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    Sedimentation

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    Ankush Agarwal
    Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water by gravity. There are four main types of sedimentation depending on particle characteristics. Particle settling is analyzed using concepts like buoyancy, drag force, and terminal settling velocity. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like detention time, overflow rate, and mixing requirements. Mechanical devices are used for rapid mixing and flocculation prior to sedimentation. Coagulants like alum and iron salts are used to improve settling.

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    Sedimentation

    Uploaded by

    Ankush Agarwal
    171 views8 pages
    Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water by gravity. There are four main types of sedimentation depending on particle characteristics. Particle settling is analyzed using concepts like buoyancy, drag force, and terminal settling velocity. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like detention time, overflow rate, and mixing requirements. Mechanical devices are used for rapid mixing and flocculation prior to sedimentation. Coagulants like alum and iron salts are used to improve settling.

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    Knowledge about sedimentation

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    Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water by gravity. There are four main types of sedimentation depending on particle characteristics. Particle settling is analyzed using concepts like buoyancy, drag force, and terminal settling velocity. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like detention time, overflow rate, and mixing requirements. Mechanical devices are used for rapid mixing and flocculation prior to sedimentation. Coagulants like alum and iron salts are used to improve settling.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    171 views8 pages

    Sedimentation

    Uploaded by

    Ankush Agarwal
    Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water by gravity. There are four main types of sedimentation depending on particle characteristics. Particle settling is analyzed using concepts like buoyancy, drag force, and terminal settling velocity. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like detention time, overflow rate, and mixing requirements. Mechanical devices are used for rapid mixing and flocculation prior to sedimentation. Coagulants like alum and iron salts are used to improve settling.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 8

    2/28/2012

    Sedimentation

    Purpose of Sedimentation
    Particle diameter (mm) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.0001 0.000001 Type Pebble Coarse sand Fine sand Silt Large colloids Small colloids

    Disinfection Settling tank

    Source
    Mixing tank

    Screening
    Addition of coagulant

    Flocculation basin

    Sand filter

    Sludge processing

    What is Sedimentation?
    Removal of suspended matter (particulate matter, chemical floc, and precipitates) that are heavier than water by gravity settling.

    Types of Sedimentation
    Type I settling Discrete particles in dilute suspensions

    Gravity

    Depending upon the characteristics and concentrations of the suspended particles, sedimentation can be primarily classified into four types Type I Settling Type III Settling

    Particles whose size, shape, and specific gravity do not change with time

    Type II Settling Type IV Settling Collected in sludge hoppers and removed

    Suspensions in which the concentration of particles is not sufficient to cause significant displacement of water as they settle or in which particles will not be close enough for velocity field interference to occur

    Type II settling

    Flocculating particles in dilute suspensions

    Type IV settling

    Flocculating particles in concentrated suspensions

    Particles whose surface properties are such that they aggregate, or coalesce, with other particles upon contact, thus changing size, shape, and perhaps specific gravity with each contact.

    Particles come into physical contact and form a structure and further settling can occur only by compression of the structure. COMPRESSION SETTLING

    Type III settling

    Flocculating particles in intermediate suspensions

    Type I

    Type II

    Particles tend to remain in fixed positions with respect to each other, and settle as a large mass rather than as individual. ZONE SETTLING

    Significantly different settling pattern Require separate analysis

    2/28/2012

    Particle Settling Analysis


    Type I settling
    Stage 1 When a particle is suspended in water Buoyancy

    Particle Settling Analysis


    Type I settling
    Stage 1 When a particle is suspended in water Buoyancy

    f net = ( p w ) gV p

    f b = w gV p
    f g = p gV p

    f b = w gV p
    f g = p gV p

    Force of gravity

    p = density of the particle g = gravitational constant Vp = volume of the particle w = density of water

    If p>w,

    Force of gravity

    Particle Settling Analysis


    Type I settling
    Stage 2 When a particle is in motion.

    Particle Settling Analysis


    Driving force = Drag force

    Drag f = C A v d D p w

    For spherical particles:

    Vp
    CD = coefficient of drag Ap = cross cross-sectional area of the particle perpendicular to the direction of movement v = velocity of the particle

    Ap

    4 3

    (d / 2)3 2 = d ( d / 2) 2 3
    Changes with characteristics of different flow regimes

    Driving force for acceleration

    f net = ( p w ) gV p

    Drag coefficient, CD

    Re<1
    For laminar flow

    Laminar flow Turbulent flow Transitional flow

    24 = Re
    24 3 = + + 0.34 Re Re1/ 2
    = 0.4

    Re

    >104

    104>Re>1
    For transitional flow

    Stokes Equation:
    For turbulent flow
    Stokes law for the drag of small spheres (dia. < 0.1 mm, involving Re < 1) in a viscous fluid, neglecting the inertia force is given by

    Where Re =

    vt w d

    FD = 3vs d
    Reynolds number

    vs =

    g ( p w )d 2 18
    g ( S s S )d 2 18

    = shape factor ( = 1 for perfect spheres) spheres) = dynamic viscosity

    Used in the determination of the terminal settling velocities of discrete particles in dilute suspensions for laminar flows

    vs =

    2/28/2012

    Types of Sedimentation Tanks

    2/28/2012

    Horizontal flow sedimentation tank


    Design assumptions

    Maximum velocity to prevent bed uplift or scour

    2/28/2012

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Detention period: for plain sedimentation: 4 to 8 h, and for flocculating suspensions: 2 to 4 h. Velocity of flow (horizontal flow): Not greater than 0.15 m/min for light flocculent suspensions and not greater than 0.6 m/min for discrete particle suspensions. Normally provided: 0.3 m/min. Tank dimensions: L:B = 3:1 to 6:1. Breadth= 6 m to 10 m ( 12m). Circular: Diameter not greater than 60 m. generally 20 to 40 m. Depth: 2.5 to 6.0 m (3 m). (> 1.8 m) Surface Overflow Rate: For plain sedimentation 15 to 30 m3/m2/d tank area; for horizontal flow circular sedimentation 30 to 40 m3/m2/d tank area; for dilute and discrete particle suspensions: 25 to 60 m3/m2/d. Slopes: Rectangular 1% towards inlet and circular 8%.

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Detention period
    Theoretical time taken by a particle of water to pass between entry and exit of a settling tank

    Flow through period


    Average time required for a batch of water to pass through the settling tank

    Displacement efficiency
    Ratio of flowing through period to the detention period.

    It is always good practice to have at least two units so one can continue functioning while the other is down for repairs or routine maintenance

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Overflow rate and surface loading

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Inlet and outlet arrangements
    An ideal intake structure should
    Uniformly distribute the water as uniformly as possible across the width and depth of the tank Mix it with the water already in the tank, to prevent density currents Minimize large scale turbulence Initiate longitudinal or radial flow so as to achieve high removal efficiency

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Outlet arrangement consists of
    Weirs, notches or orifices Effluent trough or launder Outlet pipe

    The slots should be such that:


    Velocity of flow through the slots is about 0.2 to 0.3 m/s Head loss is 1.7 times the velocity head Diameter of the hole not to be larger than the thickness of the diffuser wall

    2/28/2012

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    The hydraulic efficiency of the settling tank is the flow through period (td) which can be expected to approach the critical detention period (t0) only in ideal tanks. Settling tank efficiency is reduced by the following currents:
    Eddy currents Surface currents Vertical convection currents Density currents

    A well designed tank should have an efficiency of at least 70%

    Design Details of Sedimentation Tank


    Settling tanks should be capable of giving settled water having turbidity not exceeding 20 JTU, and preferably 5 JTU.

    Sedimentation with flocculation

    Common coagulants
    Alum [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O]
    Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O + 6CO2 Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + Ca(OH)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O

    Chlorinated copperas [FeSO4.7H2O]


    6FeSO4.7H2O + 3Cl2 = 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3 + 7H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 = 3CaSO4 + 2Fe(OH)3 2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 = 3CaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3

    Ferrous sulphate and lime


    FeSO4.7H2O + Ca(OH)2 = Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4 + 7H2O 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3

    Magnesium carbonate
    MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3

    Polyelectrolyte
    Amount of coagulant is much less

    Sodium aluminate
    Costly However, removes temporary as well as permanent hardness.

    2/28/2012

    Comparison of Alum and iron salts as coagulants


    Iron salts
    Produce heavy flocs
    Remove much more suspended matter than alum

    Mixing devices
    Centrifugal pump Compressed air agitation Narrow mixing channel with flume Mixing basins with baffle walls Mixing basins with mechanical devices

    Are good oxidising agents


    Can remove H2S and its corresponding tastes and odours from water

    Can be used over a wider range of pH values Cause staining and promote the growth of iron bacteria in the distribution system Impart more corrosiveness to water than alum Handling and storage require more skill and control, as they are corrosive and deliquescent. No such skill required for alum.

    Design of mechanical rapid mix units


    Design parameters
    Dia. Of mixing tank (1 3 m) Ratio of tank height to diameter (1:1 to 3:1) Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter (0.2:1 to 0.4:1) Mixing time, t (1/2 2 mins) Impeller speed (100 150 rpm) Paddle velocity > 1m/s Velocity gradient, G (best operation at 700 1000, with t = 2 mins)
    Measure of relative velocity of two particles of fluid and the distance between For e.g., two water particles moving at 1 m/s relative to each other at a distance 0.1 m apart would have a velocity gradient of 10 s-1 Frequently expressed in terms of power dissipation/volume

    The power input can also be determined by P = Dv p where, P = power input, W (N.m/s)
    D = drag force on paddles, N vp = velocity of paddles, m/s

    P G= V

    where, G = velocity gradient, s-1 P = power input, W (N.m/s) V = volume of mixing basin, m3 = viscosity, N.s/m2

    D = CD AP

    vp2 2

    where, CD = dimensionless coefficient of drag, 1.8 for flat blades Ap = area of paddle blades, m2 = density of water, kg/m3
    The velocity of the paddle tip, vp is the velocity relative to the water and is about 75% of the actual paddle speed.

    P=

    CD Ap v 3 p 2

    2/28/2012

    Design of flocculator
    Design parameters
    Gt 104 to 105 t 10 to 30 mins G 10 50
    Large G values with short times tend to produce small dense flocs Low G values and long times produce larger, lighter flocs Reduction in G values by a factor of 2 from the influent end to the effluent end has been shown to be effective

    Paddle velocity < 0.9 m/s A minimum distance of 0.3 m should be maintained between paddle tips and all other structures in the flocculator to prevent local areas of excessive velocity gradients

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