Chapter 10

Problem Solutions
10.1
a.

I1 = I 2 =

0 2V V
R1 + R2

2V + I 2 R2 = VBE + I C R3
R2
2V +
( 2V V ) = VBE + IC R3
R1 + R2

b.

R2

2V ( 2V + V )
VBE

R1 + R2
V = VBE and R1 = R2
IC =

1
R3

IC =

1
1

2V ( 2V + V ) VBE
R3
2

or I C =

c.

V
2 R3

I C = 2 mA =

( 10 )
2 R3

I1 = I 2 = 2 mA =

R3 = 2.5 k

2 ( 0.7 ) ( 10 )
R1 + R2

R1 + R2 = 4.3 k R1 = R2 = 2.15 k

10.2
(a)

I
VBE1 = VT ln C1
IS

(i)

I REF = I C1 = 10 A,

(ii)

I REF = I C1 = 100 A,

(iii)

(b)

10 106
VBE1 = ( 0.026 ) ln
= 0.5388 V
14
10

I O = 10 A
100 106
VBE1 = ( 0.026 ) ln
= 0.5987 V
14
10

I O = 100 A

103
I REF = I C1 = 1 mA, VBE1 = ( 0.026 ) ln 14 = 0.6585 V
10
I O = 1 mA
IO =

I REF
2
1+

(i)

IO =

10
I O = 9.615 A VBE1 = VBE 2
2
1+
50

I
= VT ln O
IS
9.615 106
= ( 0.026 ) ln

14
10

= 0.5378 V

(ii)

IO =

96.15 106
100
I O = 96.15 A VBE1 = ( 0.026 ) ln

14
2
10

1+
50
= 0.5977 V

IO =

(iii)

10.3
I REF =

0.9615 103
I O = 0.9615 mA VBE1 = ( 0.026 ) ln

2
1014

1+
50
= 0.6575 V
1

V + VBE ( on ) V
R1

0.250 =

3 0.7 ( 3)
R1

R1 = 21.2 K
I REF
0.250
=
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.2419 mA
2
2
1+
1+
60

= 4.03 A

I C1 = I C 2 =
I B1 = I B 2

10.4
I REF =

V + VBE ( on ) V
R1

5 0.7 ( 5 )
18.3

I REF = 0.5082 mA
I REF
0.5082
=
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.4958 mA
2
2
1+
1+
80

= ( 6.198 A )

I C1 = I C 2 =
I B1 = I B 2

10.5
(a)

I REF =

(b)

R1 =

V + VBE ( on ) V
R1

V + VBE ( on ) V

or R1 =

15 0.7 ( 15 )

0 0.7 ( 15 )

I REF
0.5
Advantage: Requires smaller resistance.
(c)
For part (a):
29.3
= 0.526 mA
I O ( max ) =
( 58.6 )( 0.95 )
I O ( min ) =

0.5

R1 = 28.6 k

29.3
= 0.476 mA
( 58.6 )(1.05 )

I O = 0.526 0.476 = 0.05 mA 5%

For part (b):
14.3
= 0.526 mA
I O ( max ) =
( 28.6 )( 0.95)

I O ( min ) =

14.3
= 0.476 mA
( 28.6 )(1.05 )

I O = 0.05 mA 5%

10.6
a.

R1 = 58.6 k

2
2

I REF = I 0 1 + = 2 1 +
or I REF = 2.04 mA
100

15 0.7
R1 =
R1 = 7.01 k
2.04

r0 =

b.

VA 80
=
= 40 k
2
I0

I 0
1
1
= I 0 = ( 9.3) = 0.2325 mA
VCE r0
40
I 0 0.2325
I
=
0 = 11.6%
2
I0
I0

10.7
I 0 = nI C1
I REF = I C1 + I B1 + I B 2 = I C1 +

I C1

I0

1+ n
1 n
I REF = I C1 1 + + = I C1 1 +

I0 1 + n
nI REF
1 +
or I 0 =
n

1+ n
1 +

10.8
IO =

I REF
2

I REF = ( 0.20 ) 1 + = 0.210 mA

2
40

1+

5 0.7 4.3
=
R1 = 20.5 K
R1 =
I REF
0.21

10.9
a.

b.

5 0.7
= 0.239 mA
18
0.239
I0 =
I 0 = 0.230 mA
2
1+
50
VA
50
r0 =
=
= 218 k
I 0 0.230

I REF =

1
1
VEC =
(1.3) = 0.00597 mA I 0 = 0.236 mA
r0
217
1
I 0 =
( 3.3) = 0.01516 mA I 0 = 0.245 mA
217
I 0 =

c.
10.10

5 0.7 ( 5 )

R1 = 9.3 k

a.

I REF = 1 =

b.

I 0 = 2 I REF I 0 = 2 mA

c.

For VEC 2 ( min ) = 0.7 RC 2 =

10.11

R1

5 0.7
RC 2 = 2.15 k
2

I O = 0.50 mA I OA = I OB = 0.25 mA

3
3

I REF = I OA 1 + = 0.25 1 +
60

I REF = 0.2625 mA
R1 =

2.5 0.7
R1 = 6.86 K
0.2625

10.12

R1 =

10 0.7
= 37.2 K
0.25

10.13
I 2 = 2 I1 and I3 = 3I1
(a) I 2 = 1.0 mA, I 3 = 1.5 mA
(b) I1 = 0.25 mA, I 3 = 0.75 mA
(c) I1 = 0.167 mA, I 2 = 0.333 mA
10.14
a.

I 0 = I C1 and I REF = I C1 + I B 3 = I C1 +
VBE 2 I C1 VBE
=
+
R2
R2

I E 3 = I B1 + I B 2 +
I REF = I C1 +
I REF

2 I C1

(1 + )

VBE
+
1
( ) R2

VBE
2
= I 0 1 +

(1 + ) R2
(1 + )

I REF
I0 =

IE3
1+

VBE
+
1
( ) R2

2
1 + (1 + )

2
0.7
I REF = ( 0.70 ) 1 +
+ ( 81)(10 )
80
81
(
)(
)

I REF = 0.700216 + 0.000864

b.

I REF = 0.7011 mA =

10 2 ( 0.7 )
R1

R1 = 12.27 k

10.15
a.
I ES
1+
= (1 + N ) I BR

I 0i = I CR and I REF = I CR + I BS = I CR +
I ES = I BR + I B1 + I B 2 + ... + I BN
=

(1 + N ) I CR

Then I REF = I CR +
or I 0i =

b.

I REF

(1 + N )
1 +

(1 + )

6
I REF = ( 0.5 ) 1 +
= 0.5012 mA
( 50 )( 51)
R1 =

10.16

(1 + N ) I CR
(1 + )

5 2 ( 0.7 ) ( 5 )
0.5012

R1 = 17.16 k

2
2
I REF = I 0 1 +
= ( 0.5 ) 1 +
I REF = 0.5004 mA
(1 + )
( 50 )( 51)
5 2 ( 0.7 ) ( 5 )
R1 =
R1 = 17.19 k
0.5004

10.17

I 0 = I REF

2
1 +

(2 + )
For I 0 = 0.8 mA

2
I REF = ( 0.8 ) 1 +
I REF = 0.8024 mA
25 ( 27 )
18 2 ( 0.7 )
R1 = 20.69 k
R1 =
0.8024

10.18

The analysis is exactly the same as in the text. We have

1
I 0 = I REF

2
1 +

(2 + )
10.19
2
= 0.0267 mA
75
1
I C1 = 1 mA, I B1 =
= 0.0133 mA
75
I E 3 = I B1 + I B 2 = 0.0133 + 0.0267 = 0.04 mA
I 0 = 2 mA, I B 2 =

I E3
0.04
=
= 0.000526 mA
1+
76
= I C1 + I B 3 I REF = 1.000526 1 mA

I B3 =
I REF
R1 =

10 2 ( 0.7 )
I REF

8.6
R1 = 8.6 k
1

10.20
(a)
Assuming RO
rO 3 =
RO =

VA
V
= A
I O I REF

ro3
2
100
=
= 400 K
0.25

(100 )( 400 )
2

RO = 20 M

(b)
RO =

V
V
5
I O =
=
I O
20 M 20 M

I O = 0.25 A

10.21
I REF =

V + VBE1 V 5 0.7
=
9.3
R1

I REF = 0.4624 mA
VT I REF 0.026 0.4624
ln
ln
=

1.5
RE I O
IO
0.4624
I O = 0.01733ln

IO
IO =

By trial and error

I O  41.7 A
VBE 2 = 0.7 I O RE
VBE 2 = 0.7 ( 0.0417 )(1.5 )
VBE 2 = 0.6375 V
10.22
(a)

I REF =

V + VBE1 V 5 0.7 ( 5 )
=
I REF = 93 A
100
R1

I
93 103 mA
I O RE = VT ln REF I O (10 ) = 0.026 ln

IO
IO

By trial and error, I O 6.8 A

Ro = ro 2 (1 + g m 2 RE )

Now
30
= 4.41 M
6.8
0.0068
= 0.2615 mA / V
gm2 =
0.026
(100 )( 0.026 )
= 382.4 k
r 2 =
0.0068
So
RE = r 2 || RE = 382 || 10 = 9.74 k
Then
Ro = 4.41 1 + ( 0.262 )( 9.74 ) Ro = 15.6 M
ro 2 =

VBE1 VBE 2 = I o RE = ( 0.0068 )(10 ) VBE1 VBE 2 = 0.068 V

(b)
10.23

I
VC
R0

I 0 =

R0 = r02 (1 + g m 2 RE )
V
80
r02 = A =
= 11.76 M
I 0 6.8
gm2 =
r 2 =

I 0 0.0068
=
= 0.2615 mA/V
VT
0.026

(80 )( 0.026 )

= 306 k
0.0068
RE = RE & r 2 = 10 & 306 = 9.68 K
R0 = (11.76 ) 1 + ( 0.2615 )( 9.68 ) = 41.54 M

Now
1
I 0 =
( 5 ) I 0 = 0.120 A
41.54

10.24
(a)

I REF =

5 0.7 ( 5 )
R1

= 0.50

R1 = 18.6 K
I
I O RE = VT ln REF
IO
0.026 0.50
RE =
ln

0.050 0.050
RE = 1.20 K

(b)

RO = rc 2 [1 + RE g m 2 ]
RE = RE r 2
r 2 =

( 75 )( 0.026 )

= 39 K

0.050
VA 100
ro 2 =
=
2 M
I O 0.05

(c)

gm2 =

0.050
= 1.923 mA/V
0.026

RE = 1.20 39 = 1.164 K

RO = 2 1 + (1.164 )(1.923) RO = ( 6.477 ) M

V
5
I O =
=
= 0.772 A
RO 6.477
I O
0.772
100% =
100 = 1.54%
IO
50

10.25
Let R1 = 5 k , Then
I REF =

12 0.7 ( 12 )
5

I REF = 4.66 mA

Now
I
0.026 4.66
I O RE = VT ln REF RE =
ln
RE 1 k
0.10 0.10
IO

10.26
I
VBE = VT ln REF
IS
103
15
0.7 = ( 0.026 ) ln
I S = 2.03 10 A
I
S
2 103
At 2 mA, VBE = ( 0.026 ) ln
15
2.03 10
= 0.718 V
15 0.718
R1 = 7.14 k
2
I 0.026 2
V
RE = T ln REF =
ln
RE = 1.92 k
I 0 I 0 0.050 0.050
R1 =

10.27
a.
10 0.7
= 0.465 mA
20
Let V = 0
I REF

I
VBE VT ln REF
IS
103
15
0.7 = ( 0.026 ) ln
I S = 2.03 10 A
I
S
Then
0.465 103
= 0.680 V
VBE ( 0.026 ) ln
15
2.03 10

Then

I REF

b.
10.28
I REF

10 0.680
I REF = 0.466 mA
20
RE =

VT I REF
ln
I0 I0

10 0.7 ( 10 )
40

0.026
0.466
ln
=
RE = 400
0.10
0.10

= 0.4825 mA

I
VBE VT ln REF
IS
103
15
0.7 = ( 0.026 ) ln
I S = 2.03 10 A
IS
Now
0.4825 103
VBE = ( 0.026 ) ln
= 0.681 V
15
2.03 10

VBE1 = 0.681 V
So
10 0.681 ( 10 )

I REF = 0.483 mA
40
I
I 0 RE = VT ln REF
I0
0.483
I 0 (12 ) = ( 0.026 ) ln

I0
I REF

By trial and error.

I 0 8.7 A
VBE 2 = VBE1 I 0 RE = 0.681 ( 0.0087 )(12 ) VBE 2 = 0.5766 V

10.29
VBE1 + I REF RE1 = VBE 2 + I 0 RE 2
VBE1 VBE 2 = I 0 RE 2 I REF RE1
For matched transistors
I
VBE1 = VT ln REF
IS
I
VBE 2 = VT ln 0
IS
I
Then VT ln REF = I 0 RE 2 I REF RE1
I0
Output resistance looking into the collector of Q2 is increased.

10.30

V + VBE1 V 5 0.7 ( 5 )
=
= 0.3174 mA
R1 + RE1
27.3 + 2

(a)

I REF =

(b)

I O = I REF = 0.3174 mA
Using the same relation as for the widlar current source.

RO = ro 2 1 + g m 2 ( RE r 2 )
ro 2 =
r 2 =

VA
80
=
= 252 K
I O 0.3174

gm2 =

0.3174
= 12.21 mA/V
0.026

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 8.192 K RE || r 2 = 2 || 8.192 = 1.608 K

0.3174
RO = 252 1 + (12.21)(1.608 ) RO = 5.2 M

(c)
I O = I REF =

5 0.7 ( 5 )

= 0.3407 mA
27.3
V
80
RO = ro 2 = A =
RO = 235 K
I O 0.3407

10.31
Assume all transistors are matched.
a.
2VBE1 = VBE 3 + I 0 RE
I
VBE1 = VT ln REF
IS
I
VBE 3 = VT ln 0
IS
I
I
2VT ln REF VT ln 0 = I 0 RE
I
S
IS
I
I
VT ln REF ln 0
I S
IS
2

= I 0 RE

I 2 REF
VT ln
= I 0 RE
I0 I S
b.
0.7
15
VBE = 0.7 V at 1 mA 103 = I S exp
or I S = 2.03 10 A
0.026
0.1 103
VBE at 0.1 mA VBE = ( 0.026 ) ln
= 0.640 V
15
2.03 10
0.640
Since I 0 = I REF , then VBE = I 0 RE RE =
or RE = 6.4 k
0.1

10.32
(a)
I REF =

5 0.7 ( 5 )
R1

= 0.80 mA

R1 = 11.6 K
RE 2 =

0.026 0.80
ln
RE 2 = 1.44 K
0.050 0.050

RE 3 =

0.026 0.80
ln
RE 2 = 4.80 K
0.020 0.020

(b)
VBE 2 = 0.7 ( 0.05 )(1.44 ) VBE 2 = 0.628 V
VBE 3 = 0.7 ( 0.02 )( 4.80 ) VBE 3 = 0.604 V

10.33
(a)
VBE1 = VBE 2
I REF =

V + 2VBE1 V
R1 + R2

Now
2VBE1 + I REF R2 = VBE 3 + I O RE
or
I O RE = 2VBE1 VBE 3 + I REF R2
We have
I
I
VBE1 = VT ln REF and VBE 3 = VT ln O
IS
IS
(b)
Let R1 = R2 and I O = I REF VBE1 = VBE 3 VBE
Then
VBE = I O RE I REF R2 = I O ( RE R2 )
so
I REF = I O =
=

V + V 2 I O ( RE R2 )
2 R2

R
V V
IO E + IO
2 R2
R2
+

Then
IO =

V + V
2 R

(c)
Want I O = 0.5 mA
So RE =
2 R2 =

5 ( 5 )
2 ( 0.5 )

RE = 10 k

5 2 ( 0.7 ) ( 5 )

0.5
Then R1 = R2 = 8.6 k

= 17.2 k

10.34
a.
20 0.7 0.7
= 1.55 mA
12
I 01 = 2 I REF = 3.1 mA
I 02 = I REF = 1.55 mA
I 03 = 3I REF = 4.65 mA
b.
VCE1 = I 01 RC1 ( 10 ) = ( 3.1)( 2 ) + 10 VCE1 = 3.8 V
I REF =

VEC 2 = 10 I 02 RC 2 = 10 (1.55 )( 3) VEC 2 = 5.35 V

VEC 3 = 10 I 03 RC 3 = 10 ( 4.65 )(1) VEC 3 = 5.35 V

10.35
a.

Ist approximation

20 1.4
= 2.325 mA
8
2.32
Now VBE 0.7 = ( 0.026 ) ln
VBE = VEB = 0.722 V
1
Then 2nd approximation
20 2 ( 0.722 )
I REF
= 2.32 mA
8
I 01 = 2 I REF = 4.64 mA
I 02 = I REF = 2.32 mA
I 03 = 3I REF = 6.96 mA
b.
At the edge of saturation,
VCE = VBE = 0.722 V
I REF

RC 2
RC 3

0 0.722 ( 10 )

RC1 = 2.0 k
4.64
10 0.722
RC 2 = 4.0 k
=
2.32
10 0.722
RC 3 = 1.33 k
=
6.96

RC1 =

10.36
I C1 = I C 2 =

10 0.7 0.7 ( 10 )
10

= 1.86 mA

I C 3 = I C 4 = 1.86 mA

1.86
I C 5 ( 0.5 ) = 0.026 ln

IC 5
By Trial and error.
I C 5 = 0.136 mA = I C 6 = I C 7

2 I C 3 ( 0.8 ) + VCE 3 = 10 VCE 3 = 10 2 (1.86 )( 0.8 )

VCE 3 = 7.02 V
5 = VEB 6 + VCE 5 + I C 5 ( 0.5 ) 10

VCE 5 = 5 + 10 0.7 ( 0.136 )( 0.5 )

VCE 5 = 14.2 V
5 = VEC 7 + I C 7 ( 0.8 )

VEC 7 = 5 ( 0.136 )( 0.8 )

VEC 7 = 4.89 V

10.37
I C1 = I C 2 =

10 0.7 0.7 ( 10 )
10

I C1 = I C 2 = 1.86 mA

I C 4 = I C 5 = 1.86 mA

I
1.86
I C 3 RE1 = VT ln C1 I C 3 ( 0.3) = 0.026 ln

IC 3
IC 3
By trial and error I C 3 = 0.195 mA
I
1.86
I C 6 RE 2 = VT ln C 5 I C 6 ( 0.5 ) = 0.026 ln

IC 6
IC 6
By trial and error I C 6 = 0.136 mA

10.38
10 0.7
= 1 mA
6.3 + 3
VBE ( QR ) = 0.7 V as assumed
VRER = I REF RER = (1)( 3) = 3 V
I REF =

VRE1 = 3 V RE1 =

VRE1 3
= RE1 = 3 k
I 01 1

VRE 2 = 3 V RE 2 =

VRE 2 3
= RE 2 = 1.5 k
I 02
2

VRE 3 = 3 V RE 3 =

VRE 3 3
= RE 3 = 0.75 k
I 03
4

I 01 = 1 mA
I 02 = 2 mA
I 03 = 4 mA

10.38
VDS 2 ( sat ) = 2 V = VGS 2 VTN 2 = VGS 2 1.5 VGS 2 = 3.5 V
2
1
W
I O = n Cox (VGS 2 VTN 2 )
2
L

2
2
W
W
250 = ( 20 ) ( 3.5 1.5 ) = 3.125
L 2
L 2

1
W
I REF = n Cox (VGS 2 VTN 1 )
2
L 1
2
W
W
100 = ( 20 ) ( 3.5 1.5 ) = 1.25
L
2
L 1
Now VGS 3 = 10 VGS 2 = 10 3.5 = 6.5 V
2
W
W
So 100 = ( 20 ) ( 6.5 1.5 ) = 0.2
L 3
L 3

10.39
I REF =

2.5 VGS 0.08

2
=
( 6 )(VGS 0.5 )
15
2

2.5 VGS = 3.6 (VGS2 VGS + 0.25 )

3.6VGS2 2.6VGS 1.6 = 0
VGS =

2.6 6.76 + 23.04

2 ( 3.6 )

VGS = 1.12 V (1.1193)

2.5 1.1193
I REF = 92.0 A ( 92.05 )
I REF =
15
I o = 92.0 A
VDS 2 ( sat ) = VGS VTN = 1.1193 0.5
VDS 2 ( sat ) = 0.619 V

10.39
a.

From Equation (10.50),

VGS1 = VGS 2

VGS 1 = VGS 2

5
5

25 5 +
25 0.5
=
( )
( )

5
5
1
1
+
+

25
25

0.447
1 0.447
=
(5) +
( 0.5 )
1
0.447
+

1 + 0.447
= 1.74 V

I REF K n1 (VGS 1 VTN ) = (18 )( 25 )(1.74 0.5 ) I REF = 0.692 mA

2

2
1
W
I O = n Cox (VGS 2 VTN ) (1 + VDS 2 )
2
L

b.

I 0 = (18 )(15 )(1.74 0.5 ) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 2 )

= ( 415 )(104 ) I 0 = 0.432 mA
2

I 0 = ( 415 ) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 4 ) I 0 = 0.448 mA

c.

10.40
(a)
2
80 W
I REF = 50 = (VGS 0.5 )
2 L 1
2.0 VGS
I REF = 0.050 =
R
Design such that VDS 2 ( sat ) = 0.25 = VGS 0.5

VGS = 0.75 V
2 0.75
R = 25 K
R
2
80 W
W
50 = ( 0.75 0.5 ) = 20
2 L 1
L 1

So 0.050 =

W

20
50
W
L 1 I REF
=

=
= 40
100 L 2
IO
W
W


L 2
L 2
1
1
RO =
=
RO = 667 K
(b)
I O ( 0.015 )( 0.1)

(c)

I O =

V
1
=
1.5 A
RO 666

I O
1.5
100% =
100% 1.5%
IO
100

10.41
(a)

2
80
I REF = 250 = ( 3)(VGS 1)
2

VGS = 2.44 V
I O = 250 A at VDS 2 = VGS = 2.44 V
1
1
=
= 200 K
RO =
I O ( 0.02 )( 0.25 )

I O =

(i)

V 3 2.44
=
2.8 A
RO
200

I O = 252.8 A
I O =

(ii)

V 4.5 2.44
=
10.3 A
RO
200

I O = 260.3 A
I O =

(iii)

V 6 2.44
=
17.8 A
RO
200

I O = 267.8 A
4.5
( 250 ) = 375 A at VDS = 2.44 V
3
1
1
RO =
=
= 133.3 K
I O ( 0.02 )( 0.375 )
IO =

(b)

I O =

(i)

V 3 2.44
=
4.20 A
RO
133.3

I O = 379.2 A
I O =

(ii)

V 4.5 2.44
=
15.5 A
RO
133.3

I O = 390.5 A
I O =

(iii)

V 6 2.44
=
26.7 A
RO
133.3

I O = 401.7 A

10.41
VSD 2 ( sat ) = 0.25 = VSG + VTP = VSG 0.4 VSG 2 = 0.65 V
k p W
2
I O = (VSG 2 + VTP )
2 L 2
40 W
2
W
25 =
( 0.65 0.4 ) = 20
2 L 2
L 2
I REF = 75 A =

(W /L )1
W
I O = 60
(W /L )2
L 1

k p W
2
(VSG 3 + VTP )
2 L 3
= 3 0.65 = 2.35 V

I REF =
VSG 3

Then 75 =

40 W
2
W
( 2.35 0.4 ) = 0.986
2 L 3
L 3

10.42
(a)
VGS = VTN 1 +

I REF
0.5
= 1+
=2V
K n1
0.5

I
I O = K n 2 REF
K
n1

I REF
= K n 2

K n1

 0.5
I 0 ( max ) = ( 0.5 )(1.05 )
I 0 ( max ) = 0.525 mA
0.5
0.5
I 0 ( min ) = ( 0.5 )( 0.95 )
I 0 ( min ) = 0.475 mA
0.5
So 0.475 I 0 0.525 mA
(b)
I

I O = K n 2 REF + VTN 1 VTN 2

K n1

0.5

I 0 ( min ) = ( 0.5 )
+ 1 1.05 I 0 (min) = 0.451 mA
0.5

0.5

I 0 ( max ) = ( 0.5 )
+ 1 0.95 I 0 (max) = 0.551 mA
0.5

So 0.451 I 0 0.551 mA

10.43

(1)
(2)

Ix =

Vx VA
+ g mVgs 2
ro

Ix =

VA
+ g mVgs1
ro

Vgs1 = Vx , Vgs 2 = VA

So
(1)

Ix =

Vx
VA + g m
ro
ro

(2)

Ix =

VA
+ g mVx VA = ro [ I x g mVx ]
ro

Then
Ix =

Vx
ro ( I x g mVx ) + g m
ro
ro

Ix =

Vx
g
ro x + g m I x m Vx g m2 Vx
ro
ro
ro

Ix =

Vx
I x g m ro I x + g mVx + g m2 roVx
ro

I x [ 2 + g m ro ] = Vx + g m + g m2 ro
r
o

1
Since g m >>
ro
I x [ 2 + g m ro ] Vx ( g m )(1 + g m ro )
Then

Vx
2 + g m ro
= Ro =
Ix
g m (1 + g m ro )

Usually, g m ro >> 2, so that Ro

1
gm

10.44
VDS 2 (sat) = 2 = VGS 2 0.8 VGS 2 = 2.8 V
I O = 200 =

60 W
2
W
( 2.8 0.8 ) = 1.67
2 L 2
L 2

W
W

I REF L 1
0.4 L 1
W
=

=
= 3.33
IO
0.2 (1.67 ) L 1
W

L
2
VGS 3 = 6 2.8 = 3.2 V
2
60 W
W
I REF = 400 = ( 3.2 0.8 ) = 2.31
2 L 3
L 3

10.45
(a)
2
2
60
60
I REF = ( 20 )(VGS 1 0.7 ) = ( 3)(VGS 3 0.7 )
2
2
VGS1 + VGS 3 = 5

20
(VGS1 0.7 ) = 5 VGS1 0.7
3
3.582VGS 1 = 6.107 VGS1 = VGS 2 = 1.705 V
2
60
I O = (12 )(1.705 0.7 ) = 363.6 A at VDS 2 = 1.705 V
2
2
60
I REF = ( 20 )(1.705 0.7 ) = 606 A
2

(b)

RO =
I O =

IO

1
= 183.4 K
0.015
(
)( 0.3636 )

V 1.5 1.705
=
1.12 A
RO
183.4

I O = 362.5 A

(c)

I O =

V 3 1.705
=
7.06 A
RO
183.4

I O = 370.7 A

10.46
2
2
50
50
I REF = (15 )(VSG1 0.5 ) = ( 3)(VSG 3 0.5 )
2
2
VSG1 + VSG 3 = 10 VSG 3 = 10 VSG1

15
(VSG1 0.5) = 10 VSG1 0.5
3
3.236VSG1 = 10.618 VSG1 = 3.28 V
2
50
I REF = (15 )( 3.28 0.5 ) I REF = 2.90 mA
2
I O = I REF = 2.90 mA

VSD 2 (sat) = VSG 2 + VTP = 3.28 0.5 VSD 2 (sat) = 2.78 V

10.47
VSD 2 (sat) = 1.2 = VSG 2 0.35 VSG 2 = 1.55 V
2
50 W
W
I O = 100 = (1.55 0.35 ) = 2.78
2 L 2
L 2
W
W
I REF
200
W
L1
L1
=

=
= 5.56
W
IO
100
2.78
L 1
L 2
VSG1 + VSG 3 = 4 VSG 3 = 2.45 V

( )
( )

( )

2
50 W
W
I REF = 200 = ( 2.45 0.35 ) = 1.81
2 L 3
L 3

10.48
2
2
80
80
I REF = ( 25 )(VSG1 1.2 ) = ( 4 )(VSG 3 1.2 )
2
2


10 VSG1
VSG1 + 2VSG 3 = 10 VSG 3 =
2
10 VSG1
25
1.2
Then
(VSG1 1.2 ) =
4
2
3VSG1 = 6.8 VSG1 = 2.27 V
2
80
I REF = ( 25 )( 2.267 1.2 ) I REF = I O = 1.14 mA
2
VSD 2 (sat) = VSG 2 + VTP = 2.27 1.2 VSD 2 ( sat ) = 1.07 V

10.49
VSD 2 (sat) = 1.8 = VSG 2 1.4 VSG 2 = 3.2 V
2
80 W
W
I O = ( 3.2 1.4 ) = 100 = 0.772
2 L 2
L 2
W
I REF
L1
=
W
IO
L 2
W
200
W
L1
=
= 1.54
100 0.772
L 1

( )
( )
( )

Assume M3 and M4 are matched.

10 3.2
= 3.4 V
2VSG 3 + VSG1 = 10 VSG 3 =
2
2
80 W
I REF = 200 = ( 3.4 1.4 )
L
2
3,4
W
= 1.25
L 3,4

10.50
(a)
k p W
2
I REF = (VSG1 + VTP )
2 L 1
k p W
2
= (VSG 3 + VTP )
L
2

3

But VSG 3 = 3 VSG1
So 25 (VSG1 0.4 ) = 5 ( 3 VSG1 0.4 )
2

which yields VSG1 = 1.08 V

and VSG 3 = 1.92 V
I REF = 20 ( 25 )(1.08 0.4 ) I REF = 231 A
2

(W / L )2 15
=
= 0.6
I REF (W / L )1 25
Then I O = ( 0.6 )( 231) = 139 A
IO

(b)
VDS 2 ( sat ) = 1.08 0.4 = 0.68 V
VR = 3 0.68 = 2.32 = I O R
then
R=

2.32
R = 16.7 k
0.139

10.51
VSD 2 (sat) = 0.35 = VSG 2 0.4 VSG 2 = 0.75 V
2
W
W
I O = 80 = ( 20 ) ( 0.75 0.4 ) = 32.7
L
2
L 2

( )
( )

( )

W
W
I REF
50
L1
L1
=

=
W
= 20.4
L1
W
80
32.7
IO
L 2
VSG 3 = 3 0.75 = 2.25

( )

2
W
W
I REF = 50 = ( 20 ) ( 2.25 0.4 ) = 0.730
L 3
L 3

10.52
a.

I REF = K n (VGS VTN )

100 = 100 (VGS 2 ) VGS = 3 V

2

For VD 4 = 3 V, I 0 = 100 A

R0 = r04 + r02 (1 + g m r04 )

b.

r02 = r04 =

1
1
=
= 500 k
I 0 ( 0.02 )( 0.1)

g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 ( 0.1)( 3 2 ) = 0.2 mA / V

R0 = 500 + 500 1 + ( 0.2 )( 500 )

R0 = 51 M
I 0 =

1
6
VD 4 =
I 0 = 0.118 A
51
R0

10.53

Vgs 4 = I X r02

VS 6 = ( I X g mVgs 4 ) r04 + I X r02

= ( I X + g m I X r02 ) r04 + I X r02

VS 6 = I X r02 + (1 + g m r02 ) r04 = Vgs 6

V VS 6 VX
1
I X = g mVgs 6 + X
=
VS 6 g m +
r06
r06
r06

1
g m + r02 + (1 + g m r02 ) r04
r06

V
1
I X 1 + g m + r02 + (1 + g m r02 ) r04 = X
r06

r06
VX
= R0 = r06 + (1 + g m r06 ) r02 + (1 + g m r02 ) r04
IX
IX =

VX
IX
r06

I 0 I REF = 0.2 mA = 0.2 (VGS 1)

VGS = 2 V

g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 ( 0.2 )( 2 1) = 0.4 mA / V

r02 = r04 = r06 =

= 250 k

( 0.02 )( 0.2 )
R0 = 250 + 1 + ( 0.4 )( 250 ) {250 + 1 + ( 0.4 )( 250 ) ( 250 )}
I0

R0 = 2575750 k R0 = 2.58 109

10.54
kn W
kn W
2
2
(VGS1 VTN ) = (VGS 3 VTN )
2 L 1
2 L 3
k p W
2
= (VGS 4 + VTP )
2 L 4
(1) 50 ( 20 )(VGS 1 0.5 ) = 50 ( 5 )(VGS 3 0.5 )
2

(2) 50 ( 20 )(VGS 1 0.5 ) = 20 (10 )(VGS 4 0.5 )

2

(3) VSG 4 + VGS 3 + VGS1 = 6

From (1) 4 (VGS 1 0.5 ) = (VGS 3 0.5 ) VGS 3 = 2 (VGS 1 0.5 ) + 0.5
2

From (2) 5 (VGS1 0.5 ) = (VGS 4 0.5 ) VSG 4 = 5 (VGS1 0.5 ) + 0.5
2

Then (3) becomes

5 (VGS1 0.5 ) + 0.5 + 2 (VGS 1 0.5 ) + 0.5 + VGS1 = 6
which yields VGS 1 = 1.36 V and VGS 3 = 2.22 V , VSG 4 = 2.42 V
k W
2
2
Then I REF = n (VGS1 VTN ) = 50 ( 20 )(1.36 0.5 ) or I REF = I O = 0.740 mA
2 L 1
VGS 1 = VGS 2 = 1.36 V
VDS 2 ( sat ) = VGS 2 VTN = 1.36 0.5 VDS 2 ( sat ) = 0.86 V

10.55
VDS 2 ( sat ) = 0.5 V = VGS 2 VTN = VGS 2 0.5 VGS 2 = 1 V
kn W
2
(VGS 2 VTN )
2 L 2
2
W
W
= 50 (1 0.5 ) = 4
L 2
L 2

I O = 50 A =

VGS1 = VGS 2 = 1 V I REF = 150 =

kn W
2
2
W
W
(VGS 1 VTN ) = 50 (1 0.5 ) = 12
2 L 1
L 1
L 1

VGS 3 + VSG 4 + VGS 1 = 6

2VGS 3 = 6 1 = 5 V VGS 3 = 2.5 V
2
W
W
I REF = 150 = 50 ( 2.5 0.5 ) = 0.75
L 3
L 3

k p W
2
(VSG 4 + VTP )
2 L 4
2
W
W
150 = 20 ( 2.5 0.5 ) 1.88
L
4
L 4
I REF =

10.56
a.
As a first approximation
2
I REF = 80 = 80 (VGS 1 1) VGS 1 = 2 V
Then VDS 1 2 ( 2 ) = 4 V
The second approximation
80 = 80 (VGS1 1) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 4 )
80
2
Or
= (VGS 1 1) VGS 1 = 1.962
86.4
2

Then
I O = K n (VGS1 VTN ) (1 + nVGS 1 )
2

= 80 (1.962 1) 1 + ( 0.02 )(1.962 )

Or I 0 = 76.94 A
2

b.
From a PSpice analysis, I 0 = 77.09 A for VD 3 = 1 V and I 0 = 77.14 A for VD 3 = 3 V. The
change is I 0 0.05 A or 0.065%.
10.57
a.

For a first approximation,

I REF = 80 = 80 (VGS 4 1) VGS 4 = 2 V

2

As a second approximation
I REF = 80 = 80 (VGS 4 1) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 2 )
Or VGS 4 = 1.98 V = VGS 1
2

I O = K n (VGS 2 VTN ) (1 + VGS 2 )

2

To a very good approximation I 0 = 80 A

b.
From a PSpice analysis, I 0 = 80.00 A for VD 3 = 1 V and the output resistance is
R0 = 76.9 M.
Then
For VD = +3 V
1
4
I 0 =
VD 3 =
= 0.052 A
R0
76.9
I 0 = 80.05 A

10.58
(a)

VDS 3 ( sat ) = VGS 3 VTN or VGS 3 = VDS 3 ( sat ) + VTN = 0.2 + 0.8 = 1.0
k W
2
I D = n (VGS 3 VTN )
2L
2
W
W
50 = 48 ( 0.2 ) = 26
L
L 3

(b)

VGS 5 VTN = 2 (VGS 3 VTN )

VGS 5 = 0.8 + 2 ( 0.2 ) VGS 5 = 1.2 V

(c)

VD1 ( min ) = 2VDS ( sat ) = 2 ( 0.2 ) VD1 ( min ) = 0.4 V

10.59
(a)
K n1 =
R=
=

kn W
2
= 50 ( 5 ) = 250 A / V
2 L 1
1
K n1 I D1

(W / L )1
(W / L )2

5
1
= ( 8.944 )( 0.6838 )
50
( 0.25 )( 0.05 )
1

R = 6.12 k
(b)

V + V = VSD 3 ( sat ) + VGS 1

VSD 3 ( sat ) = VSG 3 + VTP
I D1 = 50 = 20 ( 5 )(VSG 3 0.5 ) VSG 3 = 1.207 V
Then VSD 3 ( sat ) = 1.21 0.5 = 0.707 V
2

Also I D1 = 50 = 50 ( 5 )(VGS1 0.5 ) VGS 1 = 0.9472 V

2

Then (V + V )

min

= 0.71 + 0.947 = 1.66 V

(c)
2
W
W
I O1 = 25 = 50 ( 0.947 0.5 ) = 2.5
L 5
L 5
2
W
W
I O 2 = 75 = 20 (1.207 0.5 ) = 7.5
L 6
L 6

10.60
1
( 5 ) = 1.667 V
3
2
1
W
I REF = n Cox (VGS 3 VTN )
2
L 3
2
W
W W W
100 = ( 20 ) (1.667 1) = = = 11.25
L 3
L 3 L 4 L 5
VGS 3 =

2
1
W
I O1 = n Cox (VGS 3 VTN )
2
L 1
W

I REF L 3
Or
=
I 01
W

L 1

W I 01
=
L 1 I REF

W 0.2
W
=
(11.25 ) = 22.5
L 1
L 3 0.1

W I W 0.3
W
And = 02 =
(11.25 ) = 33.75
L
I
L
0.1
2 REF 3

L 2

10.61
I REF =

24 VSGP VGSN
R

Also I REF = 40 (1)(VGSN 1.2 )

I REF = 18 (1)(VSGP 1.2 )

Then 40 (VGSN 1.2 ) = 18 (VSGP 1.2 )

which yields VSGP =

6.325
(VGSN 1.2 ) + 1.2
4.243

2
Then 0.040 (VGSN 1.2 ) R = 24 VGSN 1.49 (VGSN 1.2 ) 1.2

which yields VGSN = 2.69 V

and VSGP = 3.43 V

24 3.42 2.69
I REF = 89.4 A
200

Now I REF =

89.4
= 17.9 A
5
I 2 = (1.25 )( 89.4 ) = 112 A
I 3 = ( 0.8 )( 89.4 ) = 71.5 A
I 4 = 4 ( 89.4 ) = 358 A
I1 =

10.61
a.

g m ( M 0 ) = 2 K n I REF
gm ( M 0 ) = 2

( 0.25)( 0.2 ) g m ( M 0 ) = 0.447 mA/V

r0 n =

1
1
=
r0 n = 250 k
n I REF ( 0.02 )( 0.2 )

r0 p =

1
1
=
r0 p = 167 k
p I REF ( 0.03)( 0.2 )

b.

Av = g m ( r0 n || r0 p ) = ( 0.447 )( 250 ||167 ) Av = 44.8

c.

RL = 205 ||167 = r0 n || r0 p or RL = 100 k

10.62
We have VGSN = 2.69 V and VSGP = 3.43 V
10 2.69 3.43 3.88
So I REF =
=
I REF = 19.4 A
R
200
Then I1 = ( 0.2 )(19.4 ) = 3.88 A
I 2 = (1.25 )(19.4 ) = 24.3 A
I 3 = ( 0.8 )(19.4 ) = 15.5 A
I 4 = 4 (19.4 ) = 77.6 A
10.63
I D2

W )
(
L
=
W
( L)
(W L )
=
(W L )

I REF =

9
( 200 ) I D 2 = 120 A
15

IO

20
I D 2 = (120 ) I O = 267 A
9

2
40
I O = 266.7 = ( 20 )(VSG 4 0.6 )
2

VSG 4 = 1.416 V
VSD 4 (sat) = 1.416 0.6 VSD 4 ( sat ) = 0.816 V

10.64
2
40 W
I REF = 50 = (VSG1 0.6 )
2 L 1
1.75 VSG1
I REF =
= 50
R

VSD 2 (sat) = 0.35 = VSG 2 0.6 VSG 2 = 0.95 V

1.75 0.95
R=
R = 16 K
0.05
2
40 W
W
50 = ( 0.95 0.6 ) = 20.4
2
L
1
L 1

( )

W
I O1 120
W
L 2
=
=

= 49
50
I REF
( 20.4 ) L 2

( )

W
I D 3 25
W
L 3
=
=
= 10.2
I REF 50 ( 20.4 )
L 3
VDS 5 (sat) = 0.35 = VGS 5 0.4 VGS 5 = 0.75 V
2
100 W
W
IO 2 =
( 0.75 0.4 ) = 150 = 24.5
2
L

5
L 5
W
I D4 I D3
25
W
L 4
=
=
=
= 4.08
I O 2 I O 2 150
24.5
L 4

( )

10.65
For vGS = 0, iD = I DSS (1 + vDS )
a.
b.
c.

VD = 5 V, vDS = 5
iD = ( 2 ) 1 + ( 0.05 )( 5 ) iD = 2.5 mA
VD = 0, vDS = 10
iD = ( 2 ) 1 + ( 0.05 )(10 ) iD = 3 mA
VD = 5 V, vDS = 15 V
iD = ( 2 ) 1 + ( 0.05 )(15 ) iD = 3.5 mA

10.66
V
I 0 = I DSS 1 GS
VP

V
2 = 4 1 GS
VP

VGS
2
= 1
= 0.293
4
VP

So VGS = ( 0.293)( 4 ) = 1.17 V

VS
and VS = VGS
R
( 1.17 )
V
R = 0.586 k
R = GS =
2
I0
Finish solution:
See solution
Then I 0 =

10.66
Completion of solution
Need vDS vDS ( sat ) = vGS VP
= 1.17 ( 4 )
vDS 2.83 V
So VD vDS ( sat ) + VS = 2.83 + 1.17 VD 4 V

10.67
V
I REF = I S 1 exp EB1
VT

a.

I
1 103
or VEB1 = VT ln REF = ( 0.026 ) ln
VEB1 = 0.5568
13
5 10
I S1
5 0.5568
R1 =
R1 = 4.44 k
1
From Equations (10.79) and (10.80) and letting VCE 0 = VEC 2 = 2.5 V

b.
c.
10

12

2.5

1 + 80
VI 2.5
3
exp 1 +
= 10 0.5568
VT 120
1 +

80

V
1.03125
1.0208333 1012 exp I = (103 )

1.00696
VT
Then VI = 0.026 ln (1.003222 109 )

So VI = 0.5389 V

d.

Av =

(1/ VT )

(1/ VAN ) + (1/ VAP )

1
38.46
Av = 0.026 =
1
1
0.00833 + 0.0125
+
120 80
Av = 1846

10.68
a.
b.
c.
other.

I
0.5 103
VBE = VT ln REF = ( 0.026 ) ln
VBE = 0.5208
12
10

I S1
5 0.5208
R1 =
R1 = 8.96 k
0.5
Modify Eqs. 10.79 and 10.80 to apply to pnp and npn, and set the two equation equal to each

V V
I CO = I SO exp EBO 1 + ECO
VAP
VT

VBE VCE 2

= I C 2 = I S 2 exp
1 +

VT VAN

V 2.5
VBE
2.5
12
5 1013 exp EBO 1 +
1 +
= 10 exp

80
120
V
V

T
T
V
V
5.15625 1013 exp EBO = 1.020833 1012 exp BE
V
T
VT
V
exp EBO
VT = 1.9798 = exp VEBO VBE

VT
V

exp BE
V
T

VEBO = VBE + VT ln (1.9798 ) = 0.5208 + ( 0.026 ) ln (1.9798 )

VEBO = 0.5386 VI = 5 0.5386 VI = 4.461 V

Av =

d.

(1/ VT )

(1/ VAN ) + (1/ VAP )

1
38.46
0.026
Av =
=
1
1
0.00833
+ 0.0125
+
120 80
Av = 1846

10.69
a.
M1 and M2 matched.
For I REF = I 0 , we have VSD 2 = VSG = VSG 3 = VDS 0 = 2.5 V
For M1 and M3:
2
1
W
I REF = p Cox (VSG + VTP ) (1 + PVSD )
2
L 1
2
W
W
W W
100 = 10 ( 2.5 1) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 2.5 ) = 4.23 = =
L 1
L 1
L 3 L 2
For M0:
2
1
W
I O = n Cox (VGS VTN ) (1 + nVDS )
2
L 0
2
W
W
100 = 20 ( 2 1) 1 + ( 0.02 )( 2.5 ) = 4.76
L
0
L 0
b.
r0 n = r0 p =

I0

( 0.02 )( 0.1)

= 500 k

1
W
g m = 2 K n I O = 2 n Cox I O
2

L o

( 0.02 )( 4.76 )( 0.1)

=2

g m = 0.195 mA/V

Av = g m ( r0 n || r0 p ) = ( 0.195 )( 500 || 500 ) Av = 48.8

10.70
I REF = K p1 (VSG + VTP )

a.

100 = 100 (VSG 1) VSG = 2 V

2

b.

From Eq. 10.89

1 + p (V + VSG ) K (V V )2
TN
n I
VO =
n + p
I REF ( n + p )
1 + ( 0.02 )(10 2 )
100 (VI 1)

5=
0.02 + 0.02
100 ( 0.02 + 0.02 )
2

5 = 29

(VI 1)

(VI 1)
0.04
= 0.96

VI = 1.98 V

Av = g m ( r0 n || r0 p )

c.

r0 n = r0 p =

I REF

1
= 500 k
0.02
( )( 0.1)

( 0.1)( 0.1) = 0.2 mA / V

Av = ( 0.2 )( 500 || 500 ) Av = 50

g m = 2 K n I REF = 2

10.71
5 0.6 5 0.6
=
= 0.22 mA
R1
20
From Eq. 10.96
I
0.22
C

VT

0.026
Av =
=
IC
I C 0.22 + 1 + 0.22
1
+
+

90
VAN RL VAP 140 RL
I REF =

8.4615
8.4615
=
1
1
0.0015714 +
+ 0.002444 0.004016 +
RL
RL
RL = , Av = 2107

(a)
(b)
(c)

RL = 250 K, Av = 1056
RL = 100 K, Av = 604

10.72
I REF =

5 0.6
= 0.1257 mA
35

Then
I CO = 2 I REF = 0.2514 mA
From Eq. 10.96
0.2514
9.6692
0.026
Av =
=
0.2514 0.2514 1
1
0.002095 + 0.0031425 +
+
+
120
80
RL
RL
Av =

(a)
(b)

9.6692
1
RL
RL = Av = 1846

0.0052375 +

RL = 250 K, Av = 1047

10.73
(a)
To a good approximation, output resistance is the same as the widlar current source.
R0 = r02 1 + g m 2 ( r 2 || RE )
(b)

Av = g m 0 ( r0 || RL || R0 )

10.74
Output resistance of Wilson source

 r03

R0

2
Then
Av = g m ( r0 || R0 )
V
80
r03 = AP =
= 400 k
I REF 0.2
r0 =

VAN 120
=
= 600 k
I REF 0.2

gm =

I REF
0.2
=
= 7.692 mA/V
VT
0.026

(80 )( 400 )
Av = 7.69 600
= 7.69 [ 600 ||16, 000] Av = 4448
2

10.75
(a)

I D 2 = I D 0 = I REF = 200 A

For M 2 ; ro 2 =

P I D 2

1
= 250 K
0.02
( )( 0.2 )

0.04
gm2 = 2 K P I D2 = 2
( 35 )( 0.2 )
2
g m 2 = 0.748 mA/V
1
1
For M 0 ; r =
=
= 333 K
n I Do ( 0.015 )( 0.2 )
0.08
g mo = 2
( 20 )( 0.2 ) g mo = 0.80 mA/V
2
Av = g mo ( ro 2 || roo ) = ( 0.80 )( 250 || 333)

(b)

Av = 114.3
Want Av = 57.15 = 0.80 (142.8 || RL )
142.8 RL
142.8 || RL = 71.375 =
RL = 143 K
142.8 + RL

(c)

10.76
Assume M1, M2 matched
I REF = I D 2 = I Do = 200 A
1
1
ro 2 =
=
= 250 K
p I D 2 ( 0.02 )( 0.2 )
roo =

1
1
=
= 333 K
n I D 0 ( 0.015 )( 0.2 )

Av = g mo ( ro 2 roo )

100 = g mo ( 250 333) g mo = 0.70 mA/V

0.08 W
g mo = 2
( 0.2 ) = 0.70
2 L 0
W
= 15.3
L 0

 k W k p W
Now n =
2 L 0 2 L 2
80
40 W
(15.3) =
2
2 L 2
W W
= = 30.6
L 2 L 1

10.77

Since Vsg 3 = 0, the circuit becomes

I x = g m Vsg 2 +

Vx Vsg 2
r02

and Vsg 2 = I x ro 3

Then

r V
I x 1 + g m ro3 + o3 = x
ro 2 ro 2

so that

Vx
r
= Ro = ro 2 1 + g m ro 3 + o 3
Ix
r
o2

or
Ro = ro 2 + ro 3 (1 + g m ro 2 )
vo
= g m1 ( ro1 Ro )
vi

Av =
Now

g m1 = 2
ro1 =

( 0.050 )( 20 )( 0.10 ) = 0.632 mA / V

1
1
=
= 500 k
n I DQ ( 0.02 )( 0.10 )

g m = 2 K p I DQ = 2
ro 2 = ro 3 =

( 0.020 )(80 )( 0.1) = 0.80 mA / V

1
1
=
= 500 k
p I DQ ( 0.020 )( 0.1)

Then
Ro = 500 + 500 1 + ( 0.8 )( 500 ) 201 M
Av = ( 0.632 ) ( 500 201000 ) Av = 315

10.78
From Eq. 10.105
g m2
Av =
1
1
+
ro3 ro 4 ro1 ro 2
k W
g m = 2 n I D1
2 L
=2

( 0.050 ) ( 20 ) ( 0.08 )

g m = 0.5657 mA / V

ro =

1
1
=
= 625 K
I D ( 0.02 )( 0.08 )

( 0.5657 )
0.3200
Av =
=
1
1
2 ( 0.00000256 )
+
2
2
( 625) ( 625)
2

Av = 62,500

10.79

V ( V 2 )
V 2 V 2
+
+ g m 2V 2 + O
r 2 ro1
ro 2

(1)

g m1Vi =

(2)

VO VO ( V 2 )
+
+ g m 2V 2 = 0
RO 3
ro 2

(1)

1
1
1 V
+ + gm2 + + O
g m1Vi = V 2
ro 2 ro 2
r 2 ro1

(2)

1
1

1
VO
+ + V 2
+ gm2 = 0
RO 3 ro 2
ro 2

g m >>

1
ro

(1)

1 + VO
g m1Vi = V 2
+
r 2 ro 2

(2)

1
1
VO
+ + V 2 g m 2 = 0
RO 3 ro 2

(3)

V 2 =

VO
gm2

1
1
+

RO 3 ro 2

Then
1
1 1 + VO
+

+
RO 3 ro 2 r 2 ro 2
1
1 1 + VO
= VO
+
+
R
r
O 3 o 2 ro 2

(1) g m1Vi =

VO
gm2

VO 1 +

RO 3

VO
= g m1 RO 3

Vi
1+
From Equation (10.20) RO 3 rO 3
So

Av =

Av =

VO g m1ro3 2
=
1+
Vi

gm =

0.25
= 9.615 mA/V
0.026

ro3 =

80
= 320 K
0.25

( 9.615 )( 320 )(120 )

121

= 366,165