SECTION II FILTER MEDIA

FILTER MEDIA
Filter media may be classified into two most common classes : 1. Surface Filtration Media Surface filter type media are distinguished by the fact that the solid particles of suspension on separation are mostly retained on the mediums surface . That is, particles do not penetrate into the pores. Common examples of this type of media are filter paper, filter cloths, and wire mesh. Dust cake on top of the medium makes it possible to clean the filter medium by means of backwash or backpulse. 2. Depth Filtration Media Depth filter type media are largely used for liquid clarification. The are characterized by the fact that the solid particles penetrate into te pores were they are retained. The drain of such media are considerably larger than the particles suspension. The depth-type media could be cleaning by ultrasonic cleaning, chemical cleaning, pyrolysis and hydrolysis.

Surface Filtration Media

Classical weave Woven Wire Cloth Dutch weave

Depth Filtration Media

Sintered metal fiber

Sintered metal powder Multipor

Filling Sand Perforated plate

Wedge wire

Sintered mesh

A. SURFACE MEDIA
Woven Wire Cloth Perforated Sheet Wedge Wire Sintered Mesh

A.1. Woven Wire Cloth

Wire cloth is a general term for a woven material made from a metallic wire. Traditional wire cloth (Wire Mesh, Wire Screen, Woven Mesh) is made in rolls on a loom. It consists of a warp and shute wire and the openings can be made in many geometric shapes and sizes. The wire is generally crimped during the weaving process and the openings are controlled during the weaving process.

Woven Wire Cloth Classification Woven Type Plain CLASSICAL / SQUARE WEAVE Twill
Each shute wire typically passes over two warp wires and under two, producing square openings.

Picture

Description
Shute wires are woven over one and under one warp wire.

Plain DUTCH WEAVE Twill

Woven with a larger wire diameter in the warp direction and a relatively smaller wire in the shute direction. Shute wires are passed alternately over and under two warp wires forming a fine mesh.

MULTIPOR WEAVE

Similar with dutch weave but the warp wire diameter is extra small compare to the shute wire diameter.

A.1.1. Classical Weave

Also called "square weave" is the most simple woven wire cloth. Square weave meshes are used for dirt removal at low pressure differentials and for backwash filtering. Available for 3 mm 30 micron opening.

1. Type of classical weave

Plain square Each shute wire is woven alternately over and under the warp wires through the cloth at 90 degree angle.

Twill square Each shute wire typically passes over two warp wires and under two, producing square openings. Twill weave can be made from larger diameter wires than would be possible in plain square weave to obtain greater strength, density, or corrosion resistance.

2. Square Weave Identification

Square weave is identified by : a. Aperture size (w), Wire diameter (d) and Pitch (P) The aperture size (w) describes the distance between to neighboring warp or weft wires, measured in the centre of the aperture. The wire diameter (d) given in the specification always refers to the measurement taken before weaving. The weaving process may have a slight effect on the wire diameter. Pitch (t) consists of the sum of the aperture size and the wire diameter: P = w + d. The aperture is obtained by formula:

w (mm) = 25,4mm - d (mm) mesh

b. Mesh Mesh count is calculated upon the number of apertures per inch (25.4 mm). Wire cloth with square or right angled apertures should be described using actual aperture size (w) and wire diameter (d).

Example : 4 MESH 8 MESH 10 MESH

B = DIN Norm: Square weave is identified by a number of openings per square cm called M/Qcm and by a wire diam.

c. Open area Ao (%) The open area (Ao) describes the sum of all apertures as a percentage of the entire surface area.

w Ao % = x 100 % w+d
Or

mesh w Ao % = 100 % 25,4

d. Mesh Thickness Controling Mesh thickness is a controlling factor in screen printing. It is based on the wire diameter and the weaving process. Thickness measurement is carried out prior to tensioning using a sensor, measured pressure 1/8N, on a rigid, flat substrate.

e. Theoretical ink volume Vth

Theoretical ink volume Vth describes the volume of the open apertures, converted into the substrate area.

f.

Weight For square weave mesh in plain or twilled weave :

weight (kg / m 2 ) = d 2 0.5 Mesh

4. Specification
Here below you find a list of the most important square weaves with their technical characteristics .
Opening w (m) 22400 11700 10700 7470 7370 6970 6670 5550 5160 5150 4850 4750 4350 4080 3580 3340 3330 3610 3010 2680 2580 2530 2480 2470 2280 2180 1820 Ao (%) 77.8 84.9 71.0 77.8 75.7 67.7 62.0 76.4 66.0 65.8 58.3 56.0 73.3 64.5 49.7 62.4 62.0 72.9 59.2 71.0 65.8 63.2 60.8 60.3 51.3 46.9 41.7 Weight (kg/m2) 4.5 1.0 4.0 1.5 1.8 3.4 4.9 1.3 2.8 2.9 4.5 5.1 1.3 2.5 5.6 2.4 2.4 1.2 2.6 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.0 3.2 4.0 4.5

Mesh 1 2

Wire Diameter (mm) 3 1 2 1

M/qcm

Material SS 304

0.62 1.4

SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 /SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS 304 SS 316 SS 304

1.1 1.5 1.8 0.8 1.19

1.2 1.5 1.6 0.73

1 1.5 0.89 5.58

PS PS/ SS 304 SS 304 SS 316 Galva mesh

6 6.5

0.9 0.62 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.65 9.92

SS 304 SS 304 SS 304/SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 SS 316 Welded mesh

0.7 0.71 0.9 1

Mesh

Wire Diameter (mm) 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

M/qcm

Material Galvanish SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 Galvanish SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 Galvanish

Opening w (m) 2090 2040 1990 1940 1910 1900 1740 1640 1540 1810 1560 1560 1530 1520 1320 1310 1310 1110 1010 1450 1440 1040 990 1140 1130 1130 1090 1020 960 880 790 990 1010 910 710 1020 970 930 920 870 800 770 710 Ao (%) 67.7 64.5 61.4 58.3 56.5 56.0 46.9 41.7 36.8 61.4 45.6 54.1 52.4 51.3 38.7 52.5 51.8 37.7 31.3 73.7 72.7 38.0 34.4 51.3 50.7 50.4 46.9 41.1 36.4 30.6 24.6 44.3 51.3 41.7 25.4 64.5 58.3 53.6 52.5 46.9 39.7 36.8 31.3

Weight 2 (kg/m ) 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 3.2 4.1 5.0 1.4 3.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.8 1.8 1.8 3.4 4.5 0.4 0.5 3.2 3.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.2 4.0 5.1 2.1 1.4 2.3 4.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.5 3.1

10

0.63 0.64 0.8 0.9 1 0.5 0.75 0.56 0.584 0.6 0.8 0.5 30.4 0.508 0.7 0.8 0.24 34.9 0.25 0.65 0.7 0.45 0.457 0.46 0.5 0.57 0.63 0.71 0.8 39.7 18.8 22.3

11

PS PS PS/ SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 PS SS 304 SS 304 PS PS SS 304 / SS 316 PS / SS 304 SS 316 SS 316 SS 304 / SS 316 SS 304 / SS 316 PS PS

12

14

15

16

17 18

0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.25 0.3 0.34 0.35 0.4 0.47 0.5 0.56

44.8 50.2

PS SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 PS/SS 304/ SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 PS

62

20

Mesh

Wire Diameter (mm) 0.28 0.3

M/qcm

Material SS 304

Opening w (m) 780 760 710 700 660 620 660 630 510 490 620 590 570 550 520 450 540 450 450 510 490 490 530 400 470 460 440 440 420 410 390 380 320 320 400 340 310 290 280 280 280 270 260 260 230 Ao (%) 54.1 51.3 44.8 43.5 38.7 36.8 52.5 47.8 31.3 28.8 53.0 48.0 44.8 41.7 37.2 27.8 46.9 37.9 37.7 51.3 47.4 50.2 62.5 38.0 53.6 51.3 48.0 46.9 42.7 40.7 36.8 36.0 28.8 32.8 58.3 44.3 36.8 32.1 30.2 29.9 44.8 41.7 38.7 37.2 30.4

Weight 2 (kg/m ) 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.0 0.9 1.1 2.2 2.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.4 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1

89.3

SS 304 PS/SS 304 PS/ SS 304 Galvanish/SS 304

24

0.35 0.36 0.4

25

0.4 0.25 0.28 0.4 0.42 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.33 0.4

96.9 122

SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 316 Galvanish

28

30

140 140 140 140 159 190 201 212 224 236 248

PS PS/ SS 304 PS PS SS 304 PS SS 304 SS 304/ SS 316 PS SS 304 SS 304 PS SS 304 SS 316 SS 316 SS 304 SS 302 SS 316 SS 304 PS/ SS 304

32 35 36 37 38 39

0.25 0.279 0.28 0.2 0.22 0.2 0.14 0.25 0.17 0.18 0.195 0.2 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.254

40

42 45 48

0.28 0.241 0.125 0.17 0.2

273 314 357 388 PS SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304/ SS 316 PS/ SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304 558 SS 316 SS 304 SS 316

50

0.22 0.229 0.23 0.14 0.15

60

0.16 0.165 0.19

Mesh 60 Twilled 78

Wire Diameter (mm) 0.25 0.125 0.12 0.125 0.14 0.18 0.1

M/qcm

Material SS 316

Opening w (m) 170 300 200 190 180 140 150 140 140 120 120 110 100 Ao (%) 16.8 49.7 38.7 36.8 31.3 18.8 36.8 32.1 31.3 33.6 33.0 29.1 31.3 38.0 30.6 39.9 39.0 46.9 36.8 32.1 36.8 33.0 33.0 31.3 30.5 34.4 36.8 29.5 27.8 31.6 31.0 29.1 29.9 25.8

Weight (kg/m ) 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
2

943 992 SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 Panel SS 304/SS 316 1550 SS 304 SS 304 Panel AISI 304 2232 SS 304 SS 304/SS 316

80

100

0.11 0.112 0.089 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.065 0.071 0.052 0.053 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.025 9688 11300 13950 15872 16372 6200 5022 3488

120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 250 270 300 320 325 350 400 445 450 500

SS 316 SS 304 SS 304 SS 304/ SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 304 SS 316 SS 316

100 90 90 90 90 80 70 60 50 50 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

0.029 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.023 0.025

24800 30694 31388 38750

SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 316

A. 1.2. Dutch Weave

Dutch Weave Wire Cloth is woven with a larger wire diameter in the warp direction and a relatively smaller wire in the shute direction. This weave has great strength and is available in wide range of micron ranges. It is primarily used to filter a wide range of liquid and slurry products. Its high density of wires gives it a higher mechanical tensile than square wire mesh.

1. Type of dutch weave

Plain Dutch Woven in an over and under pattern, but warp wires are heavier -- larger in diameter -- than shute wires which are driven very close to create a high density wire mesh with much lower flow rates and much higher particle retention than plain square weaves.

These meshes have a lightly textured surface area and are particularly notable for their high flow rate and reduced pressure drop. Twill Dutch Similar to Plain Dutch except woven in the Twill Style. Each wire passes over two wires then under two wires, still utilizing a smaller-diameter shute wire, allowing an even tighter weave and even finer filtration than Plain Dutch Weave

For monofilament, twilled weaves achieve the smallest pores and a smooth mesh surface. The larger material cross section allows for greater mesh stability. Reverse dutch weave A Dutch weave can also be woven reversed : that means that the big wire is in the warp direction, and the small one in shute direction. This type of Dutch weave gives more resistance for the same opening.

2.

Identification

Dutch weave is identified : either by its mesh counts and wire diameters in each directions. For example : 24 x 110 mesh 0.35 x 0.25 indicates a Dutch weave , with : 24 warp wires of 0.35mm diam. per linear inch,110 shute wires of 0.25mm diam. per linear inch. or by its aperture . This is given by the diameter of the smallest sphere tangent to the three sides of a curvilinear triangle formed by a warp wire (D) and two shute/weft (d) wires as shown on drawing. This theoretically calculated and is so called nominal opening. This opening varies from 300 to 10 microns.

To calculate the weight of dutch weave media :

d 2 0.5 mesh d 2 0.5 mesh + weight (kg / m 2 ) = warp direction weft shute direction / 2 2
Example :

12 x 64

14 x 88

24 x 110

40 x 200

3.

Specification
Plain Dutch Weave
Mesh 5 x 32 12 x 64 12 x 64 12 x 64 12 x 70 14 x 88 24 x 110 40 x 200 50 x 250 80 x 330 132 x 17 152 x 24 260 x 40 Wire Diameter (mm) 1.25 x 0.8 0.58 x 0.4 0.58 x 0.43 0.6 x 0.42 0.6 x 0.4 0.5 x 0.34 0.35 x 0.25 0.18 x 0.14 0.14 x 0.11 0.12 x 0.08 0.2 x 0.4 0.27 x 0.33 0.16 x 0.25 Nominal Opening (m) 700 300 300 300 300 250 150 85 65 50 170 155 130 Weight 2 (kg/m ) 5.2 3.8 3.5 3.9 4.1 3.2 2.3 1.1 1 0.7 4.65 2.85 2.25

Twilled Dutch Weave

Mesh 20 x 270 60 x 58 80 x 700 110 x 900 165 x 800 165 x 1400 200 x 600 200 x 1400 325 x 2300 400 x 2800 0.1 x 0.076 0.09 x 0.06 0.07 x 0.05 0.07 x 0.05 0.058 x 0.046 0.07 x 0.04 0.035 x 0.025 0.025 x 0.02 25 20 20 12 8 5 0.7 0.65 0.49 0.81 0.47 0.45 35 1.21 Wire Diameter (mm) 0.25 x 0.2 Nominal Opening (m) 160 Weight 2 (kg/m ) 2.9

Reverse Dutch Weave / Auto screen

Mesh 72 x 15 132 x 14 133 x 17 135 x 24 152 x 24 260 x 40 338 x 36 0.27 x 0.33 0.16 x 0.25 Wire Diameter (mm) 0.43 x 0.44 0.35 x 0.45 Nominal Opening (m) 380 180 170 90 155 130 55 Weight 2 (kg/m ) 6.35 4.8 4.65 3.75 2.85 2.25 2.7

A.1.3. Multipor

This is a new generation of Dutch weave that offers : a longer lifetime of your filters (till 5 times longer) a more efficient filter giving a higher production output a filter easy to clean

For the classical Dutch weave, the opening is given by the diameter of a sphere tangential to the three sides of a curvilinear triangle formed by one warp wire (D) and two weft/shute wires (d). This opening changes obviously at each weave and is also very difficult to control. Also because of this characteristic, - the percentual opening is very low (8-18%) - the filter is difficult to clean

Those inconvenient are avoided by Multipor's characteristics : Wrap wire diameter D is calculated only in function of strength Weft wire diameter d is so that the opening left between two consecutive wires is smaller than the opening of the curvilinear triangle described above. Consequently : 1. The opening is given by the distance between two consecutive weft wires This opening is constant at each weave and easy to control 2. The percentual opening is much higher (45% against 8 to 18% Dutch weave) Advantages of multipor media : a more accurate filtration less pressure drop or higher flow longer lifetime easy to clean by back flush

Following graphics represent : 1. Pressure drop in function of viscosity 2. Pressure drop increases in function of time in same condition of flow - viscosity and temperature

P Dutch weave

Multipor

Viscosity

P Dutch weave Multipor

Following pictures show : 1. Visual aspect of Dutch weave and Multipor 2. Visual aspect of Dutch weave and Multipor after usage. By Multipor, the clogging appears on surface.

Multipor Specification
Multipor (m) 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 90 Wire Diameter Wrap 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.095 0.095 0.15 0.193 0.23 0.28 Weft 0.02 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.075 0.1 Mesh Thickness 0.08 0.1 0.115 0.146 0.165 0.16 0.252 0.28 0.37 0.446 Weight 2 (kg/m ) 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.47 0.45 0.7 0.84 1.08 1.25

A2. Perforated Sheet

Perforated metal has many applications, including screening, ventilation, protection, or decoration. Hole Size be the

Hole size is the diameter of the perforation. As a rule of thumb, the hole diameter should at least the same size as the thickness of the perforated material or larger. Preferably, hole should be at least twice the size of the material thickness. As the hole diameter approaches the material thickness, the higher probability of tool failure. For stainless steel and similar higher-strength materials, it is preferable to specify a hole size at least three times the thickness of the material Hole Center

Hole Center is the distance from the center of one hole to the center of the nearest hole in the next adjoining row. Hole center is one of two measures of perforation spacing. Because hole center and open area measure essentially the same property (perforation spacing), you need specify only one or the other, not both. Thickness

Thickness is the measurement from the top surface to bottom surface of the material.

Open Area

Perforated sheets contain holes and material. Open area is the total area of the holes divided by the total area of the sheet and is expressed as a percent. In other words, open area describes how much of a sheet is occupied by holes. If a perforated sheet has 60 percent open area, then 60 percent of the sheet is holes and 40 percent is material. Hole Pattern

Hole pattern is the arrangement of holes on a sheeteither staggered or straight rows. In a staggered hole pattern, the direction of the stagger is normally parallel to the short dimension of the sheet. The standard pattern is 60 staggered. It is the strongest, most versatile, and economical pattern of the perforated choices. Also available are straight and 45 hole patterns, available by special order.

Perforated Sheet Type Based On Hole Pattern Straight Line Standart Staggered (60oC) Staggered 45oC

Round Perforated

Square Perforated

Rectangular Perforated

Straight Line

Standart Staggered (60oC)

Staggered 45oC

Round End Slot Perforated

Hexagonal Perforated

To find the holes per square inch :

H .P.S .I =

% Open Area % Open Area = Area of Hole 78.54 D 2

A3. Wedge Wire

Wedge wire is a welded steel structure, mainly used for filtration, separation and retention media. It consists of surface profiles/ wire profile , usually V-shaped, that are resistance welded onto support rod. The distance between the surface profiles is controlled very accurately, as it forms the slot through which the filtrate flows. In case of V-shaped surface profiles conical slots are created (as shown on figure).

In comparison with wire mesh and perforated metal, wedge wire continuous slot screens have more open area, have very precise openings, are stronger and more durable, are virtually non-clogging and reduce media abrasion. Wire mesh and perforated metal may be less expensive initially, but wedge wire screens offer easier installation and long-term operating and cost benefits. Wedge wire screens have maximum design flexibility, can be constructed in a wide variety of shapes and sizes from a variety of corrosion resistant alloys such as type 304, 316, 316L, 321, and 410S stainless steels, as well as nickel alloys such as C-276.

Wedge wire has the following advantages: Non-clogging: the continuous slot formed by the V-shaped surface wires ensures a two-point contact between the particles and the slot, which minimizes clogging. High-precision slot sizes: precise slot sizes are available to meet customer's requirements. Surface filtration: the V-shaped surface wires allow easy cleaning by mechanical scraping or back flushing Low pressure-drop Strong construction: for most applications, the wedge wire screen is self-supporting, because of the welding at each intersection.

1.

Wedge Wire Screen Construction

Standart construction

Invert construction

2. Wedge Wire Configuration

Standard Construction Internal Radial / Circumferential External

Invert Construction

Inverted radial wire

Axial

Inverted axial wire

The open area coefficient can be calculated from the following formula:

Opening area =

slot opening slot opening + wire width

3. Technical Description

Surface/Wire Profile
Ref. 6SC 10S 11S 12S 12SL 18S 22S 28S 28SC 34S 42S 50S 50SC 0.8 1 2

Width (mm) Height (mm) Angle

0.6 1.2 13

0.75 1.425 10

0.75 1.8 8

1 2 10

1 2 -

1.5 2.5 12.5

1.8 3.7 10

2.2 4.5 10

2.2 4.5 10

2.8 5.5 10

3.4 6.8 10

3.4 7.5 10

3.4 7.5 12

0.8 -

1 -

2 -

Support Rod
Ref. Q20 Q25 Q35 Q53 D45 10x3 11x5 25x3 30x3 38x3 50x3

Width (mm) Height (mm)

2 2.28

2 3

3 5

5 3

3.8 5.6

3 10

5 11

3 25

3 30

3 38

3 50

All rod shapes are possible as long as the wire/rod combinations is weldable.

B.1. Sintered Mesh

This media is composed of several layers of woven wire cloth sintered together. Typical sintered woven material is composed of 5 layers of woven material. The opening of the media is determined by the finest woven media included in the layers. They can be made in flat sheets/round or tube materials. Any special composition of sintered multi-layered media can also be made on request. Material 304 - 316 or exotic materials Type of sintered woven : 1. DSW DSW is a steel filter medium consisting five layers mesh sintered together using heat and pressure. The advantages of DSW is higher mechanical strength, greater rigidity and ease of fabrication. Typical application include filtration of highly viscous liquid, Nutsch filters, centrifuges, fluidized bed application , aeration of silos and biotechnology. is composed of :

Protection mesh layer in classical weave Filter mesh layer in DW Drainage mesh layer in classical weave Two support mesh layers in DW

DSW 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75

Absolute filter rating 5 10 15 20 25 35 50 60 75 90

Porosity % 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

Thickness mm 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0

Weight kg/m 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 9 10.5

2. MSW MSW is a laminated sintered mesh similar to DSW achieving optimum flow rates with excellent cleanability/backwashing properties. MSW is used widely in liquid and gas filtration due to its high performance flow and backwashing properties. MSW is composed of :

Protection layer in classical weave Filtration layer in Multipor Drainage layer in classical weave Two support layers in classical weave

MSW 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75

Absolute filter rating 5 10 15 20 25 35 50 60 75 90

Porosity % 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62

Thickness mm 2.4 - 2.5 2.4 - 2.5 2.4 - 2.5 2.4 - 2.5 2.4 - 2.5 2.4 - 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6

Weight kg/m 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 9.5

Any special composition of sintered multi-layered media is available upon request.

B. DEPTH MEDIA
Sintered Metal Fiber Sintered Metal Powder Filling Sand

B.1. Sintered Metal Fiber

Depth filter media composed of fine metal fibers (1.5 to 40 m), randomly layered by air webbing, sintered together and calendared to give the filtration characteristics required.

SFB is a multi-layered metal fibre depth filter medium with very high dirt holding capacity and gel retention capability.

1. Basic Formulas for Bekipor Medium

Density () and Porosity () Density is the volume of fibres per volume of filter medium [m3/m3] Porosity is the volume of air per volume of filter medium [m3/m3]

G H

= 1

= density of medium in absolute value (not %) G = weight of medium [kg/m2] H = Thickness of medium [m] = specific weight of fiber [kg/m3], for stainless stell : = 8000 kg/m3 = porosity of medium in absolute value (not %) Absolute filter rating of a medium or absolute pore size (A) Absolute filter rating of a medium is the diameter of the largest spherical particle that will pass through the filter element.

A=

dm 2.39

A=

37000 BPP

d 2

A = filter rating [micrometer] d = diameter of finest fiber in medium [micrometer] Remark : for mesh : A = dm (as all pores have the same dimensions)

Maximum pore size of medium (dm) Maximum pore size of a medium is the calculated diameter equivalent to the largest pore in the filter.

dm =

88400 BPP

BPP = buble point pressure [Pa]

Pressure loss over a filter (pressure drop)

P = v

Q H A k

P = pressure loss [Pa] v = viscosity of filtered fluid [Pa s] Q = flow rate [m3/s] A = filter surface [m2] H = thickness of medium [m] k = constant depending from medium (permeability factor) [m2] Remark : Q/A = fluid velocity [m/s] The H/k value of a medium can be calculated with air permeability AP

H 6.5574 10 9 = k AP

AP = air permeability [I/dm2/min]

Dirt Holding Capacity (DHC) Dirt holding capacity is mass of solid retained in filter until P reaches 8 times the initial value.

DHC A G

DHC increases with A,with G and with

Total Fiber Surface Total fiber surface is the total surface of all fibres in 1 m2 of medium [m2/m2]

Surface =

4G d

= specific weight of fiber [kg/m3] d = diameter of finest fiber in medium [meter] G = weight of medium [kg/m2]

2. Types of Sintered Fiber

Min. (m) 3 Thickness (media 10 m) 0.34 mm DHC (10 m) 6.89 g/cm
2

Type Bekipor ST AL3 (SFBA) Bekipor ST BL3 (SFBB) Bekipor ST CL3 (SFBC) Bekipor ST CL4 (SFBD) Bekipor ST FP3 (SFBE) Bekipor ST DL4 (SFBF)

Characteristic Two layer of fibers High porosity High DHC Long on stream life Thin monolayer structure High permeability Pleatable medium Three layer of fibers Extremely high porosity Extremely high DHC Pleatable medium Three layer of fibers precompressed Pleated medium Long on stream life Thick monolayer fiber Pleatable medium Light weight medium Three thick layer of fibers pre-compressed. Strong and heavy medium Non-pleatable High DHC

Best for Liquid & polymer filtration both in pleated candle or spin pack Fuel and Hydraulic filtration

Porosity (10 m) 78 %

0.2 mm

5.03 g/cm
2

81 %

Lower pressure application (ex. Monomer filtration)

0.76 mm

10.3 g/cm
2

85 %

Polymer filtration with pleated candles or spinpack. High pressure application Economic, offer good price and performance ratio Polymer filtration Very high pressure (leaf disc)

0.42 mm

9.9 g/cm2

73 %

10

0.26 mm

3.5 g/cm2

71 %

0.67 mm

7.51 g/cm2

72 %

Bekipor ST DL5 Bekipor ST GA

Similar with Bekipor DL4 Thicker than ST DL4 Higher filtration efficiency High porosity Low pressure drop

Polymer filtration Leaf disk application Gas and air filtration

2 0.01

1.02 mm -

7.51 g/cm2 -

72 % -

3. Sintered Fiber Specification

BPP min. range (1) [Pa] BPP Avg. range (1) [Pa] BPP max. range (1) [Pa] Filter rating Based on BPP [mm] Air permeability at 200 Pa (2) [I/dm2 min]

Type SFBA / ST AL3 3 AL3 5 AL3 7 AL3 10 AL3 15 AL3 20 AL3 25 AL3 30 AL3 40 AL3 60 AL3 75 AL3 80 AL3 90 AL3 100 AL3 SFBB / ST BL3 5 BL3 10 BL3 15 BL3 20 BL3 40 BL3 60 BL3 SFBC / ST CL3 5 CL3 10 CL3 15 CL3 20 CL3 25 Cl3 30 Cl3 40 Cl3 SFBD / ST CL4 5 CL4 7 CL4 10 CL4 15 CL4 20 CL4 25 CL4

Thickness [mm]

Weight [g/m2]

Porosity %

H/k [1/m]

DHC [mg/cm2]

10824 6688 4440 3256 2174 1628 1302 1087 814 554 434 407 362 326

12300 7600 5045 3700 2470 1850 1480 1235 925 630 493 463 411 370

13776 8512 5650 4144 2766 2072 1658 1383 1036 706 552 519 460 414

3 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 40 59 75 80 90 100

0.37 0.37 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.51 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.65 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.16

975 600 600 600 600 750 1050 1050 1200 750 1200 1200 1200 1200

67 80 74 78 80 82 79 79 76 86 86 86 85 87

10 34 62 108 180 265 325 450 620 1350 1613 1604 1740 1900

6.56E+08 1.93E+08 1.06E+08 6.07E+07 3.64E+07 2.47E+07 2.02E+07 1.46E+07 1.06E+07 4.86E+06 4.07E+06 4.09E+06 3.77E+06 3.45E+06

7.2 6.51 5.06 6.89 10.41 12.06 17.2 21.12 24.11 36.57 84.18 93.72 101.12 133.14

6160 3256 2174 1628 814 554

7000 3700 2470 1850 925 630

7840 4144 2766 2072 1036 706

5 10 15 20 40 59

0.18 0.2 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.145

300 300 300 300 300 300

79 81 78 80 84 74

45 125 250 400 1100 1718

1.46E+08 5.25E+07 2.62E+07 1.64E+07 5.96E+06 3.82E+06

5.47 5.03 4.14 5.41 8.66 11.94

6248 3080 2112 1496 1298 1082 814

7100 3500 2400 1700 1475 1230 925

7952 3920 2688 1904 1652 1378 1036

5 11 15 22 25 30 40

0.84 0.76 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.8 0.8

975 900 900 900 900 900 900

85 85 85 86 86 86 86

37 110 203 345 385 650 675

1.77E+08 5.96E+07 3.23E+07 1.90E+07 1.70E+07 1.01E+07 9.71E+06

12.99 10.3 9.91 21.42 17.23 19.05 28.14

6512 4488 3256 2112 1628 1320

7400 5100 3700 2400 1850 1500

8288 5712 4144 2688 2072 1680

5 7 10 15 20 25

0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.48

900 900 900 900 900 1050

73 73 73 73 73 73

32 54 75 180 230 294

2.05E+08 1.21E+08 8.74E+07 3.64E+07 2.85E+07 2.23E+07

6.43 9.5 8.9 9.29 12.32 12.06

Type SFBE / ST FP3 10 FP3 15 FP3 20 FP3 40 FP3 60 FP3 SFBF / ST DL4 2 DL4 3 DL4 5 DL4 7 DL4 10 DL4 12 DL4 15 DL4 20 DL4 25 DL4* 30 DL4 40 DL4 ST DL5 2 DL5 SS 3 DL5 3 DL5 SS 5 DL5 SS 7 DL5 SS 10 DL5 SS 15 DL5 SS 15 DL5 15 DL5 N*N* 20 DL5 SS 30 DL5 N*N* 40 DL5 N*N*

BPP min. range (1) [Pa]

BPP Avg. range (1) [Pa]

BPP max. range (1) [Pa]

Filter rating Based on BPP [mm]

Thickness [mm]

Weight [g/m2]

Porosity %

Air permeability at 200 Pa (2) [I/dm2 min]

H/k [1/m]

DHC [mg/cm2]

3080 2288 1584 814 484

3500 2600 1800 925 550

3920 2912 2016 1036 616

11 14 21 40 67

0.26 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.29

600 600 675 675 675

71 77 70 71 71

90 140 240 625 1200

7.29E+07 4.68E+07 2.73E+07 1.05E+07 5.46E+06

3.5 7.5 6 9 12

15840 10824 6776 4400 3538 2816 2121 1672 1302 1082 814 15840 10824 9944 6688 4620 3256 2156 2121 2112 1628 1082 814

18000 12300 7700 5000 4020 3200 2410 1900 1480 1230 925 18000 12300 11300 7600 5250 3700 2450 2410 2400 1850 1230 925

20160 13776 8624 5600 4502 3584 2699 2128 1658 1378 1036 20160 13776 12656 8512 5880 4144 2744 2699 2688 2072 1378 1036

2 3 5 7 9 12 15 19 25 30 40 2 3 3 5 7 10 15 15 15 20 30 40

0.38 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.84 0.76 0.75 0.57 0.69 1.1 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.96 0.67 1.05 1.05 1.2 1.05

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 2055 1500 1500 2260 1500 2260 2260 2260 2260 2260 1500 2650 2260 2646 2646

51 73 72 72 72 72 72 72 69 75 75 50 73 74 72 72 72 71 72 68 73 72 69

3 13 24 43 53 85 135 165 220 350 625 3 13 19 26 45 68 150 135 130 194 390 425

2.19E+09 5.04E+08 2.73E+08 1.52E+08 1.24E+08 7.71E+07 4.86E+07 3.97E+07 2.98E+07 1.87E+07 1.05E+07 2.19E+09 5.04E+08 3.45E+08 2.52E+08 1.46E+08 9.64E+07 4.37E+07 4.86E+07 5.04E+07 3.38E+07 1.68E+07 1.54E+07 7.74 10.6 7.51 9.13 9.13 11.94 13.42 12.75 24.52 12.75 24.52 7.74 10.5 7.51 12.8 9.13 13.42

* Only with meshes

Remarks : (1) Bubble point pressure (Pa): determined according to ASTM E128-61 equivalent ISO 4003 (2) AP : air permeability : determined according to NF A-95-352 equivalent ISO 4022 (3) Dirt holding capacity : determined according to Multipass method ISO 4572 p = 8 p initial, using AC fine test dust.

Bekaert New Sintered Fiber

 Bekipor ST GA
The GA series is specially developed to be used in gas and air filtration. Because of its higher filtration efficiency, the heavier GA types can be used for HEPA applications. Because of the high porosity, high efficiency is combined with low pressure drop.

Specification :
Thickness [mm] 0.37 0.195 0.27 0.42 0.5 1 2.15 0.54 1.2 1.82 Weight [g/m2] 975 600 900 1200 600 1200 2400 600 1200 2400 Porosity [%] 67 62 58 64 85 85 86 86 88 84 23 11 6 80 35 16 99.974 99.97 100 99.939 99.996 99.994 95.054 99.929 100 99.939 99.996 99.994 92.503 99.828 99.999 59.296 90.398 99.111 89.2 99.695 99.996 42.319 81.438 97.393 93.864 99.809 99.999 57.351 86.874 98.311 95.683 99.938 100 58.777 89.044 98.824 604 1530 2619 255 520 981 Air Permeability at 200 Pa (1) [I/dm2 min] 10 DOP Efficiency 0.01 m 99.995 99.908 0.07 m 97.656 98.417 0.1 m 96.679 98.249 0.2 m 96.805 99.379 0.3 m 98.747 99.89 0.4 m 99.484 99.96 dP [Pa] 1951 3870

Type 3 AL3 GA4 GA5 GA6 GA7 GA8 GA9 GA10 GA11 GA12

Remarks : (1) Bubble point pressure (Pa): determined according to ASTM E128-61 equivalent ISO 4003 (2) AP : air permeability : determined according to NF A-95-352 equivalent ISO 4022 (3) Dirt holding capacity : determined according to Multipass method ISO 4572 p = 8 p initial, using AC fine test dust.

Bekipor WB
Bekipor WB is a web of loose metal fibers, uniformly laid to form a three-dimensional non woven labyrinth structure.

Specification :
Type WB 02/150 WB 04/150 WB 6.5/150 WB 08/300 WB 12/300 WB 22/300 WB 30/300 Fibre Diameter m 2 4 6.5 8 12 22 30 Weight g/m2 150 150 150 300 300 300 300

3. Material Specification :
Standard material : 316 L Possible : Hastelloy - Inconel 601 - Fecralloy (but only 20 and higher) AISI 316 L Min. C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Fe Max C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Fe Al 0.03 2.00 0.05 0.03 0.75 16.00 18.00 10.00 14.00 2.00 3.00 Balance Inconel 601 Min Max 0.10 C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Fe Al Co Alloy HR Min Max C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Fe Al Co Cu Y 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.10 22.00 24.00 balance 15.00 16.50 1.50 0.10 0.40 0.30 Fecralloy Min Max 0.03 0.35 0.04 0.01 0.35 20.50 0.35

0.04

Chemical analysis

21.00 58.00

25.00 63.00

19.50

balance 1.40

balance 4.55 4.95 0.15 0.3

0.25 1000 oC

Max. Temperature Corrosion resistance

350 - 380 oC No Cl-/ Br-/ F-

560 oC No HCl/HF No H2SO4

600 oC Good in H2SO4

Good vs. sulphur and its components

B.2. Sintered Metal Powder

Depth filter media composed of calibrated metal particules, rounded shaped or shattered sharp shaped, randomly layed and sintered.

Stainless steel powder

SP is a multi-layered metal powder depth filter medium with high shear rates and small opening on request down to 0.2 Standard material : 316 L Exotic alloys on request

Sintered Metal Powder Specification

Media Grade 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 Mean BPP (Pa) 20250 11750 7650 5100 3700 2250 1493 Thickness (mm) 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 Nominal Rating Based on BPP (m) 2 3 5 7 10 16 25 Initial Removal Ratings (m) 90 % 99 % 99.9% 0.5 1 1.5 4 5 10 20 0.9 1.7 2.2 5.5 8 16 26 1.4 2.2 3.3 9 13 20 35

(1) Bubble point pressure (Pa): determined according to ASTM E128-61 equivalent ISO 4003 (2) AP : air permeability : determined according to NF A-95-352 equivalent ISO 4022 (3) Dirt holding capacity : determined according to Multipass method ISO 4572 p = 8 p initial, using AC fine dust test.

B.3. Filling Sand

Filtration sands are typically used in the spin block for production of synthetic fiber and yarn. The purpose of this sand is to : Create an even distribution of heat and pressure before spinning Shear the gels contained in the polymer. Depending of the material hardness and shapes of particles, the shearing effect will be high or low. The shearing effect of filtration sand is mostly ended when polymer has found a preferential way through the sand; this is called the channeling effect. The more irregular are the shapes of sand, the later appears he channeling effect. We are able to supply you with filtration sand in different materials such as :

Type P01

Characteristics Metal Sand austenitic stainless steel Iron base Cr 20 % Ni 12 % Si 3 % & Mo 2 % giving a high resistance to oxidation Metal Sand nickel-based alloy (type IN 600) Ni base Cr 15 % Iron 8 % & Si 2.5 % Developed for nylon yarn

Properties High shearing Low channelling Very high shearing High resistance to oxidation Good shearing Low channelling Very high shearing High resistance to oxidation Low shearing Medium channelling Very low shearing High channelling Very low shearing High resistance to oxidation Low shearing Medium channelling

Size From 2.000 mm to 50 microns From 2.000 mm to 50 microns From 1.700 mm to 50 microns From 2.000 mm to 50 microns From 3.000 mm to 50 microns From 2.000 mm to 50 microns From 2.000 mm to 50 microns From 2.500 mm to 100 microns

P02

Metal Sand stainless steel AISI 316 L P03 Iron base Cr 17 % Ni 12 % Mo 2.5 % & Si 0.5 % Metal Sand nickel-free not austenitic stainless steel P04 Iron base Cr 36 % & Si 3.0 % with magnetic properties P10 P20 Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) blocky shaped fused brown with good abrasive properties Glass beads Ceramic beads Fused ZirconiumSilicate Beads ZrO2 65 % SiO2 30% Especially recommended for fine grinding Silica beads Quartz silica sand Sio2

P30

P40

Stainless Steel

Alumunium oxide

Silica sand

Glass/ceramics beads

Type of filling sand : 1. Metal Sand Metal sand is used in the textile industry for the filtration of polymer melts
Type and Characteristic MSAND/P01 Austenitic stainless steel High resistance to oxidation Filtration of polyester and polyamides Sizes (m) Min 44 90 125 150 180 180 250 250 300 350 500 700 850 MSAND/P02 Nickel-based alloy (type IN 600) Extremerly oxidation resistant For spinning of nylon yarn 44 90 125 180 250 350 500 850 MSAND/P03 Stainless steel AISI 316 44 90 125 180 250 350 500 700 850 MSAND/P04 It is a nickel-free stainless metal sand with magnetic properties. 44 90 125 180 250 350 500 850 Max 90 125 180 300 250 425 350 600 700 500 850 2000 2000 90 125 180 250 350 500 850 2000 90 125 180 250 350 500 850 2000 1700 90 125 180 250 350 500 850 2000 Sizes (Mesh) Min 170 120 80 50 60 40 45 30 25 35 20 10 10 170 120 80 60 45 35 20 10 170 120 80 60 45 35 20 10 12 170 120 80 60 45 35 20 10 Max 325 170 120 100 80 80 60 60 35 45 35 25 20 325 170 120 80 60 45 35 20 325 170 120 80 60 45 35 35 20 325 170 120 80 60 45 35 20 Density (g/cm3) 2.7 2.3 2.2 1.75 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.65 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.6 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 2.35 2.2 2.5 1.8 1.65 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 55 58 61 64 66 71 73 75 Porosity (%) 55 58 61 73 64 74 66 74 75 71 73 76 75 55 58 61 64 66 71 73 75

2. Alumunium oxide The filtration sand type P10 is a blocky shaped, fused brown Alumunium Oxide, especially produced for the filtration melted polymers. Its good abrasive properties are giving moderate shearing of the polymers.

Type and Characteristic MSAND/P10 Fused brown alumunium oxide Blocky shape with sharp edges Moderate shearing of polymers

Sizes (m) Min 36 44 53 63 74 105 125 177 210 250 354 420 550 710 840 1000 1190 1410 1680 Max 97 115 137 163 194 230 274 390 460 550 770 920 1090 1300 1540 1840 2190 2600 3090

Sizes (Mesh) 220 180 150 120 100 90 80 60 54 46 36 30 24 20 16 14 12 10 8

Density (g/cm3) 1.60 1.72 1.61 1.73 1.62 1.74 1.65 1.77 1.67 1.79 1.75 1.85 1.77 1.87 1.81 1.91 1.84 1.94 1.86 1.97 1.90 2.02 1.92 2.02 1.95 2.06 1.96 2.08 1.96 2.08 1.97 2.07 1.97 2.07 1.98 2.08 2.00 2.10

3. Silica Sand The filtration sand type P40 is a Quartz Silica Sand especially developed for the production of manmade fibers. It is a natural and uncrushed Silica Sand, washed, dried and graded. This sand is used in filtering hot, molten pre-spun textile filament. Its purpose is to fill the empty volume of the spinpack and create an even distribution of the flow before the spinpack filter.
Type and Characteristic MSAND/P40 Rounded to sub-rounded shape Used to fill the empty volume of spinpack. Sizes (m) Min 90 150 300 600 700 1180 Max 150 300 600 1180 1200 2360 Maximum Larger Than 150 micron is 15 % 300 micron is 10 % 600 micron is 10 % 1.18 mm is 10 % 1.2 mm is 10 % 2.36 mm is 10 % Maximum Finer Than 90 micron is 15 % 150 micron is 15 % 300 micron is 10 % 600 micron is 10 % 700 micron is 10 % 1.18 mm is 10 %

4. Ceramic Beads Glass/ceramic beads is a grinding media. Type of ceramic beads : Grinding media type P31 The grinding media type P31 is made of Fused ZirconiumSilicate Beads - fused ZrSi beads produced by fusion method which gives excellent internal crystal structure properties to the beads. With its smooth surface, excellent hardness and impact strength, the P31 ZrSi media is one of the ideal grinding media for high speed stirred mills. Especially recommended for fine grinding of zirconia silicate, alumina powder, TiO2, high class paints, inks and coatings in high speed mills. It can be also used as sand-blasting media for metal polishing. Technical specification : Chemical Composition : ZrO2 SiO2 Other Real specific weight (kg/dmc) Bulk density (kg/dmc) Hardness (Mohs) Roundness (%) Recomm. Disc speed (m/s) Sizes available, dia. (mm) Packaging : min. 65% : min. 30% : 5 : 3.90 : 2.35 :8 : >90 : 13 max. : from 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm : 20/25 kg net in plastic drum, 20/25 kg net in PP-bag Or in big bags of 500 or 1000 kg net.

Grinding media type P32 The grinding media type P32 is made of Sintered ZirconiumSilicate Beads - sintered ZrSi beads produced by novel Colloidal Injection Moulding method which gives excellent internal crystal structure and fine crystalline grain size to the beads. With its smooth surface, moderate hardness and excellent impact strength, the P32 ZrSi media is one of the ideal grinding media for ultra fine grinding in high speed stirred mills. Especially recommended for fine grinding of engineering ceramics, zirconia silicate, alumina powder, TiO2, high class paints, inks and coatings in high speed mills. It can be also used as sand-blasting media for metal polishing. Technical specification : Chemical Composition : ZrO2 SiO2 Other Real specific weight (kg/dmc) Bulk density (kg/dmc) Hardness (Mohs) Roundness (%) Recomm. Disc speed (m/s) Sizes available, dia. (mm) Packaging : min. 65% : min. 30 % : 5 : 3.96 : 2.35 : >7.2 : >90 : 13 max. : from 0.2 mm to 3.5 mm : 20/25 kg net in plastic drum, 20/25 kg net in PP-bag Or in big bags of 500 or 1000 kg net.

Grinding media P33 The grinding media type P33 is made of 85% Stabilized Zirconia Beads, which features high density, toughness and super hardness, enabling to achieve superior grinding efficiencies compared with other conventional lower density grinding media. The high wear-resistant property of the P33 grinding media makes it effectively to eliminate product contamination and substantially lengthen media life. These special features make the P33 grinding media especially suitable for sensitive products and critical applications. The P33 grinding media are widely used for high viscosity, wet grinding and dispersion. Technical specification : Chemical Composition : ZrO2 Al2O3 Y2O3+others Real specific weight (kg/dm3) Bulk density (kg/dm3) Hardness (HV) Roundness (%) Fracture Toughness Bending Strength Grain Size Water absorbtion Sizes available, dia. (mm) Packaging : min. 85% : min. 10% : 5 : 5.85 : 3.4 3.6 : min. 1100kg/mm2 : min. 90 : min. 7Mpa m1/2 : min. 100 Mpa : max. 0.8 m :0 : from 0.2 mm to 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm. Size of 3 mm and over are produces by CIP method. Special request could be met based on order. : 20/25 kg net in plastic drum, 20/25 kg net in PP-bag Or in big bags of 500 or 1000 kg net.