ST 100-7

ST100-7
Battle Book
April 2000
Prepared By: Threat Support Directorate TRADOC, DCSINT Bldg. 53, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027
TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

CHAPTER 1: Structure and Task Organization Principles
Operational Art ...........................................................................................................................................1-1 Operational Principles ................................................................................................................................1-1 Tactical Principles.......................................................................................................................................1-1 Types of Combat ........................................................................................................................................1-2 Combined Arms Battle................................................................................................................................1-2 Combat Formation......................................................................................................................................1-3 OPFOR TO&E Structures...........................................................................................................................1-4 Maneuver Task Organization .....................................................................................................................1-5 Fire Support Task Organization .................................................................................................................1-5 Antitank Reserves Task Organization ........................................................................................................1-8 Reconnaissance Task Organization...........................................................................................................1-9 Engineer Task Organization.....................................................................................................................1-12 Air Defense Task Organization ................................................................................................................1-12
Chapter 2: Organization
Army Group ................................................................................................................................................2-1 Army ...........................................................................................................................................................2-2 Mechanized Army..........................................................................................................................2-2 Tank Army .....................................................................................................................................2-3 Mechanized and Tank Army (continued) ......................................................................................2-4 Infantry Army .................................................................................................................................2-5 Air Army.........................................................................................................................................2-6 Corps ..........................................................................................................................................................2-7 Mechanized Corps.........................................................................................................................2-7 Tank Corps ....................................................................................................................................2-8 Division .......................................................................................................................................................2-8 Mechanized Infantry Division ........................................................................................................2-9 Tank Division .................................................................................................................................2-9 Motorized Infantry Division ..........................................................................................................2-10 Infantry Division ...........................................................................................................................2-10 Airborne Division .........................................................................................................................2-11 Brigade .....................................................................................................................................................2-11 Mechanized Infantry Brigade (IFV)(SEP) ....................................................................................2-12 Mechanized Infantry Brigade (IFV)(Div) ......................................................................................2-12 Mechanized Infantry Brigade (APC)(Div) ....................................................................................2-13 Tank Brigade, MID.......................................................................................................................2-13 Tank Brigade, TD ........................................................................................................................2-14 Motorized Infantry Brigade ..........................................................................................................2-15 Infantry Brigade ...........................................................................................................................2-15 Combat Helicopter Regiment ......................................................................................................2-16 Separate Helicopter Squadron ....................................................................................................2-16 Airborne Brigade (IFV)(Div) .........................................................................................................2-17 Airborne Infantry Brigade (SEP)..................................................................................................2-17 Battalion....................................................................................................................................................2-17 Mechanized Infantry Battalion (APC) ..........................................................................................2-18 Mechanized Infantry Battalion (IFV) ............................................................................................2-18 Tank Battalion (31-tank) ..............................................................................................................2-18 Tank Battalion (SEP BR) .............................................................................................................2-19 Motorized Infantry Battalion.........................................................................................................2-19 Infantry Battalion..........................................................................................................................2-19 Company ..................................................................................................................................................2-19 Tank Company ............................................................................................................................2-19 Mechanized Infantry Company....................................................................................................2-20 Infantry Company ........................................................................................................................2-20 Special-Purpose Forces ...........................................................................................................................2-21 Special-Purpose Forces Brigade.................................................................................................2-21 Special-Purpose Forces Battalion ...............................................................................................2-21 Contents page 1

Artillery......................................................................................................................................................2-21 Artillery Division ...........................................................................................................................2-21 152-mm SP Gun Brigade ............................................................................................................2-22 220-mm MRL Regiment ..............................................................................................................2-22 Heavy Artillery Brigade ................................................................................................................2-22 122-mm MRL Regiment ..............................................................................................................2-23 SP Artillery Regiment ..................................................................................................................2-23 152-mm SP Howitzer Battalion ...................................................................................................2-23 152-mm SP Howitzer Battalion ...................................................................................................2-23 122-mm SP Howitzer Battalion ...................................................................................................2-23 122-mm MRL Battalion................................................................................................................2-24 Mortar Battery..............................................................................................................................2-24 Artillery Reconnaissance Battery ................................................................................................2-24 Artillery Command Battalion........................................................................................................2-24 Artillery Command Battery ..........................................................................................................2-24 Target Acquisition Regiment .......................................................................................................2-25 Target Acquisition Battalion.........................................................................................................2-25 Target Acquisition Battery ...........................................................................................................2-25 SS-21 SSM Brigade ....................................................................................................................2-26 SCUD SSM Brigade ....................................................................................................................2-26 33 Air Defense...............................................................................................................................................2-27 SAM Brigade (SA-11) ..................................................................................................................2-27 SAM Regiment (SA-15) ...............................................................................................................2-27 SAM Regiment (SA-8) .................................................................................................................2-27 57-mm Antiaircraft .......................................................................................................................2-27 Air Defense Battalion MIBR and TBR (Sep) ...............................................................................2-28 Air Defense Battery MIBR and TBR (Div) ..................................................................................2-28 Early Warning Battalion ...............................................................................................................2-28 Early Warning Battery .................................................................................................................2-28 Antitank.....................................................................................................................................................2-29 Antitank Regiment .......................................................................................................................2-29 Antitank Battalion, AT Regiment .................................................................................................2-29 Antitank Battalion, MID ................................................................................................................2-29 ATGM Battery..............................................................................................................................2-29 Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat .................................................................................................2-30 Drone Squadron ..........................................................................................................................2-30 Signal Reconnaissance Battalion................................................................................................2-30 Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat Battalion .....................................................................2-30 RPV Squadron.............................................................................................................................2-30 Reconnaissance Company .........................................................................................................2-31 Long-Range Reconnaissance Company ....................................................................................2-31 Signals Reconnaissance Company.............................................................................................2-31 Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat Company....................................................................2-31 Reconnaissance Company .........................................................................................................2-32 Reconnaissance Platoon (tracked) .............................................................................................2-32 Reconnaissance Platoon (wheeled)............................................................................................2-32 Airborne Jamming Aviation Regiment .........................................................................................2-32 Heliborne Jamming Squadron.....................................................................................................2-32 Jamming Battalion .......................................................................................................................2-33 Jamming Company......................................................................................................................2-33 Engineer ...................................................................................................................................................2-34 Engineer Brigade.........................................................................................................................2-34 Road and Bridge Battalion ..........................................................................................................2-34 Obstacle Battalion .......................................................................................................................2-35 Obstacle-Clearing Battalion.........................................................................................................2-35 Pontoon Bridge Regiment ...........................................................................................................2-35 Water Crossing Regiment ...........................................................................................................2-35 Contents page 2

Engineer Battalion, MIBR ............................................................................................................2-36 Engineer Battalion, MID & TD .....................................................................................................2-36 Mine Warfare Company ..............................................................................................................2-36 Assault Crossing Company .........................................................................................................2-36 Construction Company................................................................................................................2-37 Road/Bridge Construction Company...........................................................................................2-37 Pontoon Bridge Company ...........................................................................................................2-37 Engineer Company......................................................................................................................2-37 Signal........................................................................................................................................................2-38 Signal Regiment ..........................................................................................................................2-38 Signal Battalion............................................................................................................................2-38 Signal Company ..........................................................................................................................2-38 Chemical...................................................................................................................................................2-39 Chemical Defense Battalion ........................................................................................................2-39 Chemical Defense Company.......................................................................................................2-39 Chemical Reconnaissance Company .........................................................................................2-39 Chemical Defense Platoon..........................................................................................................2-39 Logistics....................................................................................................................................................2-40 Materiel Support Brigade.............................................................................................................2-40 Materiel Support Battalion ...........................................................................................................2-40 Maintenance Battalion .................................................................................................................2-40 Medical Battalion .........................................................................................................................2-41
Chapter 3: Weapons and Equipment

Individual and Crew Served Weapons .......................................................................................................3-1 Infantry fighting Vehicles (IFV) ...................................................................................................................3-4 Armored Personal Carriers (APC) ..............................................................................................................3-6 Tank............................................................................................................................................................3-8 Mortar .......................................................................................................................................................3-10 Towed Artillery..........................................................................................................................................3-12 Self-Propelled Artillery ..............................................................................................................................3-14 Multiple Rocket launchers ........................................................................................................................3-16 Surface to Surface Missiles (SSM)...........................................................................................................3-18 Light Antitank Weapon .............................................................................................................................3-19 Antitank Guns and Recoilless Weapons ..................................................................................................3-20 Antitank Guided Missiles (ATGM) ............................................................................................................3-21 Anti-Aircraft Guns .....................................................................................................................................3-22 Surface to Air Missiles ..............................................................................................................................3-24 Bridges .....................................................................................................................................................3-26 Amphibious Vehicles ................................................................................................................................3-28 Earth Movers ............................................................................................................................................3-29 Mine Layers ..............................................................................................................................................3-30 Mine Clearers ...........................................................................................................................................3-31 Trucks .......................................................................................................................................................3-32 Helicopters................................................................................................................................................3-34 Fixed Wing Aircraft ...................................................................................................................................3-36 Radar ........................................................................................................................................................3-37
Chapter 4: Tactical Formations

March..........................................................................................................................................................4-1 When to March ..............................................................................................................................4-1 Types of March..............................................................................................................................4-1 March Planning Factors ................................................................................................................4-1 March Security...............................................................................................................................4-2 Advance Guard..............................................................................................................................4-3 Forward Detachment .....................................................................................................................4-3 Division Tactical March .................................................................................................................4-4 Brigade Tactical March..................................................................................................................4-5 Contents page 3

Prebattle Formation ....................................................................................................................................4-6 Brigade ..........................................................................................................................................4-6 Battalion.........................................................................................................................................4-7 Company .......................................................................................................................................4-7 Battle Formation .........................................................................................................................................4-8 Brigade ..........................................................................................................................................4-8 Battalion.........................................................................................................................................4-8 Line Of Transition To The Attack...................................................................................................4-8 Dismount line.................................................................................................................................4-8
Chapter 5: The OPFOR in the Offense

Forms Of Tactical Maneuver ......................................................................................................................5-1 Frontal Attack ................................................................................................................................5-1 Close Envelopment .......................................................................................................................5-1 Deep Envelopment ........................................................................................................................5-1 Double Envelopment .....................................................................................................................5-2 Organizing For Combat ..............................................................................................................................5-2 Reconnaissance ............................................................................................................................5-2 Forward Detachment .....................................................................................................................5-2 Echelons ........................................................................................................................................5-2 Combined Arms Reserve ..............................................................................................................5-4 Raiding Detachment ......................................................................................................................5-4 Enveloping Detachment ................................................................................................................5-4 Types Of Offensive Action..........................................................................................................................5-4 Attack Against a Defending Enemy...............................................................................................5-4 Meeting Battle................................................................................................................................5-7 Pursuit .........................................................................................................................................5-11 Missions....................................................................................................................................................5-13 Reconnaissance in the Offense ...............................................................................................................5-14 Fire Support..............................................................................................................................................5-15 Antitank.....................................................................................................................................................5-17 Engineer ...................................................................................................................................................5-17 Command and Control .............................................................................................................................5-19 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC)..................................................................................................5-20 Air Defense Employment..........................................................................................................................5-22 Close Air Support .....................................................................................................................................5-23 River Crossing Operations .......................................................................................................................5-23 Airborne Operations .................................................................................................................................5-23
Chapter 6: OPFOR Defensive Operations

Defensive Principles ...................................................................................................................................6-1 Types of Defense .......................................................................................................................................6-1 Terrain Considerations in the Defense.......................................................................................................6-1 Organization of the Defense.......................................................................................................................6-2 Forward Detachments ................................................................................................................................6-8 Fire Support................................................................................................................................................6-9 Antitank in the Defense ............................................................................................................................6-10 Engineer ...................................................................................................................................................6-12 Air Support................................................................................................................................................6-13 Counterattack ...........................................................................................................................................6-14 Withdrawal or Disengagement Actions ....................................................................................................6-14 Defending in Special Situations................................................................................................................6-15
Chapter 7: OPFOR Operations on Special Terrain

Combat in Urban Area................................................................................................................................7-1 Combat in Mountains..................................................................................................................................7-2 Combat in Forrest.......................................................................................................................................7-3 Night Combat..............................................................................................................................................7-5 Contents page 4
________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
CHAPTER 1: OPFOR STRUCTURE AND TASK ORGANIZATION PRINCIPLES _____________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the organizational structures of the opposing forces (OPFOR) used in CGSC. Chapter one provides the CGSC student with the general guidelines and principles the OPFOR employs when selecting and organizing its forces. The organizations and guidelines detailed in this chapter enable the OPFOR to develop the mix of forces required to meet their missions and objectives. 1-1 OPERATIONAL ART. Uses maneuver to defeat the BLUFOR. Disrupts the BLUFORs cohesion on a large scale. Deprives the BLUFOR of the ability to react effectively to changes in the situation. Breaks up the BLUFORs organization and control of large formations (corps and above).
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OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES. The goal of operational art is the physical destruction of the BLUFOR. Several principles of operational art have been developed by the OPFOR to aid in the achievement of this goal: Mobility Speed Initiative Flexibility Concentration of the Main Effort Surprise Information Warfare Preservation of Combat Effectiveness Effective Coordination 1-3 TACTICAL PRINCIPLES. In OPFOR doctrine, tactics are subordinate to operational art. Success at the operational level is considered the key to victory. OPFOR principles of operational art and tactics are similar. OPFOR tactical principles include: a. Combat Readiness. The capability to enter battle and successfully perform assigned missions at any time, in an organized manner, within prescribed time periods. Highly intense, quality training under combat-like conditions is critical to OPFOR combat success. b. Aggressiveness. At the tactical level, this principle determines the OPFOR preference for the offense. c. Decisiveness. Determining the methods, operations, and missions that permit maximum results in the shortest time, with the least losses ensures decisiveness. Requires initiative and aggressive determined actions by commanders with bold use of unexpected tactics. d. Coordinated Efforts. Commanders combine unit strengths, ensuring efforts are directed to the same objectives and coordinate their missions, axes, deployment lines and timings. e. Surprise. A surprise attack can allow success without an overwhelming superiority of forces. f. CCD. Includes camouflage, concealment, and general deception techniques. g. Concentration of Main Effort. Concentration is not just physically massing troops on the main axis. The goal is to concentrate at the decisive point for the shortest possible time.
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h. Maneuver. Envelopment is the most preferred form of maneuver. Maneuver is the swift, organized displacement of troops to important axes and sectors to create a more favorable ratio of forces. Maneuver permits seizing and holding the initiative, disrupting the BLUFOR concept, and successfully conducting battle in the changed situation. Maneuver by fire is even faster than maneuver by forces. The range and effectiveness of modern weapons make this increasingly more important. I. Comprehensive Support. Combat support includes reconnaissance, defense against weapons of mass destruction and highprecision weapons, camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD), engineer support, chemical support and security. Combat service support includes the supply and maintenance of all types of combat systems, equipment, and ammunition j. Maintaining Combat Capability. The ability to maintain combat capability and to restore it quickly, when required, can mean the difference between success and failure. k. Command and Control. Command and Control must be firm and continuous. Effective command and control defines the goal of battle and establishes and maintains effective communications. TYPES OF COMBAT. The OPFOR recognizes two types of combat: offensive and defensive. Traditionally, offensive combat is the only type that can ultimately bring victory. It is, therefore, the most decisive type of combat. a. Offense. The goal of offense is the BLUFOR's total defeat and the capture of important objectives. This goal is achieved by destroying BLUFOR NBC and precision strike systems (including support elements), chemical attack weapons, artillery, and maneuver formations by the use of long-range missiles, aircraft, and artillery fire. This enables the swift advance of tank and mechanized infantry (or infantry) units and formations in coordination with aviation and airborne assault forces. These formations defeat the BLUFOR by assaulting his flank and rear, by encirclement, and by splitting his forces and defeating them in detail. See Chapter 5 for detailed information on the offense. b. Defense. The defense is a battle with the objective of repelling an attack by BLUFOR, inflicting considerable losses, and holding important terrain, allowing the buildup of forces in other sectors and creating favorable conditions for launching an attack. This objective is achieved by the fire of all available weapon systems; by a wide maneuver of fire; forces, and assets; and by stubborn holding of occupied positions, lines, and objectives in combination with conduct of counterattacks. See Chapter 6 for detailed information on the defense. COMBINED ARMS BATTLE. The OPFOR defines a battle as an organized armed struggle among units of various sizes and formations of different branches and services of the armed forces. A battle can occur on the ground, in the air, or on the sea. Ground battle goals are the destruction of BLUFOR tactical formations and the capture, or retention, of important terrain. The essence of the tactical ground battle is combined arms combat. In combined arms battles, OPFOR commanders coordinate the actions of tactical units of every branch of the armed forces in terms of mission, place, and time, to achieve the rapid destruction of the BLUFOR. The characteristics of modern OPFOR combined arms combat include- High maneuverability. Decisiveness. Nonlinearity. Potential use of weapons of mass destruction and high-precision weapons. Swift and radical changes in the combat situation. This means that units of different combat arms and special troops, as well as of aviation, conduct combined arms combat by joint efforts. Different combat forces and assets aligned in combat formations take part in it, including mechanized infantry (or infantry), tank, artillery, air defense, engineer, and chemical protection units. Close, continuous 1-5 1-4
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coordination of mixed forces and assets in a single combat formation permits the OPFOR to perform combat missions successfully. Its combat attributes and capabilities are mutually supporting, ensuring the most effective combination of strikes, fires and maneuver. a. Strike. The OPFOR strike is a component part of battle. It consists of a simultaneous engagement of BLUFOR groupings and targets by all available assets and forces. There can be NBC, fire, troop, missile, artillery or air strikes. An OPFOR troop strike is a combination of fire and movement by tank and mechanized infantry (or infantry) units, or by airborne assault forces, to complete the BLUFOR's defeat and take a designated objective. The strike is most typical of the offense. In the defense, it is usually used in a counterattack. The force of a strike by units is determined above all by their firepower, rate of movement, and surprise in delivering it. Tank and mechanized infantry (or infantry) units with effective artillery and air support and reliable cover by air defense weapons have the greatest force for a strike. b. Fire. The OPFOR concept of fire is the engagement of the BLUFOR by fire using all available weapons. Fire differs in terms of intensity, direction, methods, and types. Fire is the chief factor in achieving success in battle, inflicting damage, which deprives the BLUFOR of combat effectiveness. Fire prepares and accompanies a troop strike, supports its development, and creates necessary conditions for executing a maneuver. In the defense, fire in combination with obstacles determines the possibility of repelling a BLUFOR attack. The effectiveness of OPFOR weapons, especially with the appearance of high-precision weapons, has led to a significant increase in depth and accuracy of fire delivery, to damage of targets in the shortest time periods, and to an increase in the level of losses. Use of high-precision weapons has significantly increased effectiveness of OPFOR antitank fire. c. Maneuver. Maneuver is the third component of modern battle. It consists of the organized, concealed, rapid displacement of troops in the course of combat. It allows occupation of a favorable position with respect to the BLUFOR and creates favorable groupings of forces and assets. It also allows the transfer or re-targeting of strikes and fires for maximum effectiveness. In the defense, the OPFOR maneuvers units to change a position for a more favorable one, cover a threatened axis more reliably, or to reinforce or replace units. Maneuver can also allow the OPFOR to counter a BLUFOR strike, occupy a line of firing positions, or move to a counterattack position. The maneuver of forces, assets, and fire is a constant element of tactics employed in both defense and offense, in all stages of battle. 1-6 COMBAT FORMATION. Mission requirements and the commanders concept determine the tactical alignment of forces at division and below. The OPFOR term for this is combat formation. Combat formation describes how any tactical-level combat element organizes and deploys its forces for combat. Thus, it is the tactical-level equivalent of the operational term operational formation. The combat formation of a division, brigade, or battalion is the grouping created for the conduct of a particular battle. It normally includes a first echelon, a second echelon, a combined arms reserve, and other reserves. For a division or brigade, it would also include an artillery group and perhaps a forward detachment. When preparing for combat, the OPFOR will have a set amount and mix of military forces from which it will select the appropriate force to accomplish a given mission. These forces are organized according to a table of organization and equipment (TO&E) which provide the basic building blocks within a force structure. They typically include maneuver forces, combat support elements such as artillery, antitank, and combat engineer units, and combat service support elements such as maintenance, transportation, and medical units. These TO&E structures provide the optimal organization for maintaining and managing the equipment and personnel within these units. TO&E organizations are found at the army group level down to the maneuver platoon. The largest TO&E unit is the maneuver division. However, the OPFOR seldom, if ever, employs its military force as structured in the TO&Es. Instead, the TO&E organizations go through a process, commonly referred to as task organizing, that transform the organizations into combat formations. Created to perform a specific task, the OPFOR will reorganize these combat formations at any time, either upon completion of the initial task or receipt of a new mission. The OPFOR determines specific combat formations, with particular attention given to the factors of Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather, and the Time (METT-T) available. The combat formation of a division, brigade, or battalion is the grouping created for the conduct of a particular battle. 1-7 OPFOR TO&E STRUCTURES.
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This section briefly describes the TO&E structures for the OPFOR maneuver divisions and their subordinate brigades and battalions. These units will serve as the basis for combat formation formed by the OPFOR. More detailed organizational charts for these structures are found in Chapter 2. a. Division. Divisions are the basic building blocks of operational commanders. A division's organic assets are sufficient for it to attack or defend on a secondary sector. A typical division consists of four maneuver brigades, its organic combat and service support units. When fighting on the main effort, a division requires additional combat and service support assets. Army commanders may reinforce some divisions at the expense of others. For example, second echelon divisions may detach elements to reinforce a first echelon formation. (1) Mechanized Infantry Division (MID). A mechanized infantry division typically consists of three mechanized infantry brigades and a tank brigade, with its combat and service support. The mechanized infantry division contains either two IFV-equipped brigades (with a BMP variant) and one BTR-equipped brigade, or vice versa. (2) Tank Division (TD). A tank division typically consists of three tank brigades and a mechanized infantry brigade. Suited for an exploitation role in the offensive, in the defense the tank division deploys in the second echelon of the army or army corps to provide a counterattack force. If a tank division has to attack prepared defenses the BMP brigade would probably be in the first echelon. The OPFOR often uses BMP-equipped brigades and battalions for security and forward detachment missions. b. Brigade. The brigade is the basic tactical and administrative unit in the OPFOR army. The OPFOR does not expect brigades to operate independently of their parent unit without reinforcement, and then only for a limited time. The deployment of brigades is determined by the echelon structure of the division, usually in either one or two echelons. Two-echelon structures are appropriate when attacking or defending in the main sector of effort, against a BLUFOR deployed in depth. Grouping three brigades in the first echelon and one in the second is the most commonly adopted variant. A "two up and two back" deployment is sometimes found in the defense, on an army's or army corps' most threatened sector. (1) Mechanized Infantry Brigade (MIBR). A mechanized infantry brigade in a mechanized infantry division consists of three mechanized infantry battalions and one tank battalion. In a tank division, the brigade has only two mechanized infantry battalions and a tank battalion. Because of its firepower and mobility, mechanized infantry brigades are often found on the division's main axis in the attack or its most threatened sector in the defense. They are usually in the first echelon, although in the attack a BMP-equipped brigade may be considered for an exploitation role in the second echelon. The division often selects battalions of a BMP-equipped brigade for special missions, such as forward or raiding detachments. BTR-equipped brigades are more suited to secondary sectors or those that favor wheeled vehicles. Heliborne operations often employ infantry from BTR units because of their man-portable antitank weapons. The mechanized infantry brigade (APC) may have a battalion of 122-mm towed howitzers (D-30), instead of this SP howitzer battalion. (2) Tank Brigade (TBR). A tank brigade in a mechanized infantry division has three tank battalions as its only maneuver elements. In a tank division, each tank brigade has three tank battalions and a BMP-equipped mechanized infantry battalion. Due to its lack of infantry, the tank brigade is not suitable for use in the first echelon of mechanized infantry divisions when attacking strong defenses. It is better suited in the second echelon, where it can rapidly exploit success. A tank brigade might be in the first echelon against a weak defense, where its goal would be to penetrate the defensive line and strike as deeply as possible before the BLUFOR strengthens his position. In defense, the tank brigade is likely to be in the second echelon because its equipment and organization are better for a counterattack or counter-penetration role, rather than for holding ground. In any of these roles, the tank brigade would normally be reinforced with mechanized infantry forces. c. Separate Infantry Brigade. The OPFOR also has separate mechanized infantry and tank brigades that are not subordinate to divisions. Compared to a MIBR, the separate brigade has more maneuver battalions plus expanded combat support and combat service support assets. This structure makes them well suited for independent action, for example, army/army corps-lead as a combined arms reserve or forward detachment. In situations where the OPFOR has not had time to mobilize and deploy a division from its strategic reserve, a separate brigade might have to perform missions normally performed by a division. The combat formation would most likely use two echelons. It would have three to four MIBNs, each reinforced with a tank company, in the first echelon and a TBN or TBN (-) in the second echelon, along with any remaining MIBN(s). d. Battalion. Tactical grouping of OPFOR battalions never involves the exchange of units (cross
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attachment) with other battalions, e.g., a mechanized infantry battalion (MIBN) would not exchange a mechanized infantry company for a tank company with a tank battalion (TBN). Battalions are either reinforced with brigade assets or are themselves used as reinforcements. Within the battalion, the commander organizes his force in one or two echelons. He may use his own combat support assets, and any he receives from higher level, to reinforce subordinate companies (especially on his main axis), or he may retain these assets under his own control. 1-8 MANEUVER TASK ORGANIZATION. This section covers the guiding OPFOR principles for task organizing combat formations. While the emphasis will be at the division and below, it is important to consider the impact of army group and army-level assets on the tactical fight. Detailed discussion on OPFOR offense is found in Chapter 5, and OPFOR defense in Chapter 6. If, during the course of the battle, the force on the main effort is not achieving the expected result, OPFOR commanders would strip assets away to support a secondary effort that appears to be achieving a greater success. ECHELONMENT. (1) Offense. The development of OPFOR tactical combat formations and echelonment in the offense is greatly influenced by the depth and the level of preparation of BLUFOR defenses, and is intended to build combat power continuously on the line of contact. OPFOR commanders at division, brigade, and battalion levels organize their forces either in two echelons or in one echelon with a small combined arms reserve. Within the division, the pattern of echelonment can vary at different levels of command. For example, a division may deploy its brigades in two echelons, while some of the brigades deploy their battalions in one echelon. Single-Echelon Formation. When attacking unprepared or partially prepared BLUFOR defenses, the OPFOR should organize into a single echelon with a reserve. If the BLUFOR has hurriedly assumed shallow defenses under these conditions, a single echelon may be sufficient to defeat it. The OPFOR will also use a single-echelon formation when attacking on a secondary axis. When using a single echelon, the OPFOR generally designates a combined arms reserve, thereby retaining the ability to influence the battle. After committing the reserve, the OPFOR creates another immediately. Two-Echelon Formation. A two-echelon formation is employed when attacking a prepared defense, or at least partially prepared in depth and on the higher commanders main axis. The first echelon normally contains the majority (2/3) of the combat power. In addition to second echelon, he forms a small combined arms reserve consisting of approximately one ninth (1/9) of the combat power. (2) Defense. As in the offense, the OPFOR can deploy in one or two echelons. Also, within a formation different levels of command may use different echelonment schemes. The formation used will also depend greatly on the nature of the terrain. European-type terrain lends itself to the use of multiple echelons, while more open terrain such as in the desert would see more mobile defense. Single-Echelon Formation. As with the offense, a single-echelon formation is most common on secondary axes. A secondary axis, considered by the OPFOR as less threatened, will typically be given a wider frontage to defend. The combined arms reserve is considered to be sufficient for depth in this case. Single-echelon formations are also adopted when the defender has suffered heavy casualties. Two-Echelon Formation. A two-echelon formation is employed on the most threatened axis. A narrower frontage (compared to the supporting effort) allows fewer units to defend in the first echelon, with significant forces remaining in depth. Special Conditions. Two-echelon formations are most common when defending in cities, and may even include a reserve. In the mountains, defense is organized normally when located on plateaus and wide valleys. In restricted terrain, the emphasis is not on echelonment, but on creating and holding strongpoints. The strongpoints, created where possible to be mutually supporting, are integrated with key terrain features and chokepoints such as passes, road junctions, and river crossings. FIRE SUPPORT TASK ORGANIZATION. a. Decisiveness of Fire Support. Integrated fire support is a decisive element on the modern battlefield. In the offense, it is the principal means of achieving an advantageous force ratio over the BLUFOR. It can blast gaps in defenses; disrupt, immobilize, or destroy BLUFOR groupings in the tactical depth; and repel counterattacks. Fire superiority is a precondition for the success of any attack. The attacker must be able to execute his fire missions while suppressing counterbattery fire. In defense, it disrupts BLUFOR preparations for the attack, causes attrition as he approaches the forward edge and repels forces that reach or penetrate the forward edge. Fire superiority is also the 1-9 a.
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cornerstone of any defense, although often achieved only for a limited time, at the crucial point in the battle. b. Organization for Combat. The OPFOR concentrates fires on critical points in the offense or disperses them throughout the sector in the defense. This requires artillery that is capable of rapid fire, long range, and mobility. Numerous longer-range tube artillery and MRL battalions from army group, army, corps, and division provide reinforcing fires when required. The OPFOR seeks to achieve the densities of fire necessary without sacrificing the mobility artillery units need to survive. c. Key Points Concerning Artillery Organization for Combat. Temporary groupings. Thoroughly integrated fire and maneuver plans. Allocation based on missions of subordinate maneuver elements. Artillery requirements of main effort forces attacking will be satisfied before any other force is allocated artillery support. Not all maneuver units will receive additional artillery. Second echelon units are not provided additional artillery until they are committed. Offense: intense artillery preparations of short duration. Defense: prolonged, high volume artillery fire in depth to break up the BLUFOR's attack. d. Allocation Procedures. The OPFOR carefully calculates artillery requirements in terms of weapons and rounds needed to produce a required effect on BLUFOR targets. If insufficient artillery or ammunition is available to achieve the necessary result, the OPFOR does not fire less and hope for the best. Rather, if necessary, it engages fewer targets, adjusting the tactical, or even operational, plan. Alternatively, it may prolong preparatory fire to take in more targets. Combined arms theory calls for artillery support to brigade- and division-size battles that exceed the capabilities of organic artillery resources. To do this, the OPFOR uses organic and allocated artillery to form artillery groups. A higher headquarters allocates artillery to a maneuver force to execute a given operation, for example Army group, army, and corps normally allocate artillery battalions according to the importance of the army, corps, and division missions. A division might allocate some of its organic and allocated artillery to leading brigades. The army might temporarily allocate second-echelon divisional artillery to first-echelon divisions. e. Artillery Deployment. DISTANCES MORTARS GUNS & HOWITZERS MRL Between weapons 16 - 60 meters 20 - 50 meters 50 - 60 meters Between Batteries ----------------500 - 1500 meters 1000 - 2000 meters From the forward edge of 500 - 1000 meters 1 - 4 km (BRAG) 3 - 6 km BLUFOR defenses 3 - 6 km (DAG) 4 - 8 km (ARAG) 4 - 8 km (AAG) Figure 1-1. Tactical Deployment Guidelines f. Artillery Groups. Temporary, mission-oriented groups are a command and organizational structure that ensure flexibility in concentrating artillery fire. The commander and staff of the artillery brigade or battalion usually form the core of the group. The goal of forming artillery groups is to provide ample fire support to the maneuver commander to conduct an operation. Army, corps, division, and brigade artillery groups provide continuous artillery support to maneuver commanders with the required degree of centralized control. Artillery groups usually consist of at least two battalions of field guns, howitzers, gun-howitzers, and/or MRLs. Artillery groups will disperse as much as possible to avoid becoming a target for BLUFOR precision weapons, air attack, and counterfire. (1) Army Artillery Group (AAG). Army group artillery assets distributed to committed armies in proportion to the importance of the assigned task. Formed from army and/or army group artillery battalions remaining after the army has allocated artillery to its first echelon divisions. Tasks are counterfire and the deep target engagement (precision weapons, headquarters, air
1-6
f.
g.
defenses, and reserve). An army may form more than one AAG. Composed of at least two battalions. Normally composed of gun and/or rocket launcher battalions. (2) Army Rocket Artillery Group (ARAG). Formed from army and/or army group MRL brigades. Composed of three to seven MRL brigades. Normally fires under centralized control in support of the armys main attack axis. (3) Division Artillery Group (DAG). Formed from division artillery regiment and any allocated army/front artillery battalions after the division has allocated artillery to its first echelon brigades. More than one DAG may be formed per division. Normally has counterbattery mission. Composed of two to six battalions. May have gun, gun-howitzer, howitzer, and rocket launcher battalion. Divisional rocket launcher battalion is normally assigned to a DAG. (4) Brigade Artillery Group (BRAG). Formed from the brigade artillery battalion plus at least one other battalion allocated to the regiment from division. Only one BRAG per brigade. Normally provides fires in support of maneuver elements. Composed of howitzer or gun-howitzer battalions. Has from two to four battalions. (5) Artillery Support to Maneuver Battalion. An artillery battalion or battery may be directly attached to a maneuver battalion. These artillery units will not be part of any artillery group. Artillery Command Relationships. Attached - The maneuver commander has total control of the unit. Supporting - The parent artillery organization retains control, but delegates fires to a unit. Target Damage Criteria. (1) Annihilation. Renders unobserved targets combat-ineffective. Against a point target, sufficient rounds will be expended to assure a 70 to 90% probability of a kill. Against an area target, sufficient rounds will be expended to destroy 50 to 60% of the targets within the group. (2) Destruction. A subset of annihilation. Refers to engineer works such as fortifications and bridges. Renders targets unfit for further use. (3) Neutralization. Inflicts enough losses on a target to cause it to temporarily lose its combat effectiveness, restrict or prohibit its maneuver or disrupt its C2. Sufficient rounds must be expended to destroy 30% of unobserved targets. (4) Harassment. Limited fires designed to apply psychological pressure on the BLUFOR and hinder movement. Inhibits maneuver Weakens blue combat readiness and lowers morale
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TO OTHER 1ST- ECHELON ARMIES/ARMY CORPS
E BNS 7 TU B N 1 RL B
AG ARTILLERY POOL 16 TUBE BNS 4 RL BNS 3 RL BNS 9 TUBE BNS
ORGANIC TO ARMY GROUP ARTILLERY DIVISION 16 TUBE BNS 4 RL BNS
AAG
4 TUBE BNS 4 TUBE BNS 6 RL BNS
ARAG
3 RL BNS
TU BE
ARMY ARTILLERY POOL 14 TUBE BNS 6 RL BNS S BN 5 TUBE BNS
ORGANIC TO ARMY ARTILLERY BDE 5 TUBE BNS ROCKET LAUNCHER REGT 3 RL BNS
ARAG
3 RL BNS
TO OTHER 1ST-ECHELON DIVISIONS/BRIGADES
2NDECHELON TANK DIVISION ARTILLERY

S BN BE N U T B 2 RL 1
DAG
3 TUBE BNS 1 RL BN
4 BNS
N EB UB T 1
1STECHELON DIV ARTY POOL 8 TUBE BNS 1 RL BN

BN S
ORGANIC TO MECH INFANTRY DIVISION ARTILLERY REGT 3 TUBE BNS 1 RL BN
BE TU
2 TUBE BNS
TO OTHER 1ST-ECHELON BRIGADES
ORGANIC TO BRIGADE
BRAG
2 TUBE BNS
BRAG
3 TUBE BNS
BRAG
3 TUBE BNS
1 TUBE BN HOWITZER BN
Figure 1-2. Formation of Artillery Groups (Example)
NOTES: 1. The distribution of artillery battalions shown above is only an example. Actual allocation patterns depend on the situation and the mission of the receiving organization. 2. Higher command may allocate an army group one or more artillery divisions with 20 battalions of field guns, gunhowitzers, howitzers, and rocket launchers. It may also allocate a high-powered artillery brigade (not shown here). 3. The army in this example is in the army groups main attack, and the mechanized infantry division is in the armys main attack. 4. It is not necessary that all 2d-echelon divisions give up artillery assets to reinforce 1st-echelon divisions. This is only an option the army/ corps commander could use. 5. The brigade artillery is part of the BRAG. An artillery battalion or battery in BRAG may also be temporarily subordinated to maneuver battalions for specific missions. 1-10 ANTITANK RESERVES TASK ORGANIZATION. Antitank reserves comprise units of AT artillery, often reinforced by other means, such as engineers, tank and/or mechanized infantry troops. They are directly subordinate to the combined arms commander, who uses them to reinforce AT defenses on important axes. They are a standard part of both operational and tactical formations down to brigade level. Almost invariably, these reserves work with engineer mobile obstacle detachments that create AT obstacles. In an army group, there may be one or more AT reserves based on an AT regiment or one or more brigades. The army forms its AT reserve from the AT regiment. At divisional level, the AT battalion fills this role. The addition of other elements depends on the mission and the assessment of the threat. a. Assets. OPFOR planners believe that AT fire plays a decisive role in repelling BLUFOR armor attacks. The OPFOR divides AT weapons into two categories: general and special.
1-8
(1) General Weapons. General AT weapons systems include missiles, aircraft, tanks, and artillery. The purpose of these systems is to destroy a variety of battlefield targets. However, they may also deploy to fire against tanks and other armored vehicles. According to the OPFOR, any artillery-type weapon (over 20-millimeter) should have an AT capability. All conventional artillery up to 152-millimeter has good direct-fire AT capability and carries some armordefeating ammunition. The 122-millimeter towed and SP howitzers and the 152-millimeter SP howitzer, which have a 360-degree traverse, are particularly effective in this role. Antitank forces often include direct-fire field artillery. Antiaircraft guns can also fire against ground targets. Guns and howitzers have the sights necessary for direct-fire engagements. Some weapons may reinforce the AT firepower of mechanized infantry strongpoints. However, should BLUFOR armor penetrate, the OPFOR may use artillery units. They can delay and disrupt the attackers and, thus, create favorable conditions for a counterattack and/or counterstrike into the BLUFOR's flank. (2) Special Weapons. Special AT weapons systems consist of antitank guided missiles (ATGMs), AT guns grenade launchers, and recoilless guns. The OPFOR designs these weapons to destroy tanks and their crews by direct fire. OPFOR antitank forces therefore have a mix of ATGMs and direct-fire weapons (guns and grenade launchers) which serve to compliment each system types capabilities. b. Organization. Because neither army group, army, nor corps has a fixed organizational structure, the AT units at these levels also vary. An army or corps might have an AT regiment. While mechanized infantry divisions an organic AT battalion there are no AT guns in tank brigades or at tank division level. c. Missions. The importance of the AT reserve continues to grow, partly because many armies today are almost totally mechanized; therefore, defense must first and foremost be antitank in nature. It is also partly a function of the growing trend for the defense to occupy broader frontages in order to achieve protection against NBC attack through dispersal. Gaps now routinely exist in the deployment of defending units and formations. These trends have increased the importance of the AT reserve in ensuring stability in defense and in maintaining the momentum of an offensive in the face of counterattack. d. Deployment. For planning purposes, AT units can be assigned the following sector widths: A division AT battalion, from 3.5 to 5 kilometers. An army AT regiment, from 8 to 10 kilometers. An army group AT regiment, from 20 to 25 kilometers. Where the commander holds a reserve, and how far from the line of contact (or head of tactical march column), depends on the operational or tactical situation. As a generalization the AT reserve deploys between the first and second echelon. Both in the offense and defense it is usual to designate two, three, or even more alternate lines of commitment on each axis depending on the assessment of likely BLUFOR actions. In the defense, the OPFOR places great stress on the surprise use of AT reserves. 1-11 RECONNAISSANCE TASK ORGANIZATION. The OPFOR considers reconnaissance the most important element of combat support. All commanders and staffs organize reconnaissance to acquire information about the BLUFOR's weapons; force disposition and intentions; and terrain and weather in the area of impending combat. This information is crucial to the planning process for command and control systems. a. Principles. The OPFOR uses the following principles to guide its reconnaissance activities: focus, continuity; aggressiveness; timeliness; camouflage, concealment, and deception; accuracy; and reliability. These overlapping concepts require reconnaissance units to integrate all these principles. b. Characteristics. Flexibility. The OPFOR must be able to switch priorities from one target to another without degrading the overall mission. Sustainability. It must be able to sustain itself wherever it is operating, without relying on others for transport, subsistence, and so on. Security. A reconnaissance asset should be as secure as possible during operations. This means operating in a manner that conceals activities and areas of interest at all times. Reconnaissance activity should not reveal the parent unit's plan of action. The OPFOR does not expect to conceal its reconnaissance activities entirely, but will attempt to mask the scale, specific objectives, and area of concentration of main reconnaissance efforts.
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Communications. Reconnaissance elements must have reliable communications. An intelligence organization may successfully gather all necessary information but if it cannot transmit this information to the user (such as the commander or an artillery unit), the entire effort is useless. Reserves. All levels should maintain a reconnaissance reserve to take on unforeseen tasks or redeem failure on key missions. c. Priorities. Reconnaissance activities must support the information requirements of the commander. Therefore, priorities vary at different levels of command: (1) Army Group. The army group conducts reconnaissance to locate the most critical BLUFOR targets including the following: Precision weapons. NBC systems. Air defenses. Intelligence-gathering assets. Higher headquarters and communications centers. General support artillery groups. Operational-strategic groupings and their movements. (2) Army or Corps. The army or corps repeats these priorities and also seeks the following: Contents of airfields and army aviation forward operating bases. Precision weapons and NBC systems. Major concentration areas of reserves. Unit boundaries. Location and extent of defended areas. The BLUFOR's combat capabilities and intentions. (3) Division. Divisions repeat army priorities and add local threats including the following: Location of direct support artillery and mortars and attack helicopters. Disposition of tanks and medium- and long-range antitank systems. Deployment of air defense weapons. Location of brigade and battalion command posts. Nature and extent of natural and manmade obstacles. Locations of field defenses. d. Operational Assets. Operational reconnaissance units support army-group, army, and corps commanders. Operational reconnaissance elements usually collect information throughout the entire depth of the BLUFOR's corps area. See Figure 1-3 for a graphic depiction of the effective ranges of various reconnaissance measures available to an army group. Armies and corps conduct operational reconnaissance using their own resources, plus those of their subordinate divisions and brigades. (1) Army or Corps. At the mechanized- or tank- army or corps level, the Chief of Reconnaissance (COR) heads the reconnaissance department (intelligence staff). This department coordinates operational reconnaissance in the same manner as the army group's reconnaissance directorate described above. (2) Forward Detachments. Armies, division, and even brigades employ forward detachments as the situation dictates. Maneuver forces configured as forward detachments have reconnaissance as one of their missions. These detachments transmit information on the size, type, and disposition of BLUFOR forces, BLUFOR obstacles, route conditions, and river crossing sites. (3) Special-Purpose Forces. An army may have a SPF battalion; it can deploy from 10 to 15 teams. (4) UAVs. At army level, drones and RPVs also serve as aerial reconnaissance assets. An army may have a drone squadron. Drones normally fly at low altitude and subsonic speeds. RPVs and drones fly a set course. (5) Electronic Assets. An army normally has a signals reconnaissance battalion. Also known as a radio and radar intercept and DF battalion. Some armies have a full signals reconnaissance brigade. (6) Artillery Assets. An army-level artillery brigade has an organic artillery reconnaissance battalion or battery. An army's rocket launcher brigade also has an artillery reconnaissance battery. Surface-to-surface missile units do not have reconnaissance assets, but rely on external intelligence support.
1-10
Distance in Kilometers
10 1. SATELLITE 2. AIR a. Fighter Reconnaissance b. Light Bomber Reconnaissance c. UAV 3. ELECTRONIC INTERCEPT & DIRECTION FINDING a. Artillery & Air Defense Radars b. VHF/UHF (low /high power) c. HF Ground Wave d. HF Sky Wave 4. SPECIAL RECONNAISSANCE a. From Army Group Assets b. From Army Assets c. From Long Range Reconnaissance Company (MID) 5. MECHANIZED RECONNAISSANCE a. Divisional Reconnaissance Battalion b. Regimental Reconnaissance Company 6. ARTILLERY OBSERVATION a. Surveillance & Countermortar/ Counterbattery Radars b. Sound Ranging c. Flash Spotting 50+ 50 450 600 300 20 40 60 100 200 400 800 No Limit
25 30
50 80 80 No Limit
500+ 200+ 100
20+ 20+ (Visual Limits)
Figure 1-3. Effective ranges of reconnaissance means.
e. Ground Forces Tactical Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance is a combined arms responsibility. Thus, ordinary mechanized infantry and tank units perform two functions; they perform their own close reconnaissance tasks with organic resources, and they provide reconnaissance detachments of up to reinforced battalion strength. Leading units may also conduct reconnaissance by combat, attacking the BLUFOR to determine his strength and disposition. (1) Disposition. Special brigade reconnaissance troops carry out reconnaissance, operating from up to 25 to 30 kilometers forward of the OPFOR line of contact (or even more in faster-developing NBC operations). They might operate out to a maximum distance of 50 kilometers. Division-level reconnaissance troops also operate out to approximately 50 kilometers. The commander might insert the airborne qualified long-range reconnaissance company up to 100 kilometers deep without its vehicles. Task-oriented reconnaissance groups, reinforced by engineer and NBC reconnaissance and, often, by mechanized infantry and tank elements, also move forward. Generally, these groups endeavor to avoid combat in fulfilling their tasks, although they may direct artillery fire or air strikes. (2) Missions: Locating, identifying, and reporting BLUFOR NBC delivery means, headquarters, communications centers, troop concentrations, and movements of BLUFOR units. Determining the strength and dispositions of the BLUFOR's defenses and locating his boundaries. Providing topographical information concerning routes to, or bypasses around, BLUFOR positions as well as concerning lateral routes. Identifying the extent and depth of minefields and the types of mine employed (assessing obstacles and possible crossing points). Establishing the extent of zones of contamination. Identifying potential communications facilities and other sites for use by their own forces.
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ENGINEER TASK ORGANIZATION.
1-11
As with artillery, OPFOR engineer units normally do not deploy as they are structured by TO&E. Instead, engineers assets are grouped together to perform specific missions and functions, and are dissolved when no longer required. In this way route-clearing assets perform one function, while others perform demolition, minelaying, or obstacle construction, prepare defensive fighting positions, or set up water purification sites. Additional non-engineer assets, such as chemical, tank or mechanized infantry troops, may be attached to these groupings whenever the OPFOR decides the situation warrants their inclusion. a. Engineer Reconnaissance Patrol. Specialized engineer reconnaissance formation. Normally squad to platoon size. Equipment depends upon mission. Missions include collecting information on roads, obstacles, water obstacles and water supplies. Movement Support Detachment (MSD). Ad hoc grouping formed from division and brigade engineer units. Missions include: Route reconnaissance Mineclearing Repair/reinforcement of bridges Creation of tracked vehicle routes Construction of bypasses Route marking Division can form up to three MSDs. Brigade can form one MSD normally composed of an engineer platoon, one or two dozers and up to three tanks with blades or plows. MSD is normally organized in three elements: Reconnaissance and obstacle-clearing group One or two road/bridge construction and repair groups Route marking group Divisional MSDs operate on main routes while brigade MSDs operate on secondary routes. In the march, MSDs normally move behind the combat reconnaissance patrols (CRPs). In the defense, MSDs are used to maintain LOCs. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (MOD). Ad hoc grouping formed from division and brigade engineer units. Mission: Deny key terrain to the BLUFOR, particularly those avenues of approach that are most suited for tanks. Composition: - A divisional MOD normally consists of mechanical minelaying elements equipped with GMZs. - A brigade MOD normally consists of one minelaying platoon of three PRP-3. It is sometimes reinforced with a mechanized infantry platoon. Normally operate with antitank reserves to provide flank protection and to repel counterattacks. In the march, it normally travels between the advance guard and the main body. In the defense, it is positioned to block any penetrations that might occur.
b.
c.
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AIR DEFENSE TASK ORGANIZATION. The OPFOR units mission and location determines the amount of air defense coverage, regardless of what has been actually attached to that unit. As with artillery and antitank assets, the OPFOR allocates the majority of air defense units to support maneuver units conducting the main effort. For example, in general order of priority, the division air defense regiment provides air defense coverage to the division command post, main axis maneuver units, division artillery group, second echelon and minor axis units, and the logistics tail. Therefore, the first echelon of the main effort or a battalion operating as an FSE or advance guards coverage will be substantially different from a second echelon force. For example, the vast majority of brigade air defense assets are allocated to the first echelon, leaving the second echelon dependent upon protection provided by the division SAM regiment.
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a.
Deployment of Systems. (1) SA-7/14/16/18. A squad (one vehicle with three launcher teams) from the MIBN AD platoon is normally assigned to each MIC. It is usually deployed within 20-30 m of the company commander. Brigade and divisional HQS have dedicated SA-7/14/16/18 squads for self-protection as do SA6/8/15 batteries. The OPFOR may use these systems to establish air defense ambushes or as roving units to cover gaps or less likely air avenues. (2) 2S6/ZSU-23-4. Normally employed in pairs with systems located within several hundred meters of each other. If two pairs are employed together they are separated by 1000 to 2000 m. A section or platoon normally supports advance guards and forward detachments. In the assault, sections normally support first echelon battalions, moving directly behind the first echelon companies. In the defense, sections again are used to support first echelon battalions. They are normally located within a battalion's defensive area. These systems may also be used to establish air defense ambushes or as roving units to cover gaps or less likely air avenues. (3) SA-9/13. Provide area coverage to the brigade. Normally operate as a platoon (four systems). On the march, the platoon moves with the brigade main body. Probable missions in the offense include protection of the brigade main CP and supporting artillery. In the defense, the platoon locates in the brigade defensive area positioned where it can provide coverage of the brigade CP and artillery battalion/BRAG. (4) SA-6/8/15. Typical employment is to have one battery support each first echelon brigade with the remaining batteries providing area protection to the rest of the division.
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_________________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATION
This chapter presents the command structure and equipment allocation of the OPFOR. The organization charts are a guideline and may be changed for a specific CGSC course. In case of discrepancies, consult your instructor for guidance. The army group is the largest operational-level grouping. The OPFOR General Staff activates and organizes such forces to conduct major ground maneuver components of a strategic operation within a theater. An army group has no fixed organization. Its composition is a function of its mission in the context of the strategic mission. Most of the ground maneuver divisions assigned to an army group are subordinate to armies or corps. However, some divisions and separate brigades may remain independent of an army or corps and directly subordinate to the army group. The numbers of armies, corps, divisions, and separate brigades can vary widely from one army group to another. In addition to these ground maneuver forces, an army group normally has an air army.
Army Group _____________________________________________________________________________
AR M Y G R O UP *
ARMY GRO UP HQ
MECH/TA NK ARMY
MECH/TA NK CORPS
MECH INF/ TANK DIVISION
MECH INF/ TANK BDE (S EP)
AIRBORNE INFANTRY BDE (S EP)**
SPF BRIGA DE ****
NAVAL INFANTRY BRIGA DE ***
AIR ARMY
ARTILLERY DIVISION *****
SP G UN BRIGA DE (152-m m)*****
MRL REGIM ENT/ BRIGA DE *****
HEAVY AR TILLERY BRIGA DE

*
TARGET AC QUISITION REG IM ENT
SSM BRIGA DE (S CUD)
MISSILE TECHNICAL BATTALION
**
*** **** *****
There is no fixed organization for an army group. A typical army group may contain one to four mechanized or tank armies. In lieu of some of these armies, it may have one or two mechanized or tank corps. However, some army groups may only have the smaller corps organizations. Some may also include separate mechanized infantry or tank brigades or mechanized infantry or tank divisions that are not part of a corps or an army. Airborne forces are not organic to an army group. However, a separate airborne infantry brigade may be under operational control of an army group. Higher command may allocate additional forces from an airborne division to support an army group in a given operation; these are normally brigade-size elements. Higher command may allocate a naval infantry brigade to support an army group in a given operation. The Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff controls all special-purpose forces (SPF). It normally allocates an SPF brigade to support the operations of an army group. Some army groups could have an artillery division, or perhaps two of them. If an army group has no more than one artillery division, it may also have a separate SP gun brigade and/or a separate MRL regiment or brigade.
2-1
ARMY
The army is the largest standing combined arms formation. Armies are capable of independent operations, but normally fight as part of an army group. In the latter case, an army typically receives combat support and combat service support assets from the parent army group. Allocation of such assets depends on the role of a particular army in the army group plan. There are two basic types of ground maneuver armies: the mechanized army and the tank army. Neither type has a fixed structure; the exact size and composition depend on the army's mission, the situation, and the area of operations.
Mechanized Army ________________________________________________________________________

M EC HA NIZE D A RM Y *
A RM Y HQ
M ECHA NIZE D INFANTRY DIV ISIO N
TANK DIVISIO N
M ECH IN F/ TANK BDE (SE P)
S PF B ATTA LIO N **
CO M BAT HE LICO PTER REG IME NT
A RTILLE RY B RIG AD E
M RL RE GIME NT
T ARGE T A CQ UISITIO N R EG IM EN T
ARTILLE RY CO M MA ND B ATTA LIO N
S SM B RIG ADE (SS-21)
SSM BRIG AD E (SCUD)
M ISSILE TEC HNIC AL BATTALION
S AM B RIGADE (SA-11/S A-4)
E ARLY W AR NING B ATTA LIO N
AN TIT AN K R EG IM EN T
**
A typical mechanized army has two to five divisions, with four being the most common. These generally include at least two mechanized infantry divisions and one tank division. In lieu of one or two of these divisions, the army may have one or two separate mechanized infantry or tank brigades. The Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff controls all special-purpose forces (SPF). It may allocate up to a battalion of SPF to support the operations of an army.
2-2
Tank Army ______________________________________________________________________________
TA N K A RM Y *
AR M Y HQ
TAN K D IVISIO N
M EC H AN IZED IN FAN TR Y D IVISIO N
TAN K/M ECH IN F BD E (S EP)
SPF BAT TALIO N **
C O M BAT H ELICO PT ER R EG IM EN T
AR TILLER Y BR IG ADE
MRL R EG IM EN T
TAR G ET AC Q UISIT IO N R EG IM EN T
AR TILLER Y C OM M AN D BAT TALIO N
SSM BR IG ADE (S S-21)
SSM BR IG ADE (S CU D )
M ISS ILE TEC H N ICAL BAT TALIO N
SAM BR IG ADE (S A-11/SA-4)
EAR LY W AR NIN G BAT TALIO N
**
A typical tank army has two to five divisions, with four being the most common. These generally include at least two tank divisions and no more than one mechanized infantry division. In lieu of one or two of these divisions, the army may have one or two separate tank or mechanized infantry brigades. The Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff controls all special-purpose forces (SPF). It may allocate up to a battalion of SPF to support the operations of an army.
2-3
Mechanized Army or Tank Army (continued) ______________________________________________
MECHANIZED ARMY
DRONE SQUADRON
SIGNALS RECON BATTALION *
JAMMING BATTALION/ REGIMENT
ENGINEER BRIGADE
PONTOON BRIDGE REGIMENT
ASSAULT CROSSING BATTALION
SIGNAL REGIMENT **
SEPARATE HELICOPTER SQUADRON ***
CHEMICAL DEFENSE BATTALION
DECONTAMINATION BATTALION
FLAMETHROWER BATTALION
SMOKE BATTALION
MATERIEL SUPPORT BRIGADE
TANK TRANSPORT HEAVY-LIFT REGIMENT
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL BATTALION
EVACUATION BATTALION
FIELD **** HOSPITAL
* Instead of one or two signals reconnaissance battalions, an army may have a signals reconnaissance regiment. ** In lieu of a signal regiment, an army may get its communications support from separate battalions. These may include a signal battalion and/or a radio relay battalion. *** Some armies may have a mixed aviation squadron instead of a separate helicopter squadron. **** The field hospital is an army group asset allocated to some armies.
2-4
Infantry Army ___________________________________________________________________________
INFANTRY ARMY*
ARMY HQ
INFANTRY DIVISION
TANK DIVISION
MECHANIZED INFANTRY DIVISION
ARTILLERY BRIGADE
MRL REGIMENT
SAM BDE (SA-4/11)
ANTITANK REGIMENT
INDEP CBT HELICOPTER BRIGADE
COMBAT ENGINEER BRIGADE
MATERIAL SUPPORT BRIGADE
MAINT. BATTALION
CHEM. PROTECTION BATTALION
SIGNAL REGIMENT
RADIO RECON BATTALION
REC BATTALION
SMOKE BATTALION
SPF BATTALION
A typical Infantry Army has four divisions. Organizations vary form four ID, to three ID and one MID, to two ID plus one MID and one TD. The last is the most common form.
2-5
Air Army________________________________________________________________________________
AIR ARMY*
Fighter Aviation Division

MiG-23, 29 or Su-27
FighterBomber Avn Division

MiG-27
Bomber Aviation Division

Su-24 or 27
Group-Attack Aviation Regiment)

Su-25 (pp 2-59/2-9/2-16)
Recon Aviation Division

Su-24 or MiG-25
Mixed Aviation Squadron/ Regiment
Transport Helicopter Regiment

24 Mi-6/26 24 Mi-8T/8MT
Air Ambulance Regiment

15 Mi-8T/8MT (Air Ambulances)
Airborne Jamming Avn Regiment

Su-25 and Yak-28 EA Variants
Heliborne Jamming Squadron)

14-21 Mi-8 EA Variants
Separate Helicopter Squadron

6-12 Mi-8T/8MT 1-2 Mi-6A/Mi-26 2 Mi-24R (NBC) 2 Mi-24K (photo recon)
An air army has no fixed organization and may tailor its structure to meet specific needs of the ground forces within the supported army group. The numbers of aircraft can vary greatly, even down to the squadron level. Units with aviation (AVN) in their name generally consist of fixed-wing aircraft. The Air Ambulance Regiment normally has about 15 Mi-8T/HIP C or Mi-8MT (Mi-17)/HIP H medium helicopters equipped as air ambulances.
2-6
CORPS
The corps is the smallest formation fully organized and equipped to conduct operational maneuver. It is smaller and more maneuverable than an army. As with the army, the corps normally fights as part of an army group and may receive assets allocated from that level. A corps can also conduct independent operations that require less combat power than an army. The main maneuver elements of a corps are more likely to be separate brigades, rather than divisions. There are two basic types of corps: the mechanized corps and the tank corps. Again, there is no fixed structure.
Mechanized Corps ________________________________________________________________________

MECHANIZED CORPS*
CORPS HQ
MECH INF/ TANK DIVISION
MECH INF/ TANK BDE (SEP)
COMBAT HELICOPTER REGIMENT
ARTILLERY BRIGADE (152-mm)
MRL BATTALION/ REGIMENT
TARGET ACQUISITION BATTALION
ARTILLERY COMMAND BATTALION
SSM BRIGADE (SS-21/SCUD)
SAM BRIGADE (SA-11/SA-4)
ANTITANK REGIMENT
DRONE SQUADRON
SIGNALS RECON BATTALION
JAMMING BATTALION
ENGINEER BATTALION/ BRIGADE
WATER CROSSING REGIMENT
SIGNAL BATTALION/ REGIMENT
SEPARATE HELICOPTER SQUADRON**
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL BATTALION
**
A typical mechanized corps has one or two divisions and perhaps one or two separate mechanized infantry or tank brigades. The divisions are most likely to be mechanized infantry divisions. It is also possible that some corps could consist entirely of separate brigades rather than divisions. In this case, there could be three to five separate brigades. These are most likely to be separate mechanized infantry brigades. Some corps may have a mixed aviation squadron instead of a separate helicopter squadron.
2-7
___________________________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
Tank Corps _____________________________________________________________________________
TANK CORPS*
CORPS HQ
TANK/ MECH INF DIVISION
TANK/MECH INF BDE (SEP)
ARTILLERY BRIGADE (152-mm)
MRL BATTALION/ REGIMENT
SSM BRIGADE (SS-21/SCUD)
SAM BRIGADE (SA-11/SA-4)
DRONE SQUADRON
SIGNALS RECON BATTALION
JAMMING BATTALION
ENGINEER BATTALION/ BRIGADE
SIGNAL BATTALION/ REGIMENT
SEPARATE HELICOPTER SQUADRON**
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL BATTALION
**
A typical tank corps has one or two divisions and perhaps one or two separate tank or mechanized infantry brigades. The divisions are most likely to be tank divisions. It is also possible that some corps could consist entirely of separate brigades rather than divisions. In this case, there could be three to five separate brigades. These are the most likely to be separate tank brigades. Some corps may have a mixed aviation squadron instead of a separate helicopter squadron.
2-8
DIVISION
The ground forces have three basic types of maneuver division: the mechanized infantry division, the tank division, and the motorized infantry division. The divisions are combined arms organizations. A mechanized infantry organization has one tank brigade along with its mechanized infantry brigades. The latter may comprise two IFVequipped brigades and one APC-equipped brigade or vice versa. A tank division has one IFV-equipped mechanized infantry brigade along with its three tank brigades. Combat support and combat service support units are basically the same for all mechanized infantry and tank divisions. The only differences are variations in the compositions of the selfpropelled artillery regiment and maintenance battalion, and the fact that the tank division has no antitank battalion.
Mechanized Infantry Division (IFV) _________________________________________________________

MECHANIZED INFANTRY DIVISION
DIVISION HQ
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BDE (APC) (DIV)
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BDE (IFV) (DIV)
TANK BRIGADE (DIV)
SP ARTILLERY REGIMENT
SAM REGIMENT (SA-15)*
ANTITANK BATTALION
RECON & EC BATTALION
ENGINEER BATTALION
SIGNAL BATTALION
MATERIEL SUPPORT BATTALION
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL BATTALION
ARTILLERY COMMAND BATTERY
* Instead of the SA-15 SAM regiment, the tank division may have a SAM regiment equipped with the SA-6 or SA-8 or a 57-mm AA gun regiment.
Tank Division____________________________________________________________________________
TANK DIVISION
DIVISION HQ
TANK BRIGADE (DIV)
SAM REGIMENT (SA-15)*
RECON & EC BATTALION
ENGINEER BATTALION
SIGNAL BATTALION
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL BATTALION
* Instead of the SA-15 SAM regiment, the tank division may have a SAM regiment equipped with the SA8 or SA-6 or a 57-mm AA gun regiment.
2-9
Motorized Infantry Division________________________________________________________________
M O TORIZED INFANTRY DIVISION*
DIVISION HQ
M TZD INF BRIGADE (DIV)
CO M M ANDO BATTALION
SEPARATE TANK BATTALION
ARTILLERY REG IM ENT (TOW ED)**
AA G UN REG IM ENT (57-m m )
ANTITANKBN/ ATG MBTRY
RECON &EC BATTALION/ RECON CO
ENG INEER BATTALION/ COM PANY
SIG NAL BATTALION/ CO M PANY
CHEM ICAL DEFENSE BN/CO
M ATERIEL SUPPORT BATTALION
M AINT BATTALION
M EDICAL BATTALION/ COM PANY
1. The basic maneuver units in this division are three motorized infantry brigades (divisional). These divisional brigades differ structurally from their separate counterparts normally found within military districts. In addition to its motorized infantry brigades, this division may or may not have a separate tank battalion. 2. Most motorized infantry divisions have an ATGM battery and company-sized engineer, signal, reconnaissance, and medical units. However, some better-equipped motorized infantry divisions may have battalion-sized antitank, engineer, signal, reconnaissance (and EC), and medical units. 3. Motorized infantry divisions are more common than mechanized or infantry divisions.
Infantry Division _________________________________________________________________________

INFANTRY DIVISION
DIVISION HQ
INFANTRY BRIGADE (DIVISIONAL)
SEPARATE TANK BATTALION
ARTILLERY REGIMENT (TOWED)
AA GUN REGIMENT/ BATTALION
ATGM BATTERY/ AT BATTALION
ENGINEER COMPANY/ BATTALION
SIGNAL COMPANY/ BATTALION
RECON CO/ RECON & EC BATTALION
CHEMICAL DEFENSE COMPANY
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL COMPANY/ BATTALION
1. The basic maneuver units in this division are infantry brigades (divisional). Divisional brigades differ structurally from their
separate counterparts normally found within districts. In rare cases, an infantry division may include a separate tank battalion. 2. Most infantry divisions have company-sized engineer, signal, reconnaissance, and medical units. However, some better-equipped infantry divisions may have battalion-sized units of these types. 3. Infantry divisions are less common than motorized infantry divisions.
2-10
Airborne Division ________________________________________________________________________
AIRBORNE DIVISION
DIVISION HQ
AIRBORNE BRIGADE (IFV) (DIV)
ARTILLERY REGIMENT
AIR DEFENSE BATTALION
RECON COMPANY
ENGINEER BATTALION
SIGNAL BATTALION
MATERIAL SUPPORT BATTALION *
MAINT BATTLION
MEDICAL BATTALION
* This battalion also performs the parachute rigging function for the division elements other than the airborne brigades. The brigades each have their own parachute rigging and resupply company.
BRIGADE
The basic maneuver unit is the brigade, consisting of maneuver battalions and a wide array of combat support and combat service support elements. In contrast, a separate or independent* brigade is not a part of a division. Instead, it is directly subordinate to a corps, an army, or army group. Besides having more maneuver battalions, a separate brigade has some of the combat support and combat service support assets normally found at division level. The separate brigade needs these support assets to fight more independently, without relying on support from a parent division. An armor- and mechanized-based OPFOR consists primarily of mechanized infantry units. The mechanized infantry brigade has two basic types: one equipped with infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and one equipped with (armored personnel carriers (APCs). The are also tank brigades. Each of these three types of maneuver brigade has separate and divisional versions. Also, even an armor- and mechanizedbased OPFOR may have some truck-mounted motorized infantry. The terms separate and independent are interchangeable and do not reflect a difference in organization.
2-11
Mechanized Infantry Brigade (IFV) (Sep) ____________________________________________________
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BDE (IFV) (SEP)*
BRIGADE HQ
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BN (IFV)
TANK BATTALION
SP HOWITZER BATTALION (152/122-mm)**
AIR DEFENSE BN/BTRY
ANTITANK BATTALION
RECON & EC COMPANY
ENGINEER BATTALION
SIGNAL BATTALION/ COMPANY
MAINT BATTALION/ COMPANY
MEDICAL BATTALION/ COMPANY
* **
A separate mechanized infantry brigade most likely has four mechanized infantry battalions and one 51-tank tank battalion. However, the mix might be three mechanized infantry battalions and two 31-tank tank battalions. When there is a single SP howitzer battalion, it may be either 122-mm or 152-mm, with 152-mm most likely. When there are two battalions, there may be one 122-mm and one 152-mm or, more likely, both 152-mm.
Mechanized Infantry Brigade (IFV) (Div), MID & TD__________________________________________

BRIGADE HQ
TANK BATTALION
SP HOWITZER BATTALION (122-mm)
AIR DEFENSE BN/BTRY
ATGM BTRY/ AT BN
RECON COMPANY
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
CHEMICAL DEFENSE PLATOON
MATERIEL SUPPORT COMPANY
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
The MIBR (IFV) in the TD has only 2 MIBNs.
2-12
Mechanized Infantry Brigade (APC) (Div), MID ______________________________________________
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BDE (APC) (DIV)
BRIGADE HQ
MECHANIZED INFANTRY BN (APC)
TANK BATTALION
SP HOWITZER BATTALION (122-mm)*
AIR DEFENSE BATTALION/ BATTERY
ATGM BATTERY/ AT BN
RECON COMPANY
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
* The mechanized infantry brigade (APC) may have a battalion of 122-mm towed howitzers instead of this SP howitzer battalion.
Tank Brigade (Div), MID __________________________________________________________________
TANK BRIGADE (DIV)
BRIGADE HQ
1 T-64K /72K/80K 1 BT R-60/ 70/ 80
TANK BATTALION
ea bn: 31 T-64/ 72/ 80
AIR DEFENSE BATTALION/ BATTER Y
REC ON COMPANY
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGN AL COMPANY
CH EMIC AL DEFENSE PLATOON
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
The Tank Brigade of a MID has no organic, subordinate Mechanized Infantry Battalion.
2-13
Tank Brigade (Div), TD ___________________________________________________________________
TANK BRIGADE (DIV)
BRIGADE HQ
1 T-64 K/72K/8 0K 1 BTR- 60PA
T ANK BATTALION
MECH ANIZED INFANT RY BN (IFV)
SP HOWIT ZER BATTALION (1 22-mm )
ea b n: 31 T-64 /72/80
AIR D EFEN SE BATTALION/ BATTERY
REC ON COMPAN Y
ENGINEER COMPAN Y
SIGNAL COMPAN Y
CH EMICAL DEFENSE PLAT OON
MATERIEL SUPPORT COMPAN Y
MAIN T COMPAN Y
MEDI CAL PLATOON
The Tank Brigade of a MID has a organic, subordinate Mechanized Infantry Battalion.
Weapons Systems Totals
T-64/72/80 BMP-1/2/3BRM-1K BTR-60/70/80 BTR (R-145BM) BRDM-2/2U ACRV SERIES 2S1 2S3/2S19 Mortar (2B9/2S12) SA-13 2S6 SA-16/18 SA-15 9P148 w/AT-5 AT-4 AT-7 MT-12/2A45M RPG-7V SPG-9 RPK-74 AGS-17
MIBR (APC) 31 14 146 19 8 8 18 0 18 6 6 48 0 9 18 27 0 152 9 102 18
MIBR (IFV) 31 151 10 8 8 18 0 18 6 6 48 0 9 18 0 0 146 0 102 18
TBR (MID) 94 16 3 8 4 8 18 0 0 6 6 21 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 21 0
TBR (TD) 94 51 1 22 4 8 18 0 6 6 6 30 0 0 6 0 0 71 0 48 6
MIBR (sep.) 51 179 3 22 4 16 0 36 24 6 6 63 8 12 24 0 12 0 24
2-14
Motorized Infantry Brigade (Divisional) _____________________________________________________

MOTORIZED INFANTRY BRIGADE
BRIGADE HQ
MOTORIZED INFANTRY BATTALION*
MORTAR BATTALION
18 2S12/M1943)
AA GUN BATTERY (23-mm)

8 ZU-23
ATGM PLATOON
6 AT-4
RECON PLATOON
ENGINEER COMPANY
3 BRDM-2RKh
SIGNAL COMPANY
8 truck 10 van, signal

4 bridge 3 PMR-3 1 DIM

30 truck, medium 10 truck, POL
MOTOR TRANSPORT BATTALION

6 truck 9 van, maint
MAINT COMPANY
60 truck, med. 39 truck, light 14 truck, utility
MEDICAL PLATOON
1 van hospital 4 ambulance
* In some motorized infantry brigades, one of these infantry battalions may be mechanized rather than motorized.
Infantry Brigade (Divisional) _______________________________________________________________
INFANTRY BRIGADE
BRIGADE HQ
INFANTRY BATTALION
MORTAR BATTALION
18 2S12/m1943 or 2B9/M1937
MRL BATTERY
6-9 RPU-14 140-MM MRL

8 ZU-23
ATGM PLATOON
6 AT-4
RECON PLATOON
ENGINEER COMPANY
4 TMM 3 PMR 1 DIM
SIGNAL COMPANY

3 BRDM-2RKh
MAINT PLATOON
MEDICAL PLATOON
The MRL battery is not present in all infantry brigades.
2-15
Combat Helicopter Regiment, Army or Corps_________________________________________________

ATTACK HELICOPTER SQUADRON

40 total of: Mi-28 HAVOC or Mi-24 HINDE/F or KA-50 HOKUM
MEDIUM-LIFT HELICOPTER SQUADRON

20 Mi-8MT (Mi-17)/HIP H
RECON HELICOPTER SQUADRON*
MAINT SUPPORT
FLIGHT SERVICES
Some combat helicopter regiments may also include six Mi-24R/HIND G1 NBC-sampling helicopters and six Mi-24K/HIND G2 photoreconnaissance helicopters.
Separate Helicopter Squadron, Army ________________________________________________________
SEPARATE HELICOPTER SQUADRON
MEDIUM-LIFT HELICOPTER FLIGHT

Each flight 3 Mi-8T/8MT
HEAVY-LIFT HELICOPTER FLIGHT

1-2 Mi-6A HOOK or Mi-26 HALO
RECON HELICOPTER FLIGHT

2 Mi-24K HIND (photo recon) 2 Mi-24 R HIND (NBC sampling)
LIGHT HELICOPTER FLIGHT
HELIBORNE JAMMING FLIGHT*
COMMAND POST FLIGHT**
*Some separate helicopter squadrons may also have two or three Mi-8SMV/HIP J and two or three Mi-8PPA/HIP K or Mi-8MT (Mi17P)/HIP H jamming helicopters. ** Some squadrons may also have one or two Mi-8VKP airborne command post helicopters.
2-16
Airborne Brigade (IFV) (Div), Airborne Div __________________________________________________

AIRBORNE BRIGADE (IFV) (DIV)
BRIGADE HQ
AIRBORNE BATTALION (IFV)

33 BMD-1/2/3
SP COMBO GUN BATTALION (120-mm)

18 2S9 1 PSNR-1, BSR
AIR DEFENSE BATTERY

6 ZU-23
ATGM BATTERY
12 AT-4
RECON COMPANY
4 BRDM-2 5 BTR-D, 3 PSNR-1 BSR
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
PARACHUTE RIGGING & RESUPPLY CO
MAINTENANCE COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
Airborne Infantry Brigade (Sep) ____________________________________________________________

AIRBORNE INFANTRY BRIGADE (SEP)*
BRIGADE HQ
AIRBORNE INFANTRY BATTALION

Each battalion: 8 2B14 (82-mm mortar) 6 AT-4 9 AT-7
HOWITZER BATTALION (122-mm)

18 D-30
AIR DEFENSE BATTERY

6 ZU-23
ANTITANK BATTERY
9 SPG 12 AT-4
RECON COMPANY
ENGINEER COMPANY
2 DIM 10 PUD-20
SIGNAL COMPANY

4 UAZ-69RKh chem decon truck
PARACHUTE RIGGING & RESUPPLY CO
MAINTENANCE COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
Air transport support units required for deployment may be allocated to the brigade from military transport aviation assets. Either transport aircraft or heavy-lift helicopters could air-land the brigade or insert the airborne infantry battalions by parachute.
BATTALION
There are two basic types of mechanized infantry battalion: those equipped with tracked infantry vehicles (IFVs) and those equipped with wheeled armored personnel carriers (APCs). Tank battalions of divisional tank brigades have a standard 31-tank structure. In a divisional mechanized infantry brigade, the tank battalion may have the 31-tankstructure or a variant with 40 tanks. Tank battalions in separate mechanized infantry and tank brigades typically have a 51-tank structure, but 31- and 41-tank variants are possible. There is also a 44-tank variant that may occur in either divisional or separate mechanized infantry and tank brigades or as separate tank battalion in a motorized infantry division.
2-17
Mechanized Infantry Battalion (APC) _______________________________________________________

MECHANIZED INFANTRY BN (APC)
BATTALION HQ
1 BTR-60 1 BTR-60P/70K/80K
MECHANIZED INFANTRY CO (APC)

ea co: 11 BTR-60/70/80 3 AT-7
MORTAR BATTERY
6 120-mm/82-mm mortar
SAM PLATOON
3 BTR-60/70/80 9 SA-14/16/18
AGL PLATOON
3 BTR-60/70/80 6 AGS-17
ANTITANK PLATOON
3 BTR-60/70/80 6 AT-4
RECON PLATOON*
3 BTR-60/70/80
SIGNAL PLATOON
SUPPLY & SERVICE PLATOON
Some APC-equipped mechanized infantry battalions do not have a reconnaissance platoon.
Mechanized Infantry Battalion (IFV) ________________________________________________________
BATTALION HQ
2 BMP-1K/2K/3K
MECHANIZED INFANTRY CO (IFV)

Ea co: 10/11 BMP-1/2/3 3 AT-7
MORTAR BATTERY
6 120-mm/82-mm mortar
SAM PLATOON
3 BMP-1/2/3 9 SA-14/16/18
AGL PLATOON
3 BMP-1/2/3 6 AGS-17
ATGM PLATOON*
3 BMP-1/2/3 6 AT-4
RECON PLATOON
2 BMP-1/2/3 1 BMP-1K/3K
SIGNAL PLATOON
SUPPLY & SERVICE PLT
Many IFV-equipped mechanized infantry battalions do not have an ATGM platoon. Therefore, the battalion's equipment totals shown here do not include that platoon. The ATGM platoon is more likely to appear when the battalion is part of a separate brigade.
Tank Battalion (31-Tank Standard), MIBR and TBR __________________________________________
TANK BATTALION (31-Tank)
BATTALION HQ
TANK COMPANY (10 Tank)

10 T-64/72/80 each company
2-18
1 T-64K/72K/80K 1 BTR (R145M) 1 BMP-1K/2K/3K
Tank Battalion, MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep) __________________________________________________

TANK BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
1 T-64K/72K/80K 1 BTR (R145M) 1 BMP-1K/2K/3K
TANK COMPANY
10 T-64-72/80 each company
Motorized Infantry Battalion, Mtzd Inf Bde (Sep and Div) ______________________________________
A motorized infantry battalion does not have organic transport assets to move its infantry companies and weapons company. Rather, it relies on the brigade-level motor transport battalion to provide trucks for movement over longer distances. Movement of all
MOTORIZED INFANTRY BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
4 truck
INFANTRY COMPANY
Each company: 22 RPG- 18/22 3 60-mm mortar 23 BG- 15 15 RPG- 7V
WEAPONS COMPANY
3 82-mm mortar M1937 3 AT-7 6 AGS-17 4 BG-15 3 RPG-7V
SIGNAL PLATOON
3 infantry companies requires a total of 18 medium trucks. A weapons company requires 3 utility trucks and 12 light trucks. Some motorized infantry battalions may have a mortar battery with nine 82-mm mortars instead of a mortar platoon in the weapons company. In that case, there would probably be no 60-mm mortars in the infantry companies.
Infantry Battalion, Inf Bde (Sep, Div, and Militia) or MD _______________________________________

INFANTRY BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
INFANTRY COMPANY
9 60-mm mortar 45 RPG-7V
WEAPONS COMPANY
3 82-mm mortar, M9137 3AT-7
Some infantry battalions may have a mortar battery with nine 82-mm mortars instead of a mortar platoon in the weapons company. In that case, there would probably be no 60-mm mortars in the infantry companies.
Tank Company (10-Tank Standard), TBN, MIBR (IFV or APC) & TBR __________________________
TANK COMPANY (10-Tank)*
COMPANY HQ
MBT Company Commander...PM Driver/Mechanic.............PM Gunner...........................PM
TANK PLATOON**
Each platoon
PLATOON HQ
MBT Platoon Leader/ Tank Commander...PM Driver/Mechanic......PM Gunner....................PM
TANK SQUAD
each squad MBT Tank Commander...AKS-74 Driver/Mechanic.............PM Gunner...........................PM
In companies equipped with tanked (such as T-55/62) without automatic loaders, each tank has one additional crewmember, a loader. The loader carries a PM pistol. One tank in each platoon mounts a mine-clearing plow.
2-19
Mechanized Infantry Company (IFV), MIBN (IFV) ____________________________________________

MECHANIZED INFANTRY COMPANY (IFV)
COMPANY HQ*
1 BMP 2 AK-74
MECHANIZED INFANTRY PLT (IFV)

3 BMP 1 AK-74 10 AKS-74 2 RPK-74 2 RPK-74 2 RPG-7V 1SVD
ATGM SECTION**
Mechanized Infantry Company (APC), MIBN (APC) __________________________________________

MECHANIZED INFANTRY COMPANY (APC)
COMPANY HQ
MECHANIZED INFANTRY PLT (APC)
ATGM SECTION
Infantry Company, Mtzd Inf Bn and Inf Bn __________________________________________________

INFANTRY COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
INFANTRY PLATOON
MORTAR PLATOON
3 60-mm mortar 6 RPG-7V
System
MBT T-64/72/80 BMP-1/2/3 BTR-60/70/80 AK-74 AKS-74 RPK-74 SVD RPG-7V RPG-18/22 AT-7
MIC (BTR)
0 0 11 53 0 9 3 9 0 3
MIC (BMP)
0 10/11 0 50 0 9 3 9 0 0/3
TC
10 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
IC
0 0 0 82 0 18 3 15 22 0
2-20
Special-Purpose Forces
Special-Purpose Forces Brigade, Army Group ________________________________________________
SPF BRIGADE*
BRIGADE HQ
SPF BATTALION
SIGNAL BATTALION
SUPPORT UNITS
* The SPF brigade structure is not fixed. This chart represents a typical brigade, which may deploy about 80 to 100 SPF teams. The number of teams deployed generally depends on the team size required for specific missions.
Special-Purpose Forces Battalion, Army or SPF Bde ___________________________________________

SPF BATTALION*
BATTALION HQ
SPF COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
* The battalion does not have a fixed structure. The size of a SPF company in an army-level battalion differs greatly from the company size in a battalion of an SPF brigade. The total number of teams an army-level SPF battalion can deploy varies from 9 to 15. However, an SPF battalion in an SPF brigade can deploy from 27 to 30 teams. The number of teams deployed generally depends on the team size required for specific missions.
Artillery
Artillery Division, Army Group_____________________________________________________________
ARTILLERY DIVISION*
DIVISION HQ
GUN BRIGADE (152-mm)

90 2A36
GUN-HOW BRIGADE (152-mm)

72 D-20/2A65
HOWITZER BRIGADE (122-mm)

72 D-30
MRL BRIGADE (220/300-mm)

72 9P140 (220-mm) 48 9A52 (300-mm)
ENGINEER COMPANY
MAINT BATTALION
MEDICAL COMPANY
In most artillery divisions, howitzer, gun-howitzer, and gun brigades consist of four 18-tube battalions and a target acquisition battery. In other artillery divisions, these brigades could have four 24-tube battalions.
2-21
152-mm SP Gun Brigade (4x18-Tube Battalion) Army, (5x18-Tube Battalion) Army Group __________
SP GUN BRIGADE (152-mm)
HQ & CONTROL BATTERY
SP GUN BATTALION (152-mm)

18 2S5
TARGET ACQUISITION BTRY/BN

8 ZU-23
ENGINEER PLATOON
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
220-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher Regiment/Brigade, at Army or Corps or Army Group ___________
MRL REGIMENT /BRIGADE (220-mm)
MRL BATTALION (220-mm)

18 9P140 3 ACRV
TARGET ACQUISITION BATTERY

1 SNAR-10 radar 1 ARK-1 radar
ENGINEER PLATOON
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
Heavy Artillery Brigade, Army Group _______________________________________________________

HEAVY ARTILLERY BRIGADE*
SP GUN BATTALION (203-mm)**

Each battalion: 12 2S7 6 ACRV (3 btry COP, 3 btry FDC
SP MORTAR BATTALION (240-mm)**
TARGET ACQUISITION BTRY/BN

SNAR-10, ARK-1, PRP-3/4, ACV

8 ZU-23
ENGINEER PLATOON
2 BAT, 2 BTM

3 BRDM-2RKh
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
* **
This brigade is not part of the army group's artillery division. It is not actually organic to the army group. However, higher command may allocate a heavy artillery brigade to an army group. The heavy artillery brigade always has four battalions of heavy artillery. It may have all four of its battalions equipped with 203-mm SP guns. Alternatively, it may have two battalions of SP guns and two battalions of 240-mm SP mortars.
2-22
122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher Regiment, Army or Corps

MRL REGIMENT SSM ) (122-mm BRIGADE (SCUD)
HQ & CONTROL BATTERY BRIGADE
HQ
MRL BATTALION SSM (122-mm) BATTALION (SCUD)
TARGET ACQUISITION BATTERY ENGINEER
COMPANY PRP-3/4, SNAR-10, ARK1
ENGINEER PLATOON SIGNAL COMPANY
Each BN: 4 ACRV (3 btry COP, 1Bn), 18 BM-21

3 BRDM-2KHm
MATERIEL SUPPORT MISSILE COMPANY TECHNICAL BATTALION
MAINT COMPANY TECHNICAL SPT & SVC BATTERY
MEDICAL PLATOON
Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment, MID and TD _______________________________________________

MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
152-mm SP Howitzer Bn, SP Arty Regt or MIBR (Sep) &TBR (Sep)______________________________

BATTALION HQ
ACRV, PRP-3/4 Laser rangefinder
CONTROL PLATOON
ACRV (BN FDC)
SP HOWITZER BATTERY
Each btry: 6 2S3 or 2s19 2 ACRV (btry COP, btry FDC)
122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer Battalion, MIBR and TBR_____________________________________

BATTALION HQ
CONTROL PLATOON
SP HOWITZER BATTERY (122-mm)
ACRV (BN COP) Laser guided proj. set PRP-3/4 Laser rangefinder
ACRV (BN FDC)
each btry: 2 ACRV (btry FDC, COP) 6 2S1 laser guided proj. set Laser range finder
2-23
122-mm MRL Bn, SP Arty Regt or 122-mm MRL Regt or Corps_________________________________

HQ & CONTROL PLATOON
FIRING BATTERY
2 ACRV (BN COP, FDC) 6 BM-21 2 ACRV (btry COP, FDC)
Mortar Battery, MIBN (IFV or APC)________________________________________________________

MORTAR BATTERY
BATTERY HQ
CONTROL PLATOON
MORTAR PLATOON
MOTOR TRANSPORT SECTION
PLATOON HQ
FO/RECON SECTION
Each mortar battery has 6 120-mm 2S12/M1943 or 6 82-mm 2B9 automatic mortars.
Artillery Command Battalion, Army or Corps ________________________________________________

BATTALION HQ
SIGNAL PLATOON
1PRP-3/4
ea btry: PRP-3/4, SNAR-10, ARK-1, Sound-ranging set
Artillery Command Battery, MID and TD or Arty Command Bn ________________________________

BATTERY HQ
PRP-3/4
RADAR RECON PLATOON

SNAR-10, ARK-1
SOUNDRANGING PLATOON
METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION

END TRAY
SIGNAL PLATOON
SUPPLY & SERVICE SECTION
2-24
Target Acquisition Regiment, Army or Army Group

TARGET ACQUISITION REGIMENT
RPV SQUADRON
SUPPLY & SERVICE SECTION
Target Acquisition Battalion, 152-mm SP Gun Bde or 152-mm Gun Bde or 152-mm Gun-How Bde or 152-mm Arty Bde or 122-mm How Bde or Heavy Arty Bde or MRL Bde or Corps or Tgt Acq Regt________________________________________________________________________________
Each battalion also has 2 ACV BTR (R-145BM), and BRDM-2RKhM
Target Acquisition Battery, 152-mm SP Gun Bde or 152-mm Gun Bde or 152-mm Gun-How Bde or 152-mm Arty Bde or 122-mm How Bde or Heavy Arty Bde or MRL Regt or MRL Bde or Tgt Acq Bn ______________________________________________________________________________
HQ & CONTROL PLATOON
SOUNDRANGING PLATOON
Sound ranging set
TOPO SURVEY PLATOON
METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION

END TRAY
RADAR PLATOON
CM/CB RADAR SECTION

ARK-1
SURVEILLANCE RADAR SECTION

PRP-3/4 SNAR-10
Each battery also has 1 ACV BTR (R-145BM).
2-25
SSM Brigade (SS-21), Army or Corps _______________________________________________________

SSM BRIGADE (SS-21)
BRIGADE HQ
SSM BATTALION (SS-21)
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
MISSILE TECHNICAL BATTALION*
TECHNICAL SPT & SVC BATTERY
18 TELs per brigade
SSM Brigade (SCUD), Army or Corps _______________________________________________________

SSM BRIGADE (SCUD)
BRIGADE HQ
SSM BATTALION (SCUD)
ENGINEER COMPANY
SIGNAL COMPANY
TECHNICAL SPT & SVC BATTERY
12 TELs per brigade.
2-26
Air Defense
SAM Brigade (SA-11), Army or Corps ______________________________________________________
SAM BRIGADE (SA-11)
BRIGADE HQ
3 x SA14/16/18**
TARGET ACQUISITION/ EARLY WARNING BATTERY
SAM BATTALION (SA-11)
EACH BN: 6 SA-11* 12 SA-14/16/18
MAINT COMPANY
* This system includes the FIRE DOME fire control radar. **The brigade HQ may have an AA gun section with 2 ZU-23mm AA guns instead of shoulder fired SAMs.
SAM Regiment (SA-15), MID and TD _______________________________________________________

SAM REGIMENT (SA-15)
REGIMENTAL HQ

2 LONG TRACK RADAR 1 THIN SKIN RADAR
MISSILE TECHNICAL BATTERY
MISSILE FIRING BATTERY

EACH BTRY: 4 SA-15
MAINT COMPANY
SAM Regiment (SA-8), MID and TD ________________________________________________________

SAM REGIMENT (SA-8)
REGIMENTAL HQ

2 LONG TRACK RADAR 1 THIN SKIN RADAR
MISSILE TECHNICAL BATTERY
MISSILE FIRING BATTERY
EACH BTRY: 4 SA-8 3 SA-14/16/18
MAINT COMPANY
57-mm Antiaircraft Gun Regiment, MID and TD ______________________________________________

ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN REGT (57-mm)
REGIMENTAL HQ
FIRE CONTROL BATTERY

2 FLAT FACE radar
AA GUN BATTERY
SUPPLY & SERVICE BATTERY
Ea btry: 6 S-60 1 FLAP WHEEL radar 3 SA-14/16/18
2-27
Air Defense Battalion, MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep)_____________________________________________

AIR DEFENSE BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
2 x ACV, PPRU****
SP AA BATTERY (2S6)
6 2S6**
SAM BATTERY * (SA-15)

Ea Btry: 4 SA-15*
SAM BATTERY (SA-13)

6 SA-13***
SAM BATTERY (Shoulder-Fired)

18 SA-14/16/18
*In some separate mechanized infantry brigades, the air defense battalion may have SA-8-equipped SAM batteries rather than the SA-15 batteries shown here. The SA-15 includes the SCRUM HALF fire control/TA radar. **This system includes SA-19/GRISON SAM launchers and HOT SHOT target acquisition and fire control radars. ***This system includes the DOG EAR target acquisition and fire control radar. ****This system includes ranging radar.
Air Defense Battery, MIBR (Div) and TBR (Div) ________________________________________________

AIR DEFENSE BATTERY
BATTERY HQ
3 x ACV, BTR-60 (PU-12)***
SAM PLATOON
4 x SA-9/SA-13*
SP AA GUN PLATOON
4 x ZSU-23-4**
MAINT SECTION
TRANSPORT SECTION
*The SA-13 system includes a ranging radar. **This system includes the GUN DISH fire control radar. In lieu of the ZSU-23-4, some batteries may have the 30-mm SP AA system 2S6, which includes SA-19/GRISON SAM launchers and HOT SHOT target acquisition and fire control radars. ***If the battery has tracked SA-13 and/or 2S6 systems, the ACV may be the tracked PPRU, which includes DOG EAR TA radar.
Early Warning Battalion, Army, Army Group ________________________________________________

EARLY WARNING BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
EW RADAR COMPANY
EW/GCI RADAR COMPANY
CONTROL COMPANY
AA GUN BATTERY (23-mm)*
Early Warning Battery, SAM Bde, Army, or Air Defense Regt, MID and TD ______________________
EW BTRY
2 LONG TRACK radar 1 THIN SKIN radar
2-28
Antitank
Antitank Regiment, Mechanized Army_______________________________________________________
ANTITANK REGIMENT
REGIMENTAL HQ
ANTITANK BATTALION
EA BN: 18 2A45M/MT-12 9 9P149 W/AT-6
ENGINEER PLATOON
2 BAT/PKT 2 BTM/MTK

3 BRDM2RKh
MAINT COMPANY
MEDICAL PLATOON
Antitank Battalion, AT Regt, Mechanized Army, or AT Bde_____________________________________

ANTITANK BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
ANTITANK GUN BATTERY

Ea btry: 6 2A45M/MT-12 7 MT-LBT
ATGM BATTERY
9 9P149 w/AT-6 9 RPG-7V 4 MT-LBu
Each battery and Bn HQ has a PSNR-1 or TALL MIKE radar.
Antitank Battalion, MID___________________________________________________________________

ANTITANK BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
1 PRP-3/4 1 BTR (R-145BM) Each battery has a PSNR-1 or TALL MIKE radar.
ANTITANK GUN BATTERY

ea battery: 6 2A45M/MT-12 7 MT-LBT
ATGM BATTERY
9 9P148 w/AT-5 9 RPG-7V 4 BRDM-2U
ATGM Battery, MIBR (Div) or AT Bn, MIBR (Div) or MID ____________________________________

ATGM BATTERY
BATTERY HQ
FIRING PLATOON
MOTOR TRANSPORT SECTION
PLATOON HQ
ATGM SQUAD
The ATGM battery has 9 9P148 with AT-5 and 1 PSNR-1/TALL MIKE radar.
2-29
Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat

Drone Squadron, Army or Corps ___________________________________________________________
DRONE SQUADRON
SQUADRON HQ
CONTROL PLATOON
DRONE FLIGHT
4 launch vehicles
12 DR-3 drones total
Signals Reconnaissance Battalion, Army or Corps or Army Group or Signals Recon Regt ____________
SIGNALS RECONNAISSANCE BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
RADIO INTERCEPT COMPANY

9 radio int sys
RADIO DF COMPANY
9 radio DF sys
RADAR INTERCEPT & DF COMPANY

9 radar int & DF sys
SIGNAL PLATOON
Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat Battalion, MID and TD

RECONNAISSANCE & ELECTRONIC COMBAT BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
RECON COMPANY
LONGRANGE RECON CO
SIGNALS RECON COMPANY
JAMMING COMPANY
RPV SQUADRON
RPV Squadron, Recon and EC Bn or Tgt Acq Regt ____________________________________________

RPV SQUADRON
SQUADRON HQ
CONTROL PLATOON *
RPV FLIGHT
Total: 4 RPV launcher, 8 RPV Schmel-1, 2 recovery vehicles
The launch vehicle for the Shmel-1 also serves as the ground control station. The employment of an alternate short-range RPV may require the use of an additional control element and vehicles.
2-30
Reconnaissance Company, Recon and EC Bn _________________________________________________

RECON COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
RECON PLATOON
1 BRM-1K/3K
1 BRM-1K3K 2 BMP-1/2/3
Long-Range Reconnaissance Company, Recon and EC Bn ______________________________________

LONG-RANGE RECON COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
1 x ACV, BRDM-2U.1
LONG-RANGE RECON PLATOON

ASC, BRDM-2............. 6
LONG-RANGE RECON PLATOON

APC, BTR-60/70/80 . 6
Signals Reconnaissance Company, Recon and EC Bn __________________________________________

SIGNALS RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
RADIO INTERCEPT & DF PLT
RADAR INTERCEPT & DF PLT
MAINT PLATOON
7 HF/VHF, R381T
3 NRS-1 POLE DISH
Some units may have older van-mounted radio intercept and DF systems rather than the R-381T on modified MT-LBu APC chassis.
Reconnaissance and Electronic Combat Co, MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep) __________________________
RECON & EC COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
1 BRM-1K
RECON PLATOON (Tracked)

2-4 BMP-2 1-2 BRM-1K
RECON PLATOON (Wheeled)

4 BRDM-2 1 PSNR-1 or TALL MIKE
JAMMING PLATOON
3 VHFjammer, R-330 1 HF jammer 3 prox fuze jammer 3 Radio intercept/DF
MOTORCYCLE SECTI0N *
2-31
Reconnaissance Company, MIBR (Div) and TBR (Div) _________________________________________

RECON COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
1 BRM-1K

2-4 BMP-2/3 1-2 BRM-1K

4 BRDM-2 1 PSNR-1 or TALL MIKE
MOTORCYCLE SECTION*
Reconnaissance Platoon (Tracked), Recon Co or Recon and EC Co_______________________________

PLATOON HQ 1 BRM-1K
RECON SQUAD 2 BMP-1/2/3
Recon Plt (Wheeled), Recon Co, MIBR and TBR, or Recon and EC Co______________________
PLATOON HQ
RECON SQUAD
2 BRDM-2 1 BRDM-2 1 PSNR-1 or TALL MIKE
Airborne Jamming Aviation Regiment, Air Army _____________________________________________

AIRBORNE JAMMING AVIATION REGIMENT
AIRBORNE JAMMING AVN SQDN
This regiment may have a squadron of Su-24 FENCER jamming variants and a squadron of Yak-28 BREWER E jamming variants. Each squadron normally has 12 aircraft.
Heliborne Jamming Squadron, Air Army ____________________________________________________

HELIBORNE JAMMING SQUADRON*
HELIBORNE JAMMING FLIGHT
This squadron may have one or two Mi-8T/HIP C/E or Mi-8MT(Mi-17)/HIP H medium helicopters and 14 to 21 jamming variants of the types Mi-8SMV/HIP J, or Mi-8PPA/HIP K, or Mi-8MT(Mi-17P)/HIP H.
2-32
Jamming Battalion, Army or Corps or Army Group or Jamming Regt ____________________________

JAMMING BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
RADIO INTERCEPT & DF CO

3 HF int/DF 3 VHF int/DF
VHF/UHF JAMMING COMPANY

9 VHF comms jammer 3 UHF comms jammer
HF JAMMING COMPANY
9 HF comms jammers
FUZE JAMMING PLATOON

9 SPR-1/2 fuze jammer
SIGNAL PLATOON
Jamming Company, Recon and EC Bn_______________________________________________________

J A M M IN G COMPANY
HQ P LAT OO N
R A D IO IN T E R C E P T & D F P LT
3 H F /V H F
VHF J A M M IN G P LAT O O N
6 V H F R 3 30 P
HF J A M M IN G P LAT OO N
3 H F jam m e r
FUZ E J A M M IN G P LAT OO N
9 p rox fu se jam m e rs S P R -1/2
M A IN T P LAT O O N
2-33
Engineer
Engineer Brigade, Army or Corps or Army Group ____________________________________________
ENGINEER BRIGADE*
BRIGADE HQ
ENGINEER BATTALION
ROAD & BRIDGE BATTALION
OBSTACLE BATTALION
OBSTACLECLEARING BATTALION
PONTOON BRIDGE BATTALION
MEDICAL PLATOON
Some engineer brigades may have a second pontoon bridge battalion. However, the equipment totals here include only one such battalion. In addition to the standard types of battalion shown here, some engineer brigades at army or army group levels could include one or more of the following types: an engineer construction battalion, a fabrication battalion, a water supply battalion, and possibly a camouflage, concealment, and deception battalion. Some units may have PMR towed minelayers instead of the GMZ armored tracked minelayers.
Engineer Brigade Principal Items of Equipment

ARMORED VEHICLES 12 APC, BTR-60/70/80 5 ACV, BRDM-2U 2 ACV, BTR (R-145BM) 3 Chem Recon Veh, BRDM-2RKh/RKhM 12 Armored Recovery Vehicle WEAPONS 40/42 ATRL, RPG-22/26* 36 SAM, Shoulder-Fired ENGINEER EQUIPMENT 13 Mineclearer, MTK/MTK-2 15 Mine Detector, DIM 33 Minelayer, PMR/GMZ 0/6 Minelayer, UMZ* 7 Armored Engineer Tractor, IMR 15 Engineer Recon Vehicle, IRM 64 Bridge, PMP Center** 8 24 32 20 24 12 20 12 25 4 4 4 4 7 4 21 9 Bridge, PMP Ramp** Powerboat** Bridge, Truck-Launched Bridge, Tank-Launched Tracked Amphibian, K-61/PTS Tracked Ferry, GSP/PMM-2 *** Assault Boat Trailer, Amphibious, PKP Route-Clearing Vehicle, BAT/PKT Truck, Sawmill Trailer, Saw Truck, Water Purification Concrete Mixer Tractor Piledriver Set, KMS Ditching Machine, BTM/MDK Grader
* Totals listed with multiple numbers (such as 16/18) reflect the numbers of that particular piece of equipment when engineer battalions do or do not have the UMZ minelayer, respectively. ** The PMM-2 amphibious bridge/ferry system may replace the PMP pontoon bridge. With the PMM-2, there is no need for powerboats. *** With the PMM-2, there are a total of 16 ferries rather than 12.
Road and Bridge Battalion, Engr Bde________________________________________________________

ROAD & BRIDGE BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
TRUCK-LAUNCHED BRIDGE COMPANY

8 TMM per Co
TANK-LAUNCHED BRIDGE COMPANY

12 MTU/MT-55
ROAD CONST COMPANY

6 BAT/PKT 4 BTM/MDK
SIGNAL PLATOON
MAINT PLATOON
2-34
_________________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
Obstacle Battalion, Engr Bde_______________________________________________________________

OBSTACLE BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
OBSTACLE COMPANY
SIGNAL PLATOON
MAINT PLATOON
Each Obstacle Company has 3 IRM, 9 PMR/GMZ minelayers, and 3 BTM/MDK.
Obstacle-Clearing Battalion, Engr Bde_______________________________________________________

OBSTACLECLEARING BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
OBSTACLECLEARING COMPANY
SIGNAL PLATOON
MAINT PLATOON
Each Obstacle-Clearing Company has an IMR, 3 DIM, 3 MTK/MTK-2 and a BAT.
Pontoon Bridge Regiment, Army or Army Group______________________________________________

PONTOON BRIDGE REGIMENT
REGIMENTAL HQ
PONTOON BRIDGE BATTALION

Each battalion: 2 IRM 32 PMP center 4 PMP ramp 12 powerboat
ENGINEER RECON PLATOON

2 IRM 1 DIM
CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
4 BTM/MDK 4 BAT 4 TMM
SUPPLY & SERVICE COMPANY
Water Crossing Regiment, Corps ___________________________________________________________

REGIMENTAL HQ
PONTOON BRIDGE BATTALION*

Each bn: 2 IRM 32 PMP center 4 PMP ramp 12 powerboat
ASSAULT CROSSING BATTALION

3 IRM 3 IMR 3 BTM/MDK 3 BAT 36 K-61/PTS 72 PMM-2

2 IRM 1 DIM
4 BTM/MDK 4 BAT 4 TMM
2-35
Engineer Battalion, MIBR (Sep) ____________________________________________________________

ENGINEER BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
MINE WARFARE COMPANY

3 GMZ, 2 MTK/MTK-2 2 DIM, 2 IMR
ASSAULT CROSSING COMPANY

12 K-61/PTS, 6 PKP 6 GSP/PMM-2 10 assault boats
CONSTRUCTION PLATOON
4 truck launched bridges 4 BTM/MDK 2 BAT/PKT

2 IRM 1 DIM
SIGNAL PLATOON
TRANSPORT PLATOON
Engineer Battalion, MID and TD or Engr Bde or Corps ________________________________________

ENGINEER BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
ROAD/ BRIDGE CONST CO
PONTOON BRIDGE COMPANY
SIGNAL PLATOON
Mine Warfare Company, Engr Bn __________________________________________________________

COMPANY HQ
MINECLEARING PLATOON
MINELAYER PLATOON*
2 IMR, 2 MTK/MTK-2, 2 DIM
3 GMZ, 0-3 UMZ
In the engineer battalion of a mechanized infantry or tank division, this company may have a second minelayer platoon equipped with the truck-mounted UMZ. This is in addition to the GMZ-equipped minelayer platoon already present in this company in a separate mechanized or tank brigade and at division level.
Assault Crossing Company, Engr Bn ________________________________________________________

COMPANY HQ
AMPHIBIOUS PLATOON
Ea co: 12 K-61/PTS
FERRY PLATOON
8 PMM-2
RECON DIVING PLATOON
Two GSP heavy amphibious ferry vehicles make up one ferry. Thus the assault crossing company actually has 12 half-ferries. With the newer PMM-2 system, 8 PMM-2 vehicles can form 8 ferries.
2-36
Construction Company, Engr Bn ___________________________________________________________

COMPANY HQ
BUNKER CONST PLATOON

4 BTM/MTK 1 KMS piledriver
HEAVY EQUIPMENT PLATOON

6 BAT 2 crane shovel
SPECIAL SKILLS PLATOON*
FIELD WATER SUPPLY SECTION
The special skills platoon contains engineers that perform work such as electrical, plumbing, and carpentry.
Road/Bridge Construction Company, Engr Bn ________________________________________________

ROAD/BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
ROAD/ BRIDGE CONST PLT

4 bridge, tank launched 8 bridge, truck-launched 2 route-clearing vehicle BAT/PKT 2 graders
SUPPORT PLATOON
Pontoon Bridge Company, Engr Bn or Pontoon Bridge Bn ______________________________________

PONTOON BRIDGE COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
PONTOON BRIDGE PLATOON

Total: 16 PMP center 2 PMP ramp
POWERBOAT PLATOON
6 powerboats
SUPPORT SECTION
A full PMP bridge set consists of 32 center and 4 ramp sections. The half-set can make a bridge(119 m of 60-t or 191 m of 20-t) or several rafts. The PPM-2 amphibious bridge/ferry system may replace the PMP pontoon bridge.
Engineer Company, MIBR (Div) and TBR (Div)_______________________________________________

ENGINEER COMPANY
COMPANY HQ
3 BTR
MINE WARFARE PLATOON

3 GMZ 3/9 KMT-5M 1 DIM
BRIDGE PLATOON
1/3 MTU/MT-55
CONSTRUCTION PLATOON
1 BTM/MDK 1 dozer 3 PZM/TMK 1 BAT
TRANSPORT PLATOON
4 TMM
Totals listed with multiple numbers (such as 1/3) reflect the numbers of the piece of equipment in the engineer company of a mechanized infantry brigade of tank brigade, respectively. Some units may have PMR towed minelayers instead of GMZ armored tracked minelayers. Trucks normally tow PMR minelayers.
2-37
Signal
Signal Regiment, Army or Corps or Army Group _____________________________________________
S IG N A L R E G IM E N T *
R E G IM E N T A L HQ
S IG N A L B A T T A L IO N
3 H F /V H F R E L A Y S T A T IO N 3 H F R E L A Y S T A T IO N
R A D IO R E L A Y B A T T A L IO N
6 - 9 V H F /U H F R E L A Y 9-12 U H F R E LA Y
TRO POSC ATTER B A T T A L IO N * *

9 -1 5 S H F
SATCOM C O M P AN Y **
3 SATCOM
W IR E B A T T A L IO N
S U P P LY & S E R V IC E PLATO O N
*An army, corps, or army group headquarters normally task-organizes the assets of the signal regiment's subordinate units to support its formation of forward, main, alternate, and rear command and control posts (CPs). **The troposcatter battalion and satellite communications (SATCOM) company are organic only in a signal regiment at army group level. At army or corps level, these units or stations from them are present only if allocated from the parent army group.
Signal Battalion, Army or Corps or Army Group or Signal Regt or Signal Bde _____________________
SIGNAL BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
RADIO RELAY COMPANY

EACH CO: 3 VHF/UHF RADIO RELAY
RADIO COMPANY
3 HF RADIO STATIONS 3 HF/VHF RADIO STATIONS
WIRE COMPANY
Signal Company, MIBR (IFV or APC) and TBR, MID and TD ________________________
SIGNAL COMPANY
5*/0** ACV, BMP1KSh 3*/8** ACV, BTR (R-145BM) 5 Truck, Utility 2 Radio Relay, VHF/UHF
**
MIBR (IFV) and TBR MIBR (APC)
2-38
Chemical
Chemical Defense Battalion, Army Group, Corps, MID and TD _________________________________
BATTALION HQ
DECON COMPANY
28 x TRUCK, DECON
CHEMICAL RECON COMPANY

9 x BRDM-2RKh/RKhM
SMOKE COMPANY*
The smoke company will not be present if the division's parent army or corps has a smoke battalion.
Chemical Defense Company, MIBR (Ind/Sep) ________________________________________________

COMPANY HQ
DECON PLATOON
TOTAL: 14 x TRUCK, DECON
CHEMICAL RECON PLATOON

4 x BRDM-2RKhM/RKhM
Chem Recon Co, Chem Defense Bn, MID and TD or Army Corps or Army ________________
CHEM ICAL RECON COMPANY
9 BRDM-2Rkh/RkhM
Chemical Defense Platoon, MIBR and TBR or Arty Regiment or SAM Regiment, MID and TD
PLATOON HQ
CHEMICAL RECON SQUAD
VEHICLE DECON SQUAD
PERSONNEL DECON SQUAD
Total: 14 decon trucks
3 BRDM-2RhM/RKhM
2-39
Logistics
Materiel Support Brigade, Army or Corps or Army Group ____________________________________________
M A T E R IE L SUPPORT B R IG A D E *
B R IG A D E HQ
A M M O /C A R G O TRANSPO RT B A T T A L IO N
TO TAL: 5 4 0 x T R U C K (M E D /H V Y )
POL TRANSPORT B A T T A L IO N
8 0 x 5 ,0 0 0 L P O L T R U C K 1 6 0 x 7 ,0 0 0 L P O L T R U C K
TANK TRANSPORT/ H E A V Y -L IF T B A T T A L IO N **
SUPPLY & S E R V IC E COMPANY
The numbers of ammunition/cargo transport and POL transport battalions can vary depending on the number of subordinate armies, corps, divisions, and/or separate brigades supported. The equipment totals here reflect three possible variants of the brigade structure. Variant 1 shows the smallest possible organization, with three ammunition/cargo transport battalions and one POL transport battalion. Variant 2 shows a medium-strength brigade with three ammunition/cargo transport battalions and two POL transport battalions. Variant 3 shows the largest possible brigade structure, with four ammunition/cargo transport battalions and two POL transport battalions. ** The General Staff may allocate an entire tank transport/heavy-lift regiment to an army group. Such a regiment has three or four battalions equipped with heavy equipment transporters (HETs). The army group may allocate the entire regiment to a sub ordinate army when the mission dictates. Alternatively, the army group may allocate a tank transport/heavy-lift battalion to a subordinate army or corps. In the latter case, the army or corps normally attaches the battalion to its organic materiel support brigade.
Materiel Support Battalion, MID and TD or MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep) _________________________
M A T E R IE L SUPPORT B A T T A L IO N
B A T T A L IO N HQ
A M M U N IT IO N TRANSPORT COM PANY

TO TAL: 1 5 8 x T R U C K , M E D IU M
POL TRANSPORT COM PANY

TO TAL: 160 x TR UC K , P O L ( 5 ,0 0 0 -L IT E R )
CARGO TRANSPORT COM PANY
SUPPLY & S E R V IC E PLATO ON
M O B IL E F IE L D BAKERY
CENTRAL SUPPLY DEPOT
Maintenance Battalion, MID and TD or MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep) or Corps or Army______________
MAINTENANCE BATTALION
BATTALION HQ
TRACKED VEHICLE MAINT CO

TOTAL: 18/0 ARMORED MAINT. VEHICLE/MTP
WHEELED VEHICLE MAINT CO
ORDNANCE MAINT COMPANY

52/60 VAN, MAINT.
RECOVERY PLATOON
5 ARMORED RECOVERY VEH
SPECIAL MAINT PLATOON
2-40
Medical Battalion, MID and TD or MIBR (Sep) and TBR (Sep) or Corps __________________
M E D IC A L B A T T A L IO N
B A T T A L IO N HQ
M E D IC A L COM PANY
9 x V A N , H O S P IT A L
C O L L E C T IO N & E V A C U A T IO N COM PANY

12 x A M B U LAN C E
D IS IN F E C T & DECON P LA TO O N
4 x TRUCK, DECON
SUPPLY & S E R V IC E P LA TO O N
2-41
2-42
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
Chapter 3: Weapons and Equipment

9-mm PM Pistol
5.45-mm AK-74 Assault rifle
5.45-mm RPK-74 Light MG
5.45-mm AKS-74U Shortened assault rifle

Small Arms fire mode 9-mm PM pistol semiautomatic 5.45-mm AK-74 assault rifle Selective semi- or fully automatic 100/600 300 5.45x39-mm Ball Tracer Incendiary-T Armor-piercing 5.45-mm RPK-74 light MG Selective semi- or fully automatic 150/600 300 5.45x39-mm Ball Tracer Incendiary-T Armor-piercing
7.62-mm SVD Sniper rifle

5.45-mm AKS-74U (AKR) Shortened Assault Rifle Selective semi- or fully automatic 150/600 5.45x39-mm Ball Tracer Incendiary-T Armor-piercing 7.62-mm SVD Sniper Rifle semiautomatic
rate of fire/practical/cyclic (rpm) combat load ammunition type
35 16 (two magazines) 9x18-mm Ball
range, effective/max aimed (m) weight, loaded/empty (kg) length (mm) remarks
25/25 0.73/0.81 160 double-action
500/800 3.95/3.4 937 II night sight available
800/1000 5/4.6 1070 II night sight available
300/500 3.0/2.7 730, 490mm w/stock folded II night sight available
30 40 7.62x54R-mm Ball 7.62x54R-mm Heavy ball Tracer Sniper bullet Enhanced penetration Armor-piercing-T 1300 w scope, 800 w/o /1300 4.5/4.3 1230 II night sight available
3-1
3-2_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
PKM General-Purpose MG
DShK/DShKM Heavy Antiaircraft MG
NSV Heavy MG Machine Gun caliber (mm) fire mode rate of fire, cyclic (rpm) rate of fire, practical (rpm) combat load feed ammunition type range, effective, range, effective, AA range, maximum aimed (m) armor penetration (mm) weight, loaded (kg) weight, unloaded (kg) length (mm) remarks RPK-74 Light 5.45 selective 600 150 300, 2325 on BMD-3 40-rnd box or 30-rnd magazine 5.45x39-mm rimless Ball, Ball-T, Inc-T, AP 500 1000
*Where two variants are noted / means ground/vehicle mounts. PKM/PKT GP DShK Heavy NSV / NSVT Heavy KPVT Heavy 7.62 12.7 12.7 14.5 automatic automatic automatic automatic 650 600 680-800 600 250 80-100 100/210 150 2000 on vehicles 500 on tanks 300/300-500 on tanks 500 for vehicle main gun joinable 25-rnd nonnondisintegrating metallic belt belts in 50-rnd or 200-rnd boxes varies disintegrating belts 7.62x54R-mm, Ball, Heavy Ball 12.7x108-mm API, API-T, IT, 12.7x108-mm API, API-T, IT, 14.7x114-mm API, API-T, Ball-T, API, API-T, Inc Duplex, APDS, HEI Ball tandem, APDS, HEI HE-T, I-T 1000/1500-2000 1000/1500-2000 2000 2000 1000/1500, 1600 API 1000/1600 1400-2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 8-mm @ 500m Ball 20-mm @ 500 m API 20-mm @ 500 m API 30-mm @ 500 m API-T 13.2-mm @ 1000 m 13.2-mm @ 1000 m 20-mm @ 1000 m 13.3/18.66 157.5 43 w/tripod 8.4/10.80 35.6 25 w/o tripod 49.1 1160/1080 1560 1560/1900 w/tripod 2000 II night sights available II night sights available II night sights available Version of KPV used on vehicles II night sights available
5 4.6 1070 II night sights available
AGS-17 Automatic Grenade Launcher
BG-15/GP-25/GP-30 Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher
Grenade Launchers caliber (mm) platform fire mode rate of fire, practical/cyclic (rpm) elevation (degrees) traverse (degrees) range, effective/maximum aimed (m) Combat load feed ammunition type weight, loaded/empty (kg) length (mm) crew remarks
AGS-17 30 tripod, vehicle or helicopter selective, semi- or fully automatic 60-100/100-400 +7 to 87 30 700 direct fire, 1200 indirect/1730 87 29-round belt in drum magazine Frag-HE, Self destruct Frag-HE 45.05/30.71 1280 3 15-m lethal area of burst
BG-15/GP-25/GP-30 40 Under-barrel grenade launcher. single shot 4-5 NA NA 10-400/400 10 muzzle loaded Frag-HE, Bounding Frag-HE 1.79/1.5 323 1 Bounding Frag-HE strikes the ground and "bounds" up 0.5-1.5 m before exploding.
3-3
BMP-1P Infantry Fighting Vehicle
BMP-2 IFV
BMP-3 IFV
BMD-2 Airborne Fighting Vehicle
BMD-3 Airborne Fighting Vehicle
BRM-1/BRM-1K Armored Reconnaissance Command Vehicle
IFVs/Reconnaissance Vehicles BMP-1P IFV BMP-2 IFV main armament (caliber, model) 73-mm 2A28 gun 30-mm 2A42 gun stabilized gun no yes elevation/traverse (degrees) -4 to 33/360 -5 to 75/360 rate of fire (rpm) sustained/maximum 7-8 300/550 basic load 40 500 ammunition type HEAT-FS, HE Frag-HE, HEI-T, APDS-T range, max effective/max aimed (m) 800-1000/1300 HEAT 2000/2500 APDS 1300/1300 HE 2500-4000/4000 Frag-HE penetration (mm) 335->400 HEAT 18 @1000m AP, 25-55 APDS AT-5A/B ATGM AT-5A/B ATGM auxiliary Armament rate of launch (missiles per min) 1-3 based on range 1-3 based on range basic load 4 5 ammunition type HEAT, Tandem HEAT, Tandem HEAT HEAT range, effective (m) 4000 4000 penetration (mm @ m range) 650/925 tandem 650/925 tandem auxiliary Armament rate of fire, cyclic/practical (rpm) basic load ammunition type range, effective/max aimed (m) auxiliary Armament rate of fire, cyclic/practical (rpm) basic load range, effective/max aimed (m) vehicle characteristics night sights commander gunner driver speed, road/off-road/x-country (kph) range, road (km) trench crossing (width x height m) grade x side slope (degrees) ground clearance (mm) fording (m)/swim speed (kph) armor, hull/turret (mm) weight (mt) dimensions (LxWxH m) crew night Gunner Sights
7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 2000 1000/1300
7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 2000 1000/2000
BMP-3 IFV BMD-2 AFV BMD-3 AFV BRM-1/1K 100-mm 2A70 30-mm 2A42 gun 30-mm 2A42 gun 73-mm 2A38 gun yes -5 to 60/360 -5 to 60/360 -5 to 75/360 -4 to 30/360 10/15 240/600 240/600 7-8 40 300 500 20 Frag-HE, HE Frag-HE, HEI-T, APDS-T AP-T,Frag-T,HEI HEAT-FS, FE-Frag 4000/5000 Frag-HE 2000/2500 APDS 2000/2500 APDS 800-1000/1300 HEAT 5200/5200 Focused 4000/4000 Frag-HE 4000/4000 Frag-HE 1300/1300 HE All IFVs 18 @1000m, 25-55 APDS 18 @1000m AP, 25-55 APDS 335->400 HEAT AT-10 ATGM AT-5A/B ATGM AT-5A/B ATGM 2-3 based on range 1-3 based on range 1-3 based on range 8 3 4-6 HEAT, Tandem HEAT, Tandem HEAT HEAT, Tandem HEAT HEAT 4000 4000 4000 650/700 tandem 650/925 tandem 650/925 tandem 30-mm 2A72 gun 30-mm AG-17 grenade launcher 350/350 60-100/100-400 500 290 Frag-HE, HEI-T, Frag-HE, Self destruct Frag-HE APDS-T 700 direct, 1200 indirect/1730 3 x 7.62-mm PKT MG 2x7.62-mm PKT MG 7.62-mm PKT MG 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 650/250 650/250 650/250 6000 2940 2000 2000 1000/1000-2000 1000/2000 1000/2000 1000/2000 3 x 2000 IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II 70/45/10 70/?/10 500 500 1.5x0.8 2.2x0.8 35x25 100-530 adjustable 425 swim 10 swim 16 10 12.9 12.5 6.1x3.134x2.25 6.75x2.97x1.98 2+5 6 Bow mount for squad RPK-74 TALL MIKE radar on light MG. IR/II range 1000 m. -1K cmd variant. IR/II range 1000 m.
IR/II IR/II IR/II 65/40-45/ 600 2.5x0.7 35x17 390 swim 7 16-19/19-33 13.3 6.74x2.94x2.15 3+8 IR/II sight range 800-1000 m.
IR/II Thermal IR/II IR/II, thermal available Thermal IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II 65/45/35 70/45/35 60/35 600 600 500 2.5x0.7 2.2x0.8 1.2x0.6 35x17 60x17 32x18 420 190 to 510 100 to 450 adjustable swim 7 swim 10 swim 9-10 16-19/19-33 19/19-35 16 14.3 18.7 8.0 6.72x3.15x2.45 7.2x3.2x2.6 5.5x2.7x1.615 3+7 3+7 2+5 IR/II range 1000 m. SANOET-1 Thermal sight 2600 m. IR/II range 1000 m. thermal sight range 2600 m Early models had II
3-5
BTR-60PB Armored Personnel Carrier
BTR-70 APC
BTR-80 APC
BTR-80A APC
BTR-D APC
BRDM-2 Armored Scout Car
MTLB
APCs/Armored Scout Cars main armament (caliber, model) stabilized gun elevation/traverse (degrees) rate of fire (rpm) sustained/maximum basic load ammunition type
BTR-60PB APC 14.5-mm KPVT MG no -5 to 30/360 150/600 500 API, API-T, HE-T, I-T
BTR-70 APC 14.5-mm KPVT MG no -5 to 30/360 150/600 500 API, API-T, HE-T, I-T
BTR-80 APC 14.5-mm KPVT MG no -5 to 30/360 150/600 500 API, API-T, HE-T, I-T
BTR-80A APC 30-mm 2A42 gun no -5 to 75/360 300/550 Frag-HE, HEI-T, APDS-T
BTR-D APC 2x7.62 PKT MG no 250/650 2000 Ball, Heavy Ball Ball-T, API, API-T, Inc 1000/1500 8 @ 500 m Ball
BRDM-2 14.5-mm KPVT MG no -5 to 30/360 150/600 500 API, API-T, HE-T, I-T
range, max effective/max aimed (m) penetration (mm @ m range) auxiliary Armament rate of fire, cyclic/practical (rpm) basic load range, effective/max aimed (m) penetration (mm @ m range) vehicle characteristics night sights commander gunner driver speed, road/off-road (kph) range, road (km) trench crossing (width x height m) grade x side slope (degrees) ground clearance (mm) fording (m) armor, hull/turret (mm) weight (mt) dimensions (LxWxH m) crew remarks
2000/2000 ground 2000/2000 ground 2000/2000 ground 2000/2500 APDS-T 1400/2000 air 1400/2000 air 1400/2000 air 2500-4000/4000 HE 30-mm @ 500 m API-T 30-mm @ 500 m API-T 30-mm @ 500 m API-T 18 @1000m AP, 2520-mm @ 1000 m 20-mm @ 1000 m 20-mm @ 1000 m 55 APDS 7.62-mm PKT MG 7.62-mm PKT MG 7.62-mm PKT MG 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 650/250 650/250 650/250 2000 2000 2000 2000 1000/2000 1000/2000 1000/2000 1000/2000 8 @ 500 m 8 @ 500 m 8 @ 500 m 8 @ 500 m
2000/2000 ground 1400/2000 air 30-mm @ 500 m API-T 8 @ 500 m Ball 20-mm @ 1000 m 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 2000 1000/1500 8 @ 500 m
MTLB 7.62 PKT MG no -5 to 35 250/650 2000 Ball, Heavy Ball Ball-T, API, API-T, Inc 1000/1500
IR/II IR/II 80/? 500 2x0.4 30x25 470 swim 10 7-11/7 10.3 7.22x2.82x2.3 2+8
IR/II IR/II 80/45 450 2x0.5 475 swim 7-10/7 11.5 7.54x2.8x2.24 2+8
IR/II IR/II 85/60 600 2x0.5 30x25 475 swim 10 7-10/7 13.6 7.55x2.95x2.41 2+8 IR/II IR/II 90/45 800 2x0.5 30x25 475 swim 10 7-10/7 14.6 7.65x2.9x2.8 2+8
IR/II IR/II 95/? 750 1.25-1.6x0.4 30x25 430 swim 10 14/7 7 5.75x2.275x2.31 4
IR/II IR/II 62/30 500 2.7x.7 60x 415 swim 5-6 7/7-14 11.9 6.35x2.85x1.87 2 + 11
61/35 500
100-450 adjusts swim 10 16/ 6.7 5.88x2.63x1.67 1 + 12 Abrn Asslt has APC carrriers w/AGS-17 grenade launcher and 5 AT-4 ATGMs.
3-7
T-55
T-55AMV
T-62M
T-64B with ERA (T-64BV)
T-72BV
T-80BV
T-80U
T-90

Medium Tanks main armament
stabilized Rate of fire (rpm) fire control elevation (degrees) basic load/in auto loader ammunition type range, max effective/ max aimed (m)
T-55
T-62M
T-64BV
T-72BV
125-mm 2A46M gun 2 planes 4-6, 2 manual 1A40-1 FCS 1K13-49 ATGM/night -6 to 14 45/22 APFSDS-T, HEAT, Frag-HE, AT-11A/B ATGM 3000/3000 APFSDS 2500/3000 HEAT 4000 AT-11A/B ATGM 4000/4000 Frag-HE 590-630@ 2000 m APFSDS 650-750 HEAT 870 ATGM (800@ERA) 12.7-mm AA NSV T MG 800/210 300 2000/1600 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 2000 1000/2000
T-80BV
125-mm 2A46-2 gun 2 planes 6-8, 2 manual 1A33 FCS 1G42 day sight 45 APFSDS-T, HEAT, Frag-HE, AT-8 ATGM 3000/3000 APFSDS 2500/3000 HEAT 4000 AT-8 ATGM 4000/4000 Frag-HE 590-630@ 2000 m APFSDS 650-750 HEAT 700 ATGM 12.7-mm AA NSV T MG 800/210 500 2000/1600 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 1250 1000/2000
T-80U
125-mm 2A46M-1 gun 2 planes 7-8, 2 manual 1A42 FCS 1G46 day sight -4 to 18 45/28 APFSDS-T, HEAT, Frag-HE, AT-11A/B ATGM 3000/3000 APFSDS 2500/3000 HEAT 5000 AT-11A/B ATGM 4000/4000 Frag-HE 590-630@ 2000 m APFSDS 650-750 HEAT 870 ATGM (800 + ERA) 12.7-mm AA NSV T MG 800/210 500 2000/1600 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 1250 1000/2000
T-90
125-mm 2A46M-2 gun 2 planes 7-8, 2 manual 1A45T FCS 1G46 day sight -4 to 18 43 APFSDS-T, HEAT, Frag-HE, AT-11A/B ATGM 3000/3000 APFSDS 2500/3000 HEAT 5000 AT-11A/B ATGM 4000/4000 Frag-HE 590-630@ 2000 m APFSDS 650-750 HEAT 870 ATGM (800 + ERA) 12.7-mm AA NSV T MG 800/210 300 2000/1600 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 2000 1000/2000
Penetration (mm)
auxiliary armament rate of fire, cyclic/ practical (rpm) basic load range, ground/AA auxiliary armament rate of fire, cyclic/ practical (rpm) basic load range, max effective/ max aimed (m) vehicle characteristics range finder night sights commander
100-mm D10-T2S gun 115-mm 2A20 gun 125-mm 2A46-2 gun 1- plane 2 planes 2 planes 5-7 3-5 6-8, 2 manual TNP-165A day sight Volna FCS 1G42 day sight TSh-2-22 telescope TShSM-41U telescope -4 to 17 -5 to 18 -6 to 18 43 40 37/24 APFSDS-T, HEAT, APFSDS-T, HEAT, APFSDS-T, HEAT, Frag-HE Frag-HE, AT-10 ATGM Frag-HE, AT-8 ATGM 1500-2500/2500 1500-2000+/3000 APFSDS 3000/3000 APFSDS APFSDS-T 1200/1500 HEAT 2500/3000 HEAT 1000/2500 HEAT 2000/4000 Frag-HE 4000 AT-8 ATGM 2200/4000 Frag-HE 4000/4000 ATGM 4000/4000 Frag-HE 200-418 APFSDS-T 237-520@1000 APFSDS-T 590-630@ 2000 m APFSDS 380 HEAT 495 HEAT 650-750 HEAT 650-700 AT-12 700 ATGM 12.7-mm DShKM MG 12.7-mm AA NSV T MG 600/80-100 800/210 500 1500/2000 7.62-mm PKT MG 800/250 1250 800/2000 300 2000/1600 7.62-mm PKT MG 650/250 1250 1000/2000
7.62-mm PKT MG 800/250 2500 800/2000
Stadiametric TKN-1 IR/II
laser 4000 m IR/II
1G42 laser 4000 m TKN-3V IR/II
TPD-K1M laser 4000 m TKN-3V IR/II
1G42 laser 4000 m TKN-3V IR/II
laser 5000 m
laser 5000 m
gunner
TPN-1M-22 IR/II 800 m
driver weight (mt) dimensions (LxWxH m) Speed, road/off-road (kph) range, road (km) trench crossing (m) vertical step (m) grade (degrees) ground clearance (mm) Fording (m) armor, hull (mm) turret NBC protection crew remarks
IR/II 36 6.2/3.26/2.27 50/25 500 2.7 0.9 60 425 1.4, 5.0 snorkel 200 200 Yes 4 T-55AMV can fire AT-10 ATGM.
TKN-4S IR/II PNK-4S IR/II 1300 active/850 passive OR TKN-4SAGAT FLIR OR AGAT FLIR 1K13-1 IR/II TPN1-49-23 IR/II 1K13-49 TPN3-49-23 IR/II Buran-PA . Buran-PA 800 m 1300 m active/800 passive 1300 m active/850 passive 1300 m active/800 passive 1500 active/1200 passive 1500 active/1200 passive OR AGAVA-1 FLIR OR AGAVA-2 FLIR 2600 m 2600 m IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II IR/II. 41.5 40.3 44.5 44.5 46.0 46.5 6.63/3.52/2.4 6.45/3.41/2.17 6.91/3.58/2.19 6.98/3.58/2.2 7.01/3.60/2.20 6.86/3.37/2.23 45/35 60/35-45 60/45 70/48 70/48 60/43 650 500 500, 900 w/tanks 370, 500 w/external tanks 335, 440 w/external tanks 500, 650 w/external tanks 2.85 2.85 2.77 2.85 2.85 2.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 30 30 30 32 32 30 350 450 400 451 431 490 1.4, 5.5 snorkel 1.8, 5.0 snorkel 1.2, 5.5 snorkel 1.5, 5.0 snorkel/12 BROD-M 1.5, 5.0 snorkel/12 BROD-M 1.2, 5.0 snorkel 102-200 410 APFSDS/1000 HEAT 520 APFSDS/1020 HEAT 500 APFSDS/1060 HEAT 700 APFSDS/1060 HEAT 720 APFSDS/1020 HEAT 330 410 APFSDS/950 HEAT 530 APFSDS/1300+ HEAT 420 APFSDS/990 HEAT 620 APFSDS/1000 HEAT 730 APFSDS/1300+ HEAT Yes Yes Yes yes yes yes 4 3 3 3 3 3 Upgrade: ATGM, FCS, bra Kontakt ERA adds 0 mm for Kontakt ERA adds 0 mm for Kontakt ERA adds 0 mm for New ERA adds 200 mm for New ERA adds 200 mm for armor, no 12.7-mm MG APFSDS/500 mm for HEAT APFSDS/500 mm for HEAT APFSDS/500 mm for HEAT APFSDS/500 mm for HEAT APFSDS/500 mm for HEAT
3-9
60-mm M-57 Manportable Mortar
82-mm 2B9/Vasilek Automatic Mortar
82-mm 2B14-1 Podnos Mortar
2B11/2S12 Portee Mortar
Mortar range, conventional (km) extended range ammunition types
60-mm M-57 75-2500 HE Illumination Smoke
82-mm 2B9 automatic 4270 Frag-HE HEAT Smoke Incendiary Illumination Chemical
82-mm 2B14-1 Podnos 4270 Frag-HE Illumination smoke
rate of fire (rpm) maximum sustained elevation (degrees) traverse (degrees left/right) mount type basic load emplacement/displacement time (min) weight (kg) crew remarks
30 40 to 85 bipod and baseplate
120 300 first hour -1 to 85 30/30 split-trail carriage, w/emplacement jack 226 1.5 635 4 The 2B9 is a breech-loaded, recoil-operated mortar using a 4-round clip.
24 45 to 85 4/4
120-mm 2B11/2S12 7000 9000 Frag-HE Smoke Incendiary Illumination Chemical DPICM-ER DPICM HEAT 15 4 est 45 to 80 5.26/5.26 moving bipod baseplate & tripod or GAZ-66 truck 48 3/3 est 3640 5
120-mm M1943 5700 7000 HE Frag-HE Smoke Illumination Incendiary Chemical
9 4 45 to 80 4/4 total baseplate & tripod
5/3 522 travel 6 Not shown
19.4 2
4 Muzzle-loaded, smoothbore, man-packed mortar.
3-11
2A36 Field Gun
2A65 Howitzer
D-20 Gun-Howitzer
D-30 Howitzer
M-46 Gun
G5
Towed Artillery range, conventional (km) extended range direct fire rate of fire (rpm), burst sustained ammunition type
152-mm 2A36 Field Gun 152-mm 2A65 Howitzer 28.4 30.5 1000 6 4 HE HE-BB Frag-HE ICM APT concrete piercing, chemical nuclear Krasnopol semi-active laser-guided 24.7 28.5 1000 8 4 Frag-HE ICM Illumination Krasnopol Santimeter Smoke VHF jammer Chemical nuclear
elevation (degrees) traverse (degrees left/right) emplace/displace time (min) speed towing, road (kph) off road prime mover
-2.5 to 57 25/25 5/7 70 20
-4 to 70 27/27 3 80 20 Ural-4320
152-mm D-20 GunHowitzer 17.4 24.4 1000 6 1 Frag-HE HEAT-SS Smoke Chemical Nuclear Illumination Flechette Mines Incendiary CP RAP incendiary -5 to 45 29/29 2.5/2.5 60 30 AT-S track, MTLB-T, Ural-375, Ural-4320 5700 8.1 2.35 2.52 8
122-mm D-30 Howitzer 15.3 21.9 1000 8 4 Frag-HE HEAT-FS Kitolov-2M Chemical Illumination Smoke Frag-HE-RAP Flechette incendiary
130-mm M-46 Gun 22.5 38 1.14 8 5 Frag-HE APC-T Smoke Illumination chemical
155-mm G5 (SA) 30 39 3000 3 2 Frag-HE smoke, illumination Leaflet submunitions
weight (kg) length (m), travel position width (m) height (m) crew remarks
9800 12.7 2.7 2.7 8 ICM round penetration is 100-mm.
7000 12.7 2.5 2.95 5
-7 to 70 -2.5 to 45 360 25/25 1.5/3.5 6/7 60 50 25 20 MTLB-T, ZIL-131, ZIL- AT-P tractor, AT-S track, 157, Ural-375D ATS-59 tractor, M-1972 medium artillery tractor 3210 8450 5.4 11.73 1.9 2.45 1.6 2.55 5 8 HEAT round penetration Variants: Type 59 & 59-1 is 460 mm. of China, M59-1M of Egypt
-3 to 75 41/41 2/1 90 50 10-ton vehicle
13750 12.1 3.3 2.3 8 in service in Iran, Iraq, south Africa, Quatar
3-13
2S1 Howitzer
2S3 Howitzer
2S5 Gun
2S7 Gun
2S9 Combination Gun
2S19 Howitzer
2S23 Nona-SVK
G6

122-mm 2S1 Howitzer range, conventional (km) 15.3 extended range 21.9 direct fire (m) 1000 ammunition type DPICM-ER DPICM HEAT smoke Frag-HE Frag-HE-RAP illumination incendiary chemical Flechette Kitolov semi-active laser-guided expendable jammer Self-Propelled Artillery 152-mm 2S3 Howitzer 17.4 24.4 1000 Frag-HE HEAT-FS Frag-HE-RA DPICM DPICM-BB APT Illumination Smoke 0.2 kt nuclear chemical incendiary Flechette AT mine AP mine TV recon Jammer Krasnapol -4 to 60 360 4 1 46 3/3 27.5 60 25 NA 450 1.0 4 Self-entrenching. Load time 46 seconds. 7.62-mm PKT MG. 152-mm 2S5 Gun 28.5 50 1000 APT chemical concrete piercing HE Frag-HE ICM Flechette Illumination Smoke Krasnopol & Santimeter semiactive laser-guided nuclear 203-mm 2S7 Gun 37.5 47.5 concrete piercing HE Frag-HE HE-RAP DPICM 120-mm 2S9 Combination Gun 8.85 13 800 Frag-HE Frag-HE-RAP Frag-HE laser guided HEAT-FS Illumination Smoke Incendiary Chemical Flechette 152-mm 2S19 Howitzer 24.7 29 1000 Frag-HE DPICM DPICM-BB HEAT-FS Frag-HE-BB AT mine AP mine Krasnopol Jammer Incendiary Smoke TV recon Flechette chemical 120-mm 2S23 Combination Gun 8.85 13 1000 Frag-HE (3VOF49) Frag-HE-mtr Frag-HE-RAP-Mtr DPICM how Frag-HE laserguided how HE-RAP how HEAT-FS Frag-HE how Illumination mtr Smoke (WP) mtr Incendiary mtr Chemical mtr Flechette how 155-mm G6 (SA) 30 39 3000 Frag-HE Smoke Illumination Leaflet submunitions
elevation (degrees) traverse (degrees left/rt) rate of fire (rpm) max rof (rpm) sustained basic load emplace/displace time (min) weight (mt) speed, road (kph) off road swim (kph) road range fording crew remarks
-3 to 70 360 6 1-2 45 2/1 15.7 60 30 4.5 500 Amphibious 4
-2 to 57 15/15 6 1-2 30 2/1 28.2 63 25 4.5 500 1.05 5 Self-entrenching.
0 to 60 15/15 2 .5 8 6/10 46 50 30 NA 500 1.5 7 Self-entrenching.
-4 to 80 360 10 4 40
-4 to 68 360 8 2 50 1-2/1-2 42 60 25 NA 500 1.5 5 Self-entrenching in 40 to 60 minutes. 12.7-mm NSVT MG.
-4 to 80 35/35 10 4 30 1/1 est 14.5 80 60 10 600 amphibious 4 BTR-80 chassis
-5 to 75 40/40 3 1 45 1/.5 48 85 30 NA 700 1.0 6
8.0 60 35 9 500 amphibious 4
3-15
BM-21
9P140
ASTROS II
9A52-S SMERCH-M
Multiple Rocket Launchers range, maximum (km)
122-mm BM-21 32.7
220-mm 9P140 Uragan 35
300-mm 9A52-S SMERCH-M 70
ASTROS II 127-mm, 180-mm or 300-mm 127-mm SS-30 30 km 180-mm SS-40 35-km 300-mm SS-60 60 km 300-mm SS-80 90 km
salvo time (sec) reload time (min) warhead types emplace/displace time (min) weight (m) length (m) width (m) height (m) speed, road (kph) road range (km) crew remarks
20 10 Frag-HE, ICM w/AP or AT mines, illumination, jammer, smoke 3/2 13.7 7.35 2.4 3.09 75 450 5 40 tubes
20 15-20 Frag-HE, ICM w/ AT&AP bomblets, AT&AP mines, FAE 3/3 20 9.3 2.8 3.2 65 500 4 16 tubes
38 36 Frag-HE, chemical, 72 AP mines, 5 AT mines, FAE 3/3 43.7 12.1 3.05 3.05 60 850 4 12 tubes.
DPICM, HE-incendiary, AT mines, AP mines, runway denial 20 8 2.4 2.6 70 3 *
The Astros can fire three different canisterized wraps around rocket, 127-mm SS-30, 180-mm SS-40, 300-mm SS-60, and 300-mm SS-80.
3-17
9P113 LUNA-M (FROG-7)
SS-1c SCUD
SS-21 Mod3/SCARAB 9P129-1M Tochka-U
Surface to Surface Missiles (SSM) warhead type range (km) CEP (m) reaction time (min) reload time (min)
9P113 LUNA-M (FROG-7) HE, DPICM subminitions, chemical, nuclear 20-70 400 Varies
SS-1c SCUD HE, chemical (thickened VX),5-80 kt nuclear 300 1000 60 varies
SS-21 Up to 482 kg 20-120 15 20 40 to refire
RPG-7V ATGL with TBG-7V Thermobaric Grenade
RPG-7V ATGL
RPG-16D
RPG-18 ATGL
RPO Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon AT Grenade launcher Launcher tube caliber (mm) length (mm) weight (kg) crew rate of fire (rpm) unit of fire Projectile Range, moving/stationary tgt RPG-7V 40 953 7.9 2 6 5 PG-7VS 300/500 PG-7VM 300/500 PG-VR 200 PG-VL 300 TBG-7V 200 OG-7V/7VM 950/1000
RPO-A Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon RPG-16D RPG-18 RPG-22 58.3 1100 10.3 2 4-6 5 PG-16 500 64 1050 2.7 1 NA 5 200 72 750/850 2.8 1 NA 5 250
RPO-A 93 920 11 1 2 2 per carton RPO-A 200 direct fire 600 effective 850 with sights 125 thermobaric 93 2.3
velocity (mps) armor penetration (mm) warhead type warhead caliber (mm) length (mm) weight (kg)
330 HEAT 85 2.2
140 330 HEAT 72 950 2
750+ tandem HEAT 105 1306 4.5
112 600 HEAT 93 980 2.6
145/152 Thermobaric Frag-HE 40 569/595 1.7
4.5
130 375 HEAT 58.3 600 3
115 360 HEAT 64 670 1.4
133 390 HEAT 72 618 1.48
3-19
84-mm Carl Gustaf M2 Recoilless Rifle
SPG-9 Recoilless Gun
100-mm MT-12 AT Gun AT Guns & Rifles dimensions L xW x H (m) weight (kg) crew rate of fire, maximum (rpm) sustained fire control 84-mm Carl Gustaf Recoilless Rifle 1.02 length 14.2 1 or 2 6 3x DVO, used with laser range finder LRF computer sight and II available 73-mm SPG-9 Recoilless Gun 2.11 x 0.99 x 0.8 travel 47.5 3 6 4x DVO, II, IR, LRF computer sight available -3 to 7 15/15 1 12 HEAT-RA, HE-RA
125-mm 2A45M AT Gun 100-mm MT-12 AT Gun 125-mm 2A45M AT Gun 9.65 x 2.3 x 1.6 travel 7.12 x 2/3 x 2.09 travel 3100 6500 6 7 15 indirect fire 6-8 6-8 5x DF/indirect fire sights, II night sights. 5x DF/indirect fire sights, II night sights. Automated FCS, FLIR sights available Automated FCS, FLIR sights available Radar-directed FCS available Radar-directed FCS available -7 to 20 -6 to +25 360/360 360/360 2-3 1.5/2.0 20 on prime mover w/crew, 80 reload 60 supply reload HEAT-FS, Frag-HE, APFSDS-T, HEAT-FS, Frag-HE, APFSDS-T, AT-10 HEAT/Kan tandem ATGM AT-11 HEAT/ Invar tandem ATGM 2500 m/380 mm 2,500 m/650-800 mm NA HE-RA 1300 m Frag-HE 3000 m 2500-3000 m/418 mm @ 2000 m 5,000/ 650, 700 tandem 8,200 AT-7 SAXHORN 9K115 Metis/ Frag-HE 5000 m 3000 m/590-630 mm 5000 m/ 700-870 ATGM (800 + ERA) 8200 AT-9 9K120 Ataka
elevation (degrees) traverse (degrees left/right) emplace/displace time (min) combat load ammunition types (range /penetration ) HEAT HEAT-RA HEDP HE/Frag-HE APFSDS-T ATGM range, indirect fire
5 HEAT tandem, HEAT-RA, HEDP, HE, illumination, smoke 500 m/500+ mm tandem 700 m/400 mm 1000 m personnel, 500 vehicles, 300 moving vehicles/ 150+ mm HE 1100 m, personnel and soft targets
1,000 m/400 mm
1100 AT-4a/b SPIGOT 9K111/9K111M
1300
Antitank Guided AT-3c SAGGER 9K11 Missiles (ATGMs) Malyutka
AT-5, -5b SPANDREL AT-6, -6b, -6c SPIRAL 9K133/9K133m 9K114 Shturm
AT-8 SONGSTER 9K112 Kobra
Fagot/Factoria
launching platform suitcase launcher, UAZ469, 9P122/BRDM-1, 9P133/BRDM-2, M-80, BOV-1, BMD-1, Gazelle, BMP-1, Mi-2 HOPLITE, HIP wire MCLOS, AT veh/heli SACLOS 42-44 8x day sight 1800 FLIR * 3-4 tripod HEAT/ tandem HEAT Malyutka-2 500-3000 23-26 AT-3a/c 400 AT-3c 500 Malyutka-2 800 other copies and variants 9P135 tripod, 9P148/BRDM-2, VTT-323 (NK)
Konkurs/Konkurs-M
9P135M tripod, BMD1P/2/3, BMP-1P/-2, UAZ-469, BTR-RD, 9P148/BRDM-2, Gazelle, Mi-2 HOPLITE, HIP, Mi-24 HIND wire SACLOS 47.7-49 4x day sight 3600 FLIR* 4 tripod, 8 near vehicle up to 15 on 9P148 HEAT/ tandem HEAT 75-4000 20/19 650/925 Mi-24E HIND, Ka- 29 HELIX, Mi-28 HAVOC 9P149/MT-LB (AT-6 only) RF SACLOS 46.5 missile optical day sight, TV II, FLIR* 12 on 9P149 12 HIND, 16 HAVOC HEAT, HE tandem HEAT -6b/-6c 400-5000 AT-6 -6000, 7000 -6b/6c 13.3, 16, 18.6 14.5 grd 750, 950, 950/ 800 behind ERA
AT-13 9K115-2 MetisM

9P151 firing post (tripod and shoulder), UAZ469 T-64B/ T-64BV, T-80B/ T-80BK/T-80BV (gun launch) Mi-24E HIND, Ka- 29 HELIX, Mi-28 HAVOC 9P149/MT-LB,
guidance/command link total weight (kg) day/night sights (night range, m) basic load warheads range (m) flight time to max. range (sec) penetration (mm) remarks * upgrade available
wire SACLOS 35.5 4x day sight 2500-3600 FLIR * 4 tripod, 8 near vehicle up to 20 on 9P148 HEAT 70-2000/ 2500 Factoria 11 480/550 Factoria Can also launch AT-5/ -5b to 4000 m. Users may employ a mix.
wire SACLOS 16.8, 24 Metis-M day sight 2000+ FLIR* 4 tripod HEAT/tandem HEAT, thermobaric -M 40-1000, 80-1500 Metis-M 6.2 8.4 Metis-M 500, 1000/800 Metis-M
RF (30GHz) SACLOS 25 day sight only 6 per tank HEAT 100-4000 10 800/
RF SACLOS 48.3 missile optical day sight or TV II, FLIR* 12 on 9P149 12 HIND, 16 HAVOC HEAT Tandem, thermobaric 400-6000 heli 400-5000 grd 15.0 heli 12.5 ground 950/800 behind ERA antihelicopter ATGM available
Antitank Guided Missiles (ATGMs)
AT-10 STABBER 9K116-1/9K116 Bastion/Kastet/Kan Basnya/Sheksna

T-55AMV, T-55AMB2, MT-12, BMP-3, T-62M (gun launch) laser beam rider SACLOS 23-30.5 by system vehicle day sight 4 MT-12, 5-6 tanks 8 BMP-3 HEAT/ tandem HEAT Kan 100-4000 -5000 MT-12 15 650/700 Kan (can replace others) Fired from the halt
AT-11a SNIPER 9K119, Svir/AT-11b 9K119M, Invar

T-72B, T-72S, T-72BV, T72BM, T-80U, T-84 T-90, 2A45M AT gun (gun launch) laser beam rider SACLOS 24.3/28 gun/vehicle day sight 8 HEAT/tandem HEAT 100-4000/-5000 2A45M, T80U, T-90 11.7/15 800/700 behind ERA, -b 870/800 behind ERA Fired from the halt
AT-14 Kornet
AT-16 9K121 VIKhR Milan 1, 2, 3 (Europe)
Tow, ITOW, TOW-2, -2a, -2b (US)
HOT 1, 2, 3 (Europe)
launching platform
tripod, UAZ-469 "jeep", Kornet-E ATGM Launch Veh/BMP-3 laser beam rider SACLOS 60/ 27 missile day sight 3000 FLIR 4 tripod tandem HEAT, thermobaric 100-5500 22 1200/950
Ka-50 HOKUM, Su-25T FROGFOOT
tripod, compact turret, tripod, M2 Bradley IFV, VAB, AMX-10 launch veh, Marder 1A3, Spartan APC, M3 CFV, M901, HMMWV, Panhard, VCR, Gazelle and VBL APC, Panhard, jeep LAV-AT, UH-1J BO-105 helicopters, jeep 1&2: SACLOS wire -3 SACLOS IR 31.2-31.6 w/FLIR 7x day sight 2000 Mira FLIR 1 2-man crew 2 3-man crew HEAT, tandem HEAT -2, -3 20-2000/ 20-1920 -2, -3 12.5 600 Milan 880 -2, -3 SACLOS wire 22.6-28.1 missile 13x day sight 3000+ FLIR 12 M901, 7M2A2, 12 M3 CFV HEAT, tandem HEAT ITOW, -2, -2A, EFP 65-3750 200-3750 TOW-2b 21 600, 800, 900, 900+ 100+ top-attack Tow 2b is fly over, top attack explosive-formed penetrator (EFP) SACLOS wire 32 missile vehicle sights Castor FLIR* 18 on AMX-10 HOT HEAT HOT tandem HEAT -2, -3 75-4000 17.3 800 900 -2, 1000 -3
guidance & command link total weight (kg) sights basic load warheads range(m) time to max range (sec) penetration remarks * upgrade available
laser beam rider SACLOS, lock on before launch 45 missile TV, IR autotracker FLIR* 12 tandem HEAT 1000-10,000 23, 8000 m 1050 Maximum airborne-target speed 800 kph.
3-21
100-mm Towed KS-19 M2 Antiaircraft Gun
57-mm Towed S-60 AA Gun
23-mm ZU-23 Towed AA Gun
23-mm ZSU-23-4 SP AA Gun
30-mm 2S6M SP AA Gun/Missile System
Air Defense Guns and Gun/Missile Systems number of guns prime mover crew weight (mt) length (m) width (m) height (m) emplacement time (min) displacement time (min) off-carriage/onboard radar(s)
100-mm KS-19 M2 1 AT-S or AT-T artillery tractor
57-mm S-60
23-mm ZU-23 2 GAZ-66 light truck, MTLB-T, BMD-2 5 0.95 4.57/4.6 travel/firing 1.83/2.4 travel/firing 1.87/1.28 travel/firing 15-20 sec 35-40 sec
23-mm ZSU-23-4 4 SP tracked vehicle 4 20.5 6.5 3.1 2.6 radar down/3.75 radar up fire on move fire on move GUN DISH: 20 km detection, 10 km automatic tracking RPK optical-mechanical computing sight -4 to 85 turret 360 3200-4000 12-18 2,500 3500 self-destruct fuze/5100 2000 2000 HE-I HEI-T API-T 25 @ 500 m, 20 @ 1000m, 0 TKH-ITC cmdr night sight
30-mm 2S6M 4 SP tracked 4 34.0 7.93 3.24 3.36 radar down/4.02 radar up guns fire on move guns fire on move HOT SHOT surveillance 18-20 km 1RL144 target tracking 16 km 1A29M stabilized 8x optical sight IFF -10 to 87 360 turret 4800/ 6-12 4000 4000 3000 4000 1904/8 missiles AP-T HE-I Frag-T 25 @ 1500m, 60 SA-19 missile SEE SAMs page 2S6 must halt to launch. 2S6 can track targets with 5 modes, including optical SACLOS.
1 Ural -375D, Ural 4320, or other medium tactical truck 15 7 11.0 4.5 9.3 8.5/8.84 travel/firing 2.32 2.08/6.9 travel/firing 2.2 2.37/6.02 travel/firing 7 1/3-20 with radar 6 2/5-15 with radar SON-9, SON-9a/FIRE CAN fire SON-9, SON-9a, or FLAP control radar (off-carriage) WHEEL FC radar (off-carriage) PUAZO fire director, AZP-57 DF telescope, D-49 rangefinder -4 to + 87 360 105-120/70 4.5 4000 6000 7400 self-destruct fuze/8800 200 16 on gun Frag- HE-T APC-T 96 APC-T at 1000 m
fire control
PUAZO fire director, PO-1M telescope, PG panoramic D-49 rangefinder elevation (degrees) -3 to 89 traverse (degrees) 360 rate of fire, cyclic/practical (rpm) NA/10-15 reaction time (sec) 30 range, AA range (m) with radar vertical maximum ground targets unit of fire basic load on vehicle ammunition types 4000 12,600 14,600 100 NA AP-T, APC-T, Frag-HE 200m@ 500, 185 @1000m, 0
KV-L 1x reflex sight direct fire telescope -10 to 90 360 1600-2000/400 5-7 2500 1500 2000 2400 NA HE-I HEI-T API-T 25 @ 500 m, 20 @ 1000m, 0
armor penetration (mm) remarks
3-23
SA-6 GAINFUL
SA-8b GECKO
SA-9b GASKIN
SA-11 GADFLY
SA-13 GOPHER
SA-15 GAUNTLET
SA-7b GRAIL
SA-14 GREMLIN
SA-16 GIMLET
SA-18 GROUSE
Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs) range, slant range (m) altitude, (m) basic load launch rails reload time (min) fire control
SA-6 GAINFUL 4000-25,000 50-15,000 3 3 EO sights, radar semiactive homing RF prox fuse
SA-7b GRAIL 500-5500 18-4500 1 1 6-10 sec Passive medium IR guidance
SA-8b GECKO 200-15,000
radar (s)
STRAIGHT FLUSH (FIRE DOME SA-16b) target acq LONG TRACK surveillance, THIN SKIN height finding up to 5/INA Each battery has two reload vehicles, each with three missiles All radars are offTEL
None
10-12,000 6 6 5 LLLTV /optical Radar command line-of-sight (CLOS) LAND ROLL FLAT BOX SPOON REST early SNAP SHOT target Passive radio warning radar ranging 10 km acquisition DF, 30 km SNOW DRIFT target * 20-30 360 coverage acquisition DOG EAR (on 1 TEL per Detection 85 km target acq Monopulse for platoon) 80 km target tracking FIRE DOME fire detection 20-25 control radar 35 km tracking 5/5, 20 sec after .67/<1 move 9S470M1 command 9V915M post, can track up to maintenance 15 targets, assigning six in battery. 9V839M test Battery can guide 12 vehicle missiles at 6 targets at a time DOG EAR on 3 9T229 missile MT-LBu transporters/ btry GM-569 SP tracked MT-LB
SA-9b GASKIN 8005000-7000 10-3500 6 4 5 Passive IR homing
SA-11 GADFLY SA-13 SA-14 SA-15 SA-16 GIMLET SA-18 SA-19 (BUK-M1) GOPHER GREMLIN GAUNTLET GROUSE 3000-35000 800600-6000 100-12,000 600500-6000 2500-8000 fast at 100m* 5000-7000 4500-5200 -10,000 heli 15-22000 10-3500 50-6000 10-6000 10-3500* 10-3500 15-3500 8 8 1 8 1 1 8 4 8 1 8 1 1 8 13 3 25 sec 10 2.5 sec 10 sec 16 TV optical tracker EO IR sights* passive IR TV, 20 km passive 2-color passive IR Radar, optical Missile inertial homing range IR homing homing sight, guidance and radar IR homing, radar CLOS/ semiactive homing cooled seeker, Radar CLOS SACLOS RF intelligent fuze dual frequency RF prox fuze none EO TV 20 km range H-band Doppler target acq radar K-band phased array tracking, 14 sec reaction 5/5 Rangir battery command post none 6-7 sec reaction none none none HOT SHOT surveillance range 18-20 km 1RL144 target tracking range 16 km 6-12 sec reaction 2F77M resupply 1R10-1M repair/maint truck MTO-ATG-M1 maint shop 9B921 auto test station GM-352M tracked vehicle
emplace/displace time (min) support vehicles
5-10 sec reaction None
Two BAZ5937 resupply/ transloaders carrying 18 missiles, each for a battery of 4 TELARs.
chassis
modified PT-76 tracked
None
BAZ-5937 6x6 wheeled
speed, road water road range (kg) crew remarks
45 NA 250 3 Targets are low to medium altitude aircraft.
80 8 500 1 3 manportable TEL can air-defense assign 2 system missiles/target (MANPADS)
Modified BRDM-2 4x4 wheeled chassis 100 10 750 3
none
tracked GM-355
none
none
65 61.5 65 NA 6 NA 500 500 500 4 3 1 3 1 Range is FLAT BOX B MANPADS Can engage 2 max altitude: 100,000 with target passive radio targets at once 2000 fast at 1-25 km altitude. DF 30 km approach TEL carries 4 FLIR available 3000 show missiles on transport approach cradle 2500 fast recede
65 NA 500 4
3-25
PMP Heavy Folding Bridge
MTU-20 Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB)
TMM-6 Truck Mounted Scissors Bridge
GSP Heavy Amphibious Ferry
PMM-2 Ferry
MT-55A
Bridges assembly data spans in set length of span (m) length of bridge (m) roadway width (m) capacity (mt) assembly time (min) working party remarks
PMP Heavy Folding bridge bay/ ramp bay 32 pontoons+4 ramps see table below see table below see table below see table below see table below see table below
MTU-20 AVLB
TMM-6
GSP Ferry
PMM-2 Ferry
MT-55A 2 folded ramps
1 18 20 3.3 50 5 2
4 10.5, 5.2 folded 68 4 60 20-60 day, 30-80 night 12 Can span up to 100 m with only TMM-6, 125 m combined with MTUs.
2 12.63 each 20 3.54 50 3-5 6
1/ ferry 3.5 est 13.5 est 50
1 9 18 3 est 50 2 crew of 2
PMP raft assembly data spans in set (pontoons) length (m) roadway width (m) assembly time (min) working party
40-ton 2 13.5 6.5 8 6
60-ton 3 20.3 6.5 10 9
80-ton 4 27 6.5 12 12
110-ton 5 39.3 6.5 15 18
170-ton 8 59.6 6.5 20 est. 27 est.
3-27
Amphibious Vehicles weight, empty (kg) loaded, land loaded, water payload, land water troops cargo bay dimensions (m) length (m) width (m) height (m) speed, land (kph) water (kph) cruising range, land (km) slope, empty (degrees) loaded (degrees) step (m) trench (m) crew remarks
K-61 9500 12500 14500 3000 5000 70 5.4 X 2.8 9.1 3.1 2.1 36 10 170 42 15 0.65 3 2 12 K-61s can transport a battalion of artillery with prime movers.
PTS-M 15000 22500 30000 7500 15000 50 11.5 3.5 3.4 40 15 42.5 30 10 0.65 2.5 2 Can carry 12 litters.
PKP 3600 8600 8600 5000 5000 NA 10.3 2.82 2.2 towed towed towed towed
PTS-2
12000 12000 70 11.5 3.3
NA
MDK-2M ditcher
BTM-3 ditcher
PZM-2 ditcher Earth Movers digging capacity (m3/hr) working speed (m/hr) vehicle fighting positions per hour digging depth (m), single pass maximum digging width (m), single pass maximum range (km) weight (mt) crew protection remarks MDK-2M ditcher 120-300 200-800 7 0.8 4.5 4 NA 500 28 2 NBC filtration system, but susceptible to small arms fire. MDK-3 ditcher 400-500 12 1.7 3 4 NA BTM-3 ditcher 540 220-600 14 1.5 0.6 NA 500 26.7 2
BAT-M route clearer PZM-2 ditcher 80-250 208 NA 1.5 1.5 1.1 3.5 BAT-2 route clearer 250, 400 clearing 2.3-6.8 6 NA NA NA NA 500 37.5 2+8 NBC filtration system, bulletproof windows and armor. 2 mt crane with 7.3 m reach. 25 mt winch with 100 m of cable.
NBC filtration system, bulletproof windows and armor Not shown. Similar in appearance to MDK-2M.
3-29
PMR-3 Minelayer mine capacity
GMZ-3 PMR-3 120 w BTR-152 200 w ZIL 131 350 w URAL-375D TM-44, TM-46, TM-57, TM-62 series, TM-72, TMD-B 2-3 burying, 4-10 surface laid 3 to 4 up to 200 1.3 5.6 2 2.7 6 GMZ-3 208
UMZ UMZ 11,520 PFM-1 or 720 POM-2 AP mines or 180 PTM-3 AT mines PFM-1, -1/S, POM-1, POM-2S, PTM-1S (PGMDM), PTM-3 5 minutes from traveling to firing. variable 30-120 80 8.3, 10 loaded 7.1 3 2.5 2 6 launchers with 30 launch tubes each on the bed of a ZIL-131 truck. 1, 2 or 3 row minefields are laid by positioning the canisters. 1-row field is 600-5000 m long. 3-row field is 150-1,500 m.
types work rate (kph) mine spacing (m) burial depth (mm) road speed (kph) weight (mt) length (m) width height crew remarks
TM-46, TM-57, TM-62 series, TMD-B, MV4-62, MVP-62, MVN-80 6 burying, 16 surface laid 5 or 10 120 ground, 500 snow 50 28.5 8.62 3.25 2.7 3 Self-entrenching. Container reload time 15-20 minutes. Engine smoke generator. Auxiliary weapon is 7.62-mm PKT MG.
KMT-5M
Mine Clearers operating speed (kph) cleared lane width (mm) depth of clearance (mm) installation/removal time (min) weight (ton) weight on one wheel (ton) platforms remarks KMT-4 6-12 100 15-20/5-10 KMT-5M 6-12 810 X 2 100 30-45/8-13 KMT-6M 6-12 100 15-20/5-10 KMT-7
7.5 0.5 T-54, T-55, T-62 T-54, T-55, T-62, T-64 T-54, T-55, T-62 Three plows may be carried on a ZIL-131 The KMT-5 is a KMT-4 mineclearing Three plows may be carried on a ZIL-131 3.5-t truck. plow with a new roller set. Each vehicle 3.5-t truck. gets one plow and one roller, but both cannot be used at once. 1 roller carried by KrAZ-255B 7.5t truck.
The replacement for the KMT-5.
3-31
No line drawing available.
UAZ-469 light
UAZ-452 0.8t
GAZ-66 2t
ZIL-151 2.5t
ZIL-157 4.5t
URAL-375 4.5t
ZIL-131 3.5t
KRaZ-255 7t
Trucks
payload, truck + towed (mt) speed (kph) range (km) drive formula ground clearance (mm) ford (m) grade (degrees) cone index, truck (fine/coarse grained) cone index, truck & trailer (fine/coarse grained) weight (mt) loaded area (m) Dimensions L x W x H (m) remarks
UAZ-469 light
UAZ-452 0.8t 0.8
GAZ-66 2t 2 95 875 4X4
ZIL-151 2.5t 2.5 65 650 6X6
ZIL-157 4.5t 4.5 65 510 6X6
URAL-375 4.5t 4.5 75 750 6X6
ZIL-131 3.5t
KRaZ-255 7t
120 460 300 0.7 31 22/26 2.29
95 430 4X4
2.6
5.8
5.6
10.5
13.2
5+5 road, 7.5+30 road 3.5+4 off road 10 towed off road 80 70 850 850 6X6 6X6 333 360 1.4 1 31 30 18/16 24/39 6.46 19.7 3.6x2.322x0.346 4.56 x 2.5 7.04x2.5x2.48 8.7x2.8x3 Cab controlled tire inflation system. 70-m cable winch 4500-kg pull.
3-33
Mi-8/Mi-17 HIP
Mi-24 HIND
Mi-28 HAVOC
Gazelle
Ka-50 HOKUM
MD-500 Defender
Rotary Wing Aircraft

mission gun
Mi-8 HIP
Mi-17 HIP H
Mi-24 HIND D/E/F
Mi-28N HAVOC
Gazelle SA-341 (Fr)
Ka-50 HOKUM
MD 500 (US)
UH-1H (US) Not Shown Utility 7.62-mm
BO-105 (GE)
Lynx (UK)
ATGM
rockets bombs AAM take-off weight (kg), normal maximum, hovering takeoff service ceiling (m) speed maximum at sea level (kph) range, normal payload (km) ferry crew passengers remarks
Attack, close Attack, close Light attack Attack, close general purpose, support support utility support light attack 12.7-mm or 12.7-mm or 30-mm HIND F 23-mm gun pods 2 x 20-mm 2A42 30-mm 12.7 or 6x7.622x7.62-mm 2x7.62-mm 4-bbl 12.7-mm 30-mm 12.7 or 2x7.62cannon mm gun pod 23-mm gun pods 23-mm gun pods HIND D/E mm gun pod 2x23-mm gun 7.62-mm 4-6 AT-2c, 4-6 AT-2c, 4-12 AT-2c 16 AT-6b,c AT-3, HOT 12 AT-16 TOW AT-3c AT-3c HIND D Ataka or Vikhr Hellfire AT-6b, c, Ataka AS-11/AS-12 HIND E/F 57-mm 57-mm 57-mm or 57-mm 57-mm, 68-mm, 80-mm 70-mm, 2.75 80-mm 80-mm 80-mm 80-mm 2.75" 250-kg, 500-kg 250-kg, 500-kg 250-kg, 500-kg 500 kg 250-kg, 500 kg 2x AA-16 Matra Mistral, AA-11 Archer Stinger 2x AA-18 SA-7 11,100 11,100 11,100 2000 9800 1361 12,000 13,000 12,000 10,400 10,800 1610
utility, transport utility, transport
Not Shown Not Shown general purpose general purpose light attack attack 2 x 20-mm 12.7 or 7.62-mm 12.7 or 2x7.62gun pod mm gun pod HOT 2xHOT, TOW 2xHellfire, or 2xTOW SNIA 50-mm 68-mm/70-mm Stinger
68-mm/70-mm 2xAAM pod 2578 4535
4100 4309
2380 2400
3500 230 460
5000 260 495
5500 335 480 300 470 1100 w/drop tanks 2+1 This system is not operationally fielded in any armed force.
4100 280 710
7000 310 455
4635 221 540
3840 229 465
4203 241 318
3538 260 540
950 3 24 Troops can fire personal weapons through windows. 4 external hard points.
950 3 24 Improved version of Mi8MT, upgraded engines, 6 external hard points
1050 2 8
1 or 2 2
1342 2 2 2 11 Armored cockpit MK19 or 75 40- Not shown. withstands 23- mm automatic mm fire and grenade launcher windscreen may be used. withstands 12.7mm fire. 1
2 3 Not shown.
1342 2 10 Not shown.
3-35
SU-25 FROGFOOT
Combat Aircraft An-12 CUB SU-25 FROGFOOT CAS
An-12/CUB
F5E/RF5 (US) Attack A4 (US) Attack
Su-27 Flanker B
E2C (US) Early warning C130 (US) P3 (US) ASW/ maritime patrol
SU-27 Mirage 2000 Flanker B (FR) Mission Medium Transport Fighter/intercepter Interceptor Aircraft , fighter bomber Fighter variant Multirole Gun(s) NR-23 23-mm in GSh-30-2 30-mm GSh-301 30-mm 2xDEFA 544 tail turret (250 rounds), cannon or 2x 30-mm pods AO-17a 30-mm pods ATGMs 16x AT-16 or Ataka, Su-25T Rockets 57-mm S-5 pod, 80-mm S-8 or 68-mm MATRA 80-mm S-8 pod 120-mm S-25 LR F4 (up to 8 pods) or 100-mm Air-to-Surface Missiles AS-7, AS-10, ASARMAT, 11, AS-14, AS-17 EXOCET, AS, BOL, MATRA 530 D or F, Air-to-Air Missiles AA-2, AA-8 R-27, R-73, AAMATRA or AA-10 10, AA-11 MAGIC Bombs 100-kg, 350-kg, 500-kg (up to 4000 kg) ?/970/690 kph 495 100-kg, 250-kg, 500-kg 2500/1345 1125 1950 w/tanks 18 x 250 kg
2 x 20-mm
2 x 20-mm Mk 12
* * 2.75 LAU68A/69A HARPOON
AIM-9 Sidewinder < 7000 lbs.
AIM-9 Sidewinder *
AIM-9 Sidewinder Mk 46, 50, 54, 82, mines and depth bombs
speed, max at altitude/sea level/attack combat radius (km) payload, cargo (kg) payload, combatequipped troops payload, paratroops Remarks
775/585 1500-1800 7980-16,070 60 90

Can operate from dirt strips.
2.2/2.1 mach 1650
1.6 mach
0.9 mach/ 1163 kph 575
626 kph
602 kph 1900 19052 kg 92 64 2494
SU-25M: antitank SU-25UB: trainer Ceiling 10,000 m 4344 kg max payload 6.5 g limit
All weather Ceiling 16,460 m -9 to 13.5 g limit 9 hardpoints Not shown.
Not shown.
Ceiling 12200 m, 4 pylons for bombs, rockets, ASMs & gun pods Not shown.
Ceiling 11275 m, Tracks 2000 targets Not shown.
Ceiling 10,006 m Not shown. Can carry 74 strechers.
13 pax Not shown.
RADAR BATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCE RADAR BIG FRED BUZZ STAND SMALL FRED TALL MIKE AIR DEFENSE RADAR BILL BOARD FIRE DOME GUN DISH HAT BOX HOT SHOT LAND ROLL
CARRIER
MTLB (M1975) PSNR-1 (MAN-PORTABLE) PRP-3/4 (BMP-1 VARIANT) BRM-1k (BMP-1 VARIANT) ASSOCIATED SYSTEM
FREQUENCY
34.55-35.25 Ghz 9.66 Ghz 36.2-37 GHz 9 Ghz
RANGE (KM) PERSONNEL VEHICLE 12-15 20+ 5 10 7-12 20+ 3 12 RANGE (KM) TYPE DISTANCE 10-250 3-32 15-22 20 INA 18 13 30 12+ 20-25
150+ 110 INA 25 23-85 20-70 INA 60-90 28-75 10 250
ROLE
surveillance fire control fire control range fire control fire control
SA-12 SA-11 ZSU-23-4 SA-13 2S6 / SA-19 SA-8
guidance altitude
acquisition tracking acquisition guidance tracking
LONG TRACK LOW BLOW PAT HAND SCRUM HALF SNOW DRIFT SPOON REST STRAIGHT FLUSH THIN SKIN
SA-6 / SA-8 SA-3 / SA-4 SA-4 SA-15 SA-11 SA-11 SA-6
acquisition acquisition fire contrl fire control fire control acquisition fire control
acquisition acquisition tracking acquisition tracking altitude
SA-6 / SA-8
height finder
3-37
COUNTERMORTAR COUNTERBATTERY RADAR
ROLE
TYPE
RANGE DISTANCE with accuracy (km) 12 12 24
REMARKS
AN/TPQ-36 (US)
Countermortar/Counterbattery
Mortar Artillery MLRS
AN/TPQ-37 (US)
Mortar Artillery MLRS Mortars Howitzers MLRS TBM
30 30 50 81 mm mortar 12 120 mm mortar 15 105 mm howitzer 8 155mm howitzer 10 122 mm rocket 12 220 mm rocket 20 theater missile 35 13 8 25 30
Zoopark-1 1L219
Location is completely automatic and coordinates of weapon determined before round lands. Normal 90 sector can be modified to 360 for insurgency operations. AN/TPQ-36 & -37 complement each other to provide artillery counterfire against mortars and close-in artillery. Together they are known as the Firefinder system. High-technology Russian system features air traffic control capability, GPS, highmobility tracked chassis, and operation form a prime-propulsion-driven generator.
ARK-1M Rys
Mortars Howitzers MLRS TBM
Primarily used to locate tube artillery, mortars and multiple rocket launchers. The system also calculates impact errs of OPFOR rounds and provides automatic correction parameters.
SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE AND DIRECTION-FINDING SYSTEMS. SYSTEM Intercept Receiver Radio Direction Finder SIGNALS VHF-UHF VHF-UHF HF groundwave HF skywave INTERCEPT RANGE 40 km (LOS) 40 km (LOS) 80 km unlimited 25 km
Radar Direction Finder
_____________________________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
CHAPTER 4: TACTICAL FORMATIONS ________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION. An attacking OPFOR can deploy into three types of tactical formations - march, prebattle, or battle depending on its mission and the combat situation. The OPFOR employs a standard drill for deployment into battle. The drill proceeds from march formation, through prebattle formation, into battle formation. The sequence of deployment and the distances of the lines of deployment from the BLUFOR are determined by tactical considerations. 4-1 MARCH. The OPFOR prefers to remain in column or march formation as long as possible for the sake of speed. It resorts to lateral deployment only by necessity, such as when combat is imminent. Until combat is imminent, the maneuvering force is in some type of tactical march formation. The OPFOR march is: The organized column movement of troops along roads and cross-country routes to a designated area or line. The most common method of OPFOR unit and subunit movement. a. A unit conducts a march when: Moving from a rear assembly area to a forward assembly area or attack position. Leaving an assembly area to launch an attack from the march. Moving forward in anticipation of a meeting battle. Conducting a pursuit. Conducting a passage of lines. Transferring laterally to a new area or large formation.
These formations and drills allow a rapid transition into combat while maintaining maximum security , speed , and firepower . b. Types of March. Administrative: contact with the enemy is not likely. Tactical: contact with enemy ground forces is likely. They are organized to ensure the march formation is ready to enter battle with little notice. March Planning Factors. (1) Route Allocation Norms: Division: Receives either a march zone (15-30 km wide) or two to three march routes. March columns are 80-100 km deep from the lead march security elements to the tail.
c.
Brigade: Receives one or two march routes. First-echelon brigade requires over 40 km of road space. Second-echelon brigade, with less march security deployed, needs 20-30 km. Battalion: one march route. Each route is separated by 3 to 4 km. Figure 4-1 shows typical OPFOR tactical march intervals. NORMAL INTERVALS 25-50 m VARIATIONS Increased at high speeds, in contaminated or rugged terrain, or on icy roads. May decrease at night, or
ELEMENTS INVOLVED Vehicles in a company
4-1
Companies in a battalion
25-50 m
Battalions on the same route 3-5 km Brigades on the same route 5-10 km Brigade rear services & main force 3-5 km Division rear services & main force 15-20 km Figure 4-1. Typical OPFOR tactical march intervals.
increase (to 100-150 m) when threatened by air or high-precision weapons. Up to 300 m or more under threat from NBC, aviation, or high-precision weapons. Can vary as contact becomes imminent.
Paved Roads Column Types Day Motorized 30 to 40 Mixed 20 to 30
Night 25 to 30 14 to 20
Dry, Dirt Roads Day Night 20 to 25 18 to 20 15 to 20 12 to 15
Muddy, Hilly, Urban Roads Day Night 10 to 15 8 to 10 10 to 12 8 to 12
Figure 4-2. Average Rates of March (km per hour). Column Types Motorized Mixed Paved Roads 250-350 200-350 Dry, Dirt Roads 180-300 120-240 Muddy, Hilly, Urban Roads 80-180 80-140
Figure 4-3. Daily march distances (km). (1) Order of March. The main body of the combat force employs reconnaissance and forward security forces in most situations. The reconnaissance forces move far ahead of the security force and try to avoid contact while sending back intelligence to the main body commander. The security force is responsible for ensuring the unhindered movement of the main body. It may engage enemy forces. An engineer movement support detachment (See Chapter 5) often moves either ahead of or behind this security force and supports the movement of the main body. Attached and organic artillery elements move well forward in the column, occasionally traveling ahead of the tanks and infantry combat vehicles. Air defense, engineer, AT, and chemical reconnaissance elements are dispersed throughout the march column. d. March Security. March security elements may be classified as advance guard, rearguard, security elements (forward, flank and rear) and patrols. Figure 4-4 shows these elements in relation to the main body.
4-2
Up to 5 km
(+)
3-5 km 1 Up to 10 km 5-10 km
(+) Advance Guard Main Body

Up to 5 km
NOTE: This diagram shows some, but not all, variants of reconnaissance and security groupings which an advance guard battalion could dispatch, depending on the situat ion. 1. Combat reconnaissance patrol (CRP)--usually a platoon. A battalion may send out as many as three CRPs t o reconnoiter flanks and alternate rout es, as well as the primary rout e. 2. Forward patrol--a squad or plat oon which provides march security ahead of the forward security element. 3. Forward security element (FSE)--a reinforced platoon or company which provides march security ahead of t he advance guard main body. 4. Patrol squad--a single BTR, BMP, or tank, which either conducts reconnaissance or provides march security for the subunit which dispatched it. In this example, it provides flank security or reconnaissance for the FSE. But the forward patrol could send a pat rol squad forward along its route of march for additional security. 5. Flank security element--a platoon or company which provides march security to t he flank of the main body. 6. Rear security element--a platoon or company which provides march security to the rear of the main body.
Figure 4-4. Elements of march security. e. Advance Guard (AG). Consists of reinforced mechanized infantry battalions (MIBNs) from the first-echelon brigades. Mission: to ensure the security of the main axis. A reinforced battalion may be sent out on each brigade route during an advance to contact. A reinforced battalion as an advance guard is likely during a penetration or pursuit. (Usually MIBNs for this role, but can be tank battalions). When there is little chance of enemy contact, divisions may use only a battalion as an advance guard. The preferred employment on contact is to envelop the position, forcing the defender to pull back and to attempt to destroy the withdrawing force on the move. The advance guard tries to move about one hour (20 to 25 km) ahead of the main body, but this may be reduced if resistance or obstacles are encountered. Forward Detachment (FD). The purpose of the FD is to speed the advance of the division. Normally, a reinforced battalion from a division's second-echelon brigade. Missions: To seize critical terrain objectives such as river crossing sites. To disrupt the enemys covering forces to facilitate the divisions advance. To conduct raids against important enemy sites: NBC weapons systems, artillery positions, and CPs. Will try to avoid battle before it reaches its objective and before it moves off the main routes of the divisional columns.
f.
4-3
F o rw a rd Pa tro l (Plt) 3 -5 km C om b at R ec on Pa tro ls (-)
U p to 5 km
Flan k S ecu rity E lem en t ( + ) Ta nk Plt/C o m pa ny M ob ile O bst acle D e tac hm en t (E ng r) 3 -5 km
(-) Bn HQ Ar ty Bn ( -) T a nk C o (-)
(-) SA M P lt M IC (-)
(-) T a nk C o (-)
( -) R ea r Se r vices R ea r Se cu rit y T a nk Plt
5 -1 0 U p to Fo rw a rd km 1 0 km Se cu rit y Ele m en t Tan k C o (-) M IP Artillery B try Mo ve me n t S up po rt D e t ( -) (E ng ine er )
N OT TO S C AL E
Figure 4-5. March formation reinforced TBN acting as advance guard or forward detachment.
25-30 km
D ivisio nal R econnaissan ce D istance ahead o f m a in body d ep endent o n stren gth & m iss ion
U p to 100 km
Forward D etach m ent
(+)
U p to 50 km (+)
B rigad e R e connaissanc e
(+) Adv ance G uard
(+) Adv ance G uard
U p to A dv an ce G uard 25 km 2 5-50 km M SD XX M ain B ody FW D 25-5 0 km (-)
M SD (-) M ain B ody
M SD (-) XX
M ain B ody F IRS T E CH E LO N
X
(-) D AG M A IN R EAR
D IV A T R es erve
III
(-) S VCS SE CO N D E CH E LO N
Figure 4-6. Disposition of a mechanized infantry division in a tactical march formation. g.

Division Tactical March. The basic formation for achieving maximum rates of advance or maneuver in the attack, mechanized infantry or tank divisions use similar march formation. Division reconnaissance and REC battalion can proceed in front of the division's movement out to a range of 100 km. Ground reconnaissance elements concentrate on the major axes of advance and the most likely enemy concentrations.
4-4
The division commander may dispatch a forward detachment for independent missions forward of the lead brigades advance guards. There is no actual divisional advance guard; the lead brigade on each of the routes used by the division forms an advance guard. A mechanized infantry division's tactical march is shown in Figure 4-6.
First-Echelon MIBR First-Echelon TBR Second-Echelon MIBR
Brigade Reconnaissance
MSD
(+)
Advance Guard
Forward Patrol (+) Forward Security Element
MSD
(-) (-) (-)
BRAG
BRAG
(-) Up to 25 km (-) (-) Up to 20 km
Bde Arty BN
(-)
(-) (-)
SVCS
SVCS SVCS
Figure 4-7. Brigades in tactical march formation. h. Brigade Tactical March. Mechanized infantry and tank brigades have march formations similar to a division. These formations provide reconnaissance and early warning to the brigade commander. Reconnaissance elements from the advance guard, in increasingly larger formations, will encounter the enemy or obstacles well before the main body, allowing each successive commander to minimize losses in a surprise encounter by meeting the enemy with the smallest possible force. This also permits the maneuver of follow-on forces. If necessary, a brigade may send out a forward detachment to
4-5
accomplish missions similar to those of the divisional forward detachment. An illustration of a brigade, with an advance guard, in tactical march formation is shown in Figure 4-7. More detail is provided in Figure 4.8.
Advance Guard Brigade Main Body
5-10 km Up to 10 km
20-30 km
3-5 km
3-5 km
(+)
(+)
(-)
(-)
Combat Recon Patrol
Forward Patrol
Forward Main Body Security of Advance Element Guard Reinforced + Tank Co (-) with Tanks, + Arty Bn (-) Artillery, and + Engr Plt Engineer
Up to 5 km
Bde Rear Services
Rear Security
Brigade Reconnaissance Patrols (Up to 50 km forward of the Brigade)
Flank Security NOT TO SCALE
Figure 4-8. Advance Guard in a tactical march. 4-2 PREBATTLE. When nearing the BLUFOR's defensive line, the OPFOR uses prebattle formation as a transition between the march and battle formations. Prebattle formation focuses on speed, dispersion, flexibility, and firepower in an anticipated direction. When entering prebattle formation, the OPFOR deploys into successively smaller unit columns. These multiple columns increase forward combat power until forces reach the attack line and assume battle formation. In prebattle formation, the columns have greater lateral dispersion, but less depth than in the march formation. The OPFOR uses prebattle formation when: Approaching the battlefield. Developing the attack into the depth of the battle area. Pursuing the BLUFOR. Attacking a defending enemy whose defenses are weak or effectively suppressed. Crossing NBC-contaminated zones rapidly. Crossing areas with natural or artificial obstacles. Forces in prebattle formation either deploy into battle formation or return to march formation, depending on the tactical situation. A force might remain in this formation for a lengthy period of time. It normally would pass through some form of prebattle formation when moving from the march into full deployment for an attack. a. Brigade. The brigade assumes a prebattle formation by deploying from a single brigade column of battalions in its main body into individual battalion columns. The number of battalion columns depends on the tactical situation and the choice of echelonment that the situation dictates. Deployment into battalion columns should begin beyond the range of the bulk of the BLUFOR's artillery, at a line approximately 12 to 15 km from the BLUFOR forward edge. The artillery preparation of the attack is usually timed to begin as the attacking force reaches this line.
4-6
with MIP
500800 m
with tank platoon with MIP 500800 m LINE FORMATION TANK BATTALION (REINFORCED) with MIP 500800 m with MIP
WEDGE FORMATION MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION (UNREINFORCED)
with tank platoon 500800 m with MIP with tank platoon
500800 m
500800 m
500800 m
with tank platoon
REVERSE WEDGE FORMATION MECH INFANTRY BATTALION (REINFORCED)
ECHELON LEFT FORMATION TANK BATTALION (UNREINFORCED)
Figure 49. Battalion prebattle formations. b. Battalion. A battalion assumes prebattle formation by deploying from a single battalion column of companies into individual company columns. Figure 4-9 illustrates variations of battalion prebattle formations. Within the battalion prebattle formation, each company moves in march column. In relation to one another, the company columns may be configured in a line, in a forward or reverse wedge, or echelon left or right. c. Company. The line of deployment into company columns is set outside the maximum range of the defender's antitank weapons, tanks, and other direct fire systems. This is usually 4 to 6 km from the BLUFORs forward edge, depending on the terrain. The company prebattle formation is the final stage of deployment before battle formation. A company in prebattle formation does not laterally deploy beyond platoon columns. The intervals between company and platoon columns in prebattle formation should allow full deployment of the elements into battle formation without further lateral expansion of the entire formation. The deployment line into platoon columns is ideally located in terrain that screens the deployment, particularly from the defenders' short-range antitank weapons. It would normally be 2-3 km from the BLUFOR forward edge.
4-7
Unlike higher-level organizations, the company does not necessarily have to use a prebattle formation. It can go directly from the march into battle formation, if the situation requires.
4-3
BATTLE FORMATION. The OPFOR uses battle formation (attack formation) when encountering strong BLUFOR resistance during: The meeting battle. The attack against a defending enemy. The pursuit. The counterattack.
a. Brigade. Only those elements expecting contact with the enemy deploy into battle formations. Therfore, an OPFOR maneuver brigade reaches battle formation when its first-echelon battalions deploy on line. Its second-echelon battalions remain in march or prebattle formation until they are actually committed. Maneuver brigades are reinforced with several combat and combat support elements prior to contact with the BLUFOR. These reinforcing assets deploy to become part of the supported maneuver brigades formations. b. Battalion. An OPFOR maneuver battalion reaches battle formation when its first-echelon companies deploy on line. Its second-echelon companies remain in march or prebattle formation until they are actually committed. Maneuver battalions are reinforced with several combat and combat support elements prior to contact with the BLUFOR. Reinforcement usually takes place in assembly areas or before reaching the start line for the march. These reinforcing assets deploy to become part of the supported maneuver battalion's battle formation. (See Figures 4-10 & 4-11). c. Line of transition to the attack. The line by which the attackers deploy into battle formation, with platoons on line and tanks in front of the infantry vehicles. Its location depends on the preparation of the BLUFOR defense and the degree of destruction inflicted by OPFOR artillery. The line should be outside the range of BLUFOR short to medium range antitank weapons and small arms and permit a rapid advance into the BLUFOR positions. It is usually at least 600 meters from the BLUFOR forward edge, but farther forward than the supporting BRAG. Dismount line. Never more than 1,000 meters from the forward edge of BLUFOR units, it should be as close to the BLUFOR positions as the terrain allows. Usually 300 to 400 meters from BLUFOR defenses. If troops dismount, they follow as closely as possible behind the tanks. The BTRs or BMPs follow 100 to 200 meters behind the infantry, providing supporting fire.
d.
4-8
TWO ECHELONS- WHEN BLUFOR IS WELL PREPARED WITH FORCES ARRAYED IN DEPTH
Up to 3 km
120 mm Mortar
2d Echelon
Up to 2 km
Planned line of deployment for second echelon
AGS-17
SA-16/18
Battalion Subsequent Mission
Battalion Immediate Mission SINGLE ECHELON- WHEN BLUFOR DEFENSES ARE PARTIALLY PREPARED WITH MOST FORCES FORWARD
120 mm Mortar
Reserve
Up to 3 km
AGS-17
(-) SA-16/18
Battalion Im mediate Mission
Up to 4 km
Figure 4-10. Battalion battle formations (reinforced MIBN).

INTO PREBATTLE FORMATION INTO BATTLE FORMATIONS INTO PLATOON COLUMNS INTO COMPANY COLUMNS INTO BATTALION COLUMNS
(+)
BATTALION RESERVE
(+)
(+)
(-) (+)
LINE OF CONTACT 0.6-1 km 2-3 km 4-6 km 12-15 km
Figure 4-11: Prebattle and Battle Formation Deployment Lines.
4-9
_____________________________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST-100-7
CHAPTER 5: THE OPFOR IN THE OFFENSE _______________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides you the necessary tactics for the OPFOR to successfully conduct an offense. It does not cover all aspects of the OPFORs offensive principles, planning and execution. However, it does provide the critical concepts the OPFOR follows when planning such operations. 5-1 FORMS OF TACTICAL MANEUVER.
Maneuver is a basic component of combat. It is an organized movement during combat that puts the OPFOR in a more advantageous position than the BLUFOR. The OPFOR uses maneuver to seize and hold the initiative and defeat the BLUFOR. The most common forms of OPFOR maneuver are frontal, close, deep, and double envelopment. a. Frontal Attack. The frontal attack is directed against the BLUFORs frontline forces. Its goal is to penetrate BLUFOR defenses along single or multiple axes. Its success depends on superiority of forces and firepower. An OPFOR unit conducting a frontal attack attempts to create openings for subsequent exploitation. The frontal attack, by itself, is the least preferred form of maneuver. Normally, it is used in combination with a close or deep envelopment. A frontal attack may be appropriate when the OPFOR has the element of surprise, and may be used to fix BLUFOR defenses while other OPFOR units maneuver to attack from the flank. b. Close Envelopment. A close envelopment is a flanking maneuver that strikes BLUFOR units in their flank or rear at a relatively shallow depth. The goal of the close envelopment is to attack the BLUFOR from the flank, avoiding a frontal attack. Forces conducting the close envelopment and those conducting a simultaneous frontal attack need to coordinate fire support. (See Figure 5-1.)
C L O S E E N V E L O P M E N T
D E E P E N V E L O P M E N T
OBJECTIVE
D O U B L E E N V E L O P M E N T
Figure 5-1. Close envelopment combined with frontal attack.
Figure 5-2. Deep envelopment combined with frontal attack.
c. Deep Envelopment. A deep envelopment is a flanking maneuver executed at a greater depth. The goal of deep envelopment is either to attack the BLUFOR from the rear or to seize key-blocking positions thereby preventing the BLUFOR's withdrawal and ensuring its destruction. The deep envelopment is conducted in tactical coordination with the forces advancing from the front. (See Figure 5-2.) Forces assigned to conduct a deep envelopment receive additional fire support. In an attack against a defending BLUFOR, a battalion or brigade-sized forward detachment could conduct a deep envelopment for a brigade or division; the forward detachment would be inserted through a gap in forward BLUFOR defenses after first-echelon forces in the main attack achieve a penetration. The depth of a deep envelopment for a mechanized infantry or tank battalion can be more than 15 km. A brigade may conduct a deep envelopment to a
5-1
depth of up to 50 km. That depth can be significantly greater in a meeting battle or in a pursuit of the BLUFOR. The OPFOR may also employ heliborne forces for the deep envelopment. d. Double Envelopment. The OPFOR prefers a double envelopment, which can be a combination of two deep envelopments, two close envelopments, or a deep and a close envelopment. It expects to achieve the most success with a deep envelopment of both flanks, encircling the BLUFOR rear. Combining envelopments creates favorable conditions for attacking the BLUFOR's flanks and rear. The OPFOR's goal is to encircle BLUFOR groupings, split them, and then destroy them. Heliborne assault troops can also land simultaneously in the BLUFOR rear, assisting in the accomplishment of a double envelopment. Forces carrying out close, deep, or double envelopments ordinarily maneuver in a march or prebattle formation when BLUFOR resistance is light enough not to require the use of battle formation. The enveloping force can transition from march to prebattle to battle formation as the situation dictates. 5-2 ORGANIZING FOR COMBAT.
The OPFOR organizes for combat by assigning units to function as elements of combat formations. The combat formation corresponds to the situation and facilitates mission accomplishment. It should ensure- Successful destruction of the BLUFOR. Achievement of the assigned mission. A combination of fire, movement, and maneuver in the course of the attack. Continuous command and control. The following paragraphs list several of the key variables involved in OPFOR organization for combat. There is overlap with other chapters, but this information is included to provide better understanding of organizing for combat. a. Reconnaissance. Maneuver divisions have an organic reconnaissance and electronic warfare battalion, while each maneuver brigade has an organic reconnaissance company. Mechanized infantry battalions (MIBN) have an organic reconnaissance platoon. The location of the reconnaissance objectives and the BLUFOR disposition determine how far in front of their parent organization these OPFOR reconnaissance assets move. In an attack against a defending BLUFOR, they would typically reconnoiter the BLUFOR whose destruction is the parent organizations immediate mission; then they would move on toward the depth of the subsequent mission. In the march, their purpose is to provide the maximum warning of the BLUFOR, in terms of time and distance and to establish the strength and disposition. They also identify terrain features that could slow the OPFOR rate of advance or hinder the accomplishment of the parent organization's mission. b. Forward Detachment. A forward detachment is a combined arms force based on a reinforced maneuver brigade or battalion. Forward detachments ensure the unhindered advance of the division or brigade. Divisions commonly establish a brigade-sized forward detachment, or more than one battalion-sized forward detachment, to maneuver ahead of the lead brigades of an advancing division. Although any maneuver brigade can be assigned as a forward detachment, the OPFOR prefers to use BTR-equipped units as forward detachments (and advance guards), thus keeping the higher combat power of BMP and tank brigades for the main force. If the situation requires, a battalion or brigade from another unit/formation (e.g., from a second-echelon brigade/division or an adjacent division) may be temporarily attached as a forward detachment. In the march, the forward detachment normally moves ahead of or parallel to the march security elements (advanced guard) of the lead brigades but behind the divisions reconnaissance patrols. However, it could also move parallel to the advance guard. There is no set distance between the forward detachment and the main body. A brigade-based division forward detachment moves 2 to 4 hours ahead of the parent divisions main body; in European terrain conditions, this may translate to a distance of up to 80 km. A battalion-based division or brigade forward detachment moves 1 to 2 hours ahead of the parent organizations main body; this translates to 20 to 40 km. c. Echelons. The echelonment of combat formations in the offense is based upon the depth and preparedness of BLUFOR defenses, and is intended to build combat power continuously on the line of contact. The OPFOR typically organize forces either in two echelons or in one echelon with a combined arms reserve. In normal terrain, companies and platoons always attack in a single echelon, without a reserve. When attacking unprepared or partially prepared BLUFOR defenses, the OPFOR typically attacks in a single echelon with a reserve. Against more fully prepared defenses, the OPFOR is likely to use a two-echelon formation and a small reserve. Within the division, the pattern of echelonment can vary at each level of command. A division might deploy its brigades in two echelons, while some of the brigades might deploy their battalions in one echelon. The
5-2
OPFOR does not consider a three-echelon combat formation to be normal, but sometimes use it when advancing in the mountains, when maneuver is restricted in an advance along a narrow valley. When attacking defenses that are weak, lacking in depth, or not well prepared, divisions, brigades, and battalions normally deploy in a single echelon with a small combined arms reserve. They would also use a singleechelon formation when attacking on a secondary axis. When using a single-echelon formation, the commander must keep a combined arms reserve; thus, he retains the ability to influence the battle. If he commits his reserve, he must create another one immediately. If the BLUFOR has hurriedly assumed shallow defenses, he will not have a wellprepared defense in depth or strong reserves; and under these conditions, a single echelon may be sufficient to defeat him. A two-echelon combat formation is typically employed when attacking a defense prepared or at least partially prepared in depth and on the higher commander's main axis. The first echelon normally contains the majority of the combat power. Its mission is to destroy the BLUFOR's forward defenses and achieve the immediate mission of the formation/unit/subunit. At the same time, the OPFOR issue missions to first-echelon forces, he assigns the second-echelon force a mission, a route of advance, and a likely line and time for its commitment. During commitment, the second echelon normally passes through gaps or at flanks to avoid passage of lines and intermingling of forces. Specific second-echelon missions can include: Conducting a pursuit. Destroying bypassed BLUFOR elements. Defeating a counterattack. Achieving the subsequent mission. Completing the missions of successful first-echelon forces that have been rendered combat-ineffective. Once the second echelon is committed, a combined arms reserve from elements of the first echelon is formed if one had not designated previously. The remainder of the first echelon continues its attack to the degree that it is still able.
XX
NEW DAG
BRAG MID FWD CP NEW MAIN AXIS (+) BRAG
x
NEW COMBINED ARMS RESERVE FORMER 1ST ECHELON (ATTRITTED)
x
(+) ORIGINAL MAIN AXIS ORIGINAL 2D ECHELON
DAG
x
(+) BRAG (+)
x
ARTILLERY REINFORCEMENT
XX
Figure 5-3. Commitment of second-echelon forces. Although the OPFOR pre-plans deployment lines and time for committing the second echelon, he retains flexibility in implementing them, depending on the progress of the battle. It is important to remember that a second echelon is an application of additional force, not reinforcement of the first echelon. However, the second echelon
5-3
could be a replacement for a first-echelon force that has been successful, but at the cost of its own combat effectiveness. The second echelon's attack may be on an axis different from the one originally planned. (Figure 5-3 illustrates one example of the commitment of second-echelon forces.) d. Combined Arms Reserve. Divisions, brigades, and battalions can form a combined arms reserve (usually two levels smaller in size, e.g., battalion has a platoon reserve), but only if attacking in a single echelon. The combined arms reserve is small. It is a contingency force used to meet unanticipated events and to deal with tasks such as exploiting unexpected success, repelling counterattacks, and covering the flanks of the parent organization. e. Raiding Detachment. At the tactical level, a raiding detachment is a highly mobile combined-arms unit, usually a reinforced battalion. Reinforced companies and platoons can also conduct raids. The primary mission of a raiding detachment is to destroy or capture important military targets. Such objectives can include an artillery battalion, tactical missile batteries, elements of a reconnaissance-strike complex, a fire support helicopter forward base, a supply base/depot, or a river-crossing site. Its secondary missions can include seizing important terrain and blocking BLUFOR reserves. f. Enveloping Detachment. Within maneuver battalions and companies, the OPFOR may use an armored group as a smaller-scale enveloping group. The armored group is a temporary grouping of 4 to 5 tanks, BMPs, BTRs, or any combination of such vehicles. In this role, BMPs or BTRs would deploy without their normally assigned infantry squad on board and fight away from their dismounted troops. The armored group can thus act on an independent axis to attack the BLUFOR flank or establish a blocking force to his rear. It has significant direct-fire capability and serves as a mobile reserve attack force for the battalion or company commander. TYPES OF OFFENSIVE ACTION. The OPFOR will employ three basic types of tactical offensive actions: attack against a defending enemy, meeting battle, and pursuit. a. Attack Against a Defending Enemy. The basic form of offensive combat and the preferred OPFOR method of attacking a defending BLUFOR: Occurs when the BLUFOR is occupying known defensive positions. Can occur in a variety of situations: envelopments, supporting attacks, penetrations of the BLUFOR defense, and exploitation. An attack from a position in direct contact is most often used when transitioning over to the offense from the defense. Figure 5-4 illustrates the difference between the two methods. (1) Assembly Areas. When attacking from the march, a division would normally occupy an assembly area of between 300 to 600 sq. km located 60 to 75 km from the BLUFOR's forward positions. Brigades could occupy assembly areas as close as 20 to 30 km. Forces depart assembly areas in march formation and deploy into prebattle and, if necessary, battle formation at designated lines. (2) Operations Against an BLUFOR Covering Force Area. Goal: to prevent having the main body deploy from march formation prior to reaching the designated deployment lines. Against a weak covering force: Forward detachments of 1st echelon divisions, with strong artillery and air support, responsible for destroying BLUFOR covering force. Main bodies of divisions follow in tactical march column, ready to exploit the forward detachment success. Deployment of lead divisions depends on degree of BLUFOR resistance. Against a strong covering force: OPFOR would deploy main bodies of 1st echelon divisions from the outset. Use forward detachments and air landings to cut off BLUFOR withdrawals and seize entries into the tactical zone. Divisions may send forward detachments to seize key terrain in the covering force area. 5-3
5-4
1 2
Line of deployment into company columns. Line of deployment into company battle formations.
3 4
MIC Mission MIBN Mission

+ TK Plt
(+)
(+)
+ TK Plt
(+)
2 4
Arty Bn + TK Plt Assembly Area
BRAG
(+) (+)
+ TK Plt
+ TK Plt
2 1
3
+ TK Plt
(+)
(+)
+ TK Co
ATTACK FROM THE MARCH
ATTACK FROM POSITION IN CONTACT
Figure 5-4. Attack against a defending BLUFOR. (3) Attack zones and strike sectors. Figure 5-5 lists average widths of attack zones (frontages) and strike sectors (penetration sectors/sectors of main effort) at the tactical level. The OPFOR's goal is to achieve overwhelming superiority in the strike sector. A minimum of 5:1 is desired but more is better. Bde Bn Co Plt Div 5-25 3-8 2-3 .5-.8 .1-.2 Zone of Attack (km) 6-10 2-4 1-2 NA NA Main Attack Axis (km) 15-30 5-15 1-3 NA NA Distance Between Echelons (km) Figure 5-5. Typical Attack Zones and Strike Sector Widths. NOTE: These distances are doctrinal and may vary significantly depending upon the situation. (4) Force Disposition. (a) MID and TD. In attacking a well-prepared defense, a division will normally attack on a narrower frontage (as narrow as 10 km) with a stronger second echelon (two brigades rather than one). A division attacking on an army's supporting axis will normally have a wider frontage than one attacking on the main attack axis. Division elements will normally deploy as listed in Figure 5-6. Division 1st Echelon
Div. 2nd Echelon or Combined Arms Reserve
Brigade Artillery Groups Divisional Artillery Groups Army Artillery Groups Army Rocket Artillery Group Divisional Antitank Reserves Division Main CP Division Forward CP Division Rear Area Control Post Brigade Main CPs Logistics Units
Concentrated to attack on main and supporting axes. Moves by bounds 15-30 km behind the first echelon until committed. 1-4 km from the forward edge. 3-6 km from the forward edge. 3-8 km from the forward edge. 4-8 km from the forward edge. Between the 1st & 2nd echelons on the main attack axis or on a threatened flank. Up to 15 km from the forward edge. Up to 5 km from the forward edge. Up to 30 km from the forward edge and located near the rear services elements. Up to 5 km from the forward edge. The divisional medical post, together with repair and evacuation elements, moves behind the first echelon. The rest of the divisional logistical units will be some 5-10 km behind the 2nd echelon. Figure 5-6. Deployment Depths.
5-5
.
XX (-) (+)
AX IS
BRAG
+ TK Co
CK
AT TA
(+) + TK Co STRIKE SECTOR (+) + 2 x TK Co FWD MAIN BRAG (+) + TK Co X (+) + TK Co (+) + TK Co 1525 km REAR SCVS X
M AI
III
DAG
(+) + TK Co Up to 5 km 5-15 km Division First Echelon

NOTE: Division commander may deploy brigades on multiple axes in a single echelon with no obvious main axis if enemy forces are not prepared or deployed forward.
XX 15-30 km Division Second Echelon

NOT TO SCALE
Figure 5-7. MID Attack Against a Partially Prepared Defense (Variant).
XX BRIGADE ZONE OF ATTACK 8 km SUPPORTING ATTACK AXIS 7 km TK Co (-) TK Co X BRIGADE ZONE OF ATTACK 6 km
N AI AT CK TA
(+) TK Co (+) Bde Combined Arms Reserve DIVISION ZONE OF ATTACK
(+) TK Co
(+) DIV FD from 2D-Ech TBR
20 km
(-) (+) 2 x TK Co
STRIKE SECTOR
4 km (+) (+) TK Co
6 km BRIGADE ZONE OF ATTACK
TK Co (+) TK Co
XX 5-15 km DIVISION FIRST ECHELON NOT TO SCALE 15-30 km DIVISION SECOND ECHELON
Figure 5-8. MID Attack Against a Partially Prepared Defense (Variant).
5-6
ZONE OF ATTACK 5-10 km
(-)
TK PLT 120 mm MORTAR BN RESERVE SA-16/18 2S6
(+)
TK PLT
(-)
TK PLT
(-)
II
STRIKE SECTOR 2-4 km
(+) 2S6 + TK CO (-) BRAG 120 mm MORTAR (+) 2S6 + TK PLT
X 3 km BATTALION FIRST ECHELON 5 km BRIGADE FIRST ECHELON 10 km
BRIGADE SECOND ECHELON
Figure 5-9. MIBR Attack Against a Partially Prepared Defense (Variant) MIBN and TBN Battalion may attack using either one or two echelons. When attacking in one echelon, it will normally have a small combined arms reserve (platoon sized). A tank company attached to a MIBN normally operates intact. Does not have the organic combat support or combat service support required for independent action, except when deployed as a security or enveloping detachment, an advance guard, a raiding detachment, a forward detachment , or a heliborne or amphibious landing force.
Approx. 3 km TK Plt
M AI N AT TA C K
M R Plt M R Plt
AT Plt Bn Medical Aid Station
AT Sect. MRC CDR
+
Arty Bn
TK Plt Up to 3 k m
M R Plt
A D Plt
MR CoAT HQ Sect. MR Plt Technical Observation Post, Repair & Evacuation Group MR Plt MR Plt
TK Co HQ
AGS-17 Plt M R Plt
TK Plt
M R Plt M R Plt
MRC CDR AT Sect. Mortar Btry Bn Supply Plt
Bn Fuel Supply Plt
Mess Section
b.
Figure 5-10. MIBN Attack Against a Partially Prepared Defense (Variant) Meeting Battle. The basic form of offense used to meet and destroy BLUFOR tactical reserves. Goals: to destroy the BLUFOR and to continue developing the offensive.
5-7
The side that seizes the initiative first through rapid deployment into battle or prebattle formations and through delivery of indirect and direct fires is most likely to win, even in the face of a superior BLUFOR. Figure 5-11 illustrates the circumstances under which a meeting battle may occur. Figure 5-12 describes Phases of a Meeting Battle. Figure 5-13 illustrates possible outcomes of advance guard action in meeting battle.
AFTER PENETRATION OF BLUFORS FORWARD DEFENSE
BEGINNING OF A WAR
Could also occur at the outset of any attack when the two sides are not in initial contact, and both assume the offensive.
Would involve the penetrating force meeting the defenders advancing reserve elements.
DURING PURSUIT
DURING COUNTERATTACK
Meeting battle likely during counterattack by either side.
Strong possibility that the counterattacking force could be met head-on or from the flanks by the BLUFOR.
Figure 5-11. Circumstances under which a meeting battle may occur.
(1) OPFOR battalion in the meeting battle. A mechanized infantry or tank battalion is most likely to become involved in a meeting battle when acting as the advance guard of a brigade. This is also true of a battalion acting independently as a forward detachment of a division or brigade. When performing such a role, a mechanized infantry battalion is normally reinforced with tank, artillery, and engineer troops and possibly with antitank, air defense, or chemical protection elements. A tank battalion would be similarly reinforced, but with mechanized infantry rather than tank or antitank elements. Figure 5-14, illustrates advance guard actions. (2) OPFOR company in the meeting battle. OPFOR maneuver companies fight meeting battles and defending enemies in the same manner. A mechanized infantry or tank company normally fights as part of a battalion. However, it can also act independently as a forward security element of an advance guard or a forward detachment. A company in such a role can receive reinforcements from NBC reconnaissance, artillery, and a unit of the other maneuver arm (tank or mechanized infantry).
5-8
Element in Basic Task March Recon- Obtain data on BLUFOR Initial Phase naissance disposition and terrain along Patrols and main routes of advance. Groups
Phase
Actions on Contact Disengage when possible. Report and/or continuously monitor the situation. Bypass BLUFOR, continue to penetrate BLUFOR positions, particularly nuclear-capable and high-precision weapon systems. In favorable conditions (or out of necessity), may attack advancing units, take prisoners, disorganize/disrupt BLUFOR, and destroy BLUFOR NBC and high-precision weapons and C3I systems. Avoids contact as much as possible, moving rapidly to its objective. If necessary, conducts meeting battles like a battalion acting as an advance guard.
Forward Seize key terrain to facilitate the Detachment advance of the main body. May conduct raids en route to objective against key targets (NBC and high-precision weapon systems, C3I centers) Advance Move along route of main body Guard to ensure uninterrupted advance of main body, overcoming BLUFOR security/reconnaissance forces and obstacles.
Actions Main Body Deploy rapidly for the attack and of Main defeat of the BLUFOR, Body generally from the flanks. Con- Main Body Develop the attack into the clusion depths of the BLUFOR rear.

Reports BLUFOR contact/disruption. FSE deploys and attempts to overcome BLUFOR based on information from CRP(s). If the FSE is not able to overcome the BLUFOR, it assumes a defensive overwatch position to support maneuver of main body of advance guard. Main body of advance guard attempts a close envelopment or double envelopment to defeat the BLUFOR unless his force is overwhelming in size. If successful, units reform and resume march or initiate pursuit. If unsuccessful, units hold positions/block BLUFOR/continue attacking to support the subsequent maneuver and attack of the main body of the parent unit. Based on information from forward elements, commander maneuvers his forces and attempts to envelop. Units march rapidly to assigned sectors and deploy in prebattle/battle formations as needed to assault BLUFOR. If BLUFOR withdraws, it initiates pursuit. If it decisively defeats the BLUFOR, it resumes direction of march and overall mission. If it does not defeat the BLUFOR, it continues to develop the attack and holds positions aggressively until higher headquarters can conduct its maneuver. If it is unsuccessful, it may go over to the defense in the course of the offense.
Figure 5-12. Phases of meeting battle.
5-9
A T T A C K B Y F O R W A R D S E C U R IT Y E L E M E N T A N D /O R A D V A N C E G U A R D S U C C E S S F U L * E n e m y e le m e n t d e s t r o y e d . * A d v a n c e g u a rd re s u m e s m a rc h . * M a in b o d y o f r e g im e n t d o e s n o t d e p l o y .
N O IM M E D IA T E S U C C E S S B Y A D V A N C E GUARD * A d v a n c e g u a r d c o n t i n u e s a tt a c k . * M a in b o d y c o n t in u e s m a r c h f o r w a r d a n d p r e p a r e s t o d e p lo y .
ENEM Y FORCES DENY FURTHER O F F E N S I V E A C T IO N B Y A D V A N C E G U A R D * A d v a n c e g u a r d s h ift s to d e f e n s e . * M a in b o d y d e p lo y s a n d a t t a c k s .
ADVANCE G UARD UNABLE TO HO LD ENEM Y * M a in b o d y d e f e n d s o n b e s t t e r r a in a v a ila b le . * A d v a n c e g u a r d w i th d r a w s a n d jo in s d e fe n s e . * F o llo w - o n d iv is io n f o r c e s c o m m it t e d t o a tt a c k . * D iv is io n a s s u m e s d e f e n s e if e n e m y f o r c e t o o p o w e r f u l t o a tt a c k .
Figure 5-13. Possible outcomes of advance guard action in meeting battle.
I
(-) + TK Plt (-) + TK Co 3 2
1 1
2 3 < 8 km
SV CS
(-) + TK Co 1 2 3 Combat Reconnaissance Patrol (CRP) Forward Security Element (FSE) Advance Guard Main Body (AGMB)
Figure 5-14. Advance Guard Actions
5-10
COMBAT RECONNAISSANCE PATROL (CRP) / FORWARD PATROL Upon contact, actions of the CRP/Forward patrol are: - Report contact to the advanced guard commander. - Attempt to penetrate to the BLUFOR main force, bypassing his advance elements. - Perform chemical and engineer reconnaissance. - Collect all information on the BLUFOR that will expedite the commanders decision. Build-up of Firepower (CRP/Forward Patrol) Time: 0 minutes Forces Committed: 3 BTRs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FORWARD SECURITY ELEMENT (FSE) Actions of the FSE, moving in column behind the CRP(s) by up to 10 kilometers, are: - Advance at maximum speed. - Engage the BLUFOR with all weapons. - Develop the fight. - Seize and hold a position until arrival of the advanced guard main body. Build-up of Firepower (FSE) Time: +20 minutes Forces now committed: 11 BTRs 3 Tanks 6 Mortars 6 Howitzers, 122mm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADVANCE GUARD MAIN BODY (AGMB) At the time of initial contact, the advance guard main body is moving in march column 5 to 10 kilometers behind the FSE. The commander: - Defines the plan for the engagement. - Issues orders to the commanders of the CRP and FSE. - Moves forward, with the artillery commander, at maximum speed to an observation point. - Issues orders for the deployment of the advance guard main body. - Launches the attack Build-up of Firepower (Advance Guard) Time: +60 minutes Forces now committed: 50 BTRs 2 Antiaircraft Guns 10 Tanks 6 AT-4s and 9 AT-7s 6 Mortars 3 recoilless guns, 73mm 18 Howitzers, 122mm 6 Automatic Grenade Launchers c. Pursuit. The OPFOR defines pursuit as a type of offensive conducted against a withdrawing BLUFOR. The goal of a pursuit is to complete the destruction of, or capture the BLUFOR. (1) The three forms of pursuit are shown in Figure 5-15. (2) Characteristics of the Pursuit: Centralized planning. Decentralized execution. Artillery allocated to maneuver battalions. Extensive use of forward detachments (both heliborne and ground) to seize key terrain to block the BLUFOR's withdrawal routes. Heavy emphasis on reconnaissance.
5-11
FRONTAL PURSUIT: Used at initial enem y withdraw l to: * Pressure the enemy. * Lim it m aneuverability. * Delay w ithdrawl. * Force enem y to deploy.
PARALLEL PU RSUIT: High speed pursuit to: * Perm it flank attack. * Cut off withdrawl routes.
COM BINATIO N FRONTAL AND PARALLEL PU RSUIT: Com bines both m ethods of pursuit to m aintain high rate of advance with continual force to hinder disengagem ent and cut w ithdrawl routes.
Figure 5-15. Forms of Pursuit.
PARALLEL PURSUIT BY A BRIGADE
AIRBORNE OR HELIBORNE LANDING OR FORWARD DETACHMENT SEIZES A KEY BRIDGE
WITHDRAWING ENEMY FORCE
FRONTAL PURSUIT BY LEAD BRIGADE
Figure 5-16. Example of a Pursuit. Note: The OPFOR are represented by the shaded arrows.
5-12
5-4 MISSIONS. During an attack against a defending enemy, units will be assigned a mission (objective). a. Missions contain two elements: The destruction of the BLUFOR with a zone. The seizure of an assigned line. b. Two Types of Missions: Immediate: Usually involves the destruction of the BLUFOR's main force and the seizure of a line from which to begin exploitation. Subsequent: Results in the complete destruction of the BLUFOR and the seizure of a line deep in the BLUFOR's rear. Each unit's subsequent mission corresponds to its next higher headquarters' immediate mission. c. Mission Depth. (See Figure 5-17) Depends on: The relative strength of friendly and BLUFOR forces. The operational functions of the friendly and BLUFOR (e.g. conducting a supporting attack as opposed to conducting the main attack or having a mission to screen rather than to defend). The terrain. Most importantly, the level of preparation of the BLUFOR's defense. The more prepared the BLUFOR's defense, the shallower the depth of the mission. The less prepared, the deeper the mission. d. Mission factors. Forward detachments may receive terrain-oriented missions, such as river crossing sites or mountain passes. The line of a unit's immediate mission is normally the planned employment line for the second echelon. After the commitment of the second echelon, both the first and second echelons continue to advance to the subsequent mission. Brigades and battalions may be given a direction of advance to follow after accomplishing their subsequent missions. Units do not normally stop to consolidate after accomplishing their missions. The advance is to continue without interruption. OPFOR units normally do not stop on objectives or mission lines and consolidate; they continue the attack deeper into the BLUFOR rear.
OPFOR First Echelon DIVISION (Day 2-4) DIVISION (Day 1) BRIGADE BATTALION COMPANY PLATOON
IMMEDIATE Destroy/Take Positions of Rear of Division Reserve Bde of Division Rear of 1st-Echelon Bde Rear of 1st-Echelon Bn Rear of 1st-Echelon Co Rear of 1st-Echelon Plt
SUBSEQUENT Complete Destroy/Take Destruction of Positions of Rear of Division Corps Reserve Bde of Division Rear of Division Rear of 1st-Echelon Brigade Reserve Bde of Division Rear of 1st-Echelon Bn Rear of 1st-Echelon Bde Direction of Advance (Toward Bn Immediate Mission) Direction of Advance (Toward Co Immediate Mission)
Figure 5-17. Mission Depths Against a Partially Prepared Defense.
5-13
XX I II X II I II II I I I I
XX
X
Division Reserve
Division Subsequent
Brigade Subsequent Division Immediate
Battalion Subsequent Brigade Immediate
Battalion Immediate
Company Immediate
Figure 5-18. 5-5
Missions Against a Partially Prepared Defense.
RECONNAISSANCE IN THE OFFENSE. The OPFOR considers reconnaissance the most important element of combat support. All commanders and staffs organize reconnaissance to acquire information about the BLUFOR's weapons of mass destruction; force disposition and intentions; and terrain and weather in the area of impending combat. This information is crucial to the planning process for command and control systems. Reconnaissance can decisively influence the outcome of a battle, operation, or campaign. See Section 1-11 for Reconnaissance Task organization. a. Army Group reconnaissance: Locate the most critical targets, to include: NBC and high-precision weapons. Intelligence gathering assets Higher headquarters and communications centers. General support artillery groups. Operational-strategic groupings and their movements. Army reconnaissance: Missions: Contents of airfields and army aviation forward operating bases. Major concentrations of reserves. Unit boundaries. Location and extent of defended areas. The BLUFORs combat capabilities and intentions. Division reconnaissance: Operate out to approximately 50 kilometers. Airborne qualified long-range reconnaissance company up to 100 kilometers deep without vehicles. Missions: Locating, identifying, and reporting BLUFOR NBC and high precision weapon delivery means, headquarters, communications centers, troop concentrations, and movements of BLUFOR units. Determining the strength and dispositions of the BLUFOR's defenses and locating his boundaries. Providing topographical information concerning routes to, or bypasses around, BLUFOR positions as well as concerning lateral routes. Identifying the extent and depth of minefields and the types of mine employed (assessing obstacles and possible crossing points).
b.
c.
5-14
Establishing the extent of zones of contamination. Identifying potential communications facilities and other sites for use by their own forces. d. Special brigade reconnaissance troops carry out reconnaissance, operating from up to 25 to 30 kilometers forward of the OPFOR line of contact. They might operate out to a maximum distance of 50 kilometers.
5-6
FIRE SUPPORT. In highly mobile, fluid battles, a significant proportion of the available artillery may be decentralized to lower commanders. With organic artillery and additional assets allocated from higher levels, commanders form army artillery groups (AAGs), army rocket artillery group (ARAG), division artillery groups (DAGs) and brigade artillery groups (BRAGs). Individual maneuver battalions can also receive up to a battalion of artillery in an attached or supporting role. a. Phases of Offensive Fire Support. (1) Phase I - Fire Support of a Force's Movement Forward. - Long-range fires to protect a force moving from its assembly area to its line of deployment into prebattle formation. - Targeted against most dangerous BLUFOR long-range weapons capable of striking the unit. - Could begin more than an hour before the support force reaches the forward edge of the BLUFOR's defense. (2) Phase II - Fire Preparation. - Seeks to annihilate or neutralize BLUFOR weapons systems, C2, and troop formations. - Immediately precedes the attack. - Nature of the BLUFOR defense and the quantity and type of fire support available determine the length and organization of the preparation. May last 50 minutes or more. Could be much shorter if the BLUFOR is weak and/or is occupying unprepared positions. - Initiation of phase linked to the supported maneuver formation deploying to prebattle formation. (3) Phase III - Fire Support of the Attack. - Starts immediately after the end of the preparation (no more than 2-4 min) and continues until the BLUFOR's first tactical echelon has been over run. - Seeks to annihilate or neutralize BLUFOR troops and weapon systems directly in front of the attacking forces. (4) Phase IV - Fire Accompaniment. - Supports advance of attacking forces into the depth of the BLUFOR defense. - Supports commitment of second-echelon forces. - BLUFOR reserves are a priority target.
FORWARD EDGE LINE OF DEPLOYMENT FOR ATTACK
IV
FIRE ACCOMPANIMENT
III
FIRE SUPPORT OF THE ATTACK
II
FIRE PREPARATION
I
FIRE SUPPORT FOR THE MOVEMENT FORWARD
ASSEMBLY AREA
ENEMY DEFENSIVE ZONE
Figure 5-19. Offensive Phases of Fire Support.
5-15
Artillery Norms. (1) Density Norms. These figures represent fires massed and not to the positioning of artillery units. - Attack of a well-prepared defense on the main axis: 60 to 120 tubes of artillery per km of frontage in the main axis. - Attack of an unprepared defense on the main axis: 60-80 tubes per km. - Attack of a supporting axis: 40 tubes per km. (2) Ammunition Expenditure Norms. - Figure 5-20 is a sample of the ammunition expenditures required to produce a desired effect on a particular target using standard HE rounds. - Similar tables exist for a wide variety of situations and targets. They are used for fire support planning.
TARGET Missile Launcher Bty (plt) of armored SP arty (mortar) Bty (plt) of unarmored towed arty dug-in (mortar) Bty (plt) of unarmored towed arty in open (mortar) SAM Bty Signal & RADAR vans in open Dug-in troops & weapons in prepared strongpoint Dug-in troops & weapons in hastily prepared position Troops & weapons in assembly area in open CP in dug-out shelter with overhead cover CP in open or vehicle ATGM or AT gun in open REQUIRED EFFECT Target Annihilation Target Neutralization Target Neutralization Target Neutralization Target Neutralization Target Neutralization Neutralization of 1 hectare Neutralization of 1 hectare Neutralization of 1 hectare Neutralization of 1 hectare Neutralization of 1 hectare Target Neutralization 76 800 1000 540 250 250 420 480 400 50 480 120 250 85 720 900 480 220 240 360 450 350 45 450 100 240 Riffled Barrel Caliber in Millimeters 100 122 130 152 203 82 540 300 280 200 70 720 360 150 200 280 320 250 30 320 80 180 450 240 90 150 180 200 150 20 200 50 140 360 220 80 150 180 200 150 20 200 50 140 270 180 60 100 120 150 110 15 150 40 100 120 100 30 60 60 60 45 5 60 15 90 240 300 35 350 180 200 140 10 200 25 140 80 100 85 8 100 20 80 40 50 45 4 50 10 35 300 320 240 10 320 30 400 180 Mortars 120 160 140 220 160 40 240 60 120 100 20 Rocket Artillery 510 560 400 150 360 400 320 120 200 340 240 180 8 240 20 200 240 180 60 100 120 100 80 5 100 15
b.
450 240 90
Figure 5-20. Sample Ammunition Expenditure Norms. Notes: 1. Reduce expenditure by 25% when engaging with observed fire or adjusting from a known point. 2. Increase expenditure by 10% when range to target is greater than 10 km. 3. To achieve expenditure norms for annihilation multiply rounds required for suppression by three. c. Types of Offensive Fire. (1) Fire Assault - Characterized by surprise and a high density of fires. - Seeks to annihilate the targets. - Normally the predominate form used during the preparation phase. - Usually do not exceed 15-20 minutes. - More than one fire assault may be conducted during the preparation phase. - Conducted against both point and area targets. - Normally involves all or most of the artillery allocated to a division or army. (2) Controlling Fires. - Conducted against a target during the interval between fire assaults. - Denies the BLUFOR the freedom to conduct combat activity or to escape before next fire assault. - Normally conducted by a single battery. (3) Fire Concentration.
5-16
- Conducted against BLUFOR troop concentrations, strongpoints, artillery batteries, C2 facilities and other such targets. - May be conducted by several batteries or battalions. - All weapons fire at once on the center of the target area. (4) Massed Fires. - Conducted by all or most of a unit's artillery with the goal of destroying a target in the shortest possible time. - May take the form of one large fire concentration or several concentrations fired simultaneously. (5) Successive Fire Concentrations. - Conducted when the supported maneuver unit has begun its final assault. - Provides for the successive neutralization or annihilation of specific targets or target groupings. - May be done in the defense to support counterattacks. - First line of concentration in on the BLUFOR's forward positions. Subsequent lines are 300 to 1000 m apart through the depth of the BLUFOR's position. - Fires are shifted on the order of the maneuver commander. (6) Rolling Barrage. - Similar to successive fire concentration in its conduct but evenly distributes fires across the width of the attack axis than concentrating them on selected targets. - Phase lines are 400 to 800 m apart. Intermediate lines are 100 to 200 m apart. Fire duration on phase lines is at least 5 minutes. On intermediate lines, duration is 1 or 2 minutes. - Normally, a rolling barrage is conducted through the depth of the BLUFOR's first echelon battalion. - Because of the high ammunition expenditure required, the rolling barrage is not commonly used. May be used to support the penetration of a well-prepared defense or the crossing of a water obstacle. 5-7 ANTITANK. The OPFOR can employ the antitank (AT) reserve as a blocking force against a BLUFOR counterattack during the offense, and it also can cover threatened areas and open flanks. It can be reinforced with engineer assets, usually in the form of a mobile obstacle detachment (MOD). Missions that commanders may assign to an AT reserve include, in the offensive (or meeting engagement) Repelling counterattacks. Protecting the flanks of a unit or a gap in deployment. Covering the commitment of a second echelon. Consolidating on captured lines. Gaining time for the mounting of a counteroffensive. Sealing off encircled forces. 5-8 ENGINEER. a. Engineer Reconnaissance Patrol (ERP) Typical missions include collecting information on roads, obstacles, water obstacles and water supplies. b. Movement Support Detachment (MSD) Ad hoc grouping formed from division and brigade engineer units. Missions include: Route reconnaissance Mineclearing Repair/reinforcement of bridges Creation of tracked vehicle routes Construction of bypasses Route marking
5-17
Division: Can form up to three MSDs. Each may have one or two of the following types of equipment: DIM, BAT, IMR, Tanks with KMT-4/6 or 5M, Tanks with BTU, MTU-20/MT-55, TMM, or Truck mounted crane. Operates on main routes. Brigade: Can form one MSD normally composed of an engineer platoon, one or two dozers and up to three tanks with blades or plows. Operates on secondary routes. MSD is normally organized in three elements: Reconnaissance and obstacle-clearing group One or two road/bridge construction and repair groups Route marking group In the march, MSDs normally move behind the CRPs. c. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (MOD) Ad hoc grouping formed from division and brigade engineer units. Mission: Deny key terrain to the BLUFOR, particularly those avenues of approach that are most suited for tanks. (Figure 5-21) Composition: - A divisional MOD normally consists of mechanical minelaying elements equipped with GMZs. - A brigade MOD normally consists of one minelaying platoon of three PRP-3. It is sometimes reinforced with a motorized rifle platoon. MODs normally operate with antitank reserves to provide flank protection and to repel counterattacks. In the march, it normally travels between the advance guard and the main body.
A dvanc e Gu ard an d A rtille ry D eploy ed M ain B ody
R econ Pa trols
A dvanc e Gu ard
M ain B ody
B LUE
M OD
(-)
B LUE
M OD + Arty Bn (-)
(-)
+ Arty Btry
+ Arty Bn (-) 2. The adv ance guard engage s the enem y while the m ain body begins a s weep into the ene m ys flank
Enem y Armor Threat
1. O PFOR re connaissan ce d ete cts a nd reports enem y.
M OD B LUE
* Co uld be Btry (Sep Bde)
M ain Bo dy Bd e A T R eserve (-)
+ Arty Bn (-) 3. A s the m ain body drive s tow ard the enem ys flank, recon nais sance detec ts an enem y arm or threat to the m ain body s flank.
Enem y Arm or Threat
M ain Bo dy (-) D eploy ed + Arty Bn (-)
* Co uld be Btry (Sep Bde)
B LUE Bd e A T R eserve 4. The m ain body deploys its MO D to em pla ce m ines and antitank we apons to stop the enem y arm or threa t. Once se cure from the arm or threa t, the ma in body can continue its drive into the ene m ys flank .
Figure 5-21. MOD in a Meeting Battle.
5-18
d.
Mineclearing During marches, the MSD is responsible for mine clearing on the routes. During assaults, the maneuver unit is responsible. - Normal breaching method is to use mine plows/rollers. - Plow/roller tanks may tow a line charge behind them to detonate once they are through the minefield in order to clear the full width of the lane. Normally there is one plow tank per tank platoon and one roller-plow tank per company. Figure 522 illustrates a tank battalion attacking through a minefield. Number of lanes cleared is dependent on terrain and mission: Battalion on main attack axis: 6-8 lanes. Battalion on supporting axis: As few as 2.
C O M P A N Y D E F E N S IV E P O S IT I O N PLATO O N CO LUM NS LED BY PLO W TANKS COMPANY CO LUM NS ll B A T T A L IO N CO LUM NS
ADVANCE
ll LEG END:
T A N K W IT H R O L L E R -P L O W T A N K W IT H PLO W T A N K W IT H DO ZER BLADE BANG ALORE TO RPEDO A N T IT A N K M I N E F IE L D RO LLER IN S T A L L A T IO N P O IN T RO LLER TANK BR EACH L A N E W ID E N E D B Y R O L L E R -P L O W PLO W TAN K BR EACH
Figure 5-22. Tank Battalion Attacks through a Minefield. 5-9 COMMAND AND CONTROL. a. Maneuver Command and Control Posts. (1) Division. Forward Command Post Normal location of the division commander. Commander is usually accompanied by the operations officer and the chief of missile troops and artillery Is normally located 2 to 5 km behind the FLOT in the attack. 100% mobile. Main Command Post Under the control of the chief of staff. Located 10 to 15 km behind the FLOT. 100% mobile. Rear Command Post Headed by the deputy commander for the rear. Located 25-35 km behind the FLOT. Alternate Command Posts Established as required. (2) Brigade. Main Command Post. Normal location of brigade commander. Also location of chief of staff, plus the commanders of the brigade's engineer and chemical protection units.
5-19
b.
Supporting artillery commanders normally co-locate with this CP. Consists of several armored vehicles. Relocates 4 to 6 times each day. Located up to 5 km behind the FLOT. Rear Control Post. Headed by the deputy commander for rear services. Consists of 1 or 2 vehicles. Located up to 10 km behind the FLOT. (3) Battalion. Command Observation Post Only CP at battalion level. Consists of 3 or 4 vehicles. Located within 2 to 3 km of FLOT. Tactical Communications. (1) Division. HF and VHF radio (Primary communication means) VHF and UHF multichannel radio relay SHF troposcatter systems Wire Messenger Visual and Audio (2) Brigade and Below. HF and VHF radio (Primary communication means) Wire Messenger Visual and Audio
c.
Procedures. (1) (2) (3) (4) NBC. a.
Radio silence is normally observed when defending and when in or departing assembly areas. In an attack against a defending enemy, radio silence is lifted when the artillery preparation begins. In a meeting battle, radio silence if lifted upon contact with the BLUFOR. Few secure nets exist below brigade level.
5-10
Chemical. (1) Available Agents. Nerve - GB, GD and V Blood - AC Blister - HO, HN, L, HL and CX Incapacitant Irritant - DA, DM, CM, CS and PS. (2) Delivery Means. All tube artillery systems 122mm and larger Most mortars All MRL systems FROG, SCUD and SS-21 SSM Antipersonnel landmines Aircraft (bombs and spray) (3) Employment. Offense Likely targets: Troops in defensive positions astride attack axes
5-20
b. Nuclear (1) Delivery means. All tube artillery systems 152mm and larger. 240mm mortar. FROG, SCUD and SS-21. Various aircraft. (2) Likely targets: NBC delivery means. CPs of divisions and higher formations. Prepared defensive positions. Reserve and troop concentrations. Supply installations. Communication centers. Key air defense sites. c. Flame. (1) A flamethrower battalion is normally assigned to each army. Little is known about its internal structure or how much equipment it has. (2) Equipment Capabilities. LPO-50: Light infantry flamethrower. Man-portable. Range: 50-70 m. TPO-50M: Heavy infantry flamethrower. Mounted on two-wheel cart. Range: 180 m. RPO: Shoulder fired flamethrower. Fires rocket propelled round containing 4 liters of napalm. Range: 180-200 m. RPO-A: Shoulder fired flamethrower. Fires a 2 liter round out to 400 m. TO-55: Flamethrower tank. Variant of T-55. Flamethrower nozzle is mounted beside the main gun and does not interfere with its use. Fuel Capacity: 460 liters. Range: 200 m. d. Smoke. (1) Equipment Capabilities. TDA-M: Smoke Generator. GAZ-66 truck variant. Contains sufficient fog oil for four hours of continuous operations. Under favorable conditions, one vehicle can create a smoke screen 800-1000 m long and 100 m wide. VEESS - Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System Various smoke pots, drums, barrels and grenades. Artillery smoke rounds
NBC delivery systems Troop concentrations CPs Bypassed pockets of resistance Non-persistent agents would be used on planned attack axes. Persistent agents would be used deep and on the flanks.
5-21
Fired by D-30, 2S1, M-46, 2S3, D-20 and all but the 160mm and 240mm mortars.
Types of smoke screens. (1) Blinding. - Positioned on BLUFOR weapon systems and observers. - Delivered by artillery and mortars. (2) Camouflage. - Positioned on or directly in front of friendly troops. - Delivered by smoke generating vehicle, VEESS, smoke pot, grenade, drum and barrel. (3) Protective. - Intended to protect electro-optical devices from the effects of laser radiation or to shield personnel and equipment from the effects of the flash and thermal radiation of a nuclear detonation. - Positioned in front of, around or above friendly forces. (4) Decoy. - Intended to deceive the BLUFOR as to the actual location and activity of friendly forces. - Positioning depends on the situation. (5) Signaling. - Used to mark BLUFOR positions or, occasionally, friendly avenues of approach. 5-11 Air Defense Deployment.
e.
Priorities in deploying air defense assets are usually to protect command posts, then artillery groupings and firstechelon forces.
II
(+) + TK Plt 20-30 m
(+) + TK Plt 20-30 m 150-250 m NOT MORE THAN 400 m

C
SVCS
(+) + TK Plt 20-30 m
1 KM SAM SQUAD, SA-16/18 IN BMP (or BTR) I SAM, SA-13

C
3 KM 2S6 MOTORIZED RIFLE COMPANY COP

C
MOTORIZED RIFLE BATTALION COP
DEPLOYMENT LINE
Figure 5-23. Air Defense Support for an MIBN Assault.
5-22
5-12
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT. a. Air Support Missions. On Call: Preplanned target but executed on order of the supported commander. Pre-Planned: Executed according to detailed plan. Immediate: Unplanned missions flown in response to request of ground commander. Phases of Air Support. I - Support for movement forward II - Air Preparation III - Air Support IV - Air Accompaniment Key Points. Attack helicopters will provide most of the close air support. Air support plan will be fully coordinated with the fire support plan. Forward air controllers are normally found at brigade level and only in those brigades scheduled to receive air support. Battalions will have FACs only if the battalion has a particularly important or difficult mission such as acting as a forward detachment. In the offense, air support will normally be massed on the main axis. An operational commander normally withholds part of his assets in order to be able to respond to immediate missions that may arise during the course of an operation.
b.
c.
5-13
RIVER CROSSING OPERATIONS. a.
Methods. (1) Crossing a River: Contact is not expected and an administrative crossing is possible. (2) Forcing a River (Assault crossing): Contact with the BLUFOR is expected and an assault crossing will be necessary. Assault crossings may be done in one of two ways: From the march (preferred method) From positions in direct contact Assault crossing is done by unit using organic assets. Crossing is preceded by reconnaissance. BTRs/BMPs lead assault covered by artillery, smoke and direct fire. Heliborne forces may be used to seize a bridgehead. After mechanized infantry or heliborne troop establishes bridgehead, tanks cross the obstacle via ferry, fording or snorkeling. Ferry sites and bridges are established for use by non-amphibious vehicles and follow-on elements. b. Brigade. Typical brigade crossing sector: 10 km wide. A MIBR is expected to be able to cross its combat elements over a 200-m wide river (2 m/sec current) in 2 to 3 hours. c. Division: Typical divisional crossing sector: 20 to 30 km wide. A MID is expected to be able to cross its combat elements over a 200 m wide river (2 m/sec current) in 5 to 6 hours. 5-14 AIRBORNE OPERATIONS. a. Key Concepts. Rapid deployment over great distances. Virtually all-weather employment.
5-23
b.
c.
d.
e.
Self-sufficient and air-droppable. Trained to fight across the range of military operations. Battalion-sized operations most common. Land in unopposed areas, then move to objective, defend until linkup occurs. Usually employed by the army commander. Support to the Offense. Seize vital ground, bridgeheads, defiles. Destroy higher level C2, political as well as military. Block routes used by reserves or withdrawing forces. Destruction of logistics installations, especially fuel and ammunition. Disrupt transportation infrastructure. Conduct of Airborne Operations. Requires air superiority, even if achieved only temporarily locally. Favorable combat ratios in the landing zones and objective area are essential. A battalion can be lifted in a single lift. If an entire brigade is needed, airborne elements would have to be shuttled: first battalion seizes the airfield. follow-on forces would then be air-landed. Speed and Surprise are critical. Supported by air and missile strikes, and artillery. Once on the ground: Consolidate and conduct reconnaissance. Move to objective in pre-battle formation. Position air defense, artillery, and engineers to support the attack on the final objective. Assume battle formation within 1000-200 meters of the objective. Attack in one echelon against a weak BLUFOR, two echelons against a strong BLUFOR. Once the objective is secure, establish 360-degree defense using unit strongpoints. Either await linkup or fight back to friendly lines. Drop Zone Selection. Typical battalion DZ is 3 km by 4 km. Typical company DZ is 1 km by 1 to 1.5 km. As close to final objective as possible, but no more than 20 km.
5-24
________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
CHAPTER 6: OPFOR DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS _____________________________________________ INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides you with the tactics necessary for the OPFOR to successfully conduct a defense. This chapter does not cover all aspects of the OPFORs defensive principles, planning and execution. However, it does provide the critical concepts the OPFOR follows when planning such operations. DEFENSIVE PRINCIPLES. OPFOR defensive goals include repelling attacks by the BLUFOR, inflicting maximum losses, holding important terrain and objectives and creating the necessary conditions to transition to the offense. The OPFOR employs the following principles when conducting a defense. Proper use of terrain All around protection Mutually supporting fires Proper use of reserves Camouflage and concealment The time to conduct a defensive action and the type of defense the OPFOR executes is dependent upon the primary mission of the OPFOR unit, the unit(s) on the battlefield and its current location in relation to the BLUFOR. Typically, the OPFOR will assume the defense to: Consolidate tactical gains Await additional resources Protect a flank Stop a BLUFOR counterattack Regroup Free up resources for other operations Hold key terrain Await logistical support The OPFOR may, at anytime, conduct a defensive operation. However, the actions of the BLUFOR dictate a shift to the defense. Depending on the proximity of the BLUFOR and the nature of the battle, an OPFOR unit can shift to a defense before battle occurs or during battle, under conditions of direct contact or without contact. 6-2 TYPES OF DEFENSE. 6-1
a. Defense in Direct Contact. The OPFOR transition to the defense in direct contact occurs most often during an attack. It can also occur when the OPFOR is repelling counterattacks, consolidating captured lines and securing flanks of attacking troops, or with an unsuccessful outcome of a meeting battle. The OPFORs main defensive area will be in direct range of the BLUFOR. b. Defense Out of Direct Contact. The OPFOR can assume a defense before the battle begins, while out of direct contact with the BLUFOR. The main difference between defense in contact and defense out of contact is the absence of a security zone in the former. Under the latter condition, the transition to a defense is made to cover areas of possible contact, to repel a possible BLUFOR attack or support the deployment of additional forces. In a defense out of contact it is important to carefully evaluate the terrain, both in front of the forward edge of the defense and in the depth of the defense. Terrain should be selected to provide the most advantageous position for strongpoints, organizing a system of fire and good cover and concealment. TERRAIN CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DEFENSE. METT-T considerations are critical to the success of any OPFOR defense. The OPFOR must examine the BLUFOR situation, since the BLUFOR and his weapons systems influence the mix of weapons the OPFOR must use and the preparation needed. Whenever possible, OPFOR units select positions to take advantage of the terrain's protective features. The OPFOR selects defensive positions behind natural obstacles (mountains, trees, and thick vegetation) or in man-made terrain features that provide cover and concealment and a good field of view of the approaching opponent. Establishing the defense when in contact with the BLUFOR limits the OPFOR's ability to prepare a good fighting position and provide cover and concealment from BLUFOR fire and observation. If the terrain permits, the 6-3
6-1
OPFOR should use a reverse slope defense. Part of the force remains in contact with the BLUFOR on the forward slope, while the remainder of the force prepares the position on the reverse slope. The advantages of a reverse slope defense include: Limiting or preventing BLUFOR's observation of the defensive position. Attacking forces are not able to receive direct fire support from following forces. BLUFOR's long-range antitank (AT) fires are not effective. Attacking force silhouettes itself crossing the crest of the hill. Engineers can conduct their work out of direct fire and observation from the BLUFOR. The disadvantage of a reverse slope defense is that weapon systems cannot exploit their maximum range. When possible, the OPFOR would use both a forward and a reverse slope defense to take maximum advantage of the terrain. 6-4 ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE.
a. Reconnaissance. Divisional, brigade, and battalion reconnaissance elements will be located in and forward of the security zone (if established) or forward of the main defensive area. b. Combat Security Outposts. First-echelon brigades on main avenues often form combat security outposts, and each forward battalion can establish such an outpost. A combat security outpost for a battalion is normally a reinforced platoon. This platoon occupies a position 2 to 3 km forward of the main defenses. Figure 6-1 lists the conditions under which different types of security forces deploy. (1) Missions. to delay, inflict losses on, and to deceive the BLUFOR about the true location of the main defenses. Form strongpoints forward of the main defenses. They take over the mission to delay the BLUFOR's main effort when the divisional forward detachment shifts to a secondary axis. Forces the BLUFOR to deploy in a position short of the main defensive belt, believing it actually is the main defensive belt. Artillery units firing in support of the combat security outpost may have to occupy temporary firing positions farther forward than normal, even in front of the forward edge. The combat security outposts described above should not be confused with company or battalion-sized elements placed into forward positions by second-echelon brigades and/or divisions when required by the situation. These forces, too, have a mission similar to that of the forward detachments in the security zone. Mission Deployed When Defending In Contact Out of Contact No Yes Command Level Directed By Army/ Army Corps/ Division Division Brigade Deploying Force Division Fighting the Battle Battalion Distance in Front of Forward Edge of Main Defense 15 to 50 km
Forward Detachment in Security Zone Forward Position Combat Security Outpost
Yes No
Yes Yes
Brigade Battalion
Company/ Company Plus Platoon/ Platoon Plus
4 to 6 km 2 to 3 km
Figure 6-1. Types of combat security forces. (2) If the BLUFOR threatens to bypass or overrun the combat security outpost, the brigade commander may order it to withdraw to its position in the main defensive belt. Cover for its withdrawal can include planned fire from brigade assets, fire from the outpost's platoon and fire from tanks in ambush. The withdrawal plan provides the combat security outposts passages through the main defensive belt's obstacle system.
6-2
Security Zone. - Found only in the defense out of direct contact. - Established by order of the operational (army/army group) commander. - Is up to 50 km deep (Army) or 15 km (Division). -Forces in the security zone will attempt to: - Delay the attacking force. - Deceive the BLUFOR as to the location of the main Defensive area. - Force the BLUFOR to deploy in attack formation early. - Inflict maximum damage on the BLUFOR. - Is occupied primarily by forward detachments. Artillery and AT elements may also be located in the security zone. d. Main Defensive Area. - Mission is to prevent BLUFOR penetrations. - Is based on defense in depth. - Its basic element is the battalion defensive area, composed of company strongpoints. - All weapon systems and vehicles are dug in as time permits. - Fire sacks are used to destroy BLUFOR forces either immediately forward of or within the main defensive area. - Counterattacks are planned for at battalion and above. - Disposition of forces within the main defensive area is situation dependent. Forces may be repositioned during defensive operations to meet the BLUFORs main effort and disrupt his concept of battle. - No major differences between the main defensive area of a defense in direct contact and one out of direct contact. An army of from two to four divisions will defend a sector from 100 to 150 kilometers wide and 100 to 150 kilometers or more deep on an important axis. Much depends on the relative strengths of the sides and on the terrain in the sector. An example is that in mountainous, desert, or arctic regions an army might hold a wider sector. While the army is on a greatly threatened key axis in normal terrain, it might defend a narrower sector. (See figures 6-2 for rules of thumb on unit frontages, 6-3 for an example of MID defense, 6-4 & 6-5 for MIBR in defense, 6-6 for MIB in defense and 6-7 for MIC in defense.)
c.
Mechanized Unit
Frontage
Gaps Between Elements
Depth
Division
20-30 km
NA
10-20 km
Brigade
10-15 km
NA
7-10 km
Battalion
3-5 km
Up to 1500 m
1.5-2.5 km
Company
1-1.5 km
Up to 300 m
Up to 1 km
Platoon
Up to 500 m
Up to 15 m
Up to 200 m
Squad
Up to 150 m
N/A
Figure 6-2. OPFOR unit frontages.
6-3
XX LEGEND:
Preplanned arty concentration. Mixed minefield. Barrier. Probable enemy avenue of approach.
C C K C G G
C
TBN (-) (RESERVE)
MIBN(+) II C BRAG
MIBN C MIBN AT Reserve + MOD J C
DIVISION ZONE 20-30 km
C K G C MIIBN(+) X
xx
DAG MIBN
MAIN
FD
FD
C MIBN(+)
C C H TBR (-)
FD
FD
F K MIBN BRAG II D C K C G C MIBN (+) Brigade First Echelon C XX Up to 50 km Divisions Portion of the Security Zone E Forward Edge Brigade Second Echelon Division First Echelon A C
TBN (-) (RESERVE)
FD
FD
MIBN
Division Second B Echelon and Reserve 15-20 km Division Main Defensive Belt
Figure 6-3 MID in the Defense (Variant) 1. The division main defensive belt is organized into two echelons. The first-echelon brigades form along a defensive line and comprise the main defensive belt (A). Their mission is to stop the BLUFOR in front of their forward edge. The division allocates 1/2 to 3/4 of its combat power to its first echelon. The division's second echelon (B), 1/4 to 1/2 of available strength has the mission to destroy or repel any penetration of the main belt. 2. The defense in both echelons is built upon company-sized strongpoints (C) unified into battalion defensive areas. Strongpoints are planned for all-around defense and sited so deliberate, pre-registered gaps (D) exist between them. 3. Divisions form a security zone (E) in front of their main defensive belt when assuming the defense out of direct contact. Reinforced battalions taken from second-echelon brigades are designated as forward detachments; these establish a series of reinforced company-sized strongpoints sited on BLUFOR main avenues of approach. These security zone strongpoints are to delay, disrupt, and destroy advancing BLUFOR units. First-echelon brigades may establish a forward position (F) 4-6 km from the main defensive belt. This company-sized position imitates the main defense, causes the BLUFOR to conduct premature artillery preparations, and aids the disengagement of the forward detachment. Brigades and battalions deploy combat security outposts (platoon strength) (G) in the security zone forward of their sectors. 4. The division can form a combined arms reserve (H), not more than 1/9 of its total combat power, as the commanders contingency forces. An MID holds its AT battalion, combined with an engineer mobile obstacle detachment as an AT reserve (J) to block penetrations of the first echelon and support the counterattack with fire. 5. The fire plan is based on antitank fires and integrates ATGM, AT gun, tank, BMP, attack helicopter, and indirect and direct artillery fires on accessible terrain in front of and between first-echelon strongpoints and into fire sacks (K) throughout the defensive sector.
6-4
10-15 km
(+)
Forward positions deceive enemy as to exact position of main defenses, and protect main position from surprise attack. Platoons from firstechelon battalions may deploy as combat security outposts (CSOPs).
Up to 5 km
CSOP
Up to 2 km
X
First defensive position. First-echelon brigades normally deploy two battalions up. Some companies will be reinforced with a tank platoon.
Approx 3 km
II
Brigade antitank reserve with MOD between first and second echelons. Up to 4 positions are preplanned.
II
BRAG MAIN
Fir ing Approx Line 8 km
II
Firing line dug between first and second defensive position on flank of most likely enemy thrust. Occupied by counterattack force as thrust develops; often used as start line. Counterattack force will attack when thrust held by antitank reserve; may be reinforced from second echelon MIBN . Attack can only be launched with approval of divisional commander. NOTE: Tank battalion may be distributed to MIBNs, in which case the 2nd-echelon battalion provides the counterattack force.
ANTITANK RESERVE
II II
(-) Alternate Position
Counterattack force
X
Figure 6-4. MIBR in the Defense (Variant)
6-5
III D MIC (+)

ARMORED GROUP
MIC < 5 km MIC
MIC
II
BRAG
MIC 715 km
MIC (+) TB (-) D MIC MIP H G MOD MIC ATGM BATTERY III < 2 km Preplanned Artillery Concentrations A 7-10 km BRIGADE FIRST ECHELON B BRIGADE SECOND ECHELON E MIC (-) C
1. The commander of a defending brigade normally deploys two battalions in a first echelon (A) and one battalion in the second echelon (B). The tank battalion (C) of a MIBR normally attaches one or more of its companies to forward MIBNs. 2. Defending out of direct contact, the brigade commander may deploy combat security outposts (reinforced platoons) (D) up to 2 km forward of his leading first echelon strongpoints. These platoons are drawn from first or second echelon battalions. They fight and by schedule/or on order withdrew to previously prepared positions in the brigade sector. MIBN Recon Plts might occupy CSOPs (D) but would be less likely to engage and withdraw vice hide and continue to report. 3. The brigade commander may form a combined arms reserve (reinforced company), not shown. This reserve is a contingency force, and when formed, is normally taken from the second echelon.
4. The brigade commander may also form an AT reserve (E) from the organic ATGM battery and an engineer mobile obstacle detachment. AT reserves are normally positioned between the two echelons. 5. A brigade artillery group (F), consisting of the organic artillery battalion and any supplemental artillery allocated by the division chief of artillery, may be formed. It is positioned 1 to 4 km behind the forward edge of friendly troops. 6. The barrier plan consists of minefields (G) and preplanned artillery concentrations (H) situated to halt attacks forward of strongpoints, separate infantry from tanks, and channel penetrations into fire sacks.
Figure 6-5. MIBR in the Defense (Variant)
6-6
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
ARTILLERY RANGE
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
MORTAR RANGE ATGM RANGE
MIP
COMBAT SECURITY OUTPOST TANK RANGE
II
X
UOUS ONTIN OF C ZONE
X
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
SMALL ARMS RANGE
X
FIRE
X X X X X X X
X X X X
MIP
MIP
d d
MIP
d
AGS-17 Plt 3 MIC 1 MIC
V V
d
AGS -1 7 Plt (-)
MIP
II
MIP
V
MIC
I
V V
MOR BTY MIP 2 MIC MIP

AR RE ICES RV SE
MIP
II
KEY: MOVEABLE DEFENSIVE BARRAGE FIXED DEFENSIVE BARRAGE SCATTERABLE MINEFIELDS
LOCATION OF DUTY WEAPON (MACHINE GUN, RPG OR SNIPER) DUMMY MOTOR RIFLE PLATOON STRONGPOINT FIGHTING TRENCH
X X
MINEFIELD BARBED WIRE ANTITANK OBSTACLE ANTITANK DITCH POSSIBLE FIRING LINE FOR BATTALION ANTITANK PLATOON POSSIBLE FIRING LINE FOR BRIGADE ANTITANK BATTERY/BATTALION
NOTE: 1. The diagram shows a mechanized infantry battalion defensive area. 2. The battalion is equipped with BTRs and reinforced with a tank company and supported by an artillery battalion. 3. The defenses were prepared with considerable engineer support and required some days (at least 3) to complete. 4. Note the use of dummy MIP strongpoints to mislead the attacker. Also note that duty weapons, which will engage enemy reconnaissance and other small groups are sighted away from their main positions. They move back to their main positions when the enemy begins his full assault .
Figure 6-6 Mechanized Infantry Battalion in the Defense (variant)
COMMUNICATION TRENCH
II
V V
V V
II X
X
V V V V
V
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
6-7
3 5
2 I
REF POINT 1 BARN 1
REF POINT 5 CORNER OF WOODS REF POINT 2 THREE TREES 2
4 2
REF POINT 3 BEND IN ROAD
(+)
REF POINT 4 BOULDERS BUILDING WOODS TANK BMP BUILDING MIXED MINEFIELD (ANTIPERSONNEL & ANTITANK) SECTOR OF TRENCH WITH COMMUNICATIONS TRENCH
4 5 1 5 I
WOODS PLATOON OBSERVATION POINT DEFENSE POSITION
ROAD
NOT TO SCALE
Figure 6-7. 6-5
Mechanized Infantry Company (MIC) in the Defense
FORWARD DETACHMENTS. When assuming the defense out of contact with the BLUFOR, an OPFOR division fights its assigned portion of the security zone. This zone may extend 15 to 50 km forward of the main defensive belt. Forward detachments can be employed in the security zone, along with reconnaissance patrols from the divisional reconnaissance and EC battalion. In the defense, the forward detachment has the mission of delaying, disrupting, or destroying the advancing BLUFOR. A division may employ one or two forward detachments, up to reinforced battalions in size. Forces for the forward detachment come from the division's second echelon. A forward detachment in the division's portion of the security zone establishes a series of defensive positions sited on BLUFOR main avenues of approach. If the terrain permits, the forward detachment commander positions his companies on a major avenue to provide mutual support. Because they must cover a broad frontage, he usually deploys the battalion in a single echelon with a strong combined arms reserve of up to a company. If there are multiple avenues of approach, he may have to divide the forward detachment to cover them with individual reinforced company positions. He covers gaps or intervening terrain between the company positions with obstacles, reconnaissance patrols, and fires. The forward detachment prepares several successive positions, as the terrain and space allow. These positions and the avenues they control receive extensive engineer preparation, including emplacement of obstacles and minefields. Of course, the division commander has to consider the tradeoff in allocating engineer effort. If he allocates more resources to the security zone, then he delays the BLUFOR longer, and gets more time to prepare the main defensive belt. On the other hand, if the commander limits the engineer effort in the security zone, he frees assets to prepare the main defensive belt more quickly or extensively. A forward detachment's initial position is the one at the far edge of the security zone. If possible, it is on a favorable natural line; that is, a natural obstacle or defensible terrain. Subsequent positions to the rear are far enough apart to preclude the BLUFOR from engaging one and then another without displacing his indirect fire weapons. They are close enough to allow the forward detachment to maintain coordinated, continuous fires on the BLUFOR while moving from one to another.
6-8
The final position the forward detachment may occupy in the security zone is the forward position, about 4 to 6-km forward of the main defensive belt. Depending on the pressure the forward detachment is receiving from the attacking BLUFOR, it may occupy a prepared forward position, or it may pass through the forward position. In the latter case, companies from first-echelon brigades occupying the forward positions may cover its disengagement and rearward passage of lines. The forward position deceives the BLUFOR about the location of the forward edge of the main defensive area. It receives extensive engineer preparation to assist in this deception. The separation of the forward detachment's positions from the division's main defensive belt requires the division commander to place artillery and air defense units in the security zone to support the forward detachment's mission. These forces also occupy prepared and camouflaged positions. The forward detachment engages the advancing BLUFOR at long range, initially with the supporting indirect fire assets. It then engages him with direct fire systems as he closes. It may launch local counterattacks if the situation dictates. The object is to strip away the BLUFOR's reconnaissance and force him to deploy to attack the position and to expend indirect fires; this can slow and disorganize his advance. Normally, the forward detachment relocates to a subsequent position rather than become decisively engaged or bypassed. By repeating these actions, the detachment may be able to exhaust and disorganize the BLUFOR before he reaches the main defensive belt. This keeps the BLUFOR from penetrating the defense and makes him vulnerable to counterattacks. The division commander expects the forward detachment to defend aggressively. He retains control over its successive redeployment. Without his specific permission, this forward detachment cannot relocate. The commander may need to gain time to permit the establishment of the main defensive belt. If needed, he can require the forward detachment to continue defending its position, even if this means it becomes decisively engaged or encircled. If the battle in the security zone is not successful in destroying or halting the attacking BLUFOR, the forward detachment occupies a forward position as a last measure before returning to its parent second-echelon brigade. The OPFOR expects that, even if all goes well, the forward detachment would take losses and would not be at full capability. The forward detachment moves off the BLUFOR main avenue of approach and occupies a forward position in a lessthreatened, secondary sector. The BLUFOR, advancing along his main avenue, can still encounter forward positions. These positions are occupied by companies or battalions from the second-echelon brigades and/or combat security outposts of the first-echelon brigades instead of the forward detachment. 6-6 FIRE SUPPORT. Fire support covers all combat support provided to ground forces by missiles, artillery and aviation. The term artillery includes SSMs, MRLs, Guns/Howitzers and mortars 120-mm and larger antitank artillery. a. Types of Fire. The OPFOR plans artillery defensive fires primarily barrier fires -- to disrupt the BLUFOR attack. (1) Barrier Fire. Barrier fire is a continuous curtain of defensive fire across the approach of the attacking BLUFOR. Although normally used in the defense, it also has applications in offensive operations against BLUFOR counterattacks. Barrier fire is useful with fire concentrations, massed fires, and directly aimed fire from tanks and guns. The types of barrier fire are:
Standing Barrier Fire. Uses a single line of concentration to disrupt a BLUFOR attack. The OPFOR plans standing barrier fires well in advance. Projects artillery fires from likely avenues of tank approach. A ground observation point observes these fires planned in front of, and to the flanks of, the defensive positions. All the artillery in a formation, except rocket artillery, fires the standing barrier fire. Begins when BLUFOR tanks and infantry approach the planned line of fire concentration. The fires continue at rapid fire until they cut off BLUFOR infantry from their tanks and halt their attack. If the BLUFOR maneuvers around the fire concentration line, the fires shift to the rolling barrier fire approach. Rolling Barrier Fire. Lands on several lines of concentration. Each line lies successively closer to OPFOR defending troops.
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Lines of concentration for the rolling barrier fire should impact on terrain that a ground observation point can see. Distances between lines of fire concentration will be 400 to 600 meters or more. The final line of concentration closest to friendly troops will be 700 to 1000 meters from forward defensive positions. b. Phases of Fire Support. The OPFOR constructs a system of fire bringing all available fires on the BLUFOR as it approaches. The system provides continuous fire at the forward edge, and the flanks, and within the defensive position. In addition, it should allow rapid concentration of fire against the most threatened axis. The goal is to engage the attacking BLUFOR with an overwhelming intensity of fire as it approaches the forward edge of the defense. An effective system of fire begins with artillery concentrations and barrages on likely axes, choke points and deployment lines. There are four phases of OPFOR fire support in the defense. (1) Fire Interdiction of Advancing BLUFOR. Typically begins when the BLUFOR moves into battalion columns. Fire interdiction of advancing BLUFOR troops occurs when the BLUFOR deploys into battalion columns. It continues until the BLUFOR reach their line of departure. Attached or supporting artillery units can occupy temporary fire positions beyond the forward edge of defense. Fixed-wing aviation and long-range artillery carry out fire on distant approaches. Where possible, BLUFOR units are destroyed as they move up, but if target intelligence is inadequate, disruption and delay is inflicted by all available assets. If the defense is adopted while in contact with the BLUFOR, this phase concentrates on the BLUFOR's second echelon. Throughout the period before the BLUFOR's attack, attention is paid to denying the BLUFOR good target intelligence for his preparation. As much artillery as possible remains silent until needed to repel a major attack. Batteries used before the main BLUFOR attack will fire from temporary fire positions or be used as roving batteries to confuse BLUFOR intelligence. (2) FIRE to repel the BLUFOR attack. The most important phase in the defense consists of short, intense bursts of fire. This is the most important phase of defensive artillery fire. The phase begins when the BLUFOR crosses the line of departure and ends when he enters the first defensive positions. Fires create a zone of continuous fire in front of the defense. Fire to stop the BLUFOR attack coordinates artillery fire with antitank weapons and all weapons of the maneuver units. OPFOR artillery tries to break up attacks and split armor from the infantry with planned linear and box concentrations in front of the forward edge positions, and minefields in gaps between strongpoints, and eventually in depth. Guns and multiple rocket launchers start to engage the BLUFOR 15 to 25 km from the line of contact and howitzers will fire when the BLUFOR is within 10 to 15 km. Short but intense fire strikes, no more than fifteen to twenty minutes in duration are fired, followed by displacement to alternate fire positions to avoid counter-battery fire. (3) FIRE support to defending troops. Fire support of defending troops occurs when artillery units attack BLUFOR that have penetrated the defensive positions of first-echelon maneuver battalions. Its goal is to create fire pockets that destroy the BLUFOR, preventing him from developing the attack. Some batteries may enter preselected direct fire positions. The defender fires against individual targets. The artillery supports defensive positions in depth, tries to separate BLUFOR infantry from armor and fighting troops from their logistic support. If necessary, artillery may even be used in the direct fire role against armored breakthroughs. The artillery plays a key role in creating suitable conditions for the launching of a counterattack (4) Fire destruction of the BLUFOR during counterattack. Its goals are to recover lost positions, to destroy the penetrating BLUFOR, and to capture a line to launch offensive operations. This phase has three subphases for artillery support: Support for the forward movement of troops. Preparation of the counterattack. Support of the counterattack. A successful counterattack requires a stabilized line of contact. This line allows enough time for the second-echelon forces to advance and deploy for the counterattack.
6-7 ANTITANK FIRE IN THE DEFENSE (see also chapter 1 page 1-8 Antitank Reserves). In the defense, AT units have these missions Destroy BLUFOR tanks and APCs forward of the first echelon. Destroy tanks and APCs that have penetrated the first defensive echelon. Cover gaps in the defense, support the counterattack.
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The OPFOR views antitank fires as a critical component to success of a defense. Attack helicopters mounting rockets and ATGMs provide additional AT capabilities and can be used as a quick reaction reserve AT force. ATGM positions are at least 100 meters apart. The normal frontage for the ATGM unit is up to 500 meters for a platoon and 1500 meters for a battery. One or two alternate firing positions are also designated for each ATGM team to allow for maneuver during the conduct of the defense. The normal distance between tanks and antitank weapons in defensive positions is about 100 to 150 meters. On open terrain, 200 to 250 meters may separate tanks in defensive positions. In the defense, ATGMs have an engagement zone that extends out to 3 km or more from the forward edge. Tanks firing from defilade positions first engage attacking tanks 2 to 3 km in front of the defensive positions. The engagement zone for AT guns extends out to about 1,500 meters. Mounted AT grenade launcher or hand-held grenade launcher weapons can engage BLUFOR armor at ranges less than 1,000 meters. Fixed-wing aviation, helicopters, and massed artillery may fire against detected armor concentrations in assembly areas. Aircraft, especially ATGM-equipped attack helicopters, are the most effective weapons to engage moving armor forces at greater ranges. Mine laying helicopters may lay hasty AT minefields. The long-range rocket launcher can fire rockets with scatterable-mine warheads deep into the BLUFOR's forward defensive positions and along his axes of advance. Given the range of artillery, the goal is to concentrate fires on key sectors to break up the advancing BLUFOR attack. For example, the OPFOR should plan artillery fire to separate attacking BLUFOR infantry from their tanks approximately 700 to 1,000 meters from the forward edge. Protective fires are targeted within 300 to 400 meters of the forward edge, with concentrations to halt the advance of BLUFOR that have penetrated the defenses. Priority targets for the OPFOR units include tanks and other armored vehicles. Antitank weapons engage BLUFOR tanks at an effective range up to 5 km in front of the forward defenses. a. Principles of antitank defense. The OPFOR can use AT fires to help channel BLUFOR armor into an open area with limited cover and concealment. Minefields are used in conjunction with AT assets to channel BLUFOR tank movements. The OPFOR will establish zones of antitank fire. These zones will typically be in front of the forward defensive positions, on the flanks, and between platoon strong points where antitank fires are concentrated during a BLUFOR attack. The most distant boundary of the zone of antitank fire depends on the terrain and the maximum effective range of the weapons systems being employed. The following table provides an example of ATGM ranges. More detail is found in the Equipment Chapter page 3-21. ATGMs AT-3c AT-4b AT-5b AT-6b AT-7 AT-8 AT-10 AT-11 AT-12 AT-14 AT-16 RANGE (max./min. meters) 3000/500 3500/75 4000/75 5000/400 1000/50 4000/100 5000/100 5000/100 5000/100 5500/100 10,000/1000 Figure 6-8. ATGM ranges. GUIDANCE SACLOS SACLOS SACLOS SACLOS SACLOS SACLOS LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR
b. Kill Zones (fire sacks). The OPFOR will establish one or more kill zones or fire sacks to support strongpoints. A fire sack is an area either forward of the front line of the strongpoint or in the depth of the defense, where a high density of preplanned flanking and frontal fires are placed on the BLUFOR by all available fire means. These fires are designed to produce high casualties among the attacking BLUFOR in a short period of time. Fire sacks are built to lead the BLUFOR into the area, through the use of natural terrain obstacles as well as minefields, man-made obstacles, and terrain changes. Once in the sack, the BLUFOR is cut off and surrounded by OPFOR units. The obstacles on the edges of the fire sack will serve to contain the BLUFOR, preventing escape. The defenses in the fire sack are well camouflaged and include the use of dummy weapons and positions.
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A typical OPFOR fire sack can be up to 1,000 meters in depth, with a frontage of 900 to 1,000 meters when created ahead of the forward edge or 500 to 800 meters when created within the strongpoint. Fire sacks may be created by a maneuver of fire, weapons, and units during a defensive battle. They may be either within the main defenses or forward of them in a security zone, but are always contained physically within the defensive positions. 6-8 ENGINEER. a.
Engineer support in the defense involves: Supporting the battle and transition to the offense Providing reconnaissance of the BLUFOR and terrain Repelling BLUFOR attacks in front of forward edge Repelling counterattacks or penetrations into defensive sector Supporting second-echelon counterattack Reinforcing lines taken in counterattack b. Engineer preparation. The OPFOR divides preparation of the defense into three stages. Obstacles, both natural and manmade, play an important role in the defense. (1) First Stage. Barbed wire and other obstacles are emplaced in front of the position and fields of view and fire are cleared. Pits or trenches are prepared at the primary position of each fighting vehicle, crew-served weapon, and individual infantryman. Command observation posts and medical posts are dug in. The OPFOR normally allows 5 to 6 hours for this work. (2) Second Stage. During the second stage of preparation of the position, fighting vehicles and weapons systems are provided with alternate fire positions. Trenches are linked until they run continuously across the battalion frontage. Communication trenches are prepared. The OPFOR allows an additional 5 to 6 hours for this phase. (3) Further Preparation. Further preparation of the position includes improvement of existing trenches and positions, laying further obstacles and preparation of firing lines and routes for antitank reserves and second echelons. Communication trenches may be improved for use as fighting trenches. Dummy positions are prepared in intervals between strongpoints. c. Minefields and obstacles. Defensive positions are supplemented with minefields and non-explosive obstacles such as antitank ditches and wire. Minefields are placed to channel BLUFOR armor into the kill zones, which can contain more mines, tank traps, and trenches. Obstacles are also placed to hold the BLUFOR in the fire sack. Ideally, these obstacles are placed at about 2/3 of the effective range of the systems that will be covering them. Minefield dimensions are typically configured 300 x 60 meters. Mine outlay can reach 1000 antitank or more per kilometer of frontage on major avenues of approach. Natural or manmade obstacles will be used to slow, canalize or disrupt the advancement of the BLUFOR. Excellent natural obstacles include lakes, rivers, marshes, ravines, densely forested areas and escarpments. The OPFOR may create additional manmade obstacles such as minefields, antitank ditches, wire entanglements and abatis to further hinder the attacking BLUFOR. The OPFOR will also use mines and obstacles to protect the flanks of its position. Typically, minefields and obstacles are covered with direct and indirect fires. The level of sophistication of the engineer preparation will depend on the time available and on the engineer resources of each OPFOR unit. Some examples of obstacle emplacement times are shown in Figure 6-9. Tech Construction Plt Tech Construction Mine Warfare Plt with BAT-2 Plt w/ DI 8-tree Abatis N/A 40-50 man-hours N/A Concertina Fence N/A N/A N/A Log Crib Rectangle N/A 100-200 man-hours N/A Hasty minefield 0-300 N/A N/A 20 min. Prepared Minefield 0-500 N/A N/A 60 min. Tank ditch 100x4 m 20-25 hours N/A N/A Tank ditch 200x4 m 40-50 hours N/A N/A Tank ditch 300x4 m 60-75 hours N/A N/A Figure 6-9. OPFOR Obstacle emplacement times.
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b. Engineer Reconnaissance. Engineer troops assist in reconnaissance and preparation of the defense by determining the protective and camouflage features of the terrain and aiding in selection of positions for command posts and strongpoints. Engineers determine road and bridge conditions in the defensive area, availability of local materials for construction of positions, and the status of the water supply. Engineer elements observe BLUFOR preparations for the attack and determine the character and extent of BLUFOR engineer activity. Emphasis is on observing BLUFOR engineer reconnaissance activity and obstacle-clearing elements, BLUFOR route preparation through or around obstacles, and the composition and character of BLUFOR engineer and maneuver elements in the forward areas. During actual defensive combat, engineer observation posts monitor BLUFOR engineer activity, evaluate zones of destruction, and report areas where the BLUFOR is breaching defensive obstacles. At least one of the posts provides detailed photography of the area of interest. The posts forward all information to the combined arms commander and the chief of engineer service. When the OPFOR forces are on the defensive, engineer reconnaissance elements continue to reconnoiter terrain and the BLUFOR situation to determine routes best suited for a return to offensive action. The reconnaissance patrol will not normally be given a mission to conduct defensive operations. On rare occasions where the reconnaissance patrol is involved in contact with a superior BLUFOR and cannot extract itself, it may have to take up a defensive position until assistance arrives or it can disengage itself. The reconnaissance patrol will move its vehicles into the best covered and concealed positions available, dismount the scouts, and defend itself against actual or possible BLUFOR, usually in a 360-degree defense. 6-9 AIR SUPPORT.
a. Helicopters. Rotary-wing assets will typically be used by a defending OPFOR to stop an advancing BLUFOR. Attack helicopters will serve in this role. They are entered into the defense at the point where the attacking BLUFOR is deploying into platoon columns (2 to 3 km). If the BLUFOR gains territory in the OPFOR defensive area, the attack helicopters are used as an antitank reserve. They may also be used to strike any assault landing forces that enter into the rear of the OPFOR defense. Helicopters are located in a deployment location where they can be brought into action quickly, but out of range of the BLUFOR (25km+). Once the BLUFOR attacks, the helicopter flight is called to action and lifts from its deployment location. Helicopters will advance at the lowest possible altitude (20-30 m) using terrain masking to hide movement. Once they reach the front line, the helicopters will raise up to a search altitude 35-70 m over level terrain and 100-245 m over rolling terrain. The search will be conducted from behind some natural concealment such as woods or hills. The OPFOR prefers to keep attack helicopters within the safety net of friendly air defense systems. Typically, two attack helicopters will be used per flight. Flight speeds can reach 200 kph. OPFOR attack helicopter missile systems have ranges from 5 to 10 km that allow for maximum standoff distances. In the defense, targets for attack helicopters include: Tanks and IFVs in attack formations. Artillery in firing positions. Helicopters at forward jumping-off locations. First-echelon command posts. Brigade reserves. When the BLUFOR target is located, the helicopter will fire (if within range) or maneuver to a position closer to where the target can be reached. When firing the helicopters must aim and fire and withdraw with the following restrictions: MI-24 with the AT-6 must be guided to the target. MI-24 the gunner must keep his sight on the target until the missile strikes (approx. 11 seconds at max. range of 5,000 m). KA-50 has a fire and forget missile. If the attacking BLUFOR gains a foothold in the OPFORs defensive position, helicopters will be used as AT reserves and will be brought forward in flights of 2 to 4 to fire on the BLUFOR. b. Fixed-wing Aircraft. In the defense, OPFOR ground attack aircraft are deployed deep with ATGMs after the BLUFOR had deploys into platoon columns. The ground attack aircraft will also target the BLUFOR brigade follow on forces. The ground attack fixed-wing aircraft used in the support of an OPFOR defense will be used to interdict advancing BLUFOR (initially done to a depth of 12-15 km forward of the front lines). Targets for the fixed-wing aircraft include:
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Tank and mechanized infantry lines of deployment. Artillery firing positions. First-echelon battalion and brigade command posts. Brigade reserves. Other targets are left for the attack helicopters. The attack aircraft will initially attack the battalion and company deployment lines (12-15 km and 5-6 km deep). Ground attack aircraft are organized in flights of 2, 4, or 8 aircraft.
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COUNTERATTACK. A successful counterattack requires the same force ratios as an ordinary attack. The OPFOR constantly emphasizes that the defense is a temporary form of combat, making the transition to the offense easier. The OPFOR may opt to 1) execute a counterattack when the BLUFORs attack stalls or, 2) restore the defense should the BLUFOR succeed in breaching defensive positions. The OPFOR will develop a counterattack with the second-echelon or reserve forces. Tanks normally spearhead the counterattacks, following an intense air and artillery preparation, and with the support of fires of adjacent units. a. Features. The main features of OPFOR counterattacks are as follows: The BLUFORs attack must have been halted or, at the very least, the momentum of the attack must have been slowed. Antitank reserves and mobile obstacle detachments can be used to achieve this. The BLUFOR must be unable to commit a reserve into the penetration, either because it has already been committed, or because it has been neutralized by long range artillery fire. b. Ambushes. Ambushes are a feature of any OPFOR defense. In size, they vary from individual weapon systems to a platoon and are generally formed from second-echelon units. Tanks, BMPs, antitank weapons, and helicopters are all used for ambushes. They are sited on likely axes of approach, on flanks and in gaps and between firstand second-echelon positions. The goal of the ambush is to reduce the BLUFORs strength before he reaches the main position and to slow his advance. 6-11 WITHDRAWAL OR DISENGAGEMENT ACTIONS. A withdrawal or disengagement by the OPFOR takes place due to unfavorable conditions following an offensive, while in a defense, or during a meeting engagement when it is determined that the BLUFOR has gained the tactical advantage. a.
Features of a Withdrawal. OPFOR mechanized and armor companies will most often execute a withdrawal as a part of a battalion. The company may be the battalion rear guard or part of main body, but it can also act independently. The OPFOR will execute a withdrawal based on the losses sustained by the OPFOR. For example, a company will need to sustain a minimum of 20% in losses in the defense or 30% in the offense. Typically the withdrawal will take place at night or under obscure weather conditions to provide cover for the moving force. However, BLUFOR pressure is the critical trigger to execute a withdrawal. b. Types of Withdrawal. (1) Forced. The forced withdrawal is done under overwhelming BLUFOR pressure, or when the holding of a defensive position is no longer possible. (2) Deliberate. The deliberate withdrawal is conducted when the commander realizes that his forces are in an unfavorable situation. Before the BLUFOR is able to take advantage of this, he will move to a more favorable position. This type of withdrawal can also be done with the idea of reinforcing a sector that has been weakened, or to lead the BLUFOR into a fire sack. c. Engineer Support in the Withdrawal. Prior to a deliberate withdrawal, engineers will establish minefields in front of the new defensive positions. Engineers will mark corridors through which the withdrawing troops may move. If the OPFOR expects BLUFOR contact, the engineers may place minefields after the withdrawal is completed. d. Covering Force in a Withdrawal. The OPFOR will designate covering force, withdraw routes, collection points, final assembly area and time of the withdrawal. The covering force has the mission to deceive the BLUFOR and to cover the initial withdrawal of the main body. A covering force is composed of units deployed along the forward edge of the defensive area, typically reinforced platoons from each of the forward-deployed companies. (1) If the company is designated to be the rear security for the battalion or brigade: The company will have been a second-echelon company of the battalion or a company in the second-echelon battalion of the brigade,
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therefore, it will not be in direct contact with the BLUFOR at the time the withdrawal begins. Its mission is to prevent the breakthrough of the BLUFOR during the withdrawal of the main body of the battalion or brigade. The OPFOR should reinforce the company with a mechanized infantry platoon, an engineer platoon, and an artillery battery. (2) If the company is attacked by the BLUFOR during the execution of the withdrawal and the covering force or rear security company cannot contain them, the OPFOR will go into a temporary defensive position and begin to execute a defense. The company must be prepared to respond to BLUFOR fire. (3) If the company is going to withdraw as a part of the battalion the company commander designates a covering force. This force is made up of one platoon from the first echelon of the defense and one squad of mechanized infantry (if available). The OPFOR will designate all withdrawal routes for the remaining elements from their current positions to the platoon collection point. The platoon collection point is located to the rear of the second echelon platoon and it is an area where the company commander can place all of his subordinate elements, minus the covering force, into a company formation and move as a company to the new line of deployment or assembly area.
Covering Force
Rear Guard
Initial Positions Subsequent Positions
Main Force
With organic reconnaissance, flank, and rear security
ENEMY
ENEMY
Deceives enemy and covers initial withdrawal of main body.
Independently fights a delaying action to cover movement of main force. Applies maximum use of fires.
Conducts deceptive withdrawal under cover of darkness, weather, supporting fires, and ruse tactics.
Figure 6-10. OPFOR withdrawal. 6-12 DEFENDING IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS.
a. Cities. When defending in cities or other built-up areas, a battalions or company's combat formation can be in one or two echelons. Two-echelon formations are the most common. The combat formation may include a reserve (even in a two-echelon formation) and armored groups to provide mobile firepower and ambushes. Battalions can form assault groups in their second echelon, identical in strength and structure to those used in the attack. These are used to recover any key buildings captured by the BLUFOR. The forward edge of the defense is established on the outskirts of the town, or out in the country if it is required to hold dominating ground. A security zone is often organized outside the town. The mechanized infantry battalion and mechanized infantry company are the basic building blocks of the defense, and they receive strong reinforcements.
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Tanks and most of the supporting artillery are given to mechanized infantry elements to provide direct fire from strongpoints, covering any reasonable field of fire. Antitank weapons are positioned to cover road junctions and to fire along streets. Engineer assets are incorporated down to company level to assist in fortifying buildings, creating obstacles and improving routes between strongpoints. Strongpoints are expected to continue to resist even when encircled; additional reserves of ammunition and other supplies can be pre-positioned to provide a considerable measure of tactical independence. b. Mountains. In mountain areas, the defender can hold a wider frontage than in normal terrain, but also faces extra difficulties in organizing his defenses. In particular, the lack of roads restricts maneuver, and the defense is based on separate strongpoints established to hold vital ground such as commanding heights, passes road junctions and river crossings. On plateaus and in wide valleys the defense is organized normally. A two-echelon defense is standard in mountain areas, although in sectors unsuitable for armored movement the defense may be organized in one echelon, with a reserve. A minimum of resources is allocated to terrain unsuitable for any movement. Strongpoints are organized for all-around defense. Reconnaissance patrols, obstacles, demolitions, and ambushes cover the intervals between them. The OPFOR makes effective use of ambushes in mountain operations, not only in gaps between positions, but in front of them and in depth. Holding the ground dominating the approaches, with part of the defending force deployed in the pass itself covers mountain passes. Obstacles and mines are laid on the road through the pass and covered by crossing fire. Crossing fire from either side covers narrow canyons. If the BLUFOR succeeds in penetrating the defense, the OPFOR expects strongpoints to continue their resistance on the flanks, even if totally encircled. Counterattacks are attempted, even with small forces, using prepared routes and attacking from higher ground whenever possible. The OPFOR considers that mountain areas favor attempts by the defender to strike into the BLUFOR's depth. Special-purpose forces, raiding and other detachments are infiltrated into BLUFOR-held areas by ground or helicopter. c. Deserts. Deserts offer mixed terrain, with areas capable of supporting high rates of movement interspersed with soft sand, and dunes that restrict movement. Defense sectors are often wider than usual. The OPFOR practice is to cover the most likely axes with battalion defensive areas and company strongpoints, organized for all-around defense, and accept greater intervals than usual between them. Strong second echelons or reserves are held to counterattack or reinforce threatened sectors. The improvement of maneuver routes is a vital engineer task in desert warfare. The openness of desert terrain offers longer fields of view and fire. Reconnaissance is organized in greater depth than normal and direct fire weapons are effective at longer ranges, making it possible to increase unit frontages. High-precision weapons are more effective in such terrain, and special attention must be paid to camouflage and concealment. Defenses are organized in greater depth in the desert. Distances between echelons are greater and forces more dispersed. Reserves, mainly tank-heavy, are held in greater depth than usual and may be employed to counter BLUFOR enveloping movements. Mechanized infantry unit frontages in the forward area are similar to those in the normal defense. Mechanized infantry companies normally organize in a single echelon. Divisions and brigades may defend independently. Mined sectors and areas of limited trafficability may be lightly defended; only mobile patrols or outposts may cover them. Fortification work is much more difficult in deserts. Soft sand needs reinforcement, and there is generally a shortage of local material to use in preparing defenses. Strong winds blowing sand and dust mean that great care is required to keep all equipment and weapons serviceable. Laying mines is difficult in many sectors, and even when minefields are laid, they must be inspected regularly to check to see that they have not been exposed by the wind. d. Northern Regions. As is often the case in defense in special conditions, a sector in a northern area can be held with weaker forces than on normal terrain. Wider frontages are achieved by accepting larger intervals between platoon and company strongpoints. Strongpoints are positioned to cover roads, dominant high ground, defiles, and river crossings. Obstacles, patrols, and ambushes cover gaps. Strongpoints are made as logistically self-sufficient as possible, so they can continue to operate, even if cut-off by the BLUFOR or the climate. Fortifications may have to be built above ground level, but where snow cover is deep enough, trench systems are dug.
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________________________________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7
CHAPTER 7: OPFOR OPERATIONS ON SPECIAL TERRAIN _______________________________________________________ Combat in Urban Areas. Combat in urban areas includes all military actions planned and conducted on a terrain complex where manmade construction impacts on the tactical options available to the OPFOR commander. The OPFOR considers military activities in urban areas to be only those missions conducted in populated cities, towns, and villages. . Although motorized infantry units can conduct combat in urban areas, the OPFOR prefers to task-organize mechanized infantry battalions to serve as the baseline assault organization. Normally combat support units reinforcing the assault battalions must come from higher. This is especially true if the baseline is a motorized infantry battalion. a. Effects. Fighting in built-up areas differs in several important respects from field combat. First, the fighting quickly becomes a series of small-scale battles at squad to company level, which often means that there is little central control. Second, the restricted space reduces the unit's ability to maneuver and limits observation and fields of fire. Third, the destruction and obstacles in urban areas make it very difficult to maintain rapid rates of advance. Fourth, effective reconnaissance of an urban area is often difficult to achieve, thus necessitating reconnaissance by fire. b. Characteristics. Combat in cities, towns, and villages has a number of unique characteristics: A surprise attack from the march, based on detailed reconnaissance, is the preferred form of attack. Day and night attacks maintain constant pressure on the defender. Rapid exploitation of initial success by the immediate follow-up of preparation fires, and the use of heavy weapons in the direct fire role by task organized assault groups within the confines of the builtup area. If initial attacks fail to make progress, the OPFOR launches attacks from positions in direct contact. A series of small battles along streets, building-to-building, and room-to-room. Smoke, darkness, and limited visibility conditions conceal movement. Limited observation and fire. Difficult maneuvering of forces and means. Constant close contact with the BLUFOR. Generation of rubble, fire, and explosions. c. Offense. In urban area combat, the infantry battalion is designated as an assault detachment. This designation occurs when the battalion receives the mission to overcome a BLUFOR strongpoint. The detachment is a task-organized infantry battalion, mechanized or motorized, and the group is a task-organized company. A battalion designated as an assault detachment can be reinforced by a tank company, an artillery battalion, an engineer company, antitank weapons, and air defense weapons. The assault detachment normally has two to three assault groups (reinforced infantry companies) and a reinforced platoon-sized reserve. Battalion reserves go directly to the assault groups due to the focus on small-unit actions in the attack. . Up to 50 percent of available artillery is attached to assault groups and used in the direct fire role including the use of large-caliber guns. Engineer units accompany advance guard units as they approach built-up areas to clear obstacles and reconnoiter. The OPFOR uses two methods to seize a town. The least favorable method is to plan and conduct a frontal attack against a defending BLUFOR to break through the defense on the approaches to the town. The preferred method is to seize the town from the march. The group frontage can be 200 to 300 meters. A brigade could be responsible for 2 to 3 km, though its attack frontage would be less. d. Defense. A division normally defends urban terrain when employed as a part of the expeditionary army. It may also defend along a main avenue of approach into the military district. The threat recognizes that is the nature of defensive combat in villages and towns to fight a series of separate battles. In defensive as in offensive urban area combat, the base element is the motorized infantry, or mechanized battalion. The infantry battalion commander takes direct command of the units allocated to him, e.g., artillery, tank, and engineers. As in the offense, the burden of combat in built-up areas falls on infantry soldiers, supported by other arms. Artillery remains decentralized for the direct fire role. Far fewer troops are necessary to defend a town than to seize one. A company can defend a sector up to 600 meters wide and can create strongpoints in key buildings manned by platoons. Defense combat techniques are the same as those used in the offensive. Defense of a town requires more engineer support. The OPFOR uses patrols and ambushes extensively An infantry battalion normally conducts defensive actions in built-up areas as part of a brigade. 7-1
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Reinforced to meet the tactical situation, the battalion deploys to stop BLUFOR attacks on main or secondary approaches to the village or town. The battalion is in either the brigade first or second echelon of defense. As a first-echelon unit, its mission is to prevent penetration of the built-up area. As the second-echelon unit, its task is to contain BLUFOR penetrations and restore first-echelon positions. 7-2 Combat in Mountains. The OPFOR regards mountains as obstacles to be breached with attacks. As in other environments, the OPFOR defends to gain time. This allows it to concentrate forces for the offense or economize forces allowing it to mount an offense elsewhere. The principles of offense and defense, with some modifications, are applicable to this environment. Although the OPFOR believes that mechanized infantry units must be capable of fighting in mountainous terrain, it intends to use infantry-heavy forces most often. a. March. Vehicles maintain a 100- to 150- meter interval while conducting a march. The limited routes and likelihood of ambushes make reconnaissance critical for combat success. During the march in mountainous terrain, the mission of combat reconnaissance patrols and the advance guard become paramount. Low mountains and hills may cut the rate of march in half, even without the additionally slowing effect of BLUFOR action, poor weather, or natural obstacles. Steep slopes reduce movement rates approximately 50 percent. For example, the dismounted rate of march decreases from the normal 4 to 5 kilometers per hour down to 2 to 3 kilometers. The carrying capacity of transport vehicles reduces by an average of 20 to 25 percent. Fuel consumption increases by as much as 75 percent on snow-covered mountain roads. The increased altitude reduces engine power. b. Offense. The goals of mountain offensive actions are to control passes, road junctions, built-up areas, and adjacent high ground. The OPFOR emphasizes the use of combined arms forces, including tanks and artillery, in the mountains. The terrain isolates forces from each other and narrows the zone of advance. This dictates that units at battalion level and below conduct the majority of combat. The OPFOR attempts to get tanks into the least accessible areas because of their utility in the fire support role. It also uses artillery in the direct fire role. Mortars provide extra high-angle artillery support and are ideal for mountain operations. Because of the difficulty in passing one echelon through another and in shifting axes in constricted terrain, units from division down often advance in one echelon. However, in an advance along a narrow valley, the OPFOR may sometimes even use a three-echelon formation. The OPFOR maintains strong reserves in this environment. Zones of advance tend to be much wider in mountains, though actual attack frontages and strike sectors within them are much the same as on flat terrain. Attack frontages depend on the terrain. Because there are rarely sufficient routes and space for deployment, attacks from the march are uncommon. Most attacks are from positions in direct contact, despite the loss of surprise and momentum. Dismounted mechanized or motorized infantry troops lead the attack, not tanks. The OPFOR uses a sizable proportion of the assigned artillery in the direct fire role. Infantry battalions often attack independently, in separate zones, because of the limited number of routes in mountainous terrain. Battalion commanders receive missions lasting longer than usual and can receive attachment of artillery, mortars, tanks, and engineer units. The amount and type of attachments vary depending on the infantry battalion's mission. The OPFOR emphasizes infiltration into the BLUFOR rear during mountainous combat. Infiltration is valuable during the offense and defense. The OPFOR employs it in support of deception, and intelligence collection, or to posture a unit for an attack, as an example, an infantry battalion will infiltrate the night before an attack. Infiltration moves forces through an BLUFOR-held area to a position of advantage in the BLUFOR's rear. From there, the force uses other forms of maneuver to attack its assigned objective. Infiltration differs from a penetration. In the penetration, the OPFOR exerts maximum combat power to pass through a BLUFOR defense. In an infiltration, infiltrating units seek to avoid BLUFOR defenses and pass through gaps in the defense. Units then form for the attack. c. Defense. The OPFOR defense stresses thorough reconnaissance, well-organized outposts, continuous flank security, and swift counterattacks by the second echelon. Constant observation and patrolling detect and prevent envelopments. A two-echelon defense is standard in mountain areas. In sectors unsuitable for movement, the defense organizes in one echelon, with a reserve, and for only receives limited resources. The defense organizes to cover all possible areas of attack. Mutually supporting platoon and company strongpoints are essential with gaps covered by patrols. Strongpoints use forward- and reverse-slope positions and locate for 360-degree defense. The strongpoints hold even if surrounded. The OPFOR considers mountain passes as the tactical key to an entire mountain range. Therefore, it assigns the largest part of the force to defend them. In defending a pass, the OPFOR occupy the heights that dominate the pass as well as key spurs on the approaches to it.
7-2
In mountainous terrain, battalions establish their defenses on broader frontages than on regular terrain, intersecting the most easily accessible axes of BLUFOR advance. The OPFOR defends plateaus and wide valleys the same way it defends under normal conditions. Tank avenues of approach receive emphasis. Tanks, antitank guns, and ATGMs locate in company strongpoints that are defending road junctions, exits from valleys, defiles, edges of forests, and mountain river crossings. Their firing positions enable them to hit the BLUFOR at maximum range. d. Armor. In the mountains, the OPFOR uses tanks as mobile armored artillery or in the double envelopment role. The tank holds the defending force while the infantry troops envelop on both sides. The OPFOR uses tanks extensively in groups of two or three to reinforce an enveloping detachment consisting of an infantry platoon, a squad of engineers, and an antitank platoon. In support of night attacks, tanks approach the objective under the cover of darkness and deliver fire during the assault. The OPFOR may allocate elements of a tank battalion to mechanized and motorized infantry battalions. OPFOR commanders attempt to get their tanks into areas where the BLUFOR would not expect them. In the defense the OPFOR may employ tanks forward in infantry strongpoints. Tanks may precede infantry but more often support ground attacks by fire. The commander may attach tanks down to what would normally be very low levels, with one tank per infantry platoon if possible. e. Artillery. The OPFOR frequently decentralizes fire support to support maneuver forces on independent axes. It fires its artillery by batteries or even platoons. Artillery and mortars locate forward, with the flat-trajectory weapons on the flanks. This positioning supports extended and uneven frontages and covers gaps and dead space. Artillery uses direct fire at maximum range as often as possible. The OPFOR may employ 160-mm mortars instead of the 122-mm howitzer, because of the mortar's higher angle of fire and greater mobility due to decreased weight. The 76-mm mountain gun is an outstanding mountain artillery piece. f. Engineer Support. Engineer support in the mountains requires a greater than normal range of assets and is more extensive and difficult to perform than over more normal terrain. The OPFOR reinforces engineer units involved in mountainous combat more heavily than comparable engineer elements in normal combat conditions. They can therefore accomplish a larger volume of work. Objectives may not be as deep for units at battalion level and below as they would be under normal conditions. In mountainous areas, the OPFOR expects to achieve only one-third the normal rate of advance. However, depending on the circumstances, the rate of advance may be higher than the expected one-third rate. 7-3 Combat in Forests. The term forest includes all densely forested areas, for example, forests, grasslands, jungles, and swamps. The forest, especially in mountainous terrain, has a leveling effect on the relative capabilities of opponents, since it sharply limits the employment of armor, heavy artillery, and vehicles and also restricts aerial observation. Under such conditions, the OPFOR makes extensive use of- Natural cover. Infiltration. Ambushes. Raids. Deception. Speed of movement. Continuous reconnaissance. Well-coordinated planning. Forest conditions make it difficult to use large units and also complicate commanders' control over their own and subordinate units. Forests cover thirty percent of the world's landmass. There are two basic types of forests: tropical rain forests, and deciduous. Characteristics. The OPFOR characterizes fighting in forested or swampy terrain by the following factors: Difficulties in observation, orientation and the adjustment of artillery fire. The complexity of command and control (C2). Difficulty in using antitank wire-guided missiles (ATGMs). Abundance of natural obstacles easily and quickly improved. The possibility of forest fires. b. Principles. When fighting in forests commanders apply the following principles: Maintain the offensive; defend only to gain time. The OPFOR defense is a temporary measure, adopted only when necessary. This does not imply, however, that the OPFOR defense consists of half a.
7-3
measures or that it is unskilled in defense techniques. It carefully and cleverly prepares it defenses. Embrace the BLUFOR; stay close to reduce the effects of BLUFOR firepower. Infiltrate at every opportunity. Fighting during periods of limited visibility. Use surprise tactics: raids, ambushes, and patrols. Use of camouflage, obstacles, mines, boobytraps, and survival measures (bunkers and tunnels) extensively. Remove intelligence indicators from the battlefield. The OPFOR goes to great lengths to leave little or no information relating to its intentions, order of battle, strength, or unit dispositions. c. March. The organization of the march column is important in thick woods, because it is usually very difficult to implement changes during the course of combat. Movement is generally on poor roads with limited opportunity for detours. There is great likelihood of blockage, due either to BLUFOR action or to vehicle breakdown. Flank security, assisted by mobile obstacle detachments, attempts to block BLUFOR counterattacks from the flanks. Platoons and companies use available roads and trails. The roads and trails may have considerable distance between them. The units advance on narrow frontages to fix the defense, while the main body attempts to envelop the position. The march in the forests differs from normal combat in that- It enhances the role of reconnaissance and flank protection. The OPFOR reinforces its reconnaissance troops with mechanized or motorized infantry troops. Each battalion is responsible for its own protection against ambushes or surprise. Flank security elements move closer than normal to the column. They travel on a route parallel to the main body. Forward detachments assume a greater importance, both to forestall the creation of a defensive line and to cover the deployment of the main body. The concealment offered by the forest facilitates their use. Movement support detachments have to be stronger than in open warfare. Commanders move well forward so that they can make rapid decisions on the basis of personal observation of the ground and BLUFOR. Route marking and traffic control assume increased importance. The OPFOR prefers to use mechanized and motorized infantry when fighting in the forest. Whenever possible, it reinforces units with combat engineers and artillery. It prefers direct-fire artillery in the woods, since that is usually more appropriate than indirect fire. Often, as in combat in urban areas, the OPFOR forms assault battalions and groups (companies). It reinforces each with tanks, artillery, and mortars for direct and indirect fires, air defense, and combat engineers. d. Offense. Forests may sit astride important axes of advance. As potential redoubts, the BLUFOR may fortify and defend them. As is the case in build-up areas, the OPFOR prefers to bypass such an area and isolate the defenders. If, however, an axis through a forest is likely to surprise the BLUFOR and catch him off balance, the OPFOR may select it as the best means of overcoming a strong defense. When obliged to attack under these conditions, the OPFOR plans the attack thoroughly, using time to conduct a thorough reconnaissance. The OPFOR tries to exploit the fragmented front in forested areas by using a combination of penetrations and envelopments. Offensive actions in forests combine tactics to fix the defender with enveloping movements executed to either bypass the BLUFOR or attack him from the rear. Even if entire units do not advance through large wooded areas, the OPFOR frequently uses the forests to conceal the infiltration of reinforced battalion- or larger-sized units. It also uses large wooded areas to hide airborne or air assault troops that it inserted into the BLUFOR rear to serve as raiding units. The OPFOR is a master at infiltrating units up to brigade level. However, the normal size for an infiltration force is a company or below. The OPFOR executes attacks in forests with battalion- or company-sized forces. It uses the normal crisscross pattern of trails and natural breaks found in forests. It organizes its advance on a wider frontage than normal, and on multiple axes using as many routes as possible to overextend and confuse the defense and conceal the main axis. Battalion and companies attack on each axis. Strike sectors are quite narrow (50 meters for a platoon), but distances between available approaches may widen the overall attack zone of the company. Platoons are normally 150 to 200 meters apart, but may separate by as much as 500 meters. e. Defense. The forest is a significant obstacle to an advancing BLUFOR and may not be passable even for state-of-the-art combat equipment. There are not enough roads, which forces the BLUFOR to advance along accessible axes. On the other hand, the forest facilitates prepared defenses and camouflage, concealment, and deception.

7-4
The OPFOR does not hold the edge of the forest in strength because it is vulnerable to BLUFOR artillery and air attack. Depending on the nature of the forest, it places its forward edge ahead of the treeline or 50 to 100 meters or more it into the depth of the forest. Soldiers clear terrain to improve fields of observation and fire. The OPFOR organizes its defense in depth and bases it on a series of company strongpoints, employing all-round defense, and on key obstacles. Engineers and soldiers fortify company-and platoon-level strongpoints and camouflage them very well. The OPFOR patrols gaps between the strongpoints and possible bypasses denied by obstacles and ambushes. Engineers prepare the emplacements, shelters, trenches, and communication trenches for strongpoints on terrain with a low groundwater level. In sectors where there is no need to dig communication trenches, signs or marks on trees denote movement routes to the rear. As a result of limited visibility, it is common to fight close-range battles. The OPFOR uses small unit ambushes and surprise The OPFOR stresses active defense. It does not passively wait for attacks to develop. Continuous reconnaissance reveals the BLUFOR's intentions. This enables OPFOR artillery and air attacks to disrupt and delay BLUFOR preparations. The defenders thoroughly reconnoiter concealed routes for counterattacks. If necessary, the engineers improve them. Battalions and higher maintain reserves for counterattacks. The OPFOR avoids large reserves in favor of numerous small reserves positioned near the forward edge. These reserves remain available at short notice. In the counterattack, speed and the ability to react are more important than size. The defending force immediately counterattacks, even in small groups, when the attacker penetrates a position. Patrols infiltrate into the BLUFOR rear to ambush and attack BLUFOR C2. Should the BLUFOR achieve a penetration, the OPFOR commander is unlikely to withdraw his forces completely from the area. Instead, he reorganizes battalions and companies and establishes new strongpoints or concealed areas to launch raids. Remnants of OPFOR units will continue to harass and disrupt BLUFOR rear communications until they destroy them 7-4 Night Combat. In the OPFOR view, night cannot be a reason for decreasing activity. On the contrary, they use the dark of night to achieve surprise, to increase the rate of advance, and to win time. The OPFOR considers darkness to be more of an advantage and an opportunity than a reason for interruption of combat. Combat at night is normally an extension of combat actions during the day. The battle may be carried on into the night to retain the initiative with a high offensive tempo. Characteristics. The OPFOR characterizes fighting at night by the following factors: Darkness favors the performance of marches and maneuvers Easier to concentrate men and material Hampers enemy use of most weapons, airborne troops, and aviation Provides favorable conditions for achieving surprise Can fulfill their mission with smaller losses in personnel and equipment More difficult to orient Effectiveness of aimed fire is reduced Reconnaissance and target selection is more difficult b. March. Regardless of their difficulty, night marches are a necessary. Their preparation, organization, security, and execution require a great deal of attention. The successful execution of a night march depends to a large degree on the general maintenance, organization, concealment, and rapid movement of all units. Greater emphasis on planning and security than day marches. Intervals between vehicles are shorter. Security elements are closer to the main body. Reconnaissance is conducted before and during the night march. No long halts Darkness must be used to the maximum extent of movement. Strict light and noise discipline are maintained. a.
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c. Offense. A night attack may be the continuation of daytime combat, or it may be the start of a new attack. A continuation of a daytime attack must be carried through without a break so that the enemy will not have time to bring up his reserve or to regroup. Night attacks are often launched 2-3 hours before dawn to permit daylight exploitation of success. To achieve surprise, a night attack may be launched without artillery fires. A night counterattack is usually conducted in one echelon to simplify control. In an attack from positions in direct contact, illuminated markers designate lanes through mine fields and obstacles. In an attack from the march, units attack on an azimuth. Lines of deployment from the march to prebattle formations and to attack formations may be designated by ground markers, signal lights or flares. Complicated maneuvers are avoided. The most common attack formation is the line formation. Mechanized Infantry units normally attack dismounted. Intervals between units and vehicles may be reduced. Each artillery battalion normally designates one platoon for illumination missions. Artillery illumination may be either continuous or periodic. In continuous illumination, a round is fired every 20 to 30 seconds to turn night into day. c. Defense. Night creates many difficulties for the attacking forces but offers considerable advantages to the defender. Darkness reduces the effectiveness of an attackers reconnaissance, observation, and aimed fires. Darkness also provides the defender with better concealment than the attacker. Requires a comprehensive defense operation order. Additional observation posted are established if required. Illumination plays a critical part of the defense at night. An illumination plan will include: Illuminating the area forward of the main defensive area. Blinding the enemy. Support to counterattacks. Illumination may be provided by artillery, mortars and flares. Defense plan may include establishing ambushes and using patrols to cover gaps between strongpoints.
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Glossary ____________________________________________________OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

AA - antiaircraft AAG - army artillery group abn - airborne ACRV - artillery command and reconnaissance vehicle ACV - armored command vehicle AD - air defense ADC - Air Defense Command aer surv - aerial surveillance AGL - automatic grenade launcher AGMB - advance guard main body ammo - ammunition APC - armored personnel carrier ARAG - army rocket artillery group arty - artillery ASC - armored scout car asst - assistant AT - antitank ATGL -antitank grenade launcher ATGM - antitank guided missile ATRL - antitank rocket launcher auto - automatic avn - aviation bde - brigade BLUFOR Blue Force bn - battalion BRAG - brigade artillery group btry - battery CCD Camouflage, Concealment & Deception cdr - commander chem - chemical CM/CB - countermortar/counterbattery co - company const - construction COP - command observation post CRP - combat reconnaissance patrol DAG - division artillery group decon - decontamination DF - direction-finding div - division or divisional DMI - Directorate of Military EC - electronic combat ES - electronic support engr - engineer FDC - fire direction center
Intelligence
GLOSSARY-1

FROG - free rocket over ground FSE - forward security element GP - general-purpose gun-how - gun-howitzer HF - high-frequency HMG - heavy machinegun HQ - headquarters hvy - heavy IC infantry company IFV - infantry fighting vehicle inf - infantry intcp - intercept km - kilometer LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LBR LASER Beam Rider lchr - launcher LMG - light machinegun LOC Line of Communication maint - maintenance mat spt - maintenance support MD - military district mech inf - mechanized infantry med - medical or medium met - meteorological METT-T Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather - Time MG - machinegun MHZ - megahertz MIBR Mechanized Infantry Brigade MIBN Mechanized Infantry Battalion MID Mechanized Infantry Division MOD Mobile Obstacle Detachment mm - millimeter MRL - multiple rocket launcher msl - missle MSD Movement Support Division mtzd inf - motorized infantry NBC - nuclear, biological, and chemical OPFOR - Opposing Force photo-recon - photographic plt - platoon reconnaissance
GLOSSARY-2

POL - petroleum, oil, and lubricants prep - preparation recon - reconnaissance recon & EC - reconnaissance and electronic combat regt - regiment RPV - remotely-piloted vehicle R/T - radio telephone SACLOS SemiAutomatic Line Of Sight SAM - surface-to-air missile sect -section sep - separate SP - self-propelled SPF - special-purpose forces spt - support sqd - squad sqdn - squadron SSM - surface-to-surface missile svc - service TBN Tank Battalion TBR Tank Brigade TD Tank Division tech - technical TEL - transporter-erector-launcher TELAR - transporter-erector-launcher and radar tgt acq - target acquisition TO&E Table of Organization and Equipment UHF - ultrahigh-frequency veh - vehicle VHF - very-high-frequency warn - warning wpn - weapon
GLOSSARY-3

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ST100-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

Chapter 3: Weapons and Equipment

Chapter 4: Tactical Formations

TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

Chapter 5: The OPFOR in the Offense

Chapter 6: OPFOR Defensive Operations

Chapter 7: OPFOR Operations on Special Terrain

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

TO OTHER 1ST- ECHELON ARMIES/ARMY CORPS

AG ARTILLERY POOL 16 TUBE BNS 4 RL BNS 3 RL BNS 9 TUBE BNS

ORGANIC TO ARMY GROUP ARTILLERY DIVISION 16 TUBE BNS 4 RL BNS

ARMY ARTILLERY POOL 14 TUBE BNS 6 RL BNS S BN 5 TUBE BNS

TO OTHER 1ST-ECHELON DIVISIONS/BRIGADES

2NDECHELON TANK DIVISION ARTILLERY

1STECHELON DIV ARTY POOL 8 TUBE BNS 1 RL BN

ORGANIC TO MECH INFANTRY DIVISION ARTILLERY REGT 3 TUBE BNS 1 RL BN

TO OTHER 1ST-ECHELON BRIGADES

Figure 1-2. Formation of Artillery Groups (Example)

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

500+ 200+ 100

20+ 20+ (Visual Limits)

Figure 1-3. Effective ranges of reconnaissance means.

ENGINEER TASK ORGANIZATION.

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

_________________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

Army Group _____________________________________________________________________________

MECH INF/ TANK DIVISION

MECH INF/ TANK BDE (S EP)

AIRBORNE INFANTRY BDE (S EP)**

SPF BRIGA DE ****

NAVAL INFANTRY BRIGA DE ***

ARTILLERY DIVISION *****

SP G UN BRIGA DE (152-m m)*****

MRL REGIM ENT/ BRIGA DE *****

HEAVY AR TILLERY BRIGA DE

TARGET AC QUISITION REG IM ENT

SSM BRIGA DE (S CUD)

MISSILE TECHNICAL BATTALION

*** **** *****

_________________________________________________________________________ OPFOR Battle Book ST 100-7

Mechanized Army ________________________________________________________________________

M ECHA NIZE D INFANTRY DIV ISIO N

* ***