Chapter 5 Footing Design

By S. Ali Mirza1 and William Brant2

5.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete foundations, or footings, transmit loads from a structure to the supporting soil. Footings are designed based on the nature of the loading, the properties of the footing and the properties of the soil. Design of a footing typically consists of the following steps: 1. Determine the requirements for the footing, including the loading and the nature of the supported structure. 2. Select options for the footing and determine the necessary soils parameters. This step is often completed by consulting with a Geotechnical Engineer. 3. The geometry of the foundation is selected so that any minimum requirements based on soils parameters are met. Following are typical requirements:
1 2

The calculated bearing pressures need to be less than the allowable bearing pressures. Bearing pressures are the pressures that the footing exerts on the supporting soil. Bearing pressures are measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square foot. The calculated settlement of the footing, due to applied loads, needs to be less than the allowable settlement. The footing needs to have sufficient capacity to resist sliding caused by any horizontal loads. The footing needs to be sufficiently stable to resist overturning loads. Overturning loads are commonly caused by horizontal loads applied above the base of the footing. Local conditions. Building code requirements.

Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada. Structural Engineer, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, KS.

4. Structural design of the footing is completed, including selection and spacing of reinforcing steel in accordance with ACI 318 and any applicable building code. During this step, the previously selected geometry may need to be revised to accommodate the strength requirements of the reinforced concrete sections. Integral to the structural design are the requirements specific to foundations, as defined in ACI 318-05 Chapter 15.

5.2 Types of Foundations

Shallow footings bear directly on the supporting soil. This type of foundation is used when the shallow soils can safely support the foundation loads. A deep foundation may be selected if the shallow soils cannot economically support the foundation loads. Deep foundations consist of a footing that bears on piers or piles. The footing above the piers or piles is typically referred to as a pile cap. The piers or piles are supported by deeper competent soils, or are supported on bedrock. It is commonly assumed that the soil immediately below the pile caps provides no direct support to the pile cap.

5.3 Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design

Traditionally the geometry of a footing or a pile cap is selected using unfactored loads. The structural design of the foundation is then completed using strength design in accordance with ACI 318. ACI Committee 336 is in the process of developing a methodology for completing the entire footing design using the strength design method.

5.4 Structural Design

The following steps are typically followed for completing the structural design of the footing or pile cap, based on ACI 318-05: 1. Determine footing plan dimensions by comparing the gross soil bearing pressure and the allowable soil bearing pressure. 2. Apply load factors in accordance with Chapter 9 of ACI 318-05. 3. Determine whether the footing or pile cap will be considered as spanning one-way or two-ways. 4. Confirm the thickness of the footing or pile cap by comparing the shear capacity of the concrete section to the factored shear load. ACI 318-05 Chapter 15 provides guidance on selecting the location for the critical cross-section for one-way shear. ACI 318-05 Chapter 11 provides guidance on selecting the location for the critical cross-section for two-way shear. Chapter 2 of this handbook on shear design also provides further design information and design aids.

5. Determine reinforcing bar requirements for the concrete section based on the flexural capacity along with the following requirements in ACI 318-05. Requirements specific to footings Temperature and shrinkage reinforcing requirements Bar spacing requirements Development and splicing requirements Seismic Design provisions Other standards of design and construction, as required

5.5 Footings Subject to Eccentric Loading

Footings are often subjected to lateral loads or overturning moments, in addition to vertical loads. These types of loads are typically seismic or wind loads. Lateral loads or overturning moments result in a non-uniform soil bearing pressure under the footing, where the soil bearing pressure is larger on one side of the footing than the other. Non-uniform soil bearing can also be caused by a foundation pedestal not being located at the footing center of gravity. If the lateral loads and overturning moments are small in proportion to the vertical loads, then the entire bottom of the footing is in compression and a P/A M/S type of analysis is appropriate for calculating the soil bearing pressures, where the various parameters are defined as follows: P= The total vertical load, including any applied loads along with the weight of all of the components of the foundation, and also including the weight of the soil located directly above the footing. The area of the bottom of the footing. The total overturning moment measured at the bottom of the footing, including horizontal loads times the vertical distance from the load application location to the bottom of the footing plus any overturning moments. The section modulus of the bottom of the footing.

A= M=

S=

If M/S exceeds P/A, then P/A - M/S results in tension, which is generally not possible at the footing/soil interface. This interface is generally only able to transmit compression, not tension. A different method of analysis is required when M/S exceeds P/A. Following are the typical steps for calculating bearing pressures for a footing, when non-uniform bearing pressures are present. These steps are based on a footing that is rectangular in shape when measured in plan, and assumes that the lateral loads or overturning moments are parallel to one of the principal footing axes. These steps should be completed for as many load combinations as required to confirm compliance with applicable design criteria. For instance, the load combination with the maximum downward vertical load often causes the maximum bearing pressure while the load combination with the minimum downward vertical load often causes the minimum stability. 3
L

1. Determine the total vertical load, P. 2. Determine the lateral and overturning loads. 3. Calculate the total overturning moment M, measured at the bottom of the footing. 4. Determine whether P/A exceeds M/S. This can be done by calculating and comparing P/A and M/S or is typically completed by calculating the eccentricity, which equals M divided by P. If e exceeds the footing length divided by 6, then M/S exceed P/A. 5. If P/A exceeds M/S, then the maximum bearing pressure equals P/A + M/S and the minimum bearing pressure equals P/A-M/S. 6. If P/A is less than M/S, then the soil bearing pressure is as shown in Fig. 5-1. Such a soil bearing pressure distribution would normally be considered undesirable because it makes the footing structurally ineffective. The maximum bearing pressure, shown in the figure, is calculated as follows: Maximum Bearing pressure = 2 P / [(B) (X)] Where X = 3(L/2 - e) and e = M / P

Fig. 5-1 Footing under eccentric loading

5.6 Footing Design Examples

The footing examples in this section illustrate the use of ACI 318-05 for some typical footing designs as well as demonstrate the use of some design aids included in other chapters. However, these examples do not necessarily provide a complete procedure for foundation design as they are not intended to substitute for engineering skills or experience.

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 1 -

Design of a continuous (wall) footing

Determine the size and reinforcement for the continuous footing under a 12 in. bearing wall of a 10 story building founded on soil. Given: /c = 4 ksi /y = 60 ksi Dead Load = D = 25 k/ft Live Load = L = 12.5 k/ft Wind O.T. = W = 4 k/ft (axial load due to overturning under wind loading) Seismic O.T. = E = 5 k/ft (axial load due to overturning under earthquake loading) Allowable soil bearing pressures: D = 3 ksf = "a" D + L = 4 ksf = "b" D + L + (W or E) = 5 ksf = "c"

Procedure Sizing the footing.

Computation Ignoring the footing self-weight; D/a = 25/3 = 8.3 ft (D + L)/b = 37.5/4 = 9.4 ft controls (D + L + W)/c = 41.5/5 = 8.3 ft (D + L + E)/c = 42.5/5 = 8.5 ft Use B = 10 ft U = 1.4D = 1.4(25) = 35 k/ft or 3.50 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(25) + 1.6(12.5) = 50 k/ft or 5.00 ksf (Controls) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L = 1.2(25) + 1.6(4) +12.5 = 48.9 k/ft or 4.89 ksf U = 0.9D + 1.6W = 0.9(25) + 1.6(4) = 28.9 k/ft or 2.89 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L = 1.2(25) + (5) + 12.5

ACI 318-05 Section

Design Aid

Required strength.

9.2

= 47.5 k/ft or 4.75 ksf U = 0.9D + 1.0E = 0.9(25) + (5) = 27.5 k/ft or 2.75 ksf shear = 0.75 Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

Design for shear.

9.3.2.3 11.1.1 11.3

Vn = Vc Vc = ( 2 f 'c bw d )
Try d = 17 in. and h = 21 in.

Vc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 12 )( 17 ) / 1000

=19.35 k/ft Calculate Vu at d from the face of the wall Vu = (10/2 - 6/12 - 17/12)(5.00) = 15.5 k/ft 11.1.3.1

Vn = Vc > Vu
Calculate moment at the face of the wall Compute flexural tension reinforcement

OK 15.4.2

Mu = (5)(4.5)2/2 = 50.6 ft-k/ft Kn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2) Kn = 50.6 (12,000)/[(12)(17)2] = 176 psi For Kn = 176 psi, select = 0.34% As = bd = 0.0034 (12) (17) = 0.70 in2/ft Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh As,min=0.0018(12)(21)=0.46 in2/ft <0.7in2/ft OK Use bottom bars #8 @ 13 in c/c hooked at ends. If these bars are not hooked, provide calculations to justify the use of straight bars. Note: t = 0.040 > 0.005 for tension controlled sections and = 0.9 Use top bars #5 @ 13 in c/c arbitrarily designed to take approximately 40% of bending moment due to possible reversal caused by earthquake loads.

Flexure 1

7.12 10.5.4

10.3.4 9.3.2 Flexure 1

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

8# 5 top and bottom longitudinal bars will satisfy the requirement for shrinkage and

7.12

Check shear for earthquake load effects. For structural members resisting earthquake loads, if the nominal shear strength is less than the shear corresponding to the development of nominal flexural resistance, then; shear = 0.6 Final Design

temperature reinforcement in the other direction. Mn = 61.9 ft-k/ft and the corresponding Vfn = 18.6 k/ft

9.3.4 (a)

Vc = 2 4000 (12)(17.5) / 1000

= 26.5 k/ft > Vfn = 18.6 k/ft Therefore, the use of shear = 0.75 above is correct.

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 2 -

Design of a square spread footing

Determine the size and reinforcing for a square spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on soil.

Given: c = 4 ksi y = 60 ksi Dead Load = D = 200 k Live Load = L = 100 k Allowable soil bearing pressures: Due to D = 4 ksf = "a" Due to D + L = 7 ksf = "b"

Procedure Sizing the footing.

Computation Ignoring the footing self-weight; D/a = 200/4 = 50 sq. ft. (Controls) (D+L)/b = 300/7 = 42.9 sq. ft. Use 7.33 ft x 7.33 ft A = 53.7 > 50 sq. ft. OK U = 1.4D = 1.4(200) = 280 k or (280/53.7) = 5.3 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(200) + 1.6(100) = 400k or (400/53.7)= 7.5 ksf (Controls) shear = 0.75 Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

ACI 31805 Section

Design Aid

Required strength.

9.2

Design for shear.

9.3.2.3

Vn = Vc
Two-way action Try d = 16 in. and h = 20 in. bo = 4(16 + 16) = 128 in.

11.1.1 11.12.1.2 11.12.2.1 (a)

Vc = ( 2 +
Vc = (2 +

) f 'c bo d

4 ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d 16 / 16 d Vc = ( s + 2 ) f 'c bo d bo

11.12.2.1 (b)

Vc = (

( 40 )( 16 ) + 2 ) f 'c bo d 128

Vc = 7 f 'c bo d Vc = 4 f 'c bo d (Controls)

11.12.2.1 (c)

Vc = 0.75( 4 4000 ( 128 )( 16 )) / 1000

= 388.5 k Vu = [(7.33)2 ((16+16)/12)2 ](7.5) = 349.6 k

One-way action

OK bw = 7.33 (12) = 88 in. and d = 15.5 in.

Vn = Vc > Vu

11.12.1.1 11.3.1.1

Vc = 2 f 'c bw d
Vc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 88 )( 15.5 ) / 1000
= 129.4 k Vu =7.33 [(7.33/2) (8+15.5)/12](7.5) = 94.0 k

Vn = Vc > Vu OK
Bearing bearing = 0.65

A2 / A1 = 2
Bearing resistance of footing

9.3.2.4 10.17.1

Br = ( 0.85 f 'c A1 ) A2 / A1
Br = 0.65(0.85)(4)(16)2 (2) Br = 1131 k > 400 k OK 15.4.2

Calculate moment at the column face Compute flexural tension reinforcement (bottom bars) using design aids in Chapter 1

Mu = (7.5)(3)2 (7.33)/2 = 248 ft-k Kn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2) Kn = 248 (12,000)/[(7.33)(12)(15.5)2] = 141 psi For Kn = 141 psi, select = 0.27% As = bd = 0.0027 (7.33)(12)(15.5) = 3.7 in2 Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh As,min=0.0018(7.33)(12)(20)= 3.2 in2 < 3.7in2 OK Use 9 #6 straight bars in both directions Note: t = 0.050 > 0.005 for tension controlled sections and = 0.9.

Flexure 1

7.12 10.5.4

Flexure 1

Development length: Critical sections for development length occur at the column face.

l d = f y t e /(25 f 'c ) db
( 60 ,000 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 ) 0.75 ld = 25 4 , 000 d =29 in. < d (provided) = (3)(12) 3 = 33 in OK

10.3.4 9.3.2 15.6.3 15.4.2 12.2.2

Final Design

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 3 -

Design of a rectangular spread footing.

Determine the size and reinforcing for a rectangular spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on soil.

Given: c = 4 ksi y = 60 ksi Dead Load = D = 180 k Live Load = L = 100 k Wind O.T. = W = 120 k (axial load due to overturning under wind loading) Allowable soil bearing pressures: Due to D = 4 ksf = a Due to D + L = 6 ksf = b Due to D + L + W = 8.4 ksf = c Design a rectangular footing with an aspect ratio 0.6 ACI 31805 Section Design Aid

Procedure Sizing the footing.

Computation Ignoring the self-weight of the footing; D/a = 180/4 = 45 sq.ft. (D+L)/b = 280/6 = 46.7 sq.ft. (D + L + W)/c = 400/8.4 = 47.6 sq.ft. Controls Use 5 ft x 10 ft A = 50 sq.ft. is OK U = 1.4D = 1.4(180) = 252 k or (252/50) = 5.1 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.6L

Required Strength

9.2

10

= 1.2(180) + 1.6(100) = 376 k or (376/50) = 7.6 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L = 1.2(180) + 1.6(120) + 1.0(100) = 508 k or 10.2 ksf (Controls) U = 0.9D + 1.6W = 0.9(180) + 1.6(120) = 354 k or 7.1 ksf shear = 0.75 Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

Design for shear.

9.3.2.3

Vn = Vc
Two-way action Try d = 23 in. and h = 27 in. bo = 4(16 + 23) = 156 in.

11.1.1 11.12.1.2 11.12.2.1 (a)

Vc = ( 2 +
Vc = (2 +

) f 'c bo d

4 ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d 16 / 16

Vc = (
Vc = (

sd
bo

+ 2 ) f 'c bo d

11.12.2.1 (b)

( 40 )( 23 ) + 2 ) f 'c bo d 156

Vc = 7.9 f 'c bo d Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls)

11.12.2.1 (c)

Vc = 0.75( 4 4000 ( 156 )( 23 )) / 1000

= 680.7 k Vu = [(10)(5) (16+23)/12)2 ](10.2) = 402.3 k

Vn = Vc > Vu
One-way action (in short direction)

OK 11.12.1.1 11.3.1.1

bw = 5(12) = 60 in. and d = 23.5 in.

Vc = 2 f 'c bw d

11

Vc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 60 )( 23.5 ) / 1000

= 133.7 k Vu=5[(10/2) (8+23.5)/12](10.2)=121.2 k

Vn = Vc > Vu OK
One-way action in the long direction is not a problem because the footing edge is located within the potential critical section for one-way shear. bearing = 0.65

Bearing

A2 / A1 = 2
Bearing resistance of footing

9.3.2.4 10.17.1

Br = ( 0.85 f 'c A1 ) A2 / A1
Br = 0.65(0.85)(4)(16)2 (2) Br = 1131 k > 508 k OK

Calculate moment in the long direction, at the column face. Compute flexural tension reinforcement (bottom bars) using design aids in Chapter 1.

Mu = (10.2)(4.33)2 (5)/2 = 479 ft-k Kn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2) Kn = 479 (12,000)/[(5)(12)(23.5)2] = 173.5 psi For Kn = 173.5 psi, select = 0.335% As = bd = 0.00335 (5)(12)(23.5) = 4.72 in2 Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh As,min= 0.0018(5)(12)(27) = 2.92 in2 < 4.72 in2 OK Use 8 #7 bars distributed uniformly across the entire 5ft width of footing Note: t = 0.041 > 0.005 for tension controlled sections and = 0.9.

15.4.2

Flexure 1 7.12 10.5.4

15.4.4.1 10.3.4 9.3.2 15.4.2

Flexure 1

Calculate moment in the short direction, at the column face. Compute flexural tension reinforcement (bottom bars) using design aids in Chapter 1.

Mu = (10.2)(1.83)2 (10)/2 = 171.4 ft-k Kn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2) Kn = 171.4 (12,000)/[(10)(12)(22.5)2] = 33.9 psi For Kn = 33.9 psi, select = 0.07% As = bd = 0.0007 (10)(12)(22.5) = 1.89 in2

Flexure 1

12

Check for minimum reinforcement

As,min= 0.0018 bh As,min= 0.0018(10)(12)(27) = 5.83 in2 > 1.89 in2 Use As = 5.83 in2 (Reinf. In central 5-ft band) / (total reinf.) = 2/(+1) = 10/5 = 2; and 2/(+1) = 2/3 Reinf. In central 5-ft band = 5.83(2/3) = 3.89 in2 Use 7 #7 bars distributed uniformly across the entire 5ft band. Reinforcement outside the central band = 5.83 7(0.6) = 1.63 in2 Use 6 #5 bars (3 each side) distributed uniformly outside the central band.

7.12 10.5.4

15.4.4.2

Development length: Critical sections for development length occur at the column face.

l d = (3 / 40)( f y /

[(t e s ) /((cb + K tr ) / db )]db

f 'c )

15.6.3 15.4.2 12.2.3 12.2.4

Ktr = 0; and ((cb+ Ktr)/db) = 2.5

l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 /
d =25 in. for # 7 bars

[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.875

4 ,000 )

d =25 in < d (provided) = (4.33)(12) 3

= 49 in in the long direction: use straight # 7 bars = 19 in in the short direction: use hooked # 7 bars

d =25 in > d (provided) = (1.83)(12) 3

l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 /

[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 0.8 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.625

4 ,000 )

d =15 in. for # 5 bars d = 15 in < d (provided) = 19 in

in the short direction: use straight # 5 bars

13

Final Design

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 4 -

Design of a pile cap.

Determine the size and reinforcing for a square pile cap that supports a 16 in. square column and is placed on 4 piles.

Given: c = 5 ksi y = 60 ksi Dead Load = D = 250 k Live Load = L = 150 k 16 x 16 in. reinforced concrete column 12 x 12 in. reinforced concrete piles (4 piles each @ 5 ft on centers)

Procedure Factored Loads: Column: U = 1.4D = 1.4(250) = 350 k

Computation

ACI 31805 Section 9.2

Design Aid

U = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(250) + 1.6(150) = 540 k = Vu (Controls) Piles: Pu = 540/4 = 135 k = Vu ignoring the self-weight of pile cap

14

Design for shear.

shear = 0.75 Assume Vs = 0, (no shear reinforcement)

9.3.2.3

Vn = Vc
Try d = 26 in. and h = 33 in. Two-way action Around Column: bo = 4(16 + 26) = 168 in.

11.1.1

11.12.1.2 11.12.2.1 (a)

Vc = ( 2 +
Vc = (2 +

) f 'c bo d

4 ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d 16 / 16

Vc = ( Vc = (

sd
bo

+ 2 ) f 'c bo d

11.12.2.1 (b)

( 40 )( 26 ) + 2 ) f ' c bo d 168

Vc = 8.2 f ' c bo d Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls)

11.12.2.1 (c)

Vc = 0.75( 4 5000 ( 168 )( 26 )) / 1000

= 926 k Vu = 540 k

Vn = Vc > Vu
Around Piles

OK

bo = 2(18 + 6 + 13) = 74 in.

4 ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d 12 / 12 ( 20 )( 26 ) Vc = ( + 2 ) f ' c bo d 74 Vc = (2 +

11.12.1.2 11.12.2.1 (a) 11.12.2.1 (b)

Vc = 9 f ' c bo d Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls)

11.12.2.1 (c)

15

Vc = 0.75( 4 5000 ( 74 )( 26 )) / 1000

= 408 k Vu = 135 k

Vn = Vc > Vu

OK

Note: The effective depth is conservative for the two-way action but is O.K. considering the overlapping of the critical sections around the column and the piles One-way action will not be a problem because the piles are located within potential critical sections for one-way shear. Mu = 2(135)(2.5 - 0.67) = 495 ft-k Kn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2) Kn = 495 (12,000)/[(8)(12)(25.5)2] = 95.2 psi For Kn = 95.2 psi, select = 0.19% As = bd = 0.0019 (8)(12)(25.5) = 4.7 in2 Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh As,min= 0.0018(8)(12)(33) = 5.7 in2 > 4.7 in2 As (required) = 5.7 in2 Use 10 #7 each way (bottom reinforcement) Not required. 7.12 10.5.4

One-way action Design for flexure Find flexural tension reinforcement (bottom bars)

Flexure 1

Top reinforcement:

16

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 5 -

Design of a continuous footing with an overturning moment

Determine the size and reinforcing bars for a continuous footing under a 12-in. bearing wall, founded on soil, and subject to loading that includes an overturning moment. Given: fc = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi Depth from top of grade to bottom of footing = 3 ft Density of soil above footing = 100 pcf Density of footing concrete = 150 pcf Vertical Dead Load = 15 k/ft (including wall weight) Horizontal wind shear = V = 2.3 k/ft (applied at 1 ft above grade) Allowable soil bearing pressure based on unfactored loads = 4 ksf

Procedure Sizing the footing

Computation Try footing width = B = 7 ft Area = A = 1(7) =7 ft2/ft Section Modulus = S =1(7)(7)/6=8.167 ft3/ft Try a 14 inch thick footing Weight of footing + soil above footing = (14/12)(0.150) + (36-14)(0.100/12) = 0.175 + 0.183 = 0.358 ksf Total weight of footing + soil above footing + wall from top of grade to top of footing = (0.175)(7)+(.183)(7-1)+(36-14)(0.150/12) = 2.60 kips/ft Total Vertical Load = P = 15 + 2.6 =17.6k/ft (Dead Load) Vertical distance from bottom of footing to location of applied shear = H = 3 + 1 = 4 ft. Overturning moment measured at base of footing = M = (V)(H) = (2.3)(4) = 9.2 ft-kips/ft (Wind Load)

ACI 318-05 Section

Design Aid

17

Eccentricity = e = M/P = 9.2/17.6 = 0.52 ft B/6 = 7/6 = 1.17 ft Since e < B/6, bearing pressure = P/A M/S Maximum bearing pressure =P/A + M/S = (15 + 2.6)/7 + 9.2/8.167 = 3.64 ksf Minimum bearing pressure =P/A M/S = (15 + 2.6)/7 9.2/8.167 = 1.39 ksf Required Strength Max bearing pressure < allowable: OK U = 1.4D = 1.4(17.6)/7 = 3.52 ksf U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L 1.2D = 1.2(17.6)/7 = 3.02 ksf 1.6W = 1.6(9.2)/8.167 = 1.80 ksf 1.0L = 0 e = 1.6(M)/(1.2(P)) = 1.6(9.2)/(1.2(17.6) = 0.70 ft Since e < B/6, bearing pressure = 1.2(P/A) 1.6(M/S) U = 4.82 ksf (maximum) U = 1.22 ksf (minimum) U = 0.9D + 1.6W 0.9D = 0.9(17.6)/7 = 2.27 ksf 1.6W =1.6(9.2)/8.167 = 1.80 ksf e = 1.6(M)/(0.9(P)) = 1.6(9.2)/(0.9(17.6) = 0.93 ft Since e < B/6, bearing pressure = 0.9(P/A) 1.6(M/S) U = 4.07 ksf (maximum) U = 0.47 ksf (minimum) 9.2

18

Design for Shear

shear = 0.75
Vn = Vc

9.3.2.3 11.1.1 11.3

Assume Vs = 0 (i.e. no shear reinforcement)

Vc = 2 f b w d
' c

)
)

Try d = 10 in. and h = 14 in.

Vc = 0.75 2 4000 12 10 / 1000

= 11.38 k/ft Calculate Vu for the different load combinations that may control. Calculate at the location d from the face of the wall. Delete the portion of bearing pressure caused by weight of footing and soil above footing. Distance d from face of wall = (7/2 6/12 10/12) = 2.17 ft measured from the edge of the footing U = 1.4D Vu = (3.52 (1.4)(0.358))(2.17) = 6.55 k/ft U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L Bearing pressure measured at distance d from face of wall = 4.82 (4.82 1.22)(2.17/7) = 3.70 ksf Vu = (3.70 1.2(0.358))(2.17) + (4.82 3.70)(2.17/2) = 8.31 k/ft (controls) 11.1.3.1

Vn = Vc > Vu

OK

19

Moment

Calculate the moment at the face of the wall = (7/2 6/12) = 3.0 ft measured from the edge of the footing U = 1.4D Mu = (3.52 1.4(0.358))(3.0)2 / 2 = 13.58 ft-k/ft U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L Bearing pressure measured at face of wall = 4.82 (4.82 1.22)(3/7) = 3.28 ksf Mu = (3.28 1.20.358)(3.0)2 / 2 + (4.82 3.28)(3.0)2 / 3 = 17.45 ft-k/ft (controls) Compute K n = M u (12,000) /(bd 2 )

15.4.2

K n = 17.45 (12,000) /(12 10 2 ) = 175 psi

For K n = 175 psi , select = 0.34% Compute flexural tension reinforcement As = b d = 0.0034(12)(10) = 0.41in 2 ft Check for Asmin = 0.0018 bh Asmin = 0.0018(12)(14) = 0.30 in2/ft < 0.41 in2/ft OK Use bottom bars #6 @12 in. Use 7#5 bottom longitudinal bars to satisfy the requirements for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in the other direction. 7.12 7.12 10.5.4 Flexure 1

20