Konig Untersuchung Land. Gewerb. Btoffe.
(7) Ladenburg Handwoerterbuch der Chemie, 12, p. 15.
METHODS USED IN RATIONAL ANALYSIS. 331
hydrate are added and the contents boiled, co.vering the flask
with a small glass' funnel. The cOIn tents of the flask are allowed
to COQil and 25 0. c. of sulfmic acid is added. Continue the boil-
ing until the fumes of the acid begin to. be driven off the flask.
A a result of the reaCltio.ns which have taken place the calcium
carbonate has been changed to caloium sulfate, the aJuminum
silicate has
l
bee'll. converted intol aluminum sulfate and silicic
acid, while the quartz and rOOlain. Water is added' to
the flask and mOist of the sulfurio alCid and aluminum sulfate
washed out of the residue by decantatio.n.
In by decantation the water which is decanted sho.uld
be placed: upon a filter paper fOIl' the reaso.n that should any o.f
the residue be removed from the flask it can be returned by mak-
ing a hole in the filter alna washing back into. the flask.
After washing by decaJlltatio.n the contents o.f the flask are
trea,ted with hydrochloric acid (100 c. c.) and boiled. Decant
o.ff the liquid and rudd sodium hydroxide (100 c. c.) bo.il and de-
cant. Repeat the a,bo.ve ptocess with, hydroohlo.ric acid and sodium
hydrate. The residue is then transferred to a filter and washed
with dilute hydroohlo.ric acid (1 tOI2)) . ,'rhe filter with contents
is transferred tOI a platinum crucible and weight determined.
ffhe contents of Ithe crucible ar1e treated with a few drops o.f
sulfuric acid and small quantities of hydrofluoric acid, evapor-
ated to. drynes in the water bath, ignited, weighed, and from tht;
]o.SS calculate and determine aluminum, iron, etc. ])-'rom the
aluminUJ.TII found! in the residue the feldspar is calculated, 1 part
o.f alumina (aluminum oxide) = 5.41 feldspar.
Ancxther method which has been used in much of the work of
this co,untry i as follows:
The material (twlol gramS') is treated with dilute sulfuric acid
(20 c. c.) for six or eigiht hours on a sand bath, and the excess of
acid it>: finally driven off. One cubic centimeter of concentrated
hydrochloric acid [lnd a small quantity of water is added. The
332 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
residue iSI sepaJ' ated by filtraltion and thoroughly washed with
hot water. ,The residue is then trea,ted with a small quantity (15
c. c.) of a boiling] ten per' cent so,lution of sodium hydroxide,
25 cubic centimeters 0'f hot water are added and the solution fil-
t ered thr0'ugh same filter paper. The residue is washed six 0'1'
eight times with hort water: by decantation. ,The r'esidue is then
treated with: dilute hydrochloric acid and washed, and trans-
ferred to the filter paper. The filtrate should be free from! hy-
drochloric acid! before the washing is finished. The residue on
filter paper is burned and weighed, the result is the residue, in-
s0'luble in sulfuric acid and sodium hydrate. A part of this
residue is used for determination of silica, aluminum oxide, and
iron oxide and the o,tber part for det1en:nining alkalis present in
the insoluble reslidue. I
The results: furnish the means for calculating the ratiunal
analysis. ,Tl\le aluminum o:xide present in the insDluble residue
is multiplied by 3.51. This factor is regarded as the ratio, be-
tween the silica and aluminum Dxide in orthoclase feldspar.
product found represents the am0'unt Df silica present in feld-
spar. The sum of amounts or silica, aluminum and ferric
0'xides, and aJkalis represents the "feldspathic detritus." T,he
difference between the silica com/bined and the total silica in res-
idue gives the" quartz" Dr "free sand." The sum of the
"quartz" and "feldspar" gi.ves. the basis, for calculating the
clay substance.
III the rati0'nal aoolys:is it ha . been seen that there is a choice
in the use of sodium hyd1'0xide OIr' sodium carbDnate to diss0'lve
the amorphous silica after the clay has been a'cted upon by sul-
furic acid. tl1he question sometimes presents itself as to the
strength of the alkali tOI be med.
Lunge and Milberg(8)in invelstigations, concluded that the
Tesults of Micbrueilis, that a 10 per cent sDluti n of NaOH does not
(8) Zeites, Angew. Cltem., 1897, pp. 395- 425, Abstr. Jr. Soc . Chem. Ind. 16 (1897) p. 762.
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS. 333
act upon the quartz even during several hO'urs boiling and that
tihe soluble silical caJlnot even be dissolved by sodium carbonate,
do nQt stand the test O'f investigatiQn. In their experiments,
Lunge and Milberg submitted a large number O'f sili-
cates with the results that caustic alkalis can not be safely eIDI-
ployed to separate, the quaI1tz from the sO'luble silica, as quartz
is disso'lved during the process. Hot solutiO'ns of alkaline ca-r-
bonates can only be used after finely powdered material has been
washed a,way. liJ is stated that some quartz iSI dissolved even by
a 5 per dent sO'lution of sodium carbonate at the temperature O'f
. the water ba,th. It is sta,ted, however, that the errO'r will proba-
bly no,t exceed .1 per cent to' .2 per cent, the sO'luble silica being
returned high. Hardened filter pape:vs should be used in the an-
alysis.. The modificaltiO'n o.fI the pil"O'ceSs. as hy Lunge
and Milburg is, in the analysis of the silicates after tbie sam-
ple has been reduced to' the finest kind of powder,
treated with hydrochloric acid and dried at 110 C. The
ammrphohlls: silica can be ' readily determined by digestion for
fifteen: minutes: in a 5 per cent slolutiO'n of sodium carbonate and
the etror need not exceed .2 per cent. In the' determination
O'f aluminum: and irorIll, Meinke states that there is a tendency
fO'r the iron and a.luminum to' co.ntain a certain amount of silica,
thisl amO'unt may va'I'y frO'm .3 to' 1 per cent.
The Chemical Analysis of Clays.
Besides the ratiooal analysis, miany times
l
the comple,te ulti-
mate' analysis
l
O'f clay is O'f value. In o.rdel" -that the chemical
analysis may be o,f va.lue it is necessa,ry that the alIltalytical work
have the bes,t poss,ible care. LaiIlg/B'll!beck ca,}]s attention to. this
subject in the following wOlrds : " \ iVhile it iSl1rue that the chem-
ical analysis alone, however aCcUirate, is insufficient without ac-
physical tests to give one the perfect cha,ra.cteriza-
334 CHEM[STRY OF CLAYS.
tion of clay, its value is sufficiently grealt. to, warrant the most.
careful work."
Clay, according to-Blair, is a mixture O'f silica and the silicates
of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, po,tassium and sodium. The
silicates are hydrated and as a result they may contain from. 6
to 12 per cent of wa,ter chemically combined. In addition to
the substances named, clay may c.ontain ferric: o-xide, titanic acid,
ferric sulfate, organic matter and phosphoric acid. Occasion-
, ally, rare elements are found.
In the-analysis of c . l a ~ the following determinaticns nre made:
(1) Moisture.-Two grams of clay are heated in a platinum
cI1lcible at 100
0
to 105
0
C., until a constant weight is lieached.
The loss in weight is regarded as moisture.
(2) Loss on Ignition.-This result includesl combined water,
O'rganic matter and carbon dioxide in the form of carbonates.
,The clay from the determination 00 mois.ture can be used for
this determination. The Cfll1cible is, heated with a, blast lamp until
it becomes constant in weight.
(3) Silica.-Clay being practically una.cted upon by hydro-
c.hloric acid, it is, impo'ssiLlc to use the subsitance fool' preparing
a so,lution and it is necessa,ry too fuse the product in order too dec..
compose the s,ilicate. nne gram: of finely divided clay is mixed
with ten grams: of sodium carbonate and a little potassium nitrate
in a platinum cI1lcible. The mass is brought to fusion in a plat-
inum cI1lcible, using the blast lamp if necessary. After the
mass is fused it is run well up on the sides O'f the cI1lcrible and
all{)IWed to COQ1. Add hot wa,ter and when the mass. is thoroughly
disinltegrated, treat the undissolved porlioillJ with hydrochloric
acid.TLl'ansfer the mas's too a casserole and evaporate to dryness
on w:ater bath, hea.t in air' bath a.t 110
0
until all the hydroL.
c.hloric acid is driven off. Dilute hydrochloric acid (60 c. c.)
is, added to the conteDJts of the easserolle and the contents brought
to' boiling. Transfer the mlaterial to an ashless filter, wash it
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS 335
thol'oughly with hot water, dry and transfer to' a platinum cruci-
ble 'and weigh. ,The filtrate is used fQr the determination of the
. Qther cO'nstituents. The silica pre'sent in the crucible is treated
with sufficient sulfuric acid to moisten it. HydirofluO'ric acid is
added cautiously in very small quantities succes,sively until the
silica has disappeared. mva:po,rate the contents: of the crucible
to' dryness in a sandi bath or on an a.sbestO'S' bQard, ignite and
weigh. The difference in weight represents the silica.
(4) of Aluminum arnd b '011t.-The filtrate frO'm
the silica is treated! with an excess O'f ammonia and boiled until
the ammonia in excess is driven from the solution. Filter and
wash several times with hot water. ,The precipitate iSI dissolved
with a mixture of 15 c. c. hydrochlo,ric acid and 15 c. c. of water,
and allQw the solution to' run into a small clean beaker. If any
part Qf the precipitate remains, in the larger beakeT', in which the
first precipitate was made, al pm't of the contents of the small
beaker may be us,ed for dissolving. it. Wash the beaker and filte:t
paper in order t.hat the smlall beaker ma.y contain all of the precipi-
tate. Re-pI1ecipitate with ammQnia as usual. Filter, transfer the
precipitate to the filter paper and wash thQroughly with hot water.
Dry, ignite the precipita,te andl weigh. It may be necessary to
treat the res,idue hefore igniting with a few drops of, nitric acid
to CQnvert any iron 0'1' ferrQus oxide which may be present into
ferric nitrate. E,vaporalte off the acid and weigh the contents: of
the CTucihle. The resUilts, will be the quantity O'f aluminum oxide,
A1
2
0
3
, and ferric oxide, Fe.
2
0
3

(5) Detenninati011; of Iron,.-Fuse. the precipitate Qf aluminum:
and ir'on o!Xide with and trea:1J the fused mals'S with watE"r.
W aish intO' a; sma.ll beaker and decant off the clear lio.uidin to. the
flask used forI' th'e determina.tio[l of i1'OI]] volumetrically and deter
mine in the usual manner.
If desired, citric acid can be added to' the solution with an
excess of1 ammonia a.nd the iron precipitated as sulfide. Filter,
336 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
wa'11 tl le precipitate, dry and determine iron in tIle usual man-
ner. The amount of iron, subtra.cted from the total amount of
aluminum and ferTic O'xide,sl, gi.vles the amount of aluminum.
(6) Deternvination of Calcium.-The filtrate from the deter-
mination .of ferric and aluminum hydroxides is concentrated to
about 200 c. c. and ammonium oxalate added to precipitate the
calcium. The precipitation of the calcium should be from a hot
solution. Allow the precipitate to' settle twelve hours. AmlIDoni-
um oxalate should be in exmiOS in order to' prevent the precipita-
tion of a,ny maO'nesiuml. Some prefer to add one gram of ammo"'
nium oxalate to insure an exooss.. The precipitate is filtered and
washed with hot water, ignited and weighed in the usual man-
neI'. r.l"he resulting product is caJcium oxide.
(7) Dete1"1ninat'ion of Magnesia.-The: filtrate frO'm the deter-
minrution of calcium precipitation is concentrated until about 150
c. c. Allow the- solution to cool and precipitate the magnesia
from an alkaline solution hy means of hydrotgen disodium pho<s'-
fate. Fifteen minutes after the precipitation add 15 c. c. of con-
centrated ammonium hydroxide, Spl. gr . . 90. The magnlesia am-
mO'nium phosfafoe is allowed tOI stand fO'r a,t lleast two hours and
is filtered through an asbless filter. Wa h with water contain-
ing 5 per cent of ammonium hydrO'xide. Place the filter, after dry-
ing, in a crucible, ignite, and weigh in the usual manner. The
resulting residue is magnesium pyrophosfate, and from the result
the' amount of magnesia is calculated.
(8) Determina.tion of Alka.lis.-The determination of alkalis
in clay iSI made by tre'ating twO' grams. of finlely ground materi.al in
a platinum dish with four c. c. of concentrated sulfuric acid a.nd
50 c. c. of pure hydrO'fluoric. acid. The contents of the dish
should be' stirred with a platinum wire in order that the acid
may come in contact with the clay. The cO'ntents Df the platinum
dish is heated carefully until the clay is entirely decomposed and
the gritty portion has disappeared. Evaporate to dryness., and
THE CHEMlCAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS. 337
hea.t until the sulfuric acid i s driven off 8.lld the fumes cease to
be evolved. The use. of hydrofluoric acid should be can'ied on
under a. hood where there is a strong draught. It is dangeron.
to! handle the hydrofluoric a,cid iI1 a place that is not well venti-
lated with aJ strong draught. Af,ter evaporating to drynes in
the hood, 50 c. c. of water and a little hydrocblQiI"ic acid is added.
mass: should dissolve; if it does not, heat lmtil it does. If
there is any insoluble matter, it shows: that ,the clay has not been
thoroughly acted upon by the hydrofluoric acid. The soluble
material can be transferred to ano,ther dish, and the O'peration
rElpe'ated by means of hydrofluoric acid upon the insoluble re i-
due in the dish. After thO'roughly decomposing, the solution is
diluted tOI about 350 c. c. by adding water. After placing in a
beaker, heat to boiling, add an excess of ammonia and allow the
precipitate tOI settle, and filter. The precipitate is, transferred to
the bea,ker in which the precipitation was made, by piercing the
filter and walshing with hot water. Add about 200 c. c. of walter
and a little ammonia,. T'ransfer to, the filter and wash thoroughly.
The twO' filtrates are united, evapO'rated to dryness in a platinum
dish. Hea,t in order to volatilize the ammoniulll salts. Add a few
drops of hydrochl oric acid and evaporate to and heat to
low red heat. The resulting residue represents the' alkalis in the
form of chlorides.
lf it is de/slired to separate and determine the amount of potas-
Eium present, this can be dO'ne by precipitating' the potassium
chloride aJlJd determining it as K
2
PtCl
6
in the usual manner.
(9) Smith's Method of Determination of Alkalis.-Tnstead of
determining thel alkalis by meansl of hydrofluO'Iic acid and snl-
furic acid, the method given by may be used. The method
is as folloW's: one gram of finely ground clay is mixed tholroughly
with an equa.l weight, of granular ohloride of ammonia in a, por-
celain or agate moriaI'. To this mixture eight gramsl of calcium
carbonate a:rle added. Grind tlle mass together thoroughly so' iliat
22
338 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
it is, intimately mixed. Transfer the material to a large pla.tinum
crucible cOover d mth a close fitting cover and heat slowly in
order to decompose the ammonium chlo'l"ide. This is a o o o m ~
plished in a feW! minutes, then hea,t, graduaHy increasring until
the crucible is red. ,The bo.ttom of the crucible is kept at a bright
red heat for about one hour. The crucible is allowed to cO'ol and,
if the mass can be deta,ched easily, tranJS!fer i,t to aJ platinum dish
and add 80 to 100 c. c. of water. Remove any residue which may
remain in the crucible, cover with water and wash the contents
of the crucible into aJ dish. ,The contents or the dish are heated
to boiling and! the mass is allowed to slake completely. After
slaking, filter and wash thel residue thoroughly with hOot water.
In case the contents of tJie crlucible, aJ'ter fusion, can not be
remolVed eaJsci.ly, the Clilcible is placed on its side in a dish, the.
cOlVer washed off and 100 c. c. of water added. The contents of
the dish aJre hea,ted until the mass can be removed. RemolVe the
crucible from the dish, waish thoroughly and filterr the liquid
from the dish and wash the residue. The filtra,te is treated with
about one and one-half grams of pure carbonate of ammonia, and
filtered. Evapmate the so,lution in al platinum dish until it i.s
reduded to 50 c. c., add a smaH quantity of ammo.nium: carbonate
and ten or fifteen drops of ammonia. Filter off the precipitate,
if any is, produced, and evaporate. Hea.t carefully to drive off
the a.mmonium saJtS1. Thealkalisl a.re present in the form of potas-
sium and s dium] chlorides. The addition of a few drops of hy-
drochlo,ric acid will prevent any loss of material during the prol...
cess of heating in driving' off the ammonium salts.
(10) Determination of Titnnic Oxide.- ,The dete'rmination of
titanic oxide is made by placing one-half gram of clay in a plati-
num crucible -and thoroughly mixing with five grams of po.taSI...
ium bisulfate and on/e gram of sodium fluoride. The mass is
fused, allowed to coo.l and the\llJ disso'lved with a, five per cent solu-
tion of sulfuric acid. An aliquo,t, part of the resulting solution is
THE VALUE OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

placed in a Nessler tube, hydroxide is added and the 'tint devel-
oped is compared with the standards made from solution of
titanium! sulbte.
(11) Dete1'mv/1,ation of total sllllfur present in
clay is determined by fusing: one-half gram with a mixture of so-
dium carbonalte, fivle parts" and pota sium nitrate, one part, in a
platinum crucible. Tl1e fused product is dissolved by dilute hy-
drochloric acid. The sulfur separated in the usual manner by
evaporation and bleating in order to render the silica iuso,luble,
nnd filtered. Hydrochloric acid is added in or.der to have an ex-
cess; ()if the acid present. The sulfate present in solution is pre-
eipitated by means of barium chloride in excess. Both solutions
should ble hOlt. The barium sulfate. is filtered, washed with hot
water, dried, placed in a crucible and weighed, and the sulfur or
trioxide calclUJated from the results.
(12) Determination. of Ferrou'S Oxide.-Ferrous oxide caill be
determriDied by fusing one-half g'ram of clay with five grams of
sodium carbonate. The clay in a crucible should be well co,v!ered
with carbonate. The contents are heated, the crucible being CO'V-
ered. The fused ma,ss is. dissolved and mixed with hydrochloric
acid and sulfuric acid in an of carbon dioxidle. Fer-
TOUS iron is determined by titration with standa.rd potass,ium per-
manganate.
THE VALUE OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
As previously sta,ted, the value of the rational lies in
the fact tha,t from a, theoret:icaJ po,int of view it is designed to
separate quartz, felds.par and clay substance in the clay. The
chemical anallysis, on the other hand, can be used to draw certain
inferences which are also' valuable.
According to Ries, the following facts can be df'a,wn from the
chemical analysis:
340 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
(1) In the chemical analysi of clay the depth of the red color
d pends upon the amoulnt of ferric oxide. A large percentage of
ferric oxide produces, ru deep red col orr, while III small amount gives
the yellow cOIIO'rs.
(2) ,The analysis. will determine whether lime present is' suffi-
cient to counteract the action of the ferric oxide.
(3) TiJ:La,t an approximate idea of Ithe fusibility of clay can be
obtained from the total amount of fluxes
l
present and alsOi the
nature of the fluxes, whether they are weak or strong.
e 4) The clay containing a large percentage of siliCc't indicates
gener'ally a sandy clruy.
e 5) Clays having a high percentage of alumina and combined
walter, as a yule', shrink considerably on burning.
It is alsOi stated that besides the tendency to shrink as indicruted
by chemiool analysis:, other physical tendencies alre largely de ...
pendent om the mineralogical composition.
THE COLORS OF CLAYS.
The iron oxide present in the clay will produce certain definite
cololt'lS dependent on the amount of oxide present. Ac.cording to
Profes'solr vVinchell, the cream: coloa:ied bricks' in Minnesota are
produced' as III r:esult of the iron 'which iSI present in the clay enter-
ing into CO'1.ubination with silic.a. and alumiDaJ instead of remain-
ing as an oxide. ,The variousl manifested! ltints which are exhib-
ited ill many clays: are practically due tOi al mixture of CEhrbQin ...
ac.eQiUS matter and iron. It is well known that the oxides of irom
will cause whitel a,luminum silicate tQi change its CQiloT to a gray-
ish-blue and even tQi a black cololr. In cla,ys: where the co,lor is
produced by carbQinaceous 011" other organic maltJter it will entirely
disruppear in burning if an excess of air is po'ssible. Blue clay,
it is said, can ilb't be decolQirised hy digestion in hydrochloric
acid!, and Qin heaJting it becomes, mQire intense, owing to the sep-
aration Qif particles
,
o', carbon, and these finally disappear.
INCRUSTATION ON BRICK WALLS. 341
Colored waiters, if mixed with claJys, will co,lor them slowly,
while if mixed! with brown, peaty water and all0'wed to
stand for eight or ten days, will become hrowni,sh-blue. This
colo'I'i bec0'mes, m0're distinct when it is dried. If treated the sec-
ond time this residue becomes brown, and by cO'Ilstantly repeating
the process a dark-blue clay with a brOWTIl tint has been obtained
similar in color to many of the ll!atural
INCRUSTATION ON BRICK WALLS ..
Under certain conditions brick walls become col0'red by the
production 0'f white incrustations which appear after the waH
is built. ,Thi ' incrustatiO'Il! sometimes is produced even before the
building is complete, and unsightly white patches disfigure the
building. In some cases it has, boon noticed that bricks which have
never come in C0'ntalct with the mOlrtar have had this incrustation
upOon them. On examinatio-n: the incruSitation was found to' be sul-
fate of magnesium. As a, rule, this sulfate is discolored by other
compoundS!, such rus olXide of irOon. U ndm" ort:hm' condi,tio-ns the
inc.rusta.ti0'n has proved to be a mixture Oof c.alcium and magnesium
"ulfates, with tra.ces of iron and aluminum olXides
'
. Ca,rbonates
were not f0'und to. be present. The material which produces, this
incrustation is therefOore evidently of the nwture of sOlluble su.!-
fate, and the question arises whether these are present
in the 0'riginal clay or not. Investigations made upon these in-
crustati0'ns prove that calcium or magnesium sulfa,tes are nOot
present, usually, in the Ooriginal clays. ,Tfhere is, w small propOor-
ti0'n of lime and magnesia, and no' doubt the burning of brick
accounts for the conversiOon 0'f the ma:gnesiw and lime, which is
present in the clay, to the corresponding sulfalt.es, by the sulfill'
oxide produced frOmJ ,tlhe ,sulfur in the coal as sulfide of iron 0'1'
iron pyrites. When the c0'al is burned, sulfur dio,xide in the
p'resence 0'f air and m0'is,ture produceS! sulfuric acid, which com-
bines with magnesia and lime. The acid proibably decomposes
342 CHEMISTRY OF CLAYS.
the calcium ElInd magnesium silicates" produeing sulfate of cal-
cium and magnesium, while s>iliooi is: set free. The sulfate of
magnesium possesse.s the peculiar property of efflorescence in the
presence of1 dry air. A small amount l'eadily becomes conspicu-
OUSI. It hatS been suggested that the only wa,y to prevent the
incrustation is naturally to prevent the formation of magnesium
"'ulfate in brick. In other words, to burn the brick inltended for
exposure to 'tihe atmosphere with material which will not produoo
sulfuric acid ill " a large enough quantit.y to: PQ>oduce sulfate of
magnesia during the process.
Anothe:r source of trouble may be said to lie in the fact that
mortar is produced from magnesium IUTIlestone and is really
a mixture of lime and magnesia in various propo'rtions. Of
course, in the presenee of fumes of sulfur dioxide, magnesium
sulfate is rea:dlily produced from the and the salt
makes itself manifest in the efflorescence. Of course it can be
readily seen "tiha,t houses built with mortar from lime containing
a la,rge amount of ma,gnesja can be' acted upom by smoke con-
taining a quantity of sulfur oxide, readily producing, magnesium
sulfate.
If lime Ishould be the s,cmrce of the trouble, thenl it is necessary
to use lime in building which is free from magnesia, for tha,t por-
tion of the brick work which is exposed. In some houses these
white incrustations of ID.aIgnesium and calcium sulfates are rend-
ered still more unsightly by black sltI1eaks. T'hisl :is caused from
repeated washing of1 the black dust from the window: cases and
frames. Of course the problem here is fOlr the builder to use fo'r
that part of the building wJhich iSi exposed, bricks co,ntaining a
minimum amount of sulfuric acid produced from coaJ co'ntain-
ing a small amoUillit of sulfur, and mortar which is free from mag-
nesia. It is a proMem for: prevention instead of endeavoring
to discover a remedy for the mischief.
INCRUSTATION ON BRI CK WALLS. H43
According to the investigation of Gunther, however, ,the iron
pyrites present in the clay is on;" of the causesl of effio'rescence
and this is not the result of the material uSled in hurning the
hrick. Gunther stated ,tthat almoslt all .clays. contain sulfide of
iron or pyrites, and this in the pre,sence o:f:1 magnesia gives rise
to the effio,rescence, after the decomposition of alkalis, in the
presence of water.
He regards the sulfur present as the cause of the trouble. The
remedy which, as suggested hy Guntiher, is to mix barium car-
bonate chlolride in clay; this substance would comhine with
sulfuric acid, producing barium sulfate. The sandstone of many
new huildings suffer with this trouble orf! effioTescence.
From experience it is found thrut it has bMn impos,sible to
vent the fOlIm:a,tion of soluble sulfate entirely, but it has been sug-
gested that an excelss of baryta would be present at all times,
combining with any sl1lfu,ric acid to produce illiSoluble barium
sulfate. Th.e addition of haryta to the miO'rtar has been sug-
gested as a remedy to' check the effiO'l'<3
1
scence. Of course thi&
check would be limited if the modar is exposed to the action of
the fumes of sulfur frOlJIl! the chimneys. where coal is used con-
taining a la,rge amount of sulfur.
Afl a matter of interest I would note the investiga,tion of DireC'-
tor Pariza of the Agricmltural Saltion at Morlaix, France, whose
work has led tOI the, that the crumhling of hrick is' due
largely to' the action 011 miClI'O bles. The result of the action of the
Inicrobes is a red dust which on examination with the micro cope
was found contain a number of microscopic organisms. This
opens a wirue field for the investigation of many problems con-
nected with the decay of walls. of brick
344
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CHEMISTRY
ANALYSES
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I Flint Brick Co . Des Moines. bottom . . .. .. 20 .951.56 2.571.57 4.80115.75 .971.71 3.22100.fO
3 Flint Brick Co.; Des Moines, top ......... I. 09 .24 .58 3.17 2. 2. 88 l5. 47 .95 1. 25 4.37 99.87
4 Iowa Brick Co . Des Moines. No.7, bottom. . 42 .52 I.IB 3.582.11: 4.7921. 01 .95 .... 4.51100.86
5 Iowa Brick Co . Des Moines. No.6. top..... . 25 .36 1 38 3.17 I. 42 4.31 16 68 l.oo 2.09 1. 44 100.40
6 IowaBrickUo . uesMoines.No.5.top ...... .21 .90 6.59 L. 87 1.9220.43 .45 6.82 Loo.50
7 Iowa Brick Co . Des Moines. No.4. top ..... .83 .60 1.48 3. 17 1. 34 8.63 21. 1.15 I. 58 3. 59 100.63
8 Iowa Brick Co . Des Moines. No.3. top.. ... .39 .59 I. 59 2. 99 I. 44 3. 35 L9. 2 L 1. 80 2.58 2.66 100.83
9 Iowa BrickCo . De. Moines. No. 2. top ...... 63 .05 .95 1.00 .86 3. 83 L1.94 1.65 .90 4.33 99 . 57
10 Flint Brick Uo . Des Moines.... .. .... ..... .56 .51 l. 2u 1. 56 1. 22 5.75 L9. 78 1.17 2.15 2. 92 H0.50
11 M. E. Ward. Lake City. Iowa ........58 . 32 I. 08 2.33 I. 08 !. 24 L2. 20 2. OL .... 5. 15 100.7(.
&. . .' 1: : t yg 1: 1: L:
14 Holman. Sergeant. Bluffs. .... .. ..... .79 .24 .70 1. 00 . 49 1. 43 10.73 .75 1. 84 6.38 100.30
15 Corey Pressed Brick Co .. Lehigb.redbnrning .96.902.04 .302.043.8323.05.86 .... 8.10100.10
16 Corey Pressed Brick Co., Lehigh .......... 79 .842.19 .961.70 3.8323.8n.16 .26 5.87100.17
17 GraniteBrickCo . Burlington. top ........ 131.442.793653.132.40 5.16l.301.44 1.46110.29
I8 Granite Brick Co . Burlington. bottom ... .42 .86 .78 3.183.80 3. 351l.411.253.02 .67100.53
19 L. M. HarriS. Rockford. bottom.......... . 36 1. 19 l. 76 9.42 3.03 3.84 15.54 l.l0 2.02 3 . 7 100. 06
20 . DesMoines. 1.352.92 .87 1291.9411.2022.26 .16 .... 7.15100.30
21 Capital Cit y Brick&PipeCo . Des Moines .492. 172.411.781.5810.3216. 22 ... 7.43100.04
22 Capital City Brick &PipeCo . Des Moines .. 88 1.04 .54 .81 .42 33616.391.42 .... 5.75100.01
23 CapitalUityBrick&PipeCo . Des Moines . . 5L 2.8L 2.76 1.581.55 5.5217. 90 ....... 5. 02100.00
24 CapitaICityBrick&PipeCo . Des Moiues .. 40 L09 1.87 .751.72 5.1217.89 .. ...... 4.07100.37
25 .................... ......... .... .. ........... 6.771.253.70 If.05 .94 8.6417.71 ... 2. 53. .. .. ..
26 Galesburg .... .... ..... .... .. .... ......... 3.854. 17 6. 19 3.39 .18 2.0024.40 ........ 12.41100.21
2:io:i.'io .50' ':70 i.' io i:i.'40:i2::iO:i.'40 .:: 7.90 99. 80
29 Buff Clay from Boone.. ..... ............... .70 .70 .30 .10 1. 60 .20 16.60 1.70 4.30 99.90
30 Red Ciay from Ft. Dodge ...... ..... .... ... 2.101. 22 I. 80 1. 23 I. 34 4.0023.09 6.28 100 22
;1 Buff Clay from Ft. Dodge .................. 2. 08 1.62 .5912.121.74 4.83L1.43 .94 .. 11.56100. 06
32 Buff Clay from Ft. Dodge ......... ......... 1.15 .81 .49 .92 . 52 2. 7217.26 ...... 5.57 99.96
38 Clermont Brick & Tile l o. ... ....... . .. .... .435.38 7. 4119.145.40 3. 7610.37 3.01 .. .. 16.24 99.96
34 Storm Lake Bricl<: & Tile Co ............ 2.33 l.l4 [.gO 4.021.80 4.0012.64 .. .... 582100.10
55 Dale Brick Co . Ues Moines............ .... .32 1.84 I. 77 . 95 I. 36 5.12 17.73 .... .... 4.21 100 17
36 B. B. .Tester. Danville ....................... 22 .32 .ilS .73 .45 2.7215.54 .. 4.9; 100.15
37 Americau Brick & Tile Co . Mason City .421.432.59 4143. 36 7.5618.342.76 .. .. 7. 39100.04
38 Myron Mellen. Edgewood. Iowa. . .. . .... .891. 665.29 7.38 6.05 7.8013.72 . . . . ... 12.18 100.00
39 ......... .... .............. .... . .. .............. ...... . .. ............... .. .. ..
!y 'i.:: c ... 'top': :::::: :::::::::::::::: :::. 1.'05 .55 1. 89 7'36 i i5 '3.'83' 6.'55 .90 i;: 53 . 2.'03 . 9P.'99
42 L. C. Beslev. middle.. ..... ........ .... .... .62 .58 l. 68 3.903.16 2.87 10.21 1. 455.86 1. 52 100.07
43 [, .C.Besley. bottom ' " ............... 1.52.471.592.523.29 2.4010.121.761.87
44 Dale Brick Co . Des Moines ................. 711.272.72 1.531.01 5.36 9.68 .... 3.88 99.85
45 Gethmann Bros" Gladbrook. Iowa ..... .. 1. 49 I. 87 1. 92 I. 63 1. 18 6.72 11. 76 .. .. .... 5. 36 99.85
46 Myron Mellen. Edgewood...... . ....... 1. 91 I. 76 .72 1.(0 L.l2 6. (10 10.83 .... 3.25 100.00
47 Fort Dodge Stoneware 00 .. . . .......... 1. 00 l. 06 1 92 ..... 4.24 .2517.06 .. 7.62 100. 58
48 Fort Stoneware Co.... .... .. ... .... .37 I. 352.74 3.004. 09 1. 12 15.25 .. .. 9.31 100.82
56 Marshalltown. .... ............... .......... .84 I. 23 .81 .51 .44 4. 32 10.24 .... 3.33 loo. 2L
57 Marshallton ................................. 98 .64 .55 .99 4.3220.21 ....... 8.50100.00
58 Clayton county..... .... .. ................. .22 I. 252.77 19.864.81 5 04 14 59 .68 .... 31 91 9:1.92
59 Claytoncounty ............ . . .. ...... ...... 1.382.278.271.891.125.1620.64.181.205.17100.07
60 A. W. Turner. Tabor. Iowa. .... .... ...... .741 92 I. 44 31.68 1. 57 2.00 10.09 .60 .... 30.16 LOO.25
61 Geological Department .. ....... ............ 3.022.52 .43 .12 .43 4. 3226.281.22 .... 8.06100.26
62 GeologicalDepartment ... ..... ............ 3.25 1.22 .67 .57 .24 45629.31 .94 .... 10.38100.14
63 Geological Department ..................... 2.49 1.82 . 98 .82.71 7.9224.63 .16.... 5. 36 99.89
64 GeologicaIDepartment .. .. . .... ......... ... 841.902.45 .91 .67 5.1621.70 .48 .... 6.95 99.87
65 Geological Department ................... . 1.851.521.06 .46 .86 9.362379 .35 .... 4.87100.09
66 .. ............ .. .............. ... ........ .. .. 3.44 354 1.74 .90 7.9224.43 .09 .... 5.49100.00
coun't'y . : : : : : : : : : :. i ji; 3.'25 :i.' 25 i4: 97 3:94 4.80 15.38 I.LJ2 .. i8: oi . 99: 97
69 Fred Hanson. Eldora. .... .. ............... 2. 46 1. 08 .77 .48. 48 1 08 16.24 . 14 5. 18 100.00
70 West Union. Iowa .. .. .... ............ ...... ... 3.871.81 ............ .. 2.44 ... ..
71 West Union, Iowa.... .. .............. 2.18 1.79 133 1.201.87 3.4815.29 .61 .... 4. 83 99. 80
72 .. What Cheer...... .841. 931.49 .65 .!19 22-22.00 .fi9 69299.94
RATIONAL ANALYSES OF CLAYS.
RATIONAL ANALYSES OF CLAYS.
SAMPLE FROM-
1 Flint Brick Company, Des Moines, bottom .............. . ... .
2 Flint Brick Company, Des MOines, middle ... .
3 Flint Brick Company, Des Moines, top ......... ........ .. . .
4 Iowa Brick Company, Des Moines, No.7, bottom. .... .. ...... ..
5 Iowa Brick Oompany, De, Moines, No.6, top ..... .. ..... ...... . .. .
6 Iowa Brick Company, Des Moines, No 5, top ............ . . ..... ..
7 Iowa Brick Company, Des Moin es. No.4, top ............... ..
8 Iowa Brick Company, Ded Moines, No.3, top. ....... .. ..
9 Iowa Brick Company, Des MOines, No.2, t op ........ ...... ..
10 Flint Brick Company. Des Moines. brick .............. .
11 M. E . Ward, Lake City.. .. ........ .... .. ...... . .......... . ...... .
: : ..
14 Holman, Sargeauts Bluff .. .............. ...... . . .. ....... .. ..
15 . orey Pressed Brick Company, Lehigh, red burning ........ .
16 Corey Pressed Brick Company, Lehigh ....... .. . ....... .
17 Granite Brick Company, Barlington, top.... .. .. ............ . ... ..
18 Granite Brick t ompany, Burlington, bottom... .. .... .... .
19 L. M. Harris, Rockford. bottom ...... .. .. .. ............ ....... .
20 Capital City Brick and Pipe Company, Des Moines ..... ..... ..
21 C .. pital City Brick and Pipe Company, Des Moines .... .... . .. ..
22 Capital City Brick and Pipe Company, Des Moines ..... ........... ..
23 Capital City Bt'ick and Pipe Company, Des Moines ............. . ..
24 Capital City Brick and Pi pe Company, Des Moines .. . .... . ....... .
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
56
57
58
59
eo
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
: : ::: :::: .... : ::::::::: ...... .. .
Boone Brick, Tile and Paving Company . ........... .... ..
Buff clay from Boone .. ....... ................ ..... ............... .
Red clay from Fort Dodge ............ ......... ... . ... . . .......... ... .
Buff clay from il' ort Dodge. . .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .... .. . .. . .. ..
!:luff clay from Fort Dodge . .. .. . .... .... . ... . ..... .......... .. .
Clermont Brick and Tile Company . .... . ... .. .. ... .... .. .. ..
Storm [Jakp. Brick and Tile Company .... ........ .. ...... ... ... .. . ..
Dale Brick Co mpany, Des Moines . . .. .. . ... ...... . . .. .... .... .
B, B. Jester, Danville, Iowa .... .. .. . ........ .. . .... .. .... ..
American Brick and Tile Company, Mason City ... ... . . . , ..
Myron Mellen, Edgewood. .................. ...... ... . .. ...... . ..
"L: "i:j. Besley,' :::: ::"::::. .. :: ... 0. _ ::::::
t: 8: :::::::::: .:::: :::
Dale Brick Company, Des Moines . .... . .. ... .. .. ........ . . .... .. ..
Gethmann Brothers, Gladbrook.... .......... .. .. .. .. ............ ..
Myron Mellen, Ed"ewood . . .. .. .. .... .. . ... ...... . . .. .... ..... ..
!"ort Dodge Stoneware Company. .... ...... ... .. . .. ... .. . . . . .. ... .
Fort Dodge S toneware Company. ...... ...... . . ... . .... .. ...... ..
Marshalltvwn .......................... , .. . .... . ..... . .. . ..
Marshalltown.... .... ... . . ... ....... .... ........ .. . .. ........ .. .... ..
Clayton County . ........... . .......... ...... ...... .......... .. .. .. ..
Clay tun County............... ... ........ .. . .. . .
A. W. Turner, Tabor, Iowa . ........ .. . ........... ..... . .. .. .... ... .
Geological Department . . .. . ... .... ... . . ......... .. .. .... .. ...... ..
Geological Department.... .... ... .. .......... .. ..... . .... . .... .
Geological Depart ment . ............. .. .. . . ............ .. . .. ........ ..
Geological DepR,rtment... . .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . .. .
Geological Department . . .. . ....... ' ......................... . . ... . .. ..
0. ' .J. :::'.: :: :::: ... .. ....... ..... :: :: .::::: :::::::: ::::.:: : ... .
Trenton shale, Fayette County . ...... .. . ......... .. .. .. .. ..... ... . . ..
:::::: :::::: :::::::::. :::::::: :. :.:.-
West Union. Iowa ..... .... .... .. . ...... .......... ........... . ...... ..
72 Vlllnteer Coal Company. What .... .. .... .
52.85
5g.12
53.79
5ti.79
31.00
6U.70
70. 66
49.30
41 ,47
61. 57
42.00
57.40
46. 44
882U
68, 20
54.62
24.92

64.47
,,1.53
44. 49
44.12

38.00
83. 57
74. 90
37.13
59.23
5536
47.47
68.20
38.80
40 31
21.77
47,08
40.61
26.51
19.72
27.37
31.30
39.91)
38. 55
29. 00
35.18
14.81
41.10
84.74
70.65
58.64
51.46
41.20
50.20
45. 36
81.92
43.97
66. 5a
40.11
345
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wOOl
,;
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o.i
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(y
rr. 0
25.99/15, 80 5. 36
9. 59 2532 5.97
3331 8.76 4.14
19.63 21. 96 1. 62
30.56 3277 5. 67
36.97 2.33
21. 79 3. 95 3.60
34.01 13. 09 3.60
55.29 3.24
20 .53 13. 47 443
46.16 8. 44 3. 40
31.17 4.38 7.05
46.51 3.80 3.25
51.10 7,62 3. 08
25.81 5.99
32 '23 11.13 1. 97
51. 39 19.64 4. 05
42.14 14.18 7. 76
18.67 11.13 5.73
44 .05 4.42
45.97 9.54
47. 31 8.57
50.49 9.72
50. 81 11.19
8.&3 7.60
12.70 8. 81 3.59
47 54 15.33
88.47
34.73 8.31 1. 60
47.50 5.03
21. 75 4.98 5.12
86. 36 24. 84
47.09 12. 60
68.94 11.29
4l.45 6.98 4.49
28.00 4.62 26. 77
32. 77 28.34 12.38
40.29 25. 74 14.25
46.09 19.32 7.22
56.23 12.47
40.28 19.82
50.39 11.06
59.94 11. 06
44. 41 20. 41
36.98 48.21
46.68 12 22
10.23 5.03
26.78 2.57
35.09 6.27
42.22 632
44.61 14.19
26.22 23.59
41. 91 12 73
24.34 7.74
25.03 31.00
18 .95 14.55
'54:3'/ 5. 52