Vector Surge Relay
Vector Surge Relay
Vector Surge Relay
Contents
1.
5.2.1 5.2.2
Parameter setting of vector surge supervision Voltage threshold for vector surge measuring Adjustment of the slave address Indication of measuring values Min./Max.- values Reset
2.
3.
Design
5.3 5.3.1
Analog input circuits Output relays Blocking input Reset input Display Front plate LEDs
5.4
Power-On Testing the output relays and LEDs Checking the set values Secondary injection test Test equipment Checking the vector surge function Checking the external blocking and reset functions Primary injection test Maintenance
4.
Working principle
6.4.1 6.4.2
Analog circuits Digital circuits Selection of star or delta connection Vector surge supervision Measuring principle of vector surge supervision Voltage threshold for vector surge measuring Blocking function
7.
Technical data
5.
Order form
Very dangerous are mains auto reclosings for synchronous generators. The mains voltage returning after 300 ms can hit the generator in asynchronous mode.
A very fast decoupling is also necessary in case of long lasting mains failures.
3. Design
3.1 Connections
External Blocking Input Reset
L1
L2
L3
L+/L L-/N C9 E9
D9
C8
D8
E8
Power Supply
~
Trip
D1 C1 E1 D2 C2
A3 A4
DQ
Alarm
E2 D4 C4 E4
A5 A6
DQ>
SELECT/ RESET
A7 A8 DQ
Selfsupervision Alarm
D7 C7 E7
Fig.3.1: Connection diagram MRG2 finally fed to the analog digital converter. The measuring circuits can be connected to the relay in Y or D connection.
L1 L2 L3
A3
Tripping C1, D1, E1 and C2, D2, E2 Indication of vector surge alarm C4, D4, E4 Indication self supervision (internal fault of the unit) C7, D7, E7 All trip and alarm relays are normally-off relays, the relay for self supervision is a normally-on relay.
A8
3.2 Display
Function Normal operation Measured operating values Display shows CSPC Actual measured value U, f, fmin, fmax , min, max Y / DELT 1Ph/3Ph Setting value in degree EXIT Pressed pushbutton <SELECT/RESET> one time for each value Corresponding LED , L1, L2, L3, f, min, max
Y/-connection 1-of-3/3-of-3 vector surge tripping threshold for vector surge Blocking Voltage threshold for vector surge measuring Slave address of serial interface Vector surge angle at tripping Save parameter? Save parameter! Software version Manual trip Inquire password Relay tripped Secret password input System reset
<+> until max. setting value <-> until min. setting value Setting value in volt <SELECT/RESET><+><-> 1 - 32 <SELECT/RESET><+><-> Tripping value in <SELECT/RESET><+><-> degree SAV? <ENTER> SAV! <ENTER> for about 3 s <TRIP> one time for each part TRI? <TRIP> three times PSW? <SELECT/RESET>/ <+>/<->/<ENTER> TRIP <TRIP> or fault tripping XXXX <SELECT/RESET>/ <+>/<->/<ENTER> CSPC <SELECT/RESET> for about 3 s
3.4 LEDs
All LEDs (except LED RS, min and max) are twocoloured. The LEDs on the left side, next to the alphanumerical display light up green during measuring and red after tripping.
L1 L2
L3
DQ min max RS
SELECT/RESET
+
ENTER
The LEDs below the push button <SELECT/RESET> light up green during setting and inquiry procedure of the setting values which are printed on the left side next to the LEDs.
D/Y
1/3
DQ
UB
TRIP
The LED marked with letters RS lights up during setting of the slave address of the device for serial data communication.
MRG2
A8
Fig. 4.1: Input v.t.s in delta connection ( ) Sec. winding of mains V.T.
a A3
U12 A4 b A5
U2 A6 c A7
U3 A8
Whereas the MRG2 detects mains failures within 60 ms without the restrictions above because they are specially designed for applications where very fast decoupling from the mains is required.
a)
Only mains parallel operation no single operation: In this application the vector surge supervision protects the generator by tripping the generator circuit breaker in case of mains failure.
Adding the operating time of a circuit breaker or contactor, the total disconnection time remains below 150 ms. Basic requirement for tripping of the generator/ mains monitor is a change in load of more than 15-20 % of the rated load. Slow changes of the system frequency, for instance at regulating processes (adjustment of speed regulator) do not cause the relay to trip.
b)
Mains parallel operation and single operation: For this application the vector surge supervision trips the mains circuit breaker. Here it is insured that the gen.-set is not blocked when it is required as the emergency set.
Trippings can also be caused by short-circuits within, the grid, because a voltage vector surge higher than the preset value can occur. The magnitude of the voltage vector surge depends on the distance between the shortcircuit and the generator. This function is also of advantage to the Power Utility Company because the mains short-circuit capacity and consequently the energy feeding the short-circuit is limited.
A very fast decoupling in case of mains failures for synchronous generators is known as very difficult. Voltage supervision units cannot be used because the synchronous alternator as well as the consumer impedance support the decreasing voltage.
To prevent a possible false tripping the vector surge measuring can be blocked at a set low input voltage (refer to 5.2.2).
For this the mains voltage drops only after some 100 ms below the pickup threshold of voltage supervision relays and therefore a safe detection of mains auto reclosings is not possible with this kind of relay.
Vector surge tripping is blocked by a phase loss so that a VT fault (e.g. faulty VTs fuse) does not cause false tripping.
When switching on the aux. voltage or measuring voltage , the vector surge supervision is blocked for 5 s (refer to chapter 4.5).
Frequency relays are partial unsuitable because only a highly loaded generator decreases its speed within 100 ms. Current relays detect a fault only when shortcircuit type currents exist, but cannot avoid their development. Power relays are able to pickup within 200 ms, but they too cannot prevent power to rise to short-circuit values. Since power changes are also caused by sudden loaded alternators, the use of power relays can be problematic.
Note: In order to avoid any adverse interference voltage effects, for instance from contactors or relays, which may cause overfunctions, MRG2 should be connected separately to the busbar.
When a synchronous generator is loaded, a rotor displacement angle is build between the terminal voltage (mains voltage U1) and the synchronous internal voltage (Up). Therefore a voltage unit difference U is built between Up and U1 (Fig. 4.1).
DU = I1 jXd I1 I2
UP
U1
Mains
U1
Mains
Fig. 4.1: Equivalent circuit at synchronous generator in parallel with the mains
In case of mains failure or auto reclosing the generator suddenly feeds a very high consumer load. The rotor displacement angle is decreased repeatedly and the voltage vector U1 change its direction (U1) (Fig. 4.3 and 4.4).
UP DU = I1 . jXd
U1
UP
U1 . jXd DU = I1
U1
Generator
Load
DJ
Fig. 4.2: Voltage vectors at mains parallel operation The rotor displacement angle J between stator and rotor is depending of the mechanical moving torque of the generator shaft. The mechanical shaft power is balanced with the electrical feeded mains power, and therefore the synchronous speed keeps constant (Fig. 4.2).
Trip
Dt = DQ
As shown in the voltage/time diagram the instantaneous value of the voltage jumps to another value and the phase position changes. This is named phase or vector surge.
Tripping of the vector surge is blocked in case of loss of one or more phases of the measuring voltage.
Tripping logic for vector surge measurement: The MRG2 measures the cycle duration. A new measuring is started at each voltage zero passage. The measured cycle duration is internally compared with a quartz stable reference time and from this the deviation of the cycle duration of the voltage signal is ascertained. In case of a vector surge as shown in fig. 4.5, the zero passage occurs either earlier or later. The established deviation of the cycle duration is in compliance with the vector surge angle. If the vector surge angle exceeds the set value, the relay trips immediately.
The vector surge function of the MRG2 supervises vector surges in all three phases at the same time. Tripping of the relay can be adjusted for an one phase vector surge (more sensitive measurement). For this the parameter 1/ 3 has to be set to 1Ph. When the parameter 1/3 is set to 3Ph, tripping of the vector surge element occurs only if the vector surge angle exceeds the set value in all three phases at the same time.
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Application hint
Although the vector surge relay guarantees very fast and reliable detection of mains failures under nearly all operational conditions of mains parallel running alternators, the following borderline cases have to be considered accordingly:
For detecting high resistance mains failures a minimum current relay with an adjustable trip delay can be used. A trip delay is needed to allow regulating actions where the current may reach zero at the utility connection point. At high resistance mains failures, the mains coupling C.B. is tripped by the minimum current relay after the time delay.
a) None or only insignificant change of power flow at the utility connection point during mains failures.
To prevent asynchronous switching on, an automatic reclosing of the public grid should be not possible during this time delay.
This can occur during peak lopping operation or in CHP stations (Combined Heat and Power) where the power flow between power station and the public grid may be very low. For detection of a vector surge at parallel running alternators, the load change must be at least 15 - 20 % of the rated power. If the active load at the utility connection point is regulated to a minimal value and a high resistance mains failure occurs, then there are no vector surge nor power and frequency changes and the mains failure is not detected.
A further measure could be, that the load regulation at the utility connection point guarantees a minimum power flow of 15 - 20 % of rated power.
This can only happen if the public grid is disconnected near the power station and so the alternators are not additionally loaded by any consumers. At distant mains failures the synchronous alternators are abruptly loaded by remaining consumers which leads directly to a vector surge and so mains failure detection is guaranteed.
At any distant mains failure, the remaining consumers cause sudden short circuit type loading of the power station generators. The vector surge relay detects the mains failure in about 60 ms and switches off the mains coupling C.B. The total switch off time is about 100 - 150 ms. If the generators are provided with an extremely fast short circuit protection e.g. able to detect di/dt, the alternators might be switched off unselectively by the generator C.B., which is not desireable because the power supply for the station is endangered and later on synchronized changeover to the mains is only possible after manual reset of the overcurrent protection.
In case of an undetected mains failure, i.e. with the mains coupling C.B. closed, the vector surge relay reacts upon the first load change causing a vector surge and trips the mains C.B.
To avoid such a situation, the alternator C.B.s must have a delayed short circuit protection. The time delay must be long enough so that mains decoupling by the vector surge relay is guaranteed.
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4.5
At low measuring voltages, e.g. during generator startup, vector surge measuring is perhaps not desired. By means of the adjustable voltage threshold UB is blocked if the measured voltage falls below the set value.
The following parameters can be set by the user himself: Y/ 1/3 UB RS Star/Delta change-over of the input transformer Vector surge tripping 1-of-3/3-of-3 Pickup value for vector surge in degree voltage threshold for frequency and vector surge measuring (or df/dt) Slave address of the serial interface
blocked for 5 seconds blocked for 5 seconds blocked for 5 seconds blocked
blocked
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The vector surge function of this device can be checked as follows: a) Generator in insulated operation: Switching off and on of loads (approx. 20 % of the nominal generator capacity) must trip the relay. Later in normal insulated operation the tripping of the relay is inhibited. In mains parallel operation switching on and switching off of consumers loads and controlling the governor of the prime mover should not trip the relay.
b)
If possible the test described under a) and b) should be double checked by a real auto reclosing. Threshold for the vector surge supervision When the pickup value of the vector surge supervision is set, a value in angular degree is indicated at the display. The pickup value requested can be adjusted by pushbuttons <+> and <-> in the range of 2 to 22. LED lights up red during this procedure.
5.4 Reset
All relays have the following three possibilities to reset the display of the unit as well as the output relay at jumper position J3=ON. Manual Reset Pressing the push button <SELECT/RESET> for some time (about 3 s) Electrical Reset Through applying auxiliary voltage to C8/D8 Software Reset The software reset has the same effect as the <SELECT/RESET> push button The display can only be reset when the pickup is not present anymore (otherwise TRIP remains in display). During resetting of the display the parameters are not affected.
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the auxiliary power supply rating corresponds to the auxiliary voltage on site. the rated frequency and rated voltage of the relay correspond to the plant data on site. the voltage transformer circuits are connected to the relay correctly. all signal circuits and output relay circuits are connected correctly.
part of the software version of the relay. By pressing the push button <TRIP> twice, the display shows the second part of the software version of the relay. The software version should be quoted in all correspondence. Pressing the <TRIP> button once more, the display shows PSW?. Please enter the correct password to proceed with the test. The message TRI? will follow. Confirm this message by pressing the push button <TRIP> again. All output relays and LEDs should then be activated and the self supervision alarm relay (watchdog) be deenergized one after another with a time interval of 3 seconds. Thereafter, reset all output relays back to their normal positions by pressing the push button <SELECT/RESET>.
6.1 Power-On
NOTE! Prior to switch on the auxiliary power supply, be sure that the auxiliary supply voltage corresponds to the rated data on the type plate. Switch on the auxiliary power supply to the relay and check that the message CSPC appears on the display and the self supervision alarm relay (watchdog) is energized (Contact terminals D7 and E7 closed).
Timer to measure the operating time Switching device Test leads and tools
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Voltage Supply
External Reset
Blocking Input
L+/L L-/N C9 E9
R0 L1 R C 2 S1 T
D9
L+/L C8
L-/N D8
L+/L E8
MRG2
A3 A4 A5 A6 U2E U1E
~ ~ ~
L2 1 L3 V N 3
A7 A8 U3E
DQ Trip Signal D1 C1 E1 D2 C2 E2 D4 C4 E4 D5 C5 E5 D6 C6 E6 D7 C7 E7
DQAlarm
1. Variable voltage source with frequency regulation 2. Switching device 3. Voltmeter 4. Relay under test
Selfsupervision
Serial Interface 4
N G P N G P
Fig. 6.1: Test circuit for the vector surge function Usually the voltage source impedance R0 is negligible, hence R0 may be assumed zero. Thus, with a constant C, says 3 F (400 V AC), the value of R may be calculated using the following simplified formula: = 90 - arctg Note! Using the above test circuit with single-phase vector surge, the resulting measured angle is about half the value of calculated for a 3-phase vector surge. To make tripping possible during a one phase test procedure, the vector surge tripping has to be set to 1Ph.
The phase angle obtained may be calculated with the following formula and is almost independent on the test voltages. In case of a 3-phase vector surge, the angle can be calculated with the following formula if the parame- ters R0 , R and C are known: = arctg
1 R..C
1 R0..C
- arctg
1 (R0+R)..C
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6.6 Maintenance
Maintenance testing is generally done on site at regular intervals. These intervals vary among users depending on many factors: e.g. the type of protective relays employed; the importance of the primary equipment being protected; the users past experience with the relay, etc.
Remove the auxiliary supply voltage from the blocking input. Apply test voltages to trip the relay (message TRIP on the display). Apply auxiliary supply voltage to the external reset input of the relay (terminals C8/D8). The display and LED indications should be reset immediately.
For electromechanical or static relays, maintenance testing will be performed at least once a year according to the experiences. For digital relays like MRG2, this interval can be substantially longer. This is because:
the MRG2 relays are equipped with very wide selfsupervision functions, so that many faults in the relay can be detected and signalised during service. Important: The self-supervision output relay must be connected to a central alarm panel! the combined measuring functions of MRG2 relays enable supervision the relay functions during service. the combined TRIP test function of the MRG2 relay allows to test the relay output circuits.
Because of its powerful combined indicating and measuring functions, the MRG2 relay may be tested in the manner of a primary injection test without extra expenditure and time consumption.
During a maintenance test, the relay functions including the operating values and relay tripping times should be tested.
In actual service, for example, the measured voltage and frequency values on the MRG2 relay display may be compared phase by phase with the concerned indications of the instruments of the switchboard to verify that the relay works and measures correctly.
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17
8. Order form
MRG2 1 2 4 L H R A D
Auxiliary voltage
18
Function Y/ 1/3 UB< RS Selection of star or delta connection Vector surge tripping logic Vector surge tripping voltage theshold for vector surge measuring Slave address of serial interface
Unit
Default settings Y 1 PH
Actual settings
2.0 10/23/40* 1
* Depends upon rated voltage. Setting of code jumpers Code jumper J1 Default setting Plugged Not plugged X X X Actual setting J2 Default setting Actual setting Default setting J3 Actual setting
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