Abstract Art by Khin One
Abstract Art by Khin One
Abstract Art by Khin One
pdwZyef;csD
cif0rf;
Typing
Incubuz
nyisay
http://mmcpcommunity.net
rS
pDpOfwifqufonf
10/3/2011
Typing
Inc ubuz
rmwdum
a':cifav;jrifh\ trSmpm
xkwfa0ol \aus;Zl;wif pum;
armifn DnGwf &JU uAsm
1/ pma&;ol\trSm
2/ uAsmwpfyk'f ?wa,mwpfvufe JU uacsonf wpfa,muf
3/ tEkynm&JU csKyfudkif rI t&nftaoG; (okdUr[kwf) csOfaygif[ if;wpf cGuf
4/ yef;csDwpfc syf&J U um&ef
5/ tEkynm&JU tEkynm
6/ &GJUaewJ h zefcGu fwpfvHk ;
7/ wifjyrIq kdif& m enf;oHk ;oG,f
8/ tdyfrufwpf0uf Ekd;wpf 0uf
9/ tify&uf&Sif ;yef; csD
10/ tify&uf&Sif; okd Ur[kw f tZwyef;csD
11/ tdyfrufxJu qm&D&,fvpfZif;
Typing
Inc ubuz
12/ usLApfZif;
13/ yDumqdk&JU usLApfZif ;
14/ uRefawmfwdkUacwf
15/ jynfoltwGufyef;csD
Typing
Inc ubuz
a':cifav;jrifh\ trSmpum;
'Dpmtkyf[ m udkcif 0rf;&JU(10)ESpfa jrmuf txdrf;trSwftcsd efrSm r&nf&G, fb J
xGufvmwJhtwGu f xkwfa0ol? 0dk if;0ef;ulnDo ltm;vHk;udk aus;Zl ;wifygw,f/
'Dpmtkyfe JY udkcif0rf;udk rrSDv dkufwJh vli,fav;awG? rsKd; qufopfav;awGudk olY&J U
t,ltq? oabmxm;? tjrif awGudk odcG ifh jrifcGi fh&apcsifygw,f/
'Dpmtkyfud k a&;pOf wkef;u ud kcif0 rf;[m yef;csD wpf ckxJud kb J
wpdkufrwf rwf avhv maewJhtcsdefjzpfaevdkY olY &JU&ifxJr Sm yef;csDtmHkawG e JY
jynfhaeygw,f/ 'gaMumif h yef; csDudk avmbwuf NyD; ol&J UtoHk;tEIH;awG[m rmae
cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh apwem? ukPmawG tjynfheJYqd kwm avhvmMunfh& if
odEdkifygw,f/
'Dpmtkyfud k rzwf&ao;wJh vlrsm;zwfNyD;? yef;csDqd kwmudk cH pm;rdvm
r,fqdk&if udkcif0 rf;&J U apwemtusKd;&Sd oGm;ygNyD/
cifav;jrifh (ZeD;)
Typing
Inc ubuz
Inc ubuz
tvif;opfpmaywdku f
Typing
Inc ubuz
pdwZyef;csDum;wpfcsyf
pdwZyef; csD? teDa&mifaq;puf
&J&Jvufu m?pkw fcsuftjyma&mif
a'gifvdkuf jzwfrsOf;
uefYvefY jzwfr sOf;
aq;om;csif;xyf ? pkwf&mxyf
usyfodyfa &m>yrf;? tjrifqef;onf
Murf;wrf;rGr G zkxpfx\/
Munfholtrsm;
pum;yGufv QH? wD;wk d;nHonf/
]]&ruf{u&Dwpf yg;
yHkwlum;yJ? &J& Jvufvuf
aq;eDpufu ? azmfusL;jywm
olr rsufvHk;awGaygh}}
]]vlrrnfuav;
at;csrf;wJh yHkwl ? vli,fhtNyHK;
tjyma&mifukdoH k;NyD;
kyfvHk;azmf jyvkd ufwmav}}
]]'g[m
cufrmMurf;wrf;? b0vrf ;toGif
wifpm;xm;csuf ? azmfusL;csufy J
pkwfcsufawG
Typing
Inc ubuz
aq;pufawG ? 'gawGu
b0vrf;vdk ? Murf;wrf;ygbd}}
rnfolawGu ? rnfokdY rnf yHk
tawG;pHkum? tmHkcHp m;
awGUxdjim;vnf ;? eH&Hq GJcsdw f
abmifuGy fydwfonfh? pdwZ yef;csDonf
aq;&nfzkx ? IyfayGyGvsuf
rGrGBuJBuJo mwum;/ /
Typing
Inc ubuz
pma&;ol\trSm
(1)
uaeY yef;csDr Sm ta&;BuD;wJh jyemwpf&yf &Sdygw,f/ jyemuawmh
wm0ef&S dolyef ;csDa&SUaqmifvl BuD;yk dif;u acwfopf yef;csDukd (avhvm rI r&Sdb J?
pl;prf; rIr&S dbJ? *CeProd bJ) jiif;y,fIwf csNyD ; ydwfyif wm;qD; aewJh
jyemygyJ/
taMumif;t&m wpfckud k txifavmufe JY &rf; NyD; aqmif& GufwJhtcg
txl;ojzifh wkd if;jynfeJY csD NyD; rpOf ;pm;wwf&if vlrsKd;wpf rsKd;vHk;udk xdcd kufEkd i f
ygw,f/ uaeY acwfopf yef; csD (modernism) [m 20 &mpk&J U 0dZ mynm&yfrsm;?
odyHynm&yfrsm;eJY twl wpf&Sdef xkd; wkd;wufv mw,f/ 'gudk avhvmrIr&Sd wJhvlawG?
wkd;wufrIu kd em;rvnfw Jh vlawGuawmh rjrifvk duf? rodvdku fbl;/ 'gayr,fh
wdkYawG rodygvm;vk dY rawG;bl;/ 'gawG[m t"dym,fr&S d? tl;acs;yef;
okyfysufawGygvdk Y Iwfcsvdkuf Muw,f/
olwkdU[m yef ;csDa&Suaqmif awG jzpfwJ htwGuf olwkdU&JUtawG;tac:
a[mif;EG rf;rI ? olwkd U&JU acwfaemufusrI[ m yef;csDavmuwpfckvH k;ukd ul; puf
oGm;w,f/ wkdif; jynfeJ U vlrsKd; ukdyg ul;pufoG m;w,f/ avhvmrI r&S db J
rwkd;wufwJ h acwfaemufjyefqGJorm;awG[ m wkdif; jynf& JU tE&m,fawGygyJ/
acwf[m ajymif;vJ aew,f/ ordkif ;[m wdk;wufaew,f/ vlom;wkdif; eJY
wuG pepfawG[m acwfeJYtwl? orkdi f;eJYtwl ajymif;vJ wkd;wuf& r,f/ 'grS
orkdif;eJY acwf eJY tH0ifcGifu s jzpfr,f/ Ekd ifiHwumeJY &ifaygif wef;Ekd ifr,f/
olwdkYawGuawmh &mpkES pf0ufausmf a[mif;EGrf;aewJh (S emi-Realism) okyfrSefq ef
yef;csD enf;udk taozufwG,fx m;w,f/ ygVdxJu ]ydkufqH avQmf} xrf;orm;vkd
acwfu ,laqmifvmorQ? ork dif;u ,l aqmifv morQ topftopf aom
pepfawGuk d acwfa[mif; pepfa[mif; rSm a[mif ;EGrf ;usefc JholawG yJ/
Typing
Inc ubuz
Inc ubuz
10
Inc ubuz
11
Typing
Inc ubuz
12
(2)
Aemufjyem wpf&yf uawmh yef;csD&JU wkd;wufr I t&if;tjrpfyJ/
b,fpepf ? b,foabmw&m;jzpf jzpf jynf oleJY uif;uG mwJhtcgrSm wkd;wuf r I
aESmifha ES;w,f/ wkd;wuf rI[mvnf ; rrSefuef bl;qdkw m tEkynmorm; wkdif;
odxm;zdk Y vdkygw,f/
yef;csDavmu&J U wkd;wufr I[m jynf olawGeJ Y tnrn jzpfNyD;
wdk;wuf&rSmyJ jzpf w,f/ r[kwf&if jynfolawGu yef;csD& JU wkd;wufr Iudk rodb J
rsufjcnf jywfoG m;NyD; 0g;vHk;acgif ;xJ vomaewmrsKd; jzpfoG m;r,f/
jynfol UtwGuf yef;csDq dkwmuawmh tvkyform;? v,form;yHk awG qGJHke JY
r&ygbl;/ 'DvdkyH kawG[m b,fvdkrS jynfol awGukd tusKd ;rjyKbl;/ yef; csDq&mawG
v,fxJqif; NyD; v,fol ryHkawGudk qGJ&ifvnf; 'g[m jynf oleJY ESD ;ET,fwJ h tEkynm
jzpfrvmygbl;/ jynfol Uyef ;csDqd kwJh tawG; tac:[m 'Dxufyk dNyD ; av;av;euf euf
pOf;pm;zkdYvd kygw,f/
jynfol Uyef; csD[m jynfolawGe JUyef;csD &JU ul;vl;qufqHrI ygyJ/ jynfo l
awGu yef;csDukd odvmr,f/ 'D vdk od& Sdtm;ay;rIay:rSm rSDwnf NyD; yef;csDu
wdk;wufr,f/ wk d;wufr Iu jynfolawGud k acwf &JUpepfeJ Y tawG; tac:awG
ay;vdkufr,f/ 'gudk jynfo lawG&J U em;vnfrI? rsufjcnfrjywfrIe JY odr,f/ wpfz ef
yef;csDu xyfrHw dk;wufv mr,f/ 'Dvd kjynf olawGeJ Y ESD; ET,frI [m yef ;csD&J U
wdk;wufrIu kd jzpf apr,f/
uaeUyef ;csD[m &efuk efrSm yJ &Sdw ,f/ e,frSm yef;csDum; vH k;0 r&Sdbl;/
'g[m yef;csD&J U atmufajcvG wfrIy J/ 'gaMumifh yef;csDukd jynfo lawG rodbl;/
tav;teuf rxm;bl;/ wefzdk; rxm;bl;/ 'gaMumifh r0,fbl;/ 'g[m
yef;csDo rm;&J U jyemyJ/ oHHk;eJY tvkyf jzpfwmawmh rSe fygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
a&&SnfrS m NyD; awmh ppf rSefwJ h wdk;wuf rItwGuf tEkynm cspfwwfw Jh jynf olawG&J U
ESpfNcdKuf0,f,lrI[ m ZdrfcHtvS jy0,f, lrIxuf yk drdkwefzdk; &Sdwmukd odzdkY vdk ygw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
13
Typing
Inc ubuz
14
(3)
aemufwpf csufu yef;csD &JU tawG;tac: (tEk ynm&J U tawG;tac:)
wkd;wufrI yJ/ yef;csDorm;wkdif; [m yef ;csDtEky nmqdkw m bmvJv dkY wdwd usus
awG;ac:xm;Ek difzd kY vdkw,f/ 'Dv dkawG;ac:rI[mvnf ; wkd;wuf zdkY vd kw,f/ uRefawmfh
cH,lcsufuawmh yef;csDtEkynm[m jynf olawGuk d ynmjy&ef r[kwf/
tdk;om;qH k;aom pepfeJY pdw Zukd dkufcwfEk difpG rf; &Sdr IyJ jzpfw,f/
uRefawmfw kdY tawGUtBuHKt& vlwpfa,muf &JU ynmjyrI[mtcspftcif
tESpfoufrcH &bJ dk;om;pGmwif jyrI [m wu,fyJ ESpf NcdKuf rIudk cH&w,fqd kwm
odMurSm ygyJ/ 'g[m tEkynm&J U tiftm;wpf& yfyJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmfwkd Y[m
wpfpHk wpfa,mufudk ynmjyvdkufw,f qdk&if tJ'D wpfpHkwpfa,mufeJU uRefawmf
wdkU[m uif;uG moGm;wwfwm awGY&w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY[ m uRefawmfwd kU&J U cHpm;rI?
tEkynm qmavmifrIeJ Y odyHe nf;us zef wD;rIawGukd dk;dk;om;om; wifjyvdkuf w Jh
tcg 'g[m ESpfoufzG, f jzpfoG m;ygw,f/ uRefawmf htaeeJY tEkynmorm;&J U
dk;om;pGm wif jy Ekd ifpGr f;[m tEkynm&JU wefzdk; yJ/ 'g[m tvIHUaqmf Ekdif pGrf; eJY
MunfhIol&J U pdwZudk tcsKyfukdif Ekdif pGrf; &Sdw,fv dkU ,lqw,f/
tEkynmorm;&JU dk;om;pG m wifjyrI[m tNrJqef; opfaer,fh wefzdk; yJ
jzpfw,f/
cif0 rf;
'DZifbm 1970
Typing
Inc ubuz
15
Typing
Inc ubuz
16
tcsD;
trSefu (Modernism) ukd acwfopf yef; csD 'grSr[kw f yef;csDopfvdk U
jyefMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh MunfhIol&J U pdwZukd csKyfukdif Ekdif pGrf; &Sdzd kY tav;teuf
xm;wJh enf;vrf;awG jzpfv dkY pdwZyef;csD vdkY emrnfay;vd kufw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
17
,ckacwf obm0onf tcsif; csif; tjy eftvSef qufo G,frI rsm;? jzpfp Of
jzpf&yfrsm; pepfwus jzpfa y:rIwkdY jzihf uREf kyfwdk Ua&S U jzefY cif;vsuf &Sdayonf/
(tdef*s,f obm0&JU 'kd if,mvufwpf 202)
vdkY a&;cJhw,f/ aemufNyD; pwmvifu tEky #davmr kyf0g' pmwrf;rS m
Typing
Inc ubuz
18
Typing
Inc ubuz
19
tmzefeufqD,ufA fu
&Sif;&S if;
Inc ubuz
20
Inc ubuz
21
Inc ubuz
22
Inc ubuz
23
Typing
Inc ubuz
24
Typing
Inc ubuz
25
Typing
Inc ubuz
26
tEkynm&J U
Inc ubuz
27
Inc ubuz
28
Inc ubuz
29
1/ t&nftcsif;
2/ ta&twGuf
'Dvkd 2 rsKd; 2 pm; &Sdaer,f/ Oyrmtm;jzih f EkdY[ modyfr csKdbl ;? tcsKdx kxnf
enf;w,f/ EkdY &JU yg0ifudef ; t&nftcsif;tm;jzihf enf ;w,f/ 'gaMumifh
t&nftwGufBuD; BuD;vd kw,f/ oMum;uawmh odyfc sKdw,f/ yg0if udef;taeeJY
t&nftcsif; BuD;w,f/ 'gaMumif h t&nftwGuf avQmhay; &r,f/ 'g[m
odyHoabmt& uke fMurf ;udk tMurf; zsif; ndE Idif; rIyJ/
'gukd nDrQjcif;eJY a&;&if
aA + bB + cC = K
'gudk
Typing
Inc ubuz
30
wu,fvdkYa AeJU b B[m nDrQaer,fqd k&if olwk dUtcsif ;csif; acsNyD ; K&JU
&yfwnfrI[ m okn(0) jzpfo Gm;r,f/ 'Dvdk (+) eJY (-) qef YusifbufawG
yl;aygif;rI[m b,f&yf wnfrIr Smrqd k rkcsawGY &rSm yJ/
&yfwnfrIw kdif; rSm qefYu sifbufawG yl;aygif; rI &Sd&rSmyJ/
qefYusifbufawG&J U yl;aygif;rIqdkwmuvnf; uRefawmf wif jycJhovdk
t&nftcsif;eJY t&nftwGuf vkd ufavsm nDr QpGm yl;aygif;rI yJ/
yef;csDw pfcsyfrSm uRefawmfwkdYu teD a&mif eJY tjymEkuk d yl;aygif;r,f/
teDa&mifeJ Y tjym[m qefYu sifbufta&mifawG yJ/ tJ'D ta&mifawG&J U tiftm;ukd
nDrQpGm yl; aygif;wJhtcgrS m ta&mifawG &JU tiftm;[m xkxnf nDnDrQrQeJY
xdef;odr f;xm;NyD; wpfck pD[m ykdrd ktm;aumif;vmr,f/ 'Dvdk yl;aygif;zkdY Oyrmtm;jzihf
teDu ykdNyD; awmuf w,f? &ifhw ,f? ta&mif t&nftcsif ;rSm rsm;w,fqdk& if
olYukdavsmhwJh? ta&miftm;aysmhwJh tjymEku dk ykdNyD; xkxnfrsm;rsm;oHk;/ tjymEkeJY rS
rvHkavmufw Jhtcg olYukd tm;ay;wJh tpdrf ;Eka&mifvdk ? rdk; jyma&mifv kd[mrsKd;eJ U
xyfNyD; xd ef;ay;/ 'Dvdk yef;csD orm;u ta&mifawG&JU aygif ;pyfr I tiftm;udk
zefwD;r,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
31
'Dvkd
qefYusifbufawGu dk
yl;aygif;wJhtcgrSm
t&nftcsif; eJY
t&nftwGufudk rQwpG m toHk;jyKr,f/ yef; csDwpf csyfr Sm qefYu sifbuf (0da&m"d)
oabmawG[m b,fawmh rSajy;rvGw fbl;/ wu,fawmh yef;csD wpfcsyfrS mygwJh
ta&mif&,f ? j'yfx k&,f[m t&mra&mufbl;/ Mum;cH oufouf yJ/ 'gawGu kd
aygif;pnf;Ekdifr I? 0da&m"daygif; rsm;pGmukd aygif;pnf; Ekdif rI[m yef; csDwpf csyf&J U
t"ducsKyfuk difEk difrItm;yJ/
0da&m"da ygif;pnf ;rI[m yef;csDwpfc syf&J U tiftm;aumif;rItwGu f t"du
tcsufjzpfo vdk tEkynmwk dif;&JU tiftm;aumif;rItwGu f t"du tcsuf jzpfw,f/
yef;csDw pfcsyf&JU tiftm;aumif;rIukd ydk NyD; xdef ;odrf; Ekdif pGrf; &Sd wmu
pGrf;&nf a&G;cs,frIy J? pGrf;&nfa&G; cs,frI [m tEky#davmr usrI&J U t"du tcsuf
jzpfw,f/ tEkynmwpf&yfu dk zefwD;wJhtcgrSm tEkynmorm;[m yxrqHk;
rlvukef Murf;ukd ta&twGufa&m t&nftcsif;yg owfrSwf NyD; zefwD;w,f/
NyD;wJhtcg tJ'Dr lvukef Murf; eJY nDnGw faxmuf yhHwJh (Hermonising) 'kw d,? NyD;
wwd,?pwkw pwJh tqif hqihf axmufyH hrIuke fMurf;awGud k tEky#davmr
userIabmif twGif;u a&G;cs,fz dkUyJ/ 'kwd,? wwd,pwJh axmufyHh rI ukefMurf;
awG[m rlvukefMurf;eJ Y tEky#davmr usaezdkY ta&; BuD;w,f/ rlv
ukefMurf;awGud k tm;aumif; rSmzd kY tNrJaxmufyhHul nDae&r,f/
'DvdkpGr f;&nfa &G;cs,frIukd uRefawmfwkdY [if ;csufw myJ &Si f;&Si f; vif;vif;
Oyrm ay;Ek difw,f/
Muufom;[if;csufwJh tcgrSm rlv ukef Murf;tjzpf Muufom;uk d xm;NyD;
csufw,f/ 'gayr,fh Muufom;udk a&eJY csufvkdu f&if [if ;vsm[m od yfNyD;
tm;raumif;vSbl;/ 'gaMumifh [if;vsm&J U tm;aumif; rI twGuf axmuf y Hh
ukefMurf;awG xyffx nfhzd kY vdkvmw,f/
uRefawmfw dkU[m tawG UtBuHK &JU dkufc wfrIt& axmufyHhr Iukef Murf;ukd
toHk;jyKMurSm yJ/ axmufyH hrIuke fMurf;[m wpf cgwpf&Hr Sm a'oqdk i&f m oufouf
Typing
Inc ubuz
32
Typing
Inc ubuz
33
Inc ubuz
34
tao;pdw f
Inc ubuz
35
Inc ubuz
36
Typing
Inc ubuz
37
Typing
Inc ubuz
38
tnmt&yf pavNrdK Uu
yavGrIwfw Jh vlwpfa ,muf
Typing
Inc ubuz
39
Inc ubuz
40
Typing
Inc ubuz
41
(yHk) - yDumqdkudk ur mausmfa pcJhaom *Gm&meD umyef ;csDu m;BuD ;pyde fjynf jycef;
(urmuke fpnf jyyGJ 1939ck ESpf ? jyifo pfjynf? yJ&pfNrd KU) awYG&yHk
Typing
Inc ubuz
42
(Decoration)
Inc ubuz
43
awGY&rSm r[kw fbl;/ acwfrD pm;yGJ ? ukvm;xdk if? acwfrD a&'D,dkeJ Y acwfr D
cef;qD;rsKd;eJY wefqmqifrSmyJ/ 18 &mpkyHkpHe JY jyifq ifNyD qkd&ifvnf; tJ'Dtcef;xJr Sm
aemufqHk; ay: oHjzLukvm;xdkif ? rmusL&Dr D;wdkY awGU&rSm r[kwfbl;/ yGwfvHk;wyf
ukvm;xdki f 'grSr[kwf om;a&cif ;? yef;qGJ rD;tdrfe JY opfom;ADdk BuD;rsKd;awG e JY
wefqmqif rSmyJ/ 'Dv kd Key ygwJh jyifqifrI rsKd;awG[m Oa&myrS mawmfawmf
acwfpm;w,f/ uRefawmfw dkY jrefrmjynfr Smawmh tcrf;tem; jyifqifrIukd 'gavmuf
tav;rxm;Mu ygbl;/
yef;csD &JU Key [m rsufjrif r[kwfygbl;/ wcsKdU yef;csDum;awGrSmawmh
xif&Sm;wJh Key awG awGY &ygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzihf wcsKdUyef;csDu m;awGr Sm
tjyma&mif vTrf; aew,f/ wcsKdUum;awGrSm teDa&mif vTrf;aew,f/ wcsKd U
um;awGrS m t0ga&mif vTrf;aew,f/ 'Dvkdta&mifvT rf;aerI[m xif&Sm ;wJh Key
awGygyJ/ wcsKdU yef;csDu m;csyfawG[m cyfr Sdefr Sdef jzpfa eNyD ; wcsKdUuawmh
cyfawmufa wmuf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; Key ygyJ/ yef;csDwpfcsyfr Sm Key[m
ta&;BuD;w,f/ nDnGwf rI &Sd&r,faygh/ nDnGwfrI r&Sd &if 'g[m tEkynm
r[kwfbl;/
yef;csDu m;awGr Sm wpfcgwpf& H ]tvkduf} oabmrsKd;? tESpfo m& oabmrsKd;
[efav;awG ygw,f/ 'g[m Rhyme &J U tqihftwef; jrihfrm;rI ygyJ/ 'gawGu kd
yef;csDo rm;&J U tawGYtBuHKuyJ oifay;vdkufrS mygyJ/ yef; csD&J U Rhymeqdkwmuawmh
cyf&Sif ;&Sif ; ajym&&if yef;csDum;wpfcsyf&J U rsufESmjyif wpfckvHk ;[m axmihfraebJ
nDnDnGwfnGw f &SdaezdkY zefw D;csuf pepf ygyJ/ 'D Rhyme oabmudk NcHKiHkr dzdkY yef; csD
oufoufwifrubJ uAsma&m? aw;oGm;awGrSma&m avhvmzk dU vdkygw,f/ 'Dv dk
avhvmrIuom yef; csDwpf csyf& JU um&efR hymeoabmukd oif jyay;vdkuf rSmygyJ/
uRefawmfw kdY rSwfom; zkdY u tEkynm&JU t"du toGifwpf&yf[m nDnGwfrI y J
jzpfw,fq dkwmygyJ/
Typing
Inc ubuz
44
Typing
Inc ubuz
45
Inc ubuz
46
udk,fykd i f
Inc ubuz
47
wpfrsKd ;
wifjyygw,f/
olU&JU
]awmyda wmuf}
Inc ubuz
48
Typing
Inc ubuz
49
Typing
Inc ubuz
50
bmvJ vdkU
rawG ;rD?
bmvJvdk U
Inc ubuz
51
Inc ubuz
52
qGJrS tm;aumif; r,fxif &if rxnfhbJ qGJ &rSmyJ/ 'Da&mifjyifeJ YyJ jzpfjzpf?
tpuftajymufawGeJYyJ jzpfjzpf vlY&J U pdwZudk csKyfu kdifvI yf&S m;ap Ekdif r,fqdk& if
'DvdkyJ ol[ m zefwD;rSmyJ/ tEkynmqdw
k m zefw D;csuf yJvdkY uRefawmfw dkY
rSwf,lxm;&r,f/
tEkynm[m ody fvGwfvyfw,f/ vGwfvyfrIabmifukdvnf; tEk
ynm&Sifu yJ owfrSw frSm yJ/ tEkynm&Sif wpfa,muf&J U owfrSwfc sufwkd if;
[mvnf; wpfacwfwpfcgtwGuf tNrJ rSefu efw,f/ 'gudk wm;qD; vdkY? uefYuGufv dkY
r&bl;/ tEkynmwpf&yftwGuf ab;vlu abmifowfv dkY b,fa wmhrS r&bl;/
vlyHkudk qG JrS? tcsKd;tpm;wl rS pwJh orm;dk;us abmifBuD;uawmh 20 &mpktwGu f
odyfusOf; w,f/ 'Dvdk abmifowfolawG [mvnf; 20 &mpktwGu f
tkdrif;aeol awGyJ/
'gu yef;csDu kd abmifrowfygeJ YvdkY uRefawmf ajymaewm r[kwfbl;/
abmifowfc sifowf ? rowfcsifa e/ tEkynmwpf&yf ukd b,fawmhr S abmifowfv dkY
r&bl;/ tEkynmqdkw m acwf&J U okyfyJ/ acwfa&pD;[m tEkynm&J U a&pD;yJ/
uaeY j'yf rJh yef; csDawG[ m ay: pu tESdyftuGyf cH&w,f/ 'gayr,fh
uaeY urmay:rSm acgif;axmifaeNyD/ 'Dvkd pepfa[mif; wpfcku pepf opfwpf ck ay:
xGufvmwkd if; awmfvS efa&;wpf&yf jzpfrS myJ/
yef;csD[ m puKtmHkuwpfqihf pdwZudk EI d;qGzd kY abmifowfxm;wJh
rsufESm jyif wpf ckay:rSm zefwD;wmyJ qkdwJh tqdkuae jyefaumuf&atmif/
'Dtqdkudk uRefawmfw dkY qky fukdif rdwmeJY uRefa wmfwdk Y jrefrmjynf&J U
yef;csD[ m us,fjyefYvmrSmyg/ 'Doabmudk rdrSvnf; pdwZyef;csD &JU jyem awGu dk
ukdifwG,fa jz&Sif;Ekdifr Sm jzpfw,f/ 'gukd qkyfu kdif NyD; yef;csD um; wpf csyfqd kwm
bmvJvkdY tajzxkwf&rS m jzpfw ,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
53
Inc ubuz
54
Typing
Inc ubuz
55
Typing
Inc ubuz
56
yef;csDo rm;awG [m yef;csD um;csyfawG zefwD ;NyD ; MunfholawG ukd csKyfu kdifz dYk
BudK;pm;Muw,f/ 'DBudK ;pm;rItwGuf enf;vrf;awG trsm;BuD ; ay:cJhw,f/
a&SUavQmufNyD;vnf; ay:xGufaeOD;rS myJ/ qm&D&,fvpfZ if;? usLApfZif;pwJh
enf;vrf;awG[m 'D vkd csKyfukd ifrI& JU vuf wufawGy J jzpf w,f/ 'gayr,f h t"du
yHkpHtm;jzihf csKyfudk ifrI enf; em[m tMurf;tm;jzihf oHk; rsKd;yJ cGJvdkY &w,f/
'gawGuawmh
1/ vl&JU puKtmHkud k csKyfuk difrI
2/ vl&JU todPfudk csKyfukdif rI
3/ vl&JU twdwfeJ Y ywf0ef;usif pdwZud k csKyfu kdifr I
'Dvdk tMurf;zsif; cJG &ygvdrhf r,f/
vl&JU puKtmHkudk csKyfu kdifr I yef;csDum;csyfawGuawmh urmay:rSm
txGef;um;qH k;? trsm;jym;qHk; yef ;csDum;csyfa wGygyJ/ 'Dyef;csDrsKd ;[m yef;csD q&m&J U
uRrf;usif rIay:rSm wnf NyD; zefwD;xm;wJh um;csyfawGyJ jzpfw,f/ yef;csDorm;[m
olY&JU uRrf;usifrI eJY Munfhol udk tvStyawG wifjy csKyfu kdifw,f/ tvStyvdkY
usaemf ajym&wm od yfNyD; wdrfw,f/ yef;csDw pfcsyf&JU tvSty[m od yfNyD;
eufIdif;w,f/ jynfhpHk w,f/ tvSty qdkwJh pum;u oHk; zefrsm;vkdY ayghaew,f/
'gayr,fh 'DvdkyJ oHk;&rSmyJ/ usaemfa jymwJ h tvStyqdkwmu obm0w&m;&J U
nDnGwfrIa wGudk yef; csD orm;&J U zefwD;csufawGeJ Y a&mpGufwifjywmyJqd kwm
arhavsmhr oGm;zdkU vdkygw,f/
yef;csDo rm; wpfa,muf[m Munfho l&J U puKtmHkukd csKyfu kdifz dkY
zefwD;awmhr,f qdk&if txl ;ojzifh *kwpdk uf xm;Muwmuawmh ta&mifawG&J U
aygif;pyfr IeJY aygif;pyfrI tcsKd;tpm;ygyJ/ usaemfwifjycJhovk d ta&mifrsm;ukd
trsm;BuD; taxmufftyHh ay;wmu zGJ Upnf; rIyJ/ zGJ Upnf; rI ckdi f&if cdkifoavmuf
Typing
Inc ubuz
57
jyKjyifNyD;
Inc ubuz
58
'Dvdk yl;aygif;wJ htcgrSm rlv ukefMurf ;jzpfwJh rdef;r&JU j'yf xk[m ydkNyD;
tm;aumif;vmw,f/ csKyfukdi frI pGrf;tif ykd NyD; BuD;vmw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dv dk
qifwkdif ; vSw,fvdkY ajymvdkY r&bl;/ qifumrS tkyfqdk;oGm;wmvnf; &Sdw,f/
qif&mrS m qifol&J U pGrf; &nf vdkw,f/ qifwwf rS vSw,f/
qifwwfol[m tvSqHk ; jzpfw,f/
qifwwfw,fqk dwmu rlv ukef Murf; jzpfwJh rdrd &JU j'yfxkeJ U tEky#davmr
uswJh axmuf yHhuke fMurf; a&G; cs,frIa wGyJ/ 'Dvd k a&G;cs,fwJh tcgrS m tEky#davmr
tusqHk;ukd a&G;Ekdifp Grf;? qHk ;jzwfEkdi fpGrf ; &Sdol[m qifwwfol jzpfw,f/ 'Dv kd
a&G;cs,f NyD; qifwJ htcgrSm trJom;[if ;ukd rqvm xnfhovdk rlvukef Murf; ukd
ydkNyD ; awmufa jymifapw,f/ 'gayr,fh tEky#da vmr usrI ra&G; cs,fbJ &rf;NyD;
qifvdkuf& if trJom;[if;xJ ig;yd xnfhw mvdk jzpfoGm;r,f/
'DvdkyJ yef;csD rSm obm0ukd yef;csDo rm;u zefwD;w,f/ 'Dv dk zefw D;&mrSm
obm0udk xyfwl usatmif ul; NyD; zefw D;wm r[kw fbl;/ xyfwlusrI[m
tEkynmrSm vHk; 0 wefzdk; r&Sdb l;/ tEkynmqdkwm zefw D; csuf oufoufy J qdkwm
usaemfwdk Y tpOfwpkduf odxm;&r,f/ bmaMumif h xyfwlusrIuk d usaemf
jiif;ovJqdkwm usaemf &Sif ;jyygr,f/
yef;tkd;av;wpftkd;xJ rSm ESi f;qDy ef;uav;awG pdkufx m;NyD; pm;yGJ
wpfckay:rSm wifxm;w,f qdkygawmh/ vlawG[m 'Dyef ;tkd;av;ud k pdwf0 if
pm;yghrvm;/ b,favmuf Mumatmif 'Dyef;tkd;av;u vlawGudk zrf;csKyf
xm;Ekdi fygrvJ/ b,folrS pdwf0ifp m;rSm r[kwf ygbl;/ b,folrSvnf;
Mum&Snf &yf MunfhaerSm r[kwf ygbl;/ 'Dudp[m omrnygyJ/
'gayr,fh 'Dyef;tkd ;av;ukd yef; csD qGJvdkufw JhtcgrSm tajctaeu
ajymif ;oGm;w,f/ vlawG[m pdwf0ifpm;vmw,f/ wefz dk;xm;vmw,f/tyify ef;
cHvmw,f/ tajctaeu xl;xl; jcm;jcm;BuD ;udk ajymif;vJoGm;w,f/ yef;tdk;
tppfwkef;u vlawGp dwfr0ifpm;MubJ wefzdk ;rBuD ;jrihfbJ 'Dyef ;tkd;udk qGJxm;wJh
Typing
Inc ubuz
59
yef;csDu m;usrS bmvdkY pdwf0 ifpm;Mu? wef zdk;xm; MuwmwH k;/ 'g[m pOf;pm;p&myJ/
tajzu &Sif;ygw,f/ vlawG[m yef; csD um;xJu yef;td k;udk pdwf0 ifpm;wm
r[kwfbJ yef ;csDorm;&J U tEkynm zefwD;rIukdom pdwf0if pm;wm jzpfv dkYygyJ/
wu,fawmh vla wG[m yef;tdk;ud k rMunfhygbl;/ rsuf pd&Sdv kdYom jrif ae&w,f/
yef;tkd;ukd vHk; 0 rMunfhygbl;/ olwdkYawG [m yef;csDo rm;&JU tEkynm
zefwD;rI ukdom Munfh wmyg/ wu,fvdkYom yef;tdk;ud k Munfhcsifwmqdk &if wu,fh
yef;tdk;avmuf tppfeJYwlw m b,f&SdrvJ/ yef;tdk; tppfukdyJ MunfhMurSmaygh/
trSefuawmh yef ;tkd;[m Mum;cHy pnf; oufouf yJ/ omrnypnf ;yJ/
vlawG rSe fMunfh ovdkayhg/ rSefMunf hw,fqdk ayr,fh wu,fawmh rSefu dk
Munfhwm r[kwf bl;/ rSefxJrS m t&dyfxifaewh J ukd,fhkyfukd Munfhwm/ 'gayr,fh
rSefudk Munfhw,fv dkY xif&w,f/ 'DoabmyJ/ rSef[ m wu,fawmh Mum;cH ypnf;/
rSefukd b,fol rS pdwfr 0ifpm;bl;/ rSefxJu t&dy fukdom pdw f0ifp m;wm jzpfw,f/
'DvkdyJ/ yef;tdk; [mvnf; Mum;cHouffoufyJ/ yef;tk d;ukd toHk;jyKNyD;
yef;csDo rm;u wifjywJh tEkynmukdo m y"me xm;Muw,f/ tJ'Dawmh yef; csD
wpfcsyfr Sm a&;qGJx m;wJh ypnf;[m omrnyJ/ bmrS ta&;rBuD;bl; qdkwm
xif&Sm;vma&m/ ta&;BuD;wmu yef;csDo rm;&JU tEkynm zefwD; rI? yef;csDo rm;&J U
csKyfukd ifrI pGrf; &nf? yef;csDorm;&JU psmef/ 'gudk em;vnf&if yef;csDwpfcsyfudk ydkN yD;
cHpm;vmrSmyJ/ bmaMumifhv Jqdkawmh wlvm;? rwlv m; Munfhwwf wJh Ofa[mif;
csKyfNidrf; oG m;rSm rdkYygyJ/
tJ'Dvdk yef;csDum;csyf&J U y"meusrI[m tEkynm&JU csKyfukdi fEkdi frI qdkwmukd
odvmwJh yef;csDorm; wcsKdU[m yHkpHMunfh qGJ&wJh abmifxJu kef;xGufvd kufw,f/
wpfckcku dk MunfhrqGJbl;/ pdwful;xJ rSm ykHpH xkwfNyD; zefwD; csufeJ U qGJvmw,f/
yef;csD &JU vGw fvyfa&;[m 'Dr Sm pwmygyJ/ 'geJY ywfouf NyD; yef;csDo rm; *dk *if&J U
pum;wpfc Gef;uk d udk;um;vdkygw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
60
Inc ubuz
61
Inc ubuz
62
Typing
Inc ubuz
63
Typing
Inc ubuz
64
Inc ubuz
65
jrif&rSm r[kwfbl;/ 'Dvdk tjrif 2 rsKd; aygif;pyfNyD; qGJwJ htwGuf bmrSrxl; jcm;wJh
jrifuG if;[m pGr f;tm;&S dvmwm awGY &w,f/ 'g[mvnf; av;zuf jrif oabmyJ/
'Dvdk jrifu Gif;trsKd;rsKd;udk aygif;pyfzdk Y yef;csDo rm;[m
qdkwm&,f ? rsufjrifrsOf;qdkw m&,fuk d rkcs arhxm;&ygw,f/
tcsKd ;tpm;
xm;cJhNyD;
Typing
Inc ubuz
66
Typing
Inc ubuz
67
Typing
Inc ubuz
68
jrefr mjynf &JU pdwZyef ;csD tokdif ;t0kdif; rSm wif pm;rI wifpm;rIeJY cPcP
Mum;ae&w,f/ wcsKd U yef ;csDorm;awGuvnf; [kwf oa,mif [kwfoa,mif
oHa,mifvk dufaeMuw,f/ 'g[m jynfolawGudk vrf;vGJ vdkufapwmyJ/
tEkynmqdkwm bmvJv dkY jyefawG;Munfh&if tEkynmqdkwm cHpm;rI
&otwGuf zefwD;wJ h 0dZmynm&yf/ 'D0dZm ynm&yfrSm rS vlom;0g'tjrif
Humanist out-look eJYjzpfj zpf? NationalismeJ Ujzpfjzpf 0g'jzefYwJ h oabmeJY
okyfazmfMuwmawG usaemfwkdY ed p"l0 awGYa eMu&ygw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
69
Inc ubuz
70
Typing
Inc ubuz
71
Inc ubuz
72
(8)
1 bk&m;ocifonf aem{rS p touf&SiforQaom ow0g?
aem{ESih ftwl oabFmxJ &Sdaom wd& pmef taygif;wdkUukd
atmufarh ajrBuD; ay:rSm avhvmawmfrl apojzihf a&Nidrf
2 av\/ eufeJ&m a&ayguf a&wGif; rsm;? rdkCf;aumif;uif
>yef0rsm;ud k qdkUydw f rkdCf;udk pJap
3 awmfrl\/ a&onfvnf; ajray:rSm tpOftwdkif ; pD;oGm;
t&uf wpf&mhig;q,fa phaom
4 tcg ,kwfavsmh av\/ owrv? q,fhck epf&uf aeUwG i f
oabFmonf tm&&wf trnf& Sd
5 aom awmifay:rSm wifav\/ 'orvwkdifatmif a&onf
tpOfrjywf ,kwf avsmh xkdvqef;wpf&ufa eYwGif awmif
xdyfwdk Uonf ay:Mu\/
6 xdkrS &ufav;q,f MumvQif aem{onf oabFmxJ
vkyfcJhaom jywif ;aygufukd zG ihf?
7 usD;t wpfaumifudk vTwf av\/ xkdusD;tonf ajray:rSm
a&rcef;ajcmufrDwkd ifatmif ?
8 oGm;vmvsuf aeav\/ wpfzef ajrrsufES may:rSm a&uk e f
onf rukefonf odj cif;iSm?
9
csKd;wpfaumifud k
vTwfjyefav\/
ajrwpfjyifvHk ;
a&awG&dSao;aomaMumif h? csKd;onf ajcjzihfeif; tarmajzp&mukd
rawGYojzihf aem{&Sd&m oabF modkY jyefvmav\/ aem{onfvnf;
vufudk qefY csKd;ukd uk dif,l NyD;vQif rdrda e&moabF m
Typing
Inc ubuz
73
csKd;uav; oHvGi f&Guf csDv mwm jrif &wJh aem{[m olb0&JU at;csrf;rI?
wnfNidr frI? aysmf&T ifrIawGudk wvHk;w0wnf; pdw fcsoGm ;&rS m aocsmygw,f/
usaemfwdk Y vlawG[m aem{vd k Nidrf; csrf;a&; csKd; jzLud k arQmfaeygw,fvdkY yDumqdku
Oa&myrS m toHk;rsm;wJh oauFwudk ,lo Hk;vdku f wmygyJ/
'Dvdk vltrsm;pku em;vnfaeNyD;jzpfwJh oauFw oabmawGu dk
yef;csDo rm;u ,l NyD; oH k;wJhtcgvnf; &Sdw,f/ 'Dvdk vkyfr I[m okyfazmf yef;csDrSm yJ
&Sdr,f/ 'Denf;[m qdk&S,fv pfEkd ifiHawGrSm ydkrd k xGef ;um;wm awGY&w,f/ NyD;awmh
ykdpwm tEkynmrSmvnf ; ykdrdk us,fjyefYwmudk awGY&w,f/ Oyrm - wlwHpOftvH/
wl[m
tvkyform;&JU
toHk;taqmif/
wHpOfuawmh
v,fo rm;&J U
toHk;taqmifqdkw m vlwdkif ; odaeMuw,f/ 'DtcgrSm wleJU wHpOf u dk
tvHxlvdkufwJhtcg 'g[m tvkyform;? v,f orm;&JU bufawmfo m;yJv dkY
tvdkvdk em;vnfNyD; jzpfvmw,f/ 'gu vlrsm;eJY yGef;wD ;aewJh oauFwawG u dk
,lNyD; oHk; wJh oabm/
wpfcgwpf&Hr Sm yHk eJY okyfazmfvdkY rvHkavmuf wJhtcgrSm pum;vHk; awGukdyg
a&;qGJ okyfazmf w,f/ 'Denf;[m wkwfjynfeJ U *syefjynf rSm a&S ;ESpfa ygif;
rsm;pGm uwnf;u xGe f;um;cJhNyD; jzpfw,f/ wkwfeJY *syef yef; csDawG rSm uAsmawG
xnfhxm;wm awGY& w,f/ 'Dvdk pmvHk;&J U tiftm;udk yl;aygif;rI[mvnf; yef ;csD&J U
csKyfukd ifEkd ifpGr f; &Sdvmapw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
74
Inc ubuz
75
Typing
Inc ubuz
76
Typing
Inc ubuz
77
Typing
Inc ubuz
78
tEkynm&yf zefw D;rIwk dif;[m tmHkcHpm;zdk YyJ/ 'gaMumifh cHp m;HkyJ &Sdw,f/
em;vnfcsifvnf; r&bl;/ em;vnfp&m rvdkbl;/
em;rvnfbl ;qdkwmu tbd"rm &S if;vif ;csuf/ 'grSr[kw f jyem
wpf&yf& JU tajzudkrS ajymvdkU&r,f/ yef;csD[ m tbd"rmum;csyf r[kwfbl;/
'gaMumifh yef;csD[ m em;vnfz dkY rvdkb l;/
Oyrm - aumifrav;wpfa,muf apmif ;wD;aeyHkudk qJG xm;wJh yef;csDu m;
wpfcsyf qdkygawmh/ vlawGu Munfh NyD; bmajymvJ ? aumif;w,fuG m vdkU
ajymMuw,f/ w,fvSygvm;vdk U ajymMur,f/ em;vnfw,fvdk U rajymMubl;/
b,fajymrvJ/ Munfhuwnf ;u vSovm;? rvSbl;vm; a0zef NyD; Munf hMuwmudk;/
'gayr,fh j'yfrJh yef;csDawGjzpfwJh a&mif jyifa wG tpuftajymuf awGusawmh
bmajymMuvJ/
]]em;rvnfbl; ? em;rvnfb l;}}
]]bmem;rvnf& rSmvJ ? bmem;vnf&rS mvJ}}
wcsKdUu acgif;Iyf cHNyD; pOf;pm;Muw,f/ bmjyKvdkY pOf; pm;&rSmvJ/
yef;csDu m;csyfcsif ; twlwl 'Dum;usrS bmvdkYe m;vnfc sif&wmvJ/ aygif;pyf r I
aumif; raumif;? vS rvS rMunfh&J Mubl;vm;/
MunfhMuyg/ a&mifjyif awG? tpuftajymufawG[mvnf; tvS qGJxm;
wmygyJ/ bmtbd"rmBuD;awG rS zHk;uG, fNyD ; xnfhrxm;ygbl;/
tvSvdkU usaemfu ajymawmh t"dy m,fu ayghoGm;w,f/ tvSvdkYomqdk& if
tvum;yJvdk U xifcsif xifMuvdr fhr,f/
'Dvdk xifvdkY r&bl;/ yef;csDwpfcsyf&J U tvStyudk wjcm; b,frSmrS &SmvdkY
awGUEdk ifrSm r[kwfb l;/ yef;csDwpfc syf&J U tvStyudk yef;csDrSmyJ awGUEkdif r,f/ 'g[m
Typing
Inc ubuz
79
Inc ubuz
80
Inc ubuz
81
Inc ubuz
82
Sutherland)
ygyJ/
tmHkcHpm;Ek difrI e JY
olUyef; csDum;awGrS m
j'yfxkv Hk;0r&Sdbl;/
ta&mif&,f ?
rsOf;&,f?
tpuftajymuf&,f? tvif;tarSmif &,f 'gavmufyJ &Sdw,f/ wlatmif qGJxm;rS
yef;csDx ifwJh vlawGuawmh bmrSef;vnf; rodbl;vdkY ajymrSm yJ/ olU yef;csDum;csyf
awG[m yHkoPmef twdtus r&Sd wJh 0dk;w0g; vuPmawG csnf;yJ/ yef;yGih fvkdvk d?
awmifydk Yvdkvd k? qdwfvkdvd k 0dk;w0g; okyfaqmifr IawGyJ/ 'guawmh vlawG&J U
pdwful;eJU tawGUtBuH Kukd zrf; csKyf vdkufwJ h oabmyJ/
usaemf&J U rifjcpfyef;csDw pfcsyf (yHk ) rSm wifjyxm;ygw,f/ Munfh vkdufawmh
rifawG jcpfxm;wmyJ/ 'gayr,fh enf ;enf; *kpdkufvdk uf&if vlwpfa,muf
vJavsmif; aeyHk rsKd;vdkvdk xifvm&w,f/ 'gayr,fh vlwpfa,muf&J U yHkawmh
vHk;0r[kw fbl;/ vlU&J U vuPmvnf; bmrSrygbl;/ NcHKiHk ajym&&ifawmh 'g[m
vlwpfa,muf vJa vsmif ;aewJh oabmyJ/ 'Dtwdkif;yJ usaemfw kdY vlawGr Sm
Typing
Inc ubuz
83
Inc ubuz
84
Typing
Inc ubuz
85
Typing
Inc ubuz
86
pdwZyef; csDtm;vH k;&J U wkd;wuf rIt&Sde fukd tify &uf&Si f;yef ;csD awmfvSefa &;
u wGef;yd kUcJ hwm jzpfw,f/ dk;&mpGJ usyfwnf; csKyf aESmifrIawGu dk kef;uefcsefx m;cJh w Jh
yxrqHk; pdwZyef ;csD jzpfvd kY ol&J U vuPmeJ U tawG; tac:udk yxrpNyD;
avhvmzdkY vd kygw,f/
tify&uf&Si f;yef ;csD&J U bdk;atuawmh ulab; Coubet jzpfw,f/ olY&JU
]ausmufwHk;cGJolrsm;} udk wifjyxm;w,f/ ulab;[m yef; csD&J U t,loD;rI u kd
azsmufzsuf ausmfxGufcJ hwmyJ/ 'Dht&ifu yef;csDcsyf awG[m bk&ifawG? r;rwfawG?
ewfzk&m;awG? ol&Ja umif;awG&J U crf;em;xnf0grI? ukHv Hk<u,f 0rIuk d azmfusL;wJh
yef;csDawGyJ jzpfcJhw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
87
Inc ubuz
88
Inc ubuz
89
Inc ubuz
90
Textureukd
Typing
Inc ubuz
91
Inc ubuz
92
Inc ubuz
93
Typing
Inc ubuz
94
tify&uf&Si f;enf; [m
ajymcJ hovdk
j'yfx keJY
ta&mifaemufudk y J
vdkufvm&mrSm aemuf ykdif ;tify&uf &Sif;orm;awG usawmh j'yfxkudk enf; enf;csif;
pGefYypfvmMuw,f/ enf;enf;av; &GJUqGJrS ajyjypfr,f qdk&if &GJ UqGJ&J vm w,f/
aqZef;? *kd* if? Aef *kd;wd kY[m aemufay: tify&uf&Si f;orm;awGyJ ? olwdkY&J U
Typing
Inc ubuz
95
Inc ubuz
96
Typing
Inc ubuz
97
uAsmaps;u
raumif;vSvnf;? jzpfovd kae
olaysmfavonf? auseyfa&mifh&Jol ygay/
uAsmwpfy k'f q,fhig;usyf
iwfcsifi wf? jywfcsif jywf
a&;pyfwk dif;om? olUuAsmESi hf
'gyJb0? 'gyJtvS[
Typing
Inc ubuz
98
Inc ubuz
99
ol[m
*dk*ife JY pif NydKif Aef*k d;[mvnf ; enf;opfawG xGif cJhw,f/ Aef *dk;&J U
enf;pepf awG[mvnf;
olYenf;
olY[ efeJY
aemufykd if;yef;csDo rm;awG u dk
vTrf;rdk ;cJhw,f/
Aef*dk; &JU b0[mvnf; b0Murf;yJ/ ol[m qif;qif; &J&J aecJh&w,f/
tuJh&JU cH&w,f/ tepfem cH&w,f/ ol[m pdwfa&m*g&Sd olvnf; jzpfw,f/ *dk*if e JY
pum;tBuD;tus,f rsm;NyD; *kd*ifukd owfzdk Uawmif BuH pnfcJhw ,f/ olYb0rSm
olYtpfudk oDtkd&J U tultnD taxmuftyHheJY xrif;pm;cJh w,f/ olYtpfu kd
oDtdkaMumifhvnf; olUemrnfud k urmausmfapr,fh yef;csD um;awG qGJjzpfcJ hwm
jzpfw,f/ oDtkd[ m olUnDudk yef;csDorm;wpfa,muf odyf jzpf apcsif cJhw,f/
oDtkdom r&Sd& if Aef* kd;[m 'D xufapmapmaoNyD; ur mvnf; ausmfrSm r[kwfbl;vdkY
wcsKdUua0zef Muw,f/ aemufqHk ; Aef*kd;[m yef;csD rqGJEk difavmufatmif rsufp dawG
rIefvmw,f/ vluvnf; a&m*gtrsKd; rsKd; zd pD;aew,f/ arQmfvihf csufrJ hwJhb0eJY
Aef*kd;[m udk,fhu dk,fukd owfa ooGm;cJhw,f/
Aef*dk; &JU b0[m tvkyf Murf; orm; vleif; jym;awG&J U kef;uefr IawGeJ U
a'G;a&m,Sufwif aecJh&vdkU ol UrSm atmufwef; pm;awGtwGu f &ife ifhpdw f awG
udef;atmif; aecJhw ,f/ 'gawGudk olU&JU yef ;csDu m;awGeJ U azmf jycJhw,f/ Aef*dk;&J U
yef;csDu m;wkd if;rS m &,faewJh ol wpfa,mufrSrygbl ;/ ai;rIdif npfn L;ae&wJh
vleif;jym;awG&JU yH kawGcsnf ;yJ/ a&EGm;&JU yHk awGeJ Uawmh uGm ygbd/
a0zefa&;orm;awGu olY&J U (tmvl;pm;olrsm;) ukd taumif ;qHk; vuf &m
Masterpiece vdkY ajymMuw,f/ eif;jym;awG &JU b0udk tyDj yifqHk ; okyfazmfEkd i f
w,fvdkU qdk Muw,f/ atmufvif;rD;tdrf rSdef rdSef atmufrS m a&aEG; wpfusKdu f
tmvl;wpfukdu feJU wif;wd rfae&wJh atmufwef ;vTm vl eif; jym;awG/ olwdkY&J U
Typing
Inc ubuz
100
{nfh cef;rSm
Inc ubuz
101
Inc ubuz
102
olY&JU yef;csD awG[m obm0udk tawmfE T,fcJ hw,f/ &Sif; &Sif; a0zef&&if
aqZef;[m obm0usus a&;qGJr IeJY tEky nm zef wD;rI Mum;rSm Asmrsm;cJhw,f/
aemufNyD; ol[m rsuf pdeJY wyftyf jrif&ovdk xk oHk; zuf &SdwJ h jrifuG if;udk zefwD;zkdY
BudK;pm;cJhw ,f/ 'gaMumifh olYy ef;csD um;awG[ m cyf0g;0g;eJY tqHk; rowfEkd i f
jzpfaecJhw,f/ 'Dvkd prf;oyfr IaMumifh usLApfZif; ay:vmwmvnf; jzpfw,f/
olU&J U ]opfoD; cGuf zefuvyfe JU yef;oD;} qdkwJh um;[m ta&mif
oefYoefYav;awGeJ Y qGJxm;wmvnf ; jzpfw,f/ ol[m pkwf&m twdkav;
awGoHk;xm;ayr,fh obm0usus jrifuGi f;udk qGJx m;wmyJ/ aemufcHu vGJ& if
obm0udk teD;pyfq Hk; uyf,lzk dU BudK;pm;xm;wm awGU&w,f/ Textureudk
*krpkdufvdkY t0wfpav;[m opfacgufwpf ckvdk jzpfaew,f/ opfoD;awG e JY
cGuf&JUta&mifuk d aemufc H tarSmifjyifoHk ;NyD ; azmfxkw fxm; wmvnf ; awGY&r,f/
'Dyef;csDum;rSm pkwf csufawG[ m aoaooyfo yfyJ/ ol[m omref
j'yfxku kd qGJenf;yJ qGJ cJhw,f/ 'g[m ol U&JU tOD ;ykdi f; yef; csDawG yJ/ aemufyk dif;rSm
olY&JU pkw f&mawG[m rqHk; bl;/ pkwf&mwpfcku azmfxm;wJh ypnf ;wpfck u dk
aemufxyf pk wf&mESpfck ? oHk;ck eJY aygif; Munfhr S ay:r,f/ pkwf&mawG[m
xyfvmw,f/ 'Dvkd yl;aygif; aewJh 0d k;w0g;awGa Mumifh yef; csDum;[m xkoabmukd
aqmifvmw,f/ 'g aqZef; &SmazGaewJh rsufjrif xkoabmyJ jzpf w,f/ 'gukd
yDumqdku qufvuf &SmazGcJh w,f/ aqZef;[m yef;csDum; awGu kd tNyD; rowfbl;/
opfoD;cGu f? zefuvyfe JY yef ;oD;[mvnf; rNyD; ao;bl;/ olU&JU yef;csDu m;
tm;vHk;vdkvd k bmrSr NyD;ao;bl;/
olU&J U oabmw&m;eJU ywfoufvdk Uuawmh ol[mta&mife JY Tone Value
[m twlwlyJvd kY ,lqcJhw,f/ aemufNyD ; tify&uf &Sif; orm; yDyD ol[ mta&mif u dk
xdyfwef;wifcJhw ,f/
]]ta&mif<u,f0vmwJhtcgrSm oPmef[mvnf; jynfh0vmw,f}} vdkY olu
ajymcJ hw,f/ ol[m ypnf;awGu kd MunfhNyD;qG Jwwfw,f/ olU&J U yef;yG i fh
Typing
Inc ubuz
103
Typing
Inc ubuz
yHkw l
um;awG[mvnf;
104
Typing
Inc ubuz
105
avmufx&Je JYAef *dk;wd kY&J U a&;qGJenf;awG[m aemufyd kif;rS mykd rkd zGHY NzdK ;vmNyD;
tdyfy&uf&S if;yef;csDu dk ay:xGufapcJhw,f/ tdyfy&uf &Sif;qdkwm uawmh twGif;
oEmef oabm? tZwoabmawGyJ/
tify&uf&Si f;yef ;csDrS m vlwpfa,muf jyifyoPmef udk wif jyr,f/
tom;ta&? aumufaMumif; pwmawGukd wif jyr,f/ tdyfy&uf&Sif ;rSmawmh
vlwpfa,muf 'grS r[kwf ypn f;wpfc k&J U twGif;oabm? pdwZoabmukd
azmfjyr,f/ tdyfy&uf& Sif;orm; awG[m Aef*kd ;&JU vG, fulwJh aumufaMumif; eJY
awmufywJh ta&miftaoG;udk quf cHcJh Muw,f/
'Dvkd&Si f;vif; vG,fulw Jh aumufa Mumif ;? awmufywJh ta&miftaoG;udk
oHk;NyD ; vlwpfa,muf&J U pdwfx JrSm b,fvdkcH pm;ae&ovJ/ aMumufaeovm;?
pdwfnpfaeovm;? aysmfa eovm; qd kwmawGu dk a&;qG JMuw,f/ tdyfy &uf&S if;
yef;csD[ m cHpm;rIukd pwifxkwfazmfvmwmjzpfw,f/
tdyfy&uf&S if;rS m vlkyfawG? ypnf;awG[m obm0tcsKd;tpm;vH k;0r&Sd
awmhbl;/ aumufaMumif;awG rSm ;vmw,f/ 'gayr,fh tZwoabmukd xif;ceJ
ay:vmatmif umwGef ;oabmET ,fNyD; qGJMuw,f/
tdyfy&uf&S if;orm; rdk' D*vD,meDtaMumif;pNyD; avh vm&atmif/ rdk'D&J U
b0[m yef;csDrif ;om;yJ/ kyfacsmw,f/ aww,f/ ayGw,f/ rdef; rawGeJ U
a&mw,f/ t&ufaomufw,f/ qif;&Jw,f/ trsm;qHk;uawmh oli,fc sif;awG u kd
trsKd;rsKd ;'kua y;w,f? oabmuawmh aumif;w,f/
rdk'D[m uAsmudk odyftpGJtvrf ;BuD; w,f/ rl;aewJhnawGrSm nOfh euf
oef;acgif uAsmawGud katmfBuD;[pfus,fzwfavh&Sdw,f/ ol[ m tm;ae&if
uAsmawGyJ zwfa ew,f/ olYb0rSm yef ;csDu m;wcsKdU a&mif ;cJh& yg w,f/ 'gayr,fh
olYtwGuf tusKd;rjzpfxGef; cJhygbl;/ ol[m qif;qif; &J&J ayayawaweJY
aocJh&w,f/ tqkwfema&m*g TuberculosisaMumifhyJ/ oli,fcsif;awG &Sdayr,fh
tm;vHk;[m uAsmq&m? pma&;q&m? yef;csDq &mpwJ h olwkdYukd,f wkdif iwfaeolawG
Typing
Inc ubuz
106
Inc ubuz
107
Typing
Inc ubuz
108
Inc ubuz
109
'gaMumifh ol[m bmrSrjrifbl;/ ol[m olY&JU 'dA puK eJU vlwpfa ,muf&J U
twGif;oEmefawGyJ jrifw,f/ 'gaMumifh twGif;oE mef awGukd yJ qGJcJh w,f/
ol&JU ]ynm&Sd vl&T ifawmf} qd kwJh um;rSm vl& Tifawmf&JU rsufES m[m cyftt
rsufESm rsKd; jzpfa ew,f/ ol[m 'Do abmudk t"d uxm;NyD; qGJ cJh w,f/ aq;awG[m
xpfxaeatmif xlw,f/ aumufa Mumif ; tjym;BuD; awG eJYyJ qG Jwwfw,f/
wpfcgwav olYaumufaMumif;[m ta&mifawG jzpfoG m;wwfw,f/ ol[m
qufuyfvl& TifawmfawG taMumif; tqGJrsm;w,f/
'Dvdk aumufaMumif;xl a&;qGJ enf;[m aemuf ydkif ;acwfo pf obm0yef; csD
(Neo-realism)awGrSm vTrf ;rdk; cJhw,f/ dkatmh&JU ta&mifawG uawmh cyf&J& J?
cyfawmufa wmuf/ wpfcgwpf&H cyf&J &J? cyfazsmhazsmhawG qGJwwfw,f/
ta&mifaygif;pyfrIr Smawmh dk;atmh[m q&mwpfqly J/ ta&mifawGukd pkHaeatmif
a&marT NyD; qGJwwf w,f/ obm0a&mifudkawmh vHk;0 roH k;bl;/
rdef;rwpfa,muf &JU rsufESm rSm tpdr f;awG? tjymawG xnfhNyD;
qGJwwfw,f/ dk;atmh[m qDaq;wGifru a&aq;? txltyg;? ta&mif
ausmufyHk ESdyf (Lithograph) eJY za,mif; (Pastel) awGukdvnf; us,fu s,f jyefYjyefY
oHk;pGJc Jhw,f/
dk;atmh&JU ta&mif awGrS m teufa&mif t&ifhawG trsm;BuD;awGY&w,f/
'Dta&mifawG udk aygif;pyfNyD ; Atmosphere ac:wJh ]0ef;usif[ef}ukd wif jyzdkY
BuKd;pm;cJhw ,f/ tcsdeftcgeJY ywf0ef;usifu kd ta&mifouf oufeJY yJ wifjycJhw m[m
aemufykd if; Surrealism qm&D&,fvpfZif;uk d tultaxmuf trsm;BuD ;ay;w,f/
dk;atmh[m uAsmorm;wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfw,f/
wpfyk'f[ m olU&J U t,ltq wpfykdif;wpfpuk d azmfjyygvdrhfr ,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
olU&JU
uAsm
110
Typing
Inc ubuz
111
Typing
Inc ubuz
112
Typing
Inc ubuz
113
Inc ubuz
114
tdyfrufxJrS mvdkvd k jzpfaew,f/ rGe fYcsf &JU yef;csD[ m ted|mHkoabm rsKd; ukd
pdwfxJrS m wkefvIy fcHpm;vmatmif wifjywJ h oabmyJ/
Inc ubuz
115
ol[m
*Dworm;eJ U
jyZmwfp ma&;orm;
Inc ubuz
116
Inc ubuz
117
Typing
Inc ubuz
118
Typing
Inc ubuz
119
Typing
Inc ubuz
120
Inc ubuz
121
Typing
Inc ubuz
122
Inc ubuz
123
Inc ubuz
(Braque)wkdYygyJ/
124
Typing
Inc ubuz
125
Typing
Inc ubuz
126
Inc ubuz
127
Typing
Inc ubuz
128
Typing
Inc ubuz
129
'Dae&mrSm b&uf eJY yDu mqdkwdk Y&JU ]r,f'vif eJY aumifrav;} qdkw Jh
yef;csDu m;ESp fcsyfu kd wifjyvd kufygw,f/ yef;csDE SpfcsyfpvHk ;[m pHjy wpfckxJ u kd
MunfhqGJ cJhwm jzpfayr,f h yef;csDorm;&J U todPfeJY tawGY tBuHK jcm;em;rI aMumifh
usLApfZif ;csif ; wlayr,fh tajccHrSm tawmf jcm;em;wm awGY& w,f/ yDumqdk&J U
yef;csD rSm tvif;tarSmifu kd tajccHNyD ; cGJ jcrf ; cJhw,f/ b&uf[m aumufaMumif; eJY
a&mifjyifoabmukd tom;ay;NyD; qG JcJhw m jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd tjrif jcm;em;rI e JY
tawGUtBuHKt& wifjyrI rwlnDvdkY yef ;csDum;awG&J U qGJaqmiftm;[m
jcm;em;vmw,f/ 'D ae&mrSm usaemfwdkY em;vnf xm;zk dYu yef ;csDorm;wpfa ,muf&J U
t&nftaoG;ay:rSm wnf NyD; yef;csDum;wpfcsyf [m ykd NyD; tm;aumif ;vmEk difw,f/
'g[mvnf; yef;csDorm;&JU tEkynmt&nftaoG;eJY tawGYtBuHKay:rS m wnfw,f/
usaemfwkd UView masterqdkw Jh uav;awG MunfhwJh tkyfum; awGrSm
jzpfjzpf? yx0D0ifb momrSm aumif; uifu dkufwJh ajryHkw pfckud k MunfhwJ htcgrSm
jzpfjzpf MunfhwJ htcgrSm j'yfom;awG[m rsufjriftwdki f; xkoH k;zuf Three
Dimension &Sd wmudk awG Y&w,f/ 'Dvdk jzpfaerI[m usLApfZif; &JU tajccHyJ/
aqZef;&J U &nf&G,f csuf tqHk;owfy kdif;[mvnf; 'gyJ/
'Dvdk Munfhz kdU dkufwJh Camera [m ESpfv Hk; &Sdw,f/ rsufpdwpfvHk; twGu f
wpfckeJY tjcm;rsuf pdwpfv Hk;twGuf wpfck/ uifr&m ESpfvH k;[m rsufp dwpfvH k;pD&J U
taetxm;twkdif; dkufwJhtcg rsufpdwpfvHk;pDu jrif &wJh tjrif rsKd;udk &vmr,f/
'DtjrifE Spfcku kd a&myl;NyD; rsufp dESpfv Hk;eJY MunfhwJ htcg rsufpdwpfvHk;pD[m
olUtjrif eJYol xyfw ljrif&wmrdkY 'Dtjrif[m obm0 usus jzpfvmw,f/
obm0rSm jrif&ovdk xkoHk;zuf oabmawG jrifvm&w,f/
'Doabmukd usLApfZif ;u tav;teuf xm;cJhw,f/ usLApfZif;&J U
&nf&G,fc sufuvnf; rsuf pdwpfv Hk;pDu jrif&wJ h tjrifESp fckudk yl;aygif;NyD;
wpfNyd Kifeuf MunfhEk difzd kYyJ/ xkoHk;zufudk qGJE kdifz dkYyJ/
Typing
Inc ubuz
130
Typing
Inc ubuz
131
Typing
Inc ubuz
132
Typing
Inc ubuz
133
Typing
Inc ubuz
134
Typing
Inc ubuz
135
'DtcgrSm
yef;csD[m
wkd;wufvmwmeJYtrQ
tdk;om;qHk; yHkpHu kd
a&mufvmw,f/ yef;csDorm;&J U ynmjy? pGrf;&nfjy yHkp HuaeNyD; tvStyukd
zGJYpnf; rItjzpfeJU tdk;om;qH k; yHkoPmefu dk a&mufv mw,f/
'DtcgrSm vG,foa,mif eJY cufwJh tqpftykdif;awG &Sdvmw,f/
nHhoa,mif eJY aumif;wmawG? aumif;oa,mifeJY nHhwmawG/ 'gawGukd yef;csD&J U
jyemtjzpf awGUvm&w,f/ bmyJ jzpf jzpf jynfo lawGu tqHk; tjzwf
ay;oGm;wmyJ/ yef;csDu m;aumif;wpf csyfeJ U tnHhpm;wpfck[m w'*F rS mom
qifwlEkd ifNyD; a&&SnfrS m ,SOfNyd KifE kdifp Grf; b,fvdkr S&Sdr Sm r[kwfygbl;/ yef;csDu m;
aumif;awGu kd orkdi f;u a&G;xkw fNyD ; jywdku fBuD;awGrSm tyfE SHcJh wmygyJ/
yef;csD &JU wd k;wufr I[m t&Sde fBuD;vGef;wJhtwGuf usaemfwkd Y acwf& JU ur m h
yef;csD[ m xkdifae&pfolawGudk ausmuf acwf&J U tpykdif;avmuf ukd ykd Uypfvd kufw,f/
'gawGukdawmh wcsKd Uu rodvkduf Mubl;/ ]teDa&mif tpuf} uav; wpfpufu kd
tm;aumif;atmif xdef; xm;Ek difwJh pGrf; &nf&Sd &ifvnf ; 'guav;[myJ yef; csDaumif;
wpfcsyf jzpf vmrSm yJ/ rsOf;aMumif; wpfaMumif;ud k tm;aumif;atmif zGJ Upnf; jyEkd i f
&ifvnf; 'g[m yef; csDum;aumif; wpfcsyf jzpfrS myJ/
usaemf wifjycJhNyD;jzpfwJh yef; csDtEkynm&JU
usaemfwdk Uacwf rSm ydk NyD; xifx if&S m;&Sm ; awGU&Edkifw,f/
a,bk,svuPm[m
yef;csD[ m obm0ukd ukef Murf ;tjzpf toHk ;jyKNyD; aemuf vl&JU puKtmHk
uae wpfqifh vl&J U pdwZukd EId;qGzdkY abmifcwfx m;wJh rsufE Smjyif wpfcka y:rSm
zefwD;xm;wJh 0dZm ynm&yfyJ/
'gudk usaemfwkdYu xyfz efwvJv J pOf;pm;NyD; ESvH k;onf;yGwfxJr Sm
epfaeatmif rSwfx m;&if t&m&m[m acwf&J UoabmeJ Yvkdufa vsm nDaxG
jzpfay:vmrSmyJ/
Typing
Inc ubuz
136
usaemfwdk Uacwf yef ;csD[ m 'DvuPmukd trdt& zrf;qkyf NyD; wpf& Sdefx dk;
csDwufcJh w,f/ zrf;qkyfrdv mwJhtcgrSm 'DvuPm&JU t"duusrI enf;emtwkd if;
zefwD;Muw,f/ 'gukd em;rvnfEkdif MuolawG[mawmh ausmufacwf& JU tpykdif;rSm
rsufpdoi,feJY xkdi fusef& pfcJh awmhwmyJ/
usaemfwdk Y[m 20 &mpkrS m arG;zGm;vmwm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh 20 &mpk&J U
dkufcwfrIt& usaemfwdk U[m 20 &mpk&JU todPfeJY a0zefr I awG &Sdw,f/
'gaMumifh yef;csDorm;[m 20 &mpk yDo wJh wif jyrI rsKd; ukd zefwD;&rSmyJ/
acwfwpfacwf&JU tjrifu kd tJ'Dacwf&J U zefw D;rIe JY wif jyzdk Y qdkw m[m
tEkynm&yfw kdif; &JU rvGJ raoG xrf;aqmif& r,fh wm0efyJvdk Y usaemf ,lqw,f/
qif,ifxHk ;zGJY rIrSm Munfh/
uaeY acwfrSm qHyifwpfxG mavmuf eJY xbDudk Bud K;uspf NyD; 0wf Muw,f/
'g[m acwf&JU okyfyJ/ acwfwpfacwf& JU awmif ;qdkr It& jzpfvmwJh
tvStyzefwD;rI yHkpHtopf yJ/ acwfwpfacwf&J U tjrifud k tJ'Dacwf& JU yHk pHeJY xyfw l
xyfrQ wifjywmyJ/
'gayr,fh xkd ifrodr f;tuseJY AvmxbDud k 0wf NyD; 20 &mpk&J U
0wfpm;qif,ifr Iudk vm,S Of&if 'g[m usaemfwdk Yacwf& JU okyfouef r[kwfbl;/
xkdifrod rf;eJY AvmxbD[ m rEav; &wemyHkacwfrSm uk efqHk; oGm;NyD/ 'g[m
&mZ0if&J U okyfouef oufoufyJ/ uaeUacwf eJY vdkufavsm nDaxG rI &Sd&r,f/
raeYu tEkynmrsKd ;eJY twlwl ,SOfvkdY r&bl;/ raeYwkef; uvnf; 'gyJ?
uaeYvnf; 'gyJ? reuf jzefvnf; 'gyJ qdk&ifawmh 'g[m &yfaewmyJ/ wkd;wuf r I
r&SdwJhtaMumif;t&mwpfck yJ/ wkd;wufrIr&SdwJh taMumif;t&mawGudk orkdi f;u
vHk;0vufr cHbl;/ orkdi f;rSm &S daewJh ypn f;wkd if;[m wkd; wufrItNrJ&Sda e&r,f/
orkdif;qdkwJh
tpDtpOfwpfck yJ/
Typing
Inc ubuz
a0g[m&udk, fwkdif
tNrJ
puefY rvyf
wkd;wufaewJh
137
Inc ubuz
138
Inc ubuz
139
Inc ubuz
140
Draft Age1965
Jimmy&J U Age
of
Draft
Inc ubuz
141
Typing
Inc ubuz
142
ykHESdy ftwwf?
vuform;twwfawGeJY
a&maygif;xm;wJh
yef; csD
awGrSmvnf ; a&mifjyifyef;csDawG[m vTrf;rdk;aewmudk awGY&w,f/ usaemfw kdY
acwfukd a&mifjyifacwf vdkY ac:&rvm; rodbl;/ Oa&myeJY wkd;wufw Jh Ekdif i H
awmfawmfr sm;rsm;rS m a&mifjyifenf ;[m odyfus,fu s,fjyefYjyefY xGef;um; aewm
awGY&w,f/ e,l;a,mufrS m a&mif jyif awGukd oufouf jyxm;wJh yef;csDjywd ku f
wpfck &Sdw,f/ tJ'Djywdkufx J 0ifoGm ;wJhvl[ m tpuftajymuf awG? teDa&mif
t0kdif;BudK;? tjyma&mifav;axmifh eJY aygif; pyfxm;wJh ta&miftrsKd; rsKd;u vGJNyD;
bmrS jrif &rSm r[kw fbl;/
'Dvdk a&mif jyif yef;csDum;awG[m Oa&myrSmomru tm&Swdkuf rSmyg
us,fus,fjyefY jyefY xGef;um;aew,f/ *syef? tdEd,? zdvpf ykdif ? rav;&Sm; pwJh
EkdifiH rsm;rSm a&mif jyif yef;csDenf;awG[m yHkES dyf yHkul; ynm (Graphic Arts)awGe JY
twl wpf&Sdefxk d; csDwufaew,f/
'Dvdk a&mifjyifyef;csDu m;awG[m wpfur mvHk; rSm tESH Ytjym; xGef;um;aeNyD
jzpfw,f/ opfom; yHkES dyftwwfeJ U (teuf? tjzL) ESpfa&mif aygif; zGJYpnf;rItwGu f
zdvpfykd ifu dk*dkzdkqmrdkaw (Rogolfo Samonte)&JU oufNid rfyifv,f (Sea of
Tranquility) qdkwJh yef;csDum;ud k wifjyvd kuf ygw,f/ teufa&mif? tjzLa&mif u kd
Mum;u rD;cdk;a&mifcH NyD; aoaooyfoyf zGJ Upnf ;xm;wJ h yef;csD um;wpf csyfygyJ/
'gawG[m usaemfwdkYacwf&J U okyfvnf; jzpfw,f/ usaemf wdkY acwf&J U
&eHYrsm;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk yH kESdy f yHkul ; twwf[m usaemfwk dU jrefr mjynf rSm r&Sdo avmuf
jzpfaewm? wefzdk; rxm;Muwm 0rf ;enf; pzG,f awGU&ygw,f/ 'geJY ywfoufv dkY
yHkESdy f yHkul; twwf&J U enf;emwcsKd Uukd usaemf wifjy csifygw,f/
yHkESdy f yHkul; twwfudk oHk ;ykdi f; cGJxm;ygw,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
143
1/ kyf<uyHkE Sdyf
(Relief)
2/ tcsKdihfxGif;
(Intaglio)
3/ rsufESmjyif
(Surface)
1/ kyf<uyHkE Sdyf
(Relief Engraving)
jzpfygw,f/
trsm; toHk;jyKaewJh kyf <uyH kESdy fawGuawmh opfxG if;yef;csDe JY opf yHkEdS y f
yef;csDawG jzpf ygw,f/
opfom;wHk ; wpfwHk;uk d rifokwfNyD; puLay:rS m zdESdy fvkduf& if
av;axmifhoPmefwpfc kukd ESd yfrdr ,f/ 'gayr,fh opfo m;ay:rSm tcsKdihfawG?
rsOf;awG xG if;NyD; ES dyfwJhtcgrS m 'DtcsKdihfawG ? rsOf ;awG[m rifraywmrdk Y puLay:rSm
tjzLa&miftuGufawG ? rsOf;awG xifusefa pr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh opfxGif; yef; csD
wpfckudk vkyfwJ htcg teufa&mifx ifapvk dwJh tyk di;f awG ukd csefNyD; opfo m;wHk; ukd
vSD;ypfz dkYyJ/ ta&mifopfx Gif; twGufu awmh ta&mif wpf ckpDtwGuf twHk;
wpfwHk;pDukd toHk;jyKNyD; yHkES dyf&rSm jzpfw,f/
(Intaglio Engraving)
Inc ubuz
144
(Surface Engraving)
'Denf;uawmh nDnmwJh rsufES mjyifwpf ckuaeNyD; yHkE Sdyfw Jhenf; yJ jzpf w,f/
Typing
Inc ubuz
145
(Silk-Screen Print)
Inc ubuz
146
Inc ubuz
147
Typing
Inc ubuz
148
Typing
Inc ubuz
149
Typing
Inc ubuz
150
Typing
Inc ubuz
151
pdwf"mwfyJqd kwm
Typing
Inc ubuz
152
Inc ubuz
153
ESpfNcdKufv mr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm yef;csDa vmu&J U wdk;wuf rIt&dSe f[m rSef uefvmrSmygyJ/
yef;csDo rm;awG [mvnf; olwdk Y pdwfrSm qmavmifvmwmudk zefwD; Ekdif rSmygyJ/
yef;csD &JU abmif[mvnf; vGw fvyfus,fjyefYvmrSmygyJ/
cif0 rf;
1970? 'DZ ifbm
Typing
Inc ubuz
154