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    Matter Classification Properties and Laws

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    Matter Classification Properties and Laws

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    matter classification properties and laws

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    Matter Classification Properties and Laws

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    of 52

    Chemistry: Study of Matter

    Psychiatry Medicine Food Science

    Biology

    Chemistry

    Physics

    Agriculture

    Evntl Science

    Economics

    Classification of Matter
    MATTER - Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume) - All matter is made of particles

    Phases of Matter
    Solids have definite shape and volume Liquids have definite volume but not shape Gases no definite shape and volume

    Phases of Matter

    Classification of Matter
    MATTER

    SUBSTANCE
    - Has fixed or definite composition
    - Unique set of properties

    MIXTURES
    - Composed of two or more substances

    Substances
    Have definite composition and properties

    SUBSTANCES
    ELEMENTS
    Simplest type of matter Composed of only one type of atom

    COMPOUNDS
    - combination of different elements in a definite ratio

    Elements
    Simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom Found in the periodic table Examples:
    Oxygen represented as O Magnesium represented as Mg Carbon represented as C

    Classification of Elements
    1. Metals conductivity, luster, malleability, ductility 2. Nonmetals non-conductivity, reactivity 3. Metalloids combination of metallic and nonmetallic properties (semiconductors)

    There are 81 non-radioactive elements. All elements heavier than barium, Ba, atomic number 83, are radioactive, are technetium, 43, and promethium, 61. There are 92 naturally occuring elements. Elements 93 to 118 (but not 117) must be prepared synthetically and may exist for microseconds or less.

    Elements: Classification

    Elements: Classification

    Allotropes
    Elements simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom. Allotropes one of two or more forms of an element in the same physical state
    Carbon graphite (black solid) and diamond (clear hard solid) Oxygen O2 (elemental oxygen) and O3 (Ozone)

    Allotropes

    Compounds
    Combination of different atoms/elements in a definite ratio Has unique properties Examples: 1. Water represented as H2O 2. Carbon Dioxide represented as CO2

    COMPOUNDS
    Definite composition of compounds can be described in two ways: 1. Type and the number of atoms 2. Masses or %mass of each element in the compound Example: H2O has a definite composition of: 1. 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen 2. 2.032 g (11.27%) of hydrogen and 16.00 g (88.83%) of oxygen for each 18.032 g of H2O

    Compound name Formula


    Acetaminophen Acetic acid Ammonia Ascorbic Acid Baking soda C9H9NO2 C 2 H 4 O2 NH3 C 6 H 8 O6 NaHCO3

    Uses
    Pain reliever Ingredient in vinegar Fertilizer, household cleaner Vitamin C Cooking

    Butane
    Caffeine Ethanol Methane Phosphoric acid Salt Sucrose Water

    C4H10
    C8H10N4O2 C 2 H6 O CH4 H3PO4 NaCl C12H22O11 H2 O

    Lighter fuel
    Stimulant in coffee, tea, soda Disinfectant, alcoholic beverages Natural gas, fuel Flavoring in soda Flavoring Sweetener Washing, cooking, cleaning

    Classification of Matter
    MATTER

    SUBSTANCE
    Has fixed or definite composition Unique set of properties

    MIXTURES
    Composed of two or more substances

    MIXTURES
    MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS
    Has only one phase and uniform composition phases

    HETEROGENOUS
    made up of 2 or more phases has indefinite composition and prop.

    COLLOIDS

    intermediate phase between homogeneous and heterogeneous phase ( 1 1000nm)

    HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
    Has only one phase and has uniform phase all throughout Also known as SOLUTIONS COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION 1. Solvent in greater amount 2. Solute in lesser amount Note: solute is dissolved in solvent (dissolution process)

    EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION

    Consist of TWO OR MORE different substances or phases. Classified as: -Suspensions -Colloids -Coarse mixtures

    COLLOIDS
    Colloids is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance They exhibit TYNDALL EFFECT Tyndall Effect scattering of light when it passes through a colloidal medium

    TYNDALL EFFECT

    COLLOIDS
    Unlike in solutions, the components of a colloid are the following:
    1. Dispersed particle 2. Dispersing medium NOTE: Instead of dissolution, we have dispersion.

    EXAMPLES OF COLLOIDS

    COLLOIDS vs SOLUTIONS

    TYPES OF COLLOIDS

    SUSPENSIONS
    Particles in a suspension are larger than those in colloids or solutions; they are visible under a microscope, and some can be seen with the naked eye.

    COARSE MIXTURES
    - consist of visibly different substances or phases. - parts can be separated by physical means.

    Seatwork
    1. table salt 2. milk 3.tears 4. 70%isopropyl alcohol 5. mercury 6. fruit salad 7. blood 8. cough syrup 9. acetic acid 10. coccaine

    SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS

    DECANTATION

    Distillation set up

    CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER: SUMMARY


    NO

    ELEMENTS

    SUBSTANCE
    NO Can it be decomposed by chemical process? YES

    COMPOUNDS

    MATTER
    Can it be separated by physical process? YES

    YES

    SOLUTIONS

    MIXTURES
    Is it uniform throughout? NO

    SUSPENSIONS

    Exercise on Classification of Matter


    Substance or mixture? 1. Red ink -Homogenous Mixture 2. Water - Substance (Compound) 3. Iced Tea - Homogeneous Mixture 4. Gravel and Sand - Heterogeneous Mixture 5. Table Salt - Substance (Compound)

    Properties of Matter
    Dependent on amount 1. Extensive or Extrinsic dependent on the amount of matter (e.g. Mass, volume, energy) 2. Intensive or Intrinsic independent of amount (e.g. Density, temperature)

    Properties of Matter
    Dependent on Chemical Reactivity 1. Chemical dependent on the reactivity of matter (e.g. Ability to burn, to be oxidized or reduced, etc.) 2. Physical independent on reactivity of matter (e.g. Appearance, mass, density, volume, etc.)

    Transformation of Matter
    1. Chemical Change change in the composition of matter (e.g. Burning, rusting,explosion) 2. Physical Change no change in the composition of matter (e.g. Change in phase, change in shape)

    Transformation of Matter
    Indicators of Chemical Changes
    Evolution of gas Heat absorption or release Formation of a solid (precipitate) Change in color

    Physical Change
    Phase Changes

    Exercise on Transformation of Matter


    Physical or Chemical change?

    Physical
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cutting of paper Burning of wood Melting of ice Photosynthesis Spoiling of food Rusting of iron nail Freezing of water

    Chemical

    Fundamental laws in Chemistry


    Law of conservation of mass
    Established by a French chemist Antoine Lavoisier Matter cannot be destroyed during a physical or chemical change During a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants should be equal to the mass of the products

    Fundamental laws in chemistry


    Illustration of the law of conservation of mass:
    C(s) + O2(g) 1 atom 1 molecule 12.011 amu 32.000 amu 44.011 amu In terms of mass ratio CO2(g) 1 molecule 44.011 amu 44.011 amu

    12.011 g C : 32.000 g O2 : 44.011 g CO2

    Law of conservation of mass

    Fundamental laws in chemistry


    Illustration of the law of conservation of mass:
    C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + excess C(s) 44.011 g + 0.014 g 44.025 g

    12.025 g + 32.000 g 44.025 g

    Fundamental laws in Chemistry


    Illustration of Law of conservation of mass
    When the reactants combine, the mass ratio of the reaction must be maintained 12.011 g C : 32.000 g O2 : 44.011 g CO2
    Not all reactants are consumed in a chemical reaction

    Exercise
    A 0.455 g sample of magnesium is allowed to burn in 2.315 g of oxygen gas. The sole product is magnesium oxide. After the reaction, no magnesium remains and the mass of unreacted oxygen is 2.015 g. What mass of magnesium oxide is produced?

    Fundamental laws in Chemistry


    Law of Definite Composition
    Elements may react with other elements in specific ratios to form a compound. Theses specific ratios can be described by: (1) Fixed mass percentages of each element in the compound (2) Fixed particle ratio in the compound For a given compound, these proportions are independent of time, location, temperature, pressure, etc.

    Fundamental laws in Chemistry


    Illustration of Law of Definite Composition
    Consider water molecule, H2O
    Sample A 10.000 g 1.119 g H 8.881 g O % H = 11.19 % O = 88.81 Composition Sample B 27.000 g 3.021 g H 23.979 g O

    This law is only used to describe compounds and not the chemical reaction

    Fundamental laws in Chemistry


    Law of Multiple Proportion
    Two or more elements may combine to form different compounds with varying mass ratios and particle ratios. Examples: Carbon + Oxygen CO or CO2 or C2O4, etc. Sulfur + Oxygen SO2 or SO4, etc.

    Example
    Consider two oxides of carbon (an oxide is a combination of an element with oxygen). In one oxide, 1.000g of C is combined with 1.333 g Oxygen, and in the other, with 2.667 g of oxygen.

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