ANSWERS

125

Answers
TOPIC 1: DEFINING AND DESCRIBING
Activity 1.1
1. Doctor 2. Truck

Activity 1.2
(a) (b) A laser is a device that produces beams of a special kind of light, a laser light. A laser beam looks like a straight, almost solid yet transparent rod of intense light. A laser beam is made up of light of only one colour, unlike ordinary light which is a combination of many colours. Lasers are used in the production of all kinds of things from cars, clothing and microchips to books.

(c)

Activity 1.3
1.
Term An astronomer A barometer A laboratory A fireman Conduction General Class is a scientist is an instrument is a place is a person is a process Specific Features who studies the universe. that measures air pressure. where experiments are conducted. who assists during emergencies. by which heat is transferred.

2.
Term Mercury A triangle Asbestos A dinosaur A cat Specific Features is a liquid is a three-sided is a fire-resistant is a prehistoric is a four-legged General Class metal. plane figure. mineral. reptile. feline.

126

ANSWERS

Activity 1.4
Missing component: Explanation of what happens in the combustion chamber, i.e., fuel is sprayed into the chamber and is ignited.

Activity 1.5
Explanation Checklist Name of mechanism General statement about the mechanism/the space shuttle Explain every stage/aspect Summarise the operations Sentence Number(s) 1 2 311 Missing

What is missing in the explanation is the concluding statement/s which summarises the operations of the mechanism, for example, It is called the shuttle because it can travel back and forth into space. This makes space travel much cheaper.

Activity 1.6
Sentence The submarine is a people carrier that is designed to travel under water. The ballast tanks can be filled with water or emptied to adjust the submarines weight. The submarine can dive to various depths simply by adjusting its weight. It does this by way of ballast tanks which are found on the sides of the craft. The latest nuclear powered submarine can stay underwater for months at a time. The submarine is one of the most fascinating crafts. Order 2 5 3 4 6 1

Activity 1.7
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C B D A B

ANSWERS

127

Activity 1.8 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Active Active Passive Passive Passive Passive Passive Passive Passive

Activity 1.9
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Camera Butterfly Geology Aquarium Bridge An instrument that is used to take photographs or capture images. A six-legged insect with colourful wings and a liking for nectar. The scientific study of the earths structure. An equipment used to keep or rear fish. A construction built over valleys, rivers, ravines, gaps, etc.

2.

A rocket is propelled by liquid fuel. The propellant is pumped from the storage tanks to the combustion chamber. The pump is driven by a turbine, which is spun by gas produced in a gas generator. In the combustion chamber, the fuel and oxidiser form an explosive mixture. The mixture burns fiercely into gases that escape as a powerful jet. This jet propels the rocket at speeds of up to 28,000 km/h. This is one way by which computer chips are made. Firstly, pure silicon is grown in a vacuum oven. Next, the silicon is treated with chemicals to make conduct electricity. After that, the silicon is cut into slices. Then, chipsized circuits containing components are photographically copied onto each slice. Next, the silicon slices are placed in a furnace at temperatures of over 1000C. Then, the circuits on the chips are tested. After this, slices are cut

3.

128

ANSWERS

into computer chips. Finally, the chips are placed in plastic cases with gold wires connecting them to the pins on the case. Note to Tutor/Faciliator: Close variations to answers provided here are accepted.

TOPIC 2:
Activity 2.1

ANALYSING

Activity 2.2
ACTIVE SENTENCE We produce Proton cars in Malaysia. They discovered the first rubber trees in Brazil. Penicillin can cure pneumonia. Luigi Galvani invented the electric battery in 1786. Meteors probably caused the craters on the moon. PASSIVE SENTENCE Proton cars are produced in Malaysia. Rubbers trees were first discovered in Brazil. Pneumonia can be cured by penicillin. The electric battery was invented by Luigi Galvani in 1786. The craters on the moon were probably caused by meteors.

Activity 2.3
1. 2. When wax is heated, it melts. ocean tides.

The gravitational pull of the moon creates

ANSWERS

129

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

No sound can be heard

when a bell is struck in a vacuum.

Chlorophyll makes leaves look green. Severe droughts lead to famine. when frozen.

Carbon dioxide turns solid Smoking may result in Over eating may lead to

cancer. obesity and hypertension. road accidents.

Driving at high speed and fatigue may result in

No one was killed because the landslide happened away from the villages.

Activity 2.4
1.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Sentence The blue whale is the largest living thing. The blue whale is bigger than the largest dinosaur. The giant sequoia is the tallest tree. The Californian redwoods have thicker trunks than the sequoia. A redwood tree is taller than a space shuttle. A jumbo jet is bigger than both the redwood and the sequoia. The redwood is the tallest living thing in the world. General Sherman is the biggest of all living things. (/)

2.

Dolphins and submarines are (similar/different) because they can both be found underwater. The dolphin is (smaller/larger) than a submarine and in contrast is much (slower/faster). But, the dolphin is (more/less) agile compared to the submarine. The dolphin can make quick turns easily (in contrast/similar) to the submarine. The dolphin (resembles/varies) in shape to most submarines. The dolphin is a living creature (unlike/similar

130

ANSWERS

to) the submarine. The dolphin is as (important/unnecessary) to marine life as the submarine is to human transportation.

Activity 2.5
1.
No (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Statements Each species has a typical sleep pattern. All living things need the same amount of sleep. Older creatures are affected more if deprived of sleep. Sleep helps some animals remain young. Some animals need sleep to regulate their body temperatures. Tick or Cross

2.

In each of these pairs of sentences underline the evidence if there are any. (a) (b) Plastic is impermeable to water but cotton is not. A plastic coat prevents the rain from penetrating, but a cotton coat does not. Human life exists on Mars. Scientists have found that there is no water or oxygen on this planet. (The evidence does not support the conclusion.) Smoking is related to many heart and circulatory ailments. Nicotine in cigarettes increases the heart rate and places more stress on the heart. The Arctic Circle has animal life. It is the habitat of penguins and walruses. Certain combinations of drugs and alcohol may be fatal. Death has occured when drugs and alcohol are used together. A person travelling south from Malaysia in a straight line is likely to return to Malaysia eventually. The earth is a sphere. Alcohol is dangerous for drivers. Alcohol impairs judgment. Driving under the influence of alcohol may lead to accidents. A glass vase dropped on a hard surface is likely to break. Glass is fragile and breakable. The green chlorophyll fades or disappears due to a lack of water. The sunlight.

(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

3.

(a) (b)

ANSWERS

131

(c) (d) 4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5.

The trapped sugar inside the leaves. The leaves are unable to receive water from the roots. Leaves turn red, yellow or orange when chlorophyll disintegrates. When sound waves reflect off a mountain, an echo is heard. Mercury melts when it is heated to 38.9C. A person becomes far-sighted when his lens are too thin or his eyeballs are too short. When acid is dissolved in water, ions are formed.

Moss Where are they found? What are they? What is their habitat? Trees and near factories. Thousands of plants from a single species. In damp and cool places.

Lichen Trees, rocks and old walls Two types of plants living together a fungus and an alga. Anywhere except where the air or water is poisoned.

6.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Insects help take the pollen from one flower to another. Some flowers make a sweet juice called nectar that many insects feed on. Some of the pollen on its body brushes off on the sticky stigma. Flowers that need the help of insects to make seeds usually have a strong scent.

TOPIC 3: SUMMARISING
Activity 3.1
From economic growth to exports and employment, computers and other information technologies (IT) play an increasingly vital role in the US economy.

Activity 3.2
1. (a) If we continue to abuse our world, we will almost certainly destroy it.

132

ANSWERS

(b)

To unite people in a long-term struggle towards a goal, charismatic leadership is necessary. Every Malaysian can afford a mobile phone as mobile phones have become cheaper. Due to the untiring efforts of the government to create an IT-literate Malaysian society, Internet usage has grown tremendously. The DCR-IP5E camera uses a Carl Zeiss Lens that provides better contrast, colour saturation and image brilliance and helps you to get excellent video and still images.

2.

(a) (b) (c)

Activity 3.3
List of Items 1. Dining set, kitchen cabinet 2. Garden chairs and settee 3. Medical doctors, engineers 4. Accountants, architects and lawyers 5. Marker pens, white paper, stapler 6. Masking tapes, envelopes General Term Furniture Furniture Professionals Professionals Stationery Stationery

Activity 3.4
1. The village of Boudhanath, or Boudha, about 4km east of Kathmandu, is an age-old religious centre for Tibetan traders. Now, the town is a thriving marketplace and a social centre. Even though Japan is prone to earthquakes and typhoons, due to sound construction, education and communications, its people are less vulnerable than citizens of poorer nations.

2.

Activity 3.5
1. (a) (b) Jeremy Harold Hendriques, the editor of Computer International. To help webmasters to choose a suitable web host.

ANSWERS

133

(c) 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

March 2009. Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5: Shopping around for a web host Hosting service will be charged according to hard disk space and data transfer volume. The amount of server space and data transfer units can vary widely according to sites. It is difficult to judge the server requirements of a website. It is important to get flexible rates as its is difficult to project the server space needs and data transfer requirements. It is critical to keep the website up constantly, therefore it is important to ensure that the hosting service uses multiple connections. The need for a secure server.

(f)

Paragraph 6:

(g) 3.

Paragraph 7:

4.

When choosing a web host, it is important to decide the complexity of the website and the amount of traffic to be generated. Most hosting services offer a variety of packages and charges based on the hard disk space required and monthly volume of data transfer. The amount of server space and data transfer units you need can vary widely. It is difficult to predict

134

ANSWERS

the amount of disk space needed and the volume of data transfer as these might change over time. Therefore, do not to go into a long-term contract. Most providers will allow the monthly switching of packages. So, it is important to get flexible terms. It is also critical to keep the site up throughout the day. Most web hosting services will guarantee that the site is up 95 to 99 percent of the time. This is not good enough. Make sure the hosting service uses multiple connections from different providers to the Internet backbone so that the business can stay online constantly. It is also important to see that credit is given whenever downtimes exceed the guarantee. Even though it costs a little more, it is important to have a secure server if you are going to collect personal and credit card information.

TOPIC 4: TECHNICAL GENRE

Activity 4.1
Example:

Activity 4.2
1. 2. The memo was sent to the head of the college, Assoc Prof Dr Tan Xian Sheng It was from Ms Elise Lee, the Head of the Ad Hoc Committee Against Hazing.

ANSWERS

135

3. 4. 5.

The problem is that hazing is poorly understood and under-reported because of unclear guidelines. To draw up guidelines on what constitute hazing and propose steps to overcome it. Any of the three recommendations below: (a) College departments which work with student organisations should continue and intensify efforts against hazing, especially efforts to help organisations distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and to help the organisations develop positive rites of passage for their new members. A more consistent and centralised system of responding to reported violations of college standards. More centralised coordination and support for departmental education and prevention work against hazing. All parties involved to meet periodically to discuss hazing case studies.

(b) (c) (d) 6.

The attachment presents the proposed new anti-hazing policy which includes a clearer working definition of hazing and recommendations from various bodies on steps to overcome hazing.

Activity 4.3
1. Any three other emoticons, acronyms and jargon that are universally understood. Examples: ;p ;D TTYL

2.
To: Alex/Any other name From: Lynn Lui<[email protected]/Any address in domain name system* Subject: Re: Interview Hello Alex, (The reply can come in any form of reaction to the mail, with the email conventions utilised to maximise intended effect.) Regards, Lyn

136

ANSWERS

Activity 4.4
1. (a)

Since/As the neutron is an uncharged particle, no repulsive forces are

exerted on it by the nucleus. (The cause word since or as introduces a clause.)

(b)

Since/As atomic power is not available in sufficient quantity, coal is

still a very valuable source of power. (The cause word since or as introduces a clause.)

(c) (d)

Since/As the apprentices had very little training, their work was very
poor. (The cause word since or as introduces a clause.) Because of/On account of/Due to/Owing to the increase in temperature, there is an increase in pressure. (The cause words here introduce a phrase.) Because of/On account of/Due to/Owing to their greater viscosity, liquids are less likely to leak than gases. (The cause words here introduce a phrase.)

(e)

2.

The reasons can run along these lines: (a) The memo is clearly structured into heading and body for both simple memo and memo report. For the memo report, there is a description of the current situation, some proposed alternatives and recommendations. There are also opening, closing and summary segments on the recommendations although the summary may not be explicitly stated but embedded in the report. The ideas are stated clearly and precisely and substantiating data are given.

(b)

3.

The cause is radiation exposure. The effect is damage to the cells in the human body. The effects these damaged cells can bring about are leukemia, birth defects in future generations and immediate death. (a)
Cause Radiation exposure Damaged cells Effect Damage to the cells in the human body Leukemia Birth defects in future generations Immediate death

(b)

The following are three sample sentences:

ANSWERS

137

(i) (ii)

Owing to radiation exposure, cells in the human body are damaged. Birth defects in future generations are possible owing to damaged cells.

(iii) Immediate death is imminent on account of damaged cells.

TOPIC 5: USING VISUALS

Activity 5.1
Reasons for using visual aids: Enhance understanding Give quick first impression Highlight important points Facilitates comparison of data

138

ANSWERS

Activity 5.2
1.

2.

Examples of visuals and their functions: (a) (b) (c) Pie chart Shows percentages that make up a whole; Table Compares numerical data; Exploded view Presents exaggerated parts of an object as though they have been taken apart, providing a better view of internal functions; and Flow chart Illustrates a process.

(d)

Activity 5.3
The four introductory sentences can be as follows: 1. 2. This graph shows that the production of PDAs has increased/decreased for the last _______ years. As you can see, laptop production has increased/decreased over the last _______ years.

ANSWERS

139

3. 4.

As shown in Figure _______, PDA production has increased/decreased _______ When you compare the production of PDA and laptops, you can see that laptops are more/less popular among OUM learners.

Activity 5.4
The purpose can be as a specification or for publication in an advertisement. The order is by division into functional parts.

Activity 5.5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The problem presents so many difficulties that no satisfactory solution has yet been found. The friction losses are so much reduced as to become negligible. The molecular agitation becomes so violent that the molecules break away from each other. The temperatures in the turbine are so high that special nickel alloys must be used. The load on the turbine may be so great as to stop the blades from turning.

Activity 5.6
1.

140

ANSWERS

2.

(a) (b) (c)

The computer is limited in speed with the result that it will soon become obsolete. As a result of/In consequence of/Consequent upon the bad weather, progress on the bridge was held up. Water was sprayed into the steam causing condensation. Hence/ Consequently/Therefore/As a result, a partial vacuum was produced. As a result of/In consequence of/ Consequent upon mass production, the goods became cheaper. Insufficient air will prevent complete combustion while/whilst/whereas too much air will reduce the temperature of combustion. While/Whilst/Whereas the traffic density on the road is very high during peak hours, it is very low at midday and during the night. The steam in contact with the steam chest is comparatively dry. On the other hand, the steam in contact with the piston is much wetter.

(d) 3. (a)

(b) (c)

TOPIC 6: TECHNICAL VOCABULARY

Activity 6.1
1. (a) (b) Resistance here means refusal to accept change. Resistance here means a force which slows down a moving object or vehicle) Value here means worth in money. Value here means amount or figure.

2.

(a) (b)

Activity 6.2
1. (a) (b) (c) Microscope A device for viewing small objects so that they look larger for the purposes of scientific examination and study. Kaleidoscope A tube-like device for looking through to see different patterns of light made by pieces of coloured glass and mirrors. Oscilloscope A device for viewing the instantaneous trace on the screen (usually a wavy line) of a cathode-ray tube. For example, a persons heartbeat.

ANSWERS

141

(d)

Telescope Cylindrical device for viewing distant objects so that they look nearer and larger.

Notice that scope carries the meaning of viewing in all cases. 2. (a) Appendicitis (i) (ii) Appendix Refers to the small closed tube attached to the digestive system -itis means inflammation

Therefore, appendicitis means inflammation of the small closed tube attached to the digestive system.
(b) Bronchitis (i) (ii) Bronchial tube Refers to the tubes which connect the windpipe to the lungs. -itis means inflammation

Therefore, bronchitis means inflammation (sore or infected) of the tubes which connect the windpipe to the lungs.
(c) Tonsilitis (i) (ii) Tonsils Two small soft organs at the back of the mouth. -itis means inflammation

Therefore, tonsilitis means inflammation of the two small soft organs at the back of the mouth.
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Submerge Liquidity Disconnect Microsecond Motionless

Activity 6.3
1. The installation of NT Server is the same as NT Workstation with a few differences. For instance, during installation of the NT server you now need to choose the role of the server whether it is Server, PDC, or BCD, Yet another is you must choose to install Internet Information Server. Choosing

142

ANSWERS

a license mode whether per server or per seat is another instance of difference. 2. Any other indicator words or phrases that suggest definition.

Activity 6.4
1. 2. (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) iv, (b) vii, (c) v, (d) i, (e) ii, (f) iii, (g) vi

pleasing end get well restore part feeling enough support stitches detail

(Other suitable answers are also acceptable.)

TOPIC 7: MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

Activity 7.1
The following are examples of mathematical facts: 1. 2. The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are called whole numbers. Whole numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.

Activity 7.2
E.g. 5/6 > 2/3

ANSWERS

143

Activity 7.3
The concept of dispersion: range, inter-quartile, standard deviation, etc.

Activity 7.4
1. 2. Like terms, unlike terms, and expansion e.g. 2(a + b) = 2a + 2b (section 7.4). Mathematical facts are true mathematical statements. Examples in Sections 7.1 to 7.4

TOPIC 8: MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

Activity 8.1
1. Yes, because we approximate first before we estimate: Example: 49.5 x 1.23 = 50 x 1 (approximation) = 50 (estimate). (i) 29.46 (ii) 29.5 (iii) 29

2.

Activity 8.2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

y + 6 = 14 z 15 = 12
50 + (x+y) = 450

m=7+n x y = 32

Activity 8.3
Continuous Data Weight of books, age of a person, temperature of a room Discrete Data Clothing sizes, number of students in a class, shoe size.

144

ANSWERS

Activity 8.4
The pie chart shows the ingredients used to make a pizza. Half of the pizzas weight comes from the crust. The mushrooms make up the smallest amount of pizza by weight.

Activity 8.5
Monthly tests, students hobbies.