Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Common Types of Trusses Classification of Coplanar Trusses The Method of Joints Zero-Force Members The Method of Sections Compound Trusses Complex Trusses Space Trusses

Common Types of Trusses

bay, 5-6 m typical span, 18 - 30 m, typical

gusset plate

Howe truss 18 - 30 m

Pratt truss 18 - 30 m

Howe truss flat roof

Warren truss flat roof

saw-tooth truss skylight

Fink truss > 30 m

three-hinged arch hangar, gymnasium

 Bridge Trusses sway bracing top lateral bracing deck panel floor beam bottom cord top cord

portal bracing stringers portal end post

trough Pratt truss

Warren truss

deck Pratt truss

parker truss (pratt truss with curved chord)

Howe truss

baltimore truss

K truss

Assumptions for Design 1. All members are connected at both ends by smooth frictionless pins. 2. All loads are applied at joints (member weight is negligible). Notes: Centroids of all joint members coincide at the joint. All members are straight. All load conditions satisfy Hookes law.

Classification of Coplanar Trusses

D A

new members d (new joint)

 Compound Trusses

simple truss

simple truss

simple truss

simple truss

Type 1

Type 2

secondary simple truss secondary simple truss

secondary simple truss secondary simple truss

main simple truss Type 3

 Complex Trusses

Determinacy

b + r = 2j b + r > 2j

statically determinate statically indeterminate

In particular, the degree of indeterminacy is specified by the difference in the numbers (b + r) - 2j.

 Stability b + r < 2j b + r > 2j unstable unstable if truss support reactions are concurrent or parallel or if some of the components of the truss form a collapsible mechanism

External Unstable

Unstable-parallel reactions

Unstable-concurrent reactions

10

Internal Unstable
F C O

8 + 3 = 11 < 2(6)

AD, BE, and CF are concurrent at point O

11

Example 3-1 Classify each of the trusses in the figure below as stable, unstable, statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. The trusses are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the trusses.

12

SOLUTION

Externally stable, since the reactions are not concurrent or parallel. Since b = 19, r = 3, j = 11, then b + r = 2j or 22 = 22. Therefore, the truss is statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable.

Externally stable. Since b = 15, r = 4, j = 9, then b + r > 2j or 19 > 18. The truss is statically indeterminate to the first degree. By inspection the truss is internally stable.

13

Externally stable. Since b = 9, r = 3, j = 6, then b + r = 2j or 12 = 12. The truss is statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable.

Externally stable. Since b = 12, r = 3, j = 8, then b + r < 2j or 15 < 16. The truss is internally unstable.

14

The Method of Joints

500 N

2m A 45o 2m C Cy = 500 N

Ax = 500 N

Ay = 500 N

Joint B y B 45o FBA 500 N FBC x

+ F = 0: x 500 - FBCsin45o = 0 FBC = 707 N (C) + Fy = 0:

- FBA + FBCcos45o = 0 FBA = 500 N (T)

15

500 N

2m A 45o 2m C Cy = 500 N

Ax = 500 N

Ay = 500 N

Joint A 500 N + F = 0: x 500 - FAC = 0 FAC = 500 N (T)

500 N 500 N

FAC

16

Zero-Force Members
P 0 0 B 0 C 0 E D

Dx

Ey FCB C + F = 0: F = 0 x CB + FCD FAB A FAE + Fy = 0: FCD = 0

Dy

Fy = 0: FABsin = 0,

FAB = 0 FAE = 0

+ F = 0: F + 0 = 0, x AE

17

Example 3-4 Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the figure below that have zero force.

B C H D

F P

18

SOLUTION

Ax Ax

B C H

0 D 0

Gx G y

F Joint D + Fy = 0:

0 P

FDC FDE

FDCsin = 0, FDE + 0 = 0,

FDC = 0 FDE = 0

D FEC

+ F = 0: x

FEF P

Joint E + F = 0: x

FEF = 0

19

Ax Ax Gx

A 0 0

B C H F 0 P Joint H + F = 0: y FHB = 0 E

0 D 0

G y FHA H FHF FGA Gx FGF x Joint G + FHB

Fy = 0:

FGA = 0

20

Example 3-5 Determine all the member forces Identify zero-force members 5@3m = 15 m 1 kN K 5m A B 2 kN J I H D 2 kN E G F

C 2 kN

21

SOLUTION Use method of joints Kx 5m K 0 Ky Ax A Ay B 2 kN J

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN I H D 2 kN E G F

C 2 kN

4 18 2(11) r + b = 2j,

Determinate Stable

+ MA = 0: + F = 0: x + Fy = 0:

K x (5) 2(3) 2(6) 2(9) 1(12) = 0

Kx = 7.6 kN,
7.6 + Ax = 0,

Ax = 7.6 kN, Ay = 7 kN,

Ay 2 2 2 1 = 0,

22

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN Use method of joint Joint F y FFG

H D 2 kN E

0 0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

7 kN

+ x

F y = 0:

FFE sin = 0

FFE = 0 + F = 0: x FFG = 0

FFE

23

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint E + y

H D 2 kN
0

G E
0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

F y = 0:

FEG cos = 0

FEG 0 x + F = 0: x

FEG = 0 -FED = 0

FED

24

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint G y 1 kN FHG 33.69 FDG

G
0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

D 2 kN

= tan 1 ( ) = 33.69 o

2 3

F y = 0:

FDG sin 33.69 o 1 = 0

FDG = 1.803 kN (C) + F = 0: x

FHG = 1.5 kN (T) 0

25

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint H + y FHI H 1.5 kN F y = 0: FHD = 0 B 2 kN C 2 kN J I H

G
0

0 0

D 2 kN

+ F = 0: x

FHI + 1.5 = 0

FHI = 1.5 kN (T) FHD

26

Use method of sections

3m 33.69o H

3m

3m G E F 18.44o

1 kN

FHI I FDI

FDC + MD = 0:

D 2 kN

FHI (2) 1(3) = 0

FHI = 1.5 kN (T) + MF = 0:

FDI = 3 kN (T) + MI = 0:
FDC sin 18.44(9) 1(6) 2(3) = 0

Check : +

F y = 0:

FDC = -4.25 kN (C) 3 -4.25 FDI sin 33.69 FDC sin 18.44 2 1 = 0

O.K.

27

The Method of Sections

Dy Dx 2m

A 100 N 2m

a 2m

F 2m

Ex

FBC

+ MG = 0: C + 100(2) - FBC(2) = 0 FBC = 100 N (T) Fy = 0: -100 + FGCsin45o = 0 FGC = 141.42 N (T) + MC = 0: 100(4) - FGF(2) = 0 FGF = 200 N (C)

FGC A 100 N 2m
45o

FGF

28

Example 3-6 Determine member force CD, ID, and IH

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN K 5m A B 2 kN J I H D 2 kN E G F

C 2 kN

29

SOLUTION Use method of sections

3m FHI I FDI 33.69o H

3m

3m G E F 18.44o

1 kN

+1.50E+00 -4.22E+00 3.00E+00

FDC + MD = 0:

D 2 kN

FHI (2) 1(3) = 0

FHI = 1.5 kN (T) + MF = 0:

FDI = 3 kN (T) + MI = 0:
FDC sin 18.44(9) 1(6) 2(3) = 0

Check : +

F y = 0:

FDC = -4.25 kN (C) 3 -4.25 FDI sin 33.69 FDC sin 18.44 2 1 = 0

O.K.

30

Example 3-7 Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. G H A B C 8 kN 3m 3m D 2 kN 3m Ey = 7 kN F E 3m 4.5 m

Ax = 0

Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m

31

SOLUTION H A B C

a F E a D 2 kN 3m 3m Ey = 7 kN 3m 4.5 m

Ax = 0

Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m Section a-a FFG FDG FDC

8 kN 3m

F
26.6o

+ MD = 0: FFG sin26.6o(3.6) + 7(3) = 0, FFG = -17.83 kN (C) + MO = 0: - 7(3) + 2(6) + FDG sin56.3o(6) = 0, FDG = 1.80 kN (C)

D 2 kN

E 3m 3m

Ey = 7 kN

32

Example 3-8 Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. L A M B 6 kN 5m 5m N C 6 kN 5m D 8 kN 5m 5m 5m K J O E I P F G 7 kN H 3m 3m

13 kN

33

SOLUTION A

L M B 6 kN

a N a 5m C

J O D 8 kN 5m E

I P F

H 3m 3m

G 7 kN

13 kN

6 kN 5m

5m

5m

5m

Section a-a L 6m A B 13 kN 6 kN 5m FLM FBM FLK FBC

+ ML = 0: FBC(6) - 13(5) = 0, FBC = 10 kN (T)

34

L b A M B 6 kN 5m FKL FKM FCM 10 kN

K N C

J O D 8 kN 5m I O P E F E

I P F

H 3m 3m

G 7 kN

b 5m

13 kN

6 kN 5m J

5m H

5m

K N C 6 kN 5m

D 8 kN

G 7 kN

3m 3m

5m

5m

5m

+ MK = 0:

-FCMcos31o(6) - 10(6) - 8(5) + 7(20) = 0 FCM = 7.77 kN (T)

35

Compound Trusses
Procedure for Analysis Step 1. Identify the simple trusses Step 2. Obtain external loading Step 3. Solve for simple trusses separately

36

Example 3-9 Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. 4m H I Ay = 0 A B C D 4 kN 2m 4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m 2m J K G 2m F 2m E Ey = 5 kN

37

SOLUTION

H I J

4m G K 2m F 2m E Ey = 5 kN 2m

Ay = 0

A B a C D 4 kN 4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m 2m

H I A B 4 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m J

FHG + MC = 0: 4 sin60o m FJC FBC C -5(4) + 4(2) + FHG(4sin60o) = 0 FHG = 3.46 kN (C)

38

4m H I Ay = 0 A B C D 4 kN 2m 4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m 2m H 4 sin60o m A B I J K G 2m F 2m E Ey = 5 kN

3.46 kN + MA = 0: J
60o

FCK FCD

3.46(4sin60o) + FCKsin60o(4) - 4(2) - 2(4) = 0 FCK = 1.16 kN (T) + F = 0: x -3.46 + 1.16cos60o + FCD = 0 FCK = 2.88 kN (T)

4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m

39

4m H I Ay = 0 A B C D 4 kN 2m 4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m 2m H 4 sin60o m A B I 3.46 kN J
60o

G J K

2m F 2m E Ey = 5 kN

Using the method of joints. Joint A : Determine FAB and FAI FCK = 1.16 2.88 kN Joint H : Determine FHI and FHJ Joint I : Determine FIJ and FIB Joint B : Determine FBC and FBJ Joint J : Determine FJC

4 kN 2 kN Ay = 5 kN 2m 2m

40

Example 3-10 Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the fugure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated.

2m

D
45o 45o 45o

G F E 2m 2m 15 kN 2m B 15 kN 2m

4m

Ax = 0 kN

Ay = 15 kN 2m

Fy = 15 kN

41

SOLUTION
2m

D
45o 45o

G a
45o

4m F

Ax = 0 kN

Ay = 15 kN 2m

B 15 kN 2m

E 2m 2m

15 kN 2m

Fy = 15 kN

+ MB = 0: C 4m FCE FBH FDG 2 sin 45o m

-15(2) - FDG(2 sin45o) - FCEcos45o(4) - FCEsin45o(2) = 0 -----(1) + Fy = 0: 15 - 15 + FBHsin45o - FCEsin45o = 0 FBH = FCE-----(2) + F = 0: x FBHcos45o + FDG + FCEcos45o = 0 -----(3)

2m

D
45o 45o

A Ay = 15 kN 2m

B 15 kN 2m

From eq.(1)-(3): FBH = FCE = -13.38 kN (C) FDG = 18.92 kN (T)

42

2m

D
45o 45o

G a
45o

4m F

Ax = 0 kN

Ay = 15 kN 2m

B 15 kN 2m

E 2m 2m

15 kN 2m

Fy = 15 kN

C 4m FCE FBH FDG

From eq.(1)-(3): FBH = FCE = -13.38 kN (C) FDG = 18.92 kN (T) Analysis of each connected simple truss can now be performed using the method of joints. Joint A : Determine FAB and FAD Joint D : Determine FDC and FDB Joint C : Determine FCB

2m

D
45o

A Ay = 15 kN 2m

B 15 kN 2m

43

Example 3-11 Indicate how to analyze the symmetrical compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. E 3 kN
5o 5o 5o

3 kN D H
45o

F
45o 5o

Ax = 0 kN

B 5 kN 6m 6m

C Fy = 4.62 kN

Ay = 4.62 kN

44

E 3 kN
5o 5o 5o

3 kN D H
45o

F
45o 5o

Ax = 0 kN

B 5 kN 6m 6m FEC

C Fy = 4.62 kN

Ay = 4.62 kN

3 kN F G A FAE 1.5 kN

FAE 1.5 kN

E 1.5 kN D H C 1.5 kN FEC 3 kN

45

E 3 kN
5o 5o 5o

3 kN D H
45o

F
45o 5o

Ax = 0 kN

B 5 kN 6m 6m

C Fy = 4.62 kN FAE
45o

Ay = 4.62 kN

1.5 kN
45o

1.5 kN
45o

1.5 kN
45o

A 1.5 kN A 4.62 kN
45o 45o

FAB

1.5 kN B 5 kN C 4.62 kN

Fy = 0:

4.62 kN

+ F = 0: x

4.62 - 1.5sin45o - FAEsin45o = 0 FAE = 5.03 kN (C)

1.5cos45o - 5.03cos45o + FAB = 0 FAB = 2.50 kN (T) 46

Complex Trusses
F

P D FAD 3 9 2(6) r + b = 2j,

A B FEC F E

Determinate Stable

P D

fEC F

P D 1

+
A B C FEC + x fEC = 0

Xx
A

1 B

FEC = FAD x= fEC Fi = Fi + x fi

47

Example 3-12 Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in the figure below. Assume joints B, F, and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether the members are in tension or compression.

C 1m 0.25 m 1m A 2.5 m B
45o

20 kN F
45o

D E

48

SOLUTION 1m 0.25 m 1m A B
45o

C F

20 kN
45o

D E

F'BD+ x fBD = 0 F'BD x= fBD Fi = F'i + x fi C 1 kN

2.5 m 20 kN F
45o

B A

45o

D E

45o

45o

D E

49

First determine reactions and next use the method of joint, start at join C, F, E, D, and B. C 1m 0.25 m B 1 m +10 20 kN A
0
4 21.5
4 1 . 14
45o

F -10
0

20 kN -1 4.1 4
45o

C
7 0 7 0.
45o

D -18 E

F 1

-0 .70 7 1 kN
45o

+ x
0

B -0.3 A

7 .7 0

9 -0.53

-0.539

0. 70 7

D -0.3 E 0

2.5 m 18 kN (20x2.25)/2.5 = 18 kN C 1m 0.25 m 1m B 7 A

0 20 kN -2 1.2 10 1 F o
45

FBD + xf BD = 0 10 + x(1) = 0 x = 10

7 0 . 7

20 kN 18 kN

16.15

-5.39

7. 07

D -21 E 18 kN

2.5 m

50

Space Trusses
Determinacy and Stability
P

b + r < 3j b + r = 3j b + r > 3j

unstable truss statically determinate-check stability statically determinate-check stability

51

z y

Fy x z

x z

short link

y x

y x Fz z

roller
z

x z

slotted roller y constrained in a cylinder

Fx x Fz z

y x

Fx x Fz

Fy

ball-and -socket

52

 x, y, z, Force Components.
z Fz
B

l = x2 + y 2 + z 2
F Fy x y

l A y x

Fx z

x Fx = F ( ) l

y Fy = F ( ) l
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
2 2 2

z Fz = F ( ) l

Zero-Force Members Case 1

Case 2

z B FC = 0 y

FC

C B FB

Fz = 0 ,

FD = 0

Fz = 0 , Fy = 0 ,

FB = 0 FD = 0

53

Example 3-13 Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown in the figure below. The truss is supported by a ball-and-socket joint at A, a slotted roller joint at B, and a cable at C. z B D 2.67 kN 2.44 m E 1.22 m 2.44 m x y 1.22 m C

54

SOLUTION By Bx 2.44 m Ay Ax

z B

Cy

D 2.67 kN E Az 1.22 m y

2.44 m x The truss is statically determinate since b + r = 3j or 9 + 6 = 3(5) My = 0: Mz = 0: Mx = 0: Fx = 0: Fy = 0: Fz = 0: -2.67(1.22) + Bx(2.44) = 0 Cy = 0 kN By(2.44) - 2.67(2.44) = 0 -Ax + 1.34 = 0 Ay - 2.67 = 0 Az - 2.67 = 0 By = 2.67 kN Ax = 1.34 kN Ay = 2.67 kN Az = 2.67 kN Bx = 1.34 kN

55

z By Bx 2.44 m Ay Ax x 2.44 m z 0 0 x 0 0 FCE C Az B

0 0 0
3.66

C z 0 D 0 2.67 kN 0 E 1.22 m y Joint D. FZ= 0: FY = 0: Joint C. Fx = 0: FCE = 0 FCA = 0 FCB = 0 FDC = 0 FDE = 0 FDA = 0 x FDE FDC D y

0
m

0 2.73 m

Fy = 0: Fz = 0: Fx = 0:

56

z By Bx 2.44 m Ay Ax x 2.44 m Joint B. Fy = 0: Fx = 0: Fz = 0: Az B

0 0 0
3.66

C z 0 D 0 2.67 kN E 1.22 m y x 2.67 kN 1.34 kN B FBA FBC FBE y

0
m

0 2.73 m

- 2.67 + FBE(2.44/3.66) = 0 1.34 - FBC -4(1.22/3.66) = 0 FBA - 4(2.44/3.66) = 0

FBE = 4 kN (T) FBC = 0 FBA = 2.67 kN (C)

57

z By Bx 2.44 m Ay Ax x 2.44 m Joint A. Fz = 0: Fy = 0: Fz = 0: Az B

0 0 0
3.66

C 0 D 0 2.67 kN E 1.22 m y

z FAC 2.67 kN 2.67 kN A 1.34 kN x FAD

0
m

0 2.73 m

FAE y

2.67 kN

2.67 - 2.67 - FACsin45o = 0 2 ) + 2.67 = 0 - FAE( 5 1 - 1.34 + FAD + 2.99( 5 ) = 0

FAC = 0, OK FAE = 2.99 kN (C) FAD = 0, OK

58