Dissertation On Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)

RURAL AGRICULTURAL
AGRICULTURAL WORK
EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME
By
Abdusalam Alangadan
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement of RAWE Programme for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Faculty of Agriculture
Kerala Agricultural University
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE
KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR- 680656
2008
1
Dedicated to my
Beloved parents and to
The Lord Almighty
2
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report is a bonafide record of Rural Agricultural

Work Experience (RAWE) Programme undergone by me during the eighth
semester, from 07/07/2008 to 03/11/2008 of B.Sc. Agriculture course at College of
Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University.
Vellanikkara
03/11/2008 Abdusalam Alangadan
3
Kerala Agricultural University

Vellanikkara, Thrissur – 680656
College of Horticulture
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this dissertation is a bonafide record of Abdusalam Alangadan

submitted as part of the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) programme.
He has successfully completed the programme under the guidance and supervision of
our faculty, conducted from 07/07/2008 to 03/11/2008with the following modules:
• Orientation to RAWE
• Watershed Development Analysis & Farm Planning
• Agribusiness and Entrepreneurship Development Programme
• Krishi Bhavan Training
• Regional Agricultural Research Station and Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Training
• Non- Governmental Organization Training
• Agro clinic
• Village Stay Programme
His conduct during the training was good. I wish him all the best for her future
endeavors.
Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Dr. Jiju P. Alex

Associate Dean Course teacher and Coordinator
Dr. F. M. H. Khaleel,
RAWE General Convener
Vellanikkara
03/11/2008
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others.
- Cicero (106 - 43 BC)
First &foremost I humbly bow my head before the Almighty for the unmerited
blessings though various hands. I submit this small venture before God with full
satisfaction& pleasure from my heart.
It is with great respect and devotion I place on record my deep sense of

gratitude and indebtedness to my course co-coordinator Dr. Jiju P. Alex Associate
Professor, Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for his sustained and
valuable guidance, constructive suggestions, unfailing patience, friendly approach,
constant support and encouragement during the conduct of this course.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. P.K Rajeevan, Associate Dean, for his unbounded
support, valuable suggestions and wholehearted co-operation towards the
satisfactory fulfillment of this endeavor.
I place a deep sense of obligation to Dr. F.M.H Khaleel, Professor and Head,
Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for the help and co-operation
received from him during the entire programme. He in spite of a busy schedule has
offered constructive suggestions for the betterment of this course.
I am extremely delighted to place on record my profound sense of gratitude to

Dr. P. Ahamed, Professor, Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for his
unstinted support, critical comments and valuable suggestions all throughout the
course.
I consider it as my privilege to express my deep-felt gratitude to Dr. Jayasree

Krishnankutty Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension,Dr. P
Prameela, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Dr.Jessy Thomas, Professor,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Dr. Satheesh Babu Professor Department of
Agricultural Economics,Dr.Sosamma Jacob Professor Department of Agricultural
Entomology Dr. Jim Thomas, Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology
and Dr.Sally K Mathew Professor and Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Dr.T.J
Rahmathu Niza Professor, Department of Plant Pathology,Dr.Indira V Professor,
5
Department of Home science, College of Horticulture for kindly providing facilities

and timely help at various modules of our course.
My sincere thanks to all teachers in the Department of Agricultural

Entomology and Department of Plant Pathology for the valuable help and advice
rendered during the Agro clinic Module. With deep respect I express my heartfelt
gratitude and unforgettable indebtedness to all professors of various departments for
providing all the facilities and support during our various modules as well as during
the exhibition conducted as a part our village stay.
It’s my pleasant privilege to acknowledge the services rendered and

wholehearted co-operation from eminent agriculture officers, faculty of various
research stations and NGO’s, aspiring entrepreneur and farming community.
On a personal account I would like to pour out my heartfelt thanks to all my

friends as well as my juniors for their unbridled help and stupendous support.
I am in dearth of words to express my love towards my beloved parents for all

their boundless affection, moral support, eternal love, deep concern, prayers and
personal sacrifices which sustains peace in my life.
Above all I humbly bow my head before God Almighty who blessed me with
will power and courage to complete this endeavor
Abdusalam Alangadan
6
SPECIAL THANKS
I express my sincere gratitude to the following teachers of the Kerala

Agricultural University for their contribution to the RAWE programme in various
capacities
Dr. P.K. Rajeevan, Professor, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture
Dr. F. M. H. Khalil (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Extension)
Dr. E K Thomas (HOD, Dept.of Agrl Economics)
Dr. C. T. Abraham (HOD, Dept. of Agronomy)
Dr. Sosamma Jacob (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology)
Dr. Sally K. Mathew (HOD, Dept. of Plant Pathology)
Dr. K.A. Mariam (HOD, Dept. of Soil science & Agricultural Chemistry)
Dr. V.V. Radhakrishnan (HOD, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics)
Dr. E.V. Nybe (HOD, Dept. of Plantation Crops & Spices)
Dr. T.E. George (HOD, Dept. of Olericulture)
Dr. K.P. Visalakshi( HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Engineering)
Dr. V. Usha (HOD, Dept. of Homescience)
Dr. Jacob John (HOD, Dept. of Processing Technology)
Dr. G.S.L.H.V. Prasada Rao (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Meteorology)
Dr. P.K. Valsalakumari (HOD, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture)
Dr. P.A. Nazeem (HOD, Dept. of Biotechnology)
Dr. K. Satheeshbabu, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics
Dr. Jim Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology
Dr. P.R. Suresh, Associate Professor, Dept. of SS & AC
Dr. Sheela Paul, Professor, Dept.of Plant Pathology
Dr. C. George Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agronomy
Dr. Jiji Joseph, Associate Professor, Dept. Plant Breeding & Genetics
Dr. B. Pushpalatha, Professor, Dept.of Processing Technology
Dr. S. Beena, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology
Dr. E.Estelita, Professor, Communication Centre, Mannuthy
Dr. Meera V. Menon, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agronomy
Dr. Rosemary Francis, Associate Professor, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics
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Dr. Sobhana, Professor, Dept.of Pomology & Floriculture

Dr. A. Prema, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics
Dr. Jessy Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics
Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Extension
Dr. P. Prameela, Dept. of Agronomy
Dr. K. B.Sheela, Professor, Dept.of Processing Technology
Dr. Sarah T. George, Professor, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture
Dr. Koshy Abraham, Professor& Head, KVK, Thrissur
Dr. M.V.R. Pillai, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology
Dr. V. Indira, Professor, Dept. of Homescience
Dr. Sabin George, KVK, Thrissur
Dr. Deepa G. Menon, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Poultry Science, CoVAS
Dr. Oomman, Professor, Dept. of Meat Technology
Dr. Raghavan, Professor, Dept of Animal Breeding & Genetics, CoVAS
Dr. Mani Chellappan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology
Dr. Haseena Bhaskar, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology
Dr. Shaji James, Programme Coordinator, KVK, Palakkad
Dr. K.P. Sudheer, Associate Professor, KCAET, Tavanoor
Dr. V.S. Sujatha, Professor, Dept. of Plantation Crops & Spices
Dr.Geevarghese, Professor, Dairy Plant, Mannuthy
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Farmers and workers make India. Their

poverty is India’s curse and crime. Their
prosperity alone can make India a country
f it t o liv e i n
- Mahatma Gandhi
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Title Page No.
I. List of Tables 10
1 Introduction 11
2 Inauguration and orientation 14
3 Watershed management and farm planning 23
4 RARS and KVK training 42
5 NGO training 54
6 Krishi Bhavan training 69
7 Entrepreneurship development programme 71
8 Agro clinics 84
90 Village stay 85
10 Conclusion 97
11 Reference 99
12 Appendix 101
10
LIST OF TABLES
Sl. No. Title Page No.
2.1 Kerala - Land Use Pattern 17
2.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major 18
Crops of Kerala
3.1 Main Crops Cultivated in the Homestead 30
3.2 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy 32
3.3 Cost of Cultivation of Banana (Nendran) 33
3.4 Cost of Cultivation of Coconut (WCT) 34
3.5 Present Situation 36
3.6 Expected Costs and Returns 40
4.1 List of KVKs-Kerala 47
7.2.7.1 Capital requirement of the project 78
nd rd th
7.2.7.2 Cost of development in 2 ,3 &4 year 78
7.2.7.3 Cost of development in 5th ,6th &7th year 79
7.2.7.4 Year round production of seedlings 79
7.2.7.5 Repayment plan by Diminishing Balance 79
Method
7.2.7.6 Cash Flow Statement 79
7.2.7.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 80
7.2.7.8 Estimation of Pay back period 80
9.1 Stages of implementation 91
9.2 Agencies for association 91
9.3 Training Programmes 92
9.4 Forward and Backward Linkages 92
9.5 Horizontal and vertical linkages 93
9.6 Guidelines for Monitoring 94
9.7 Risk factors & measures to overcome risks 94
9.8 Mechanisms to maintain sustainability 94
9.9 Nursery 95
9.10 Main Field 95
11
INTRODUCTION
12
INTRODUCTION
India’s salvation can come only through the farmer. Neither the doctors, nor the
engineers, nor the lawyers are going to secure it. – Mahatma Gandhi (1869-
(1869-1948)
Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing change in a very

rapid manner to meet the need of the society. Under this situation, Rural Agricultural
Work Experience Programme (RAWE) is an important competence and confidence
building programme activity introduced in many SAUs. In India, Randhawa
Committee (1992) recommended the RAWE Programme for imparting quality,
practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture degree programme. In
fact experiential learning is exactly what the name implies learning from work
experience.
Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural

experiential learning approaches provide opportunities for a student of the last year to
engage in field work activity, to review and analyze critically this work experience
activity and to draw some useful conclusions, decisions, from this analysis and apply
the result in actual practical life and field situation.
1.1 Objectives of RAWE Programme
1. To develop the understanding of rural community life and the different

situations prevailing in villages with special reference to agriculture
2. To familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of farmers and their

problems with reference to agricultural development
3. To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop

production through work experience
4. To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching

methods in transfer of technology
5. To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being

followed by farmers and to prepare alternate farm plans to suit to the local
situation in consultation with the farmers
13
6. To develop confidence and competence in students for solving problems

related to agriculture
7. To acquaint the students with on going thrust on rural development and

programmes related to transfer of technology
8. To make students understand the role of men and women in agricultural and
allied fields
9. To explore and to develop understanding regarding high-tech agricultural

technology and factors affecting the adoption of modern methods of
agriculture by the farmers
10. To explore the awareness, understanding & skills among the students with
special reference to scientific model of “ Integrated Development of
Agriculture” which includes crop husbandry, horticulture, agro forestry,
animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry, dairying, agro-based industries,
processing, marketing etc.
11. To develop the techniques / know how among the students for preparing and
development of package through collection of data based from grass root level
for rural areas.
Thus, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing undergraduate students of

Agriculture college by using principles of “learning by doing” and “seeing is believing”
to provide direction to think and act on their own.
The orientation helps the students to get the basic idea about the various aspects and
expectations from the RAWE Programme. The technical skills are honed through a
series of trainings in Krishibhavans, RARS and NGOs. It also enables the student
community to mould themselves from job ‘seekers’ to job ‘providers’ through the
Entrepreneurship Development Programme. The students get an exposure to the various
facets of project identification, formulation and implementation through the Watershed
Development and Farm Planning modules. Throughout the programme, talks by various
professionals and eminent scientists are also arranged to enable the students to learn
from their rich experiences accrued through long years of their services in the domain of
agriculture. Along with this impact on the students, this programme has also been
instrumental in bridging the divide between the scientist community and farmers’
fraternity throughout the state.
14
INAUGURATION
AND
ORIENTATION
15
RAWE INAUGURATION
The Honorable Vice Chancellor of Kerala Agricultural University, Shri K.

R. Viswambharan I.A.S, at 10 Am., inaugurated Rural Agricultural Work Experience
Programme on 10 July 2008.
The meeting was presided over by Dr.P.K.Rajeevan, Associate Dean, College of
Horticulture. Dr. D. Alexander, Director of Research, Dr. F.M.H. Khaleel, HOD,
Agricultural Extension and our RAWE Convener, Dr.Jiju P.Alex, our RAWE
Coordinator, and Dr. P.K. Ashokan, Director of Acad. & PG Studies were also present
at this auspicious occasion.
The programme began with a prayer song by the students. Dr Jiju P. Alex gave the
welcome address in which he gave an overall idea about the RAWE Programme. Our
Associate Dean, Dr. P.K.Rajeevan who assured his full support for our RAWE
Programme, delivered the presidential address.
This was followed by the inauguration of the RAWE Programme by our Honorable
Vice Chancellor, Shri. K. R. Viswambharan I.A.S. In his inaugural address, he
stressed the need for taking corrective measures against different agricultural
problems prevalent in Kerala and he anticipated that the students would come up to
his expectations.
Dr.D.Alexander, in his felicitation speech, wished us good luck for our future
activities in RAWE programme and motivated us by reminding the immense potential
and capabilities of Horticulture College students.
Dr. P.K. Ashokan, Director of Acad. & PG Studies, in his felicitation, extended his
wholehearted support and co-operation for our RAWE programme and gave us best
wishes. Dr.F.M.H. Khaleel, followed by the National Anthem, wound up the meeting
with a vote of thanks.
A class on Avenues for Agricultural Sciences Graduates by Mr. Sreekumar
Kodangattil and an orientation class by Dr. Jiju P. Alex followed the inaugural
session. The session exposed us to the various new and emerging avenues for a
graduate in agriculture.
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ORIENTATION
2.1 Kerala at a Glance
Location: North Latitude between 80 - 18' and 120- 48'

East Longitude between 740 - 52' and 770 – 22
Area: 38,855 Sq. km
Percentage of Area to the area of Indian Union -1.18
Length of Coastal Line -580 km
Highest Peak- Anamudi (2694 m)
West flowing rivers - 41 Nos.
East flowing rivers - 3 Nos.
Districts -14 Nos.
Taluks -63 Nos.
Revenue village-1452 Nos.
Panchayaths -999 Nos.
Corporations -5 Nos.
Municipalities -53 Nos.
Community Development Blocks -152 Nos.
Average Annual Rainfall - 2900 mm.
Per capita land -0.12 ha.
Per capita production of food grain - 21.6 kg.
No. Of Padasekharams -7359
No. Of Kurumulaku Samrakshana Samithies -1409
No. Of Haritha Sanghams –1581

17
Table no. 2.1 Kerala - Land Use Pattern
Land use Area in ‘000 Percentage

ha
Total geographical area 3,886 -
Reporting area for land utilization 3,885 99.97
Forests 1,082 27.84
Not available for cultivation 383 9.8
Permanent pasture and other 0 0

grazing lands
Land under misc. tree crops & 19 0.48

groves
Cultivable wasteland 58 1.49
Fallow land other than current 32 0.82

fallows
Current fallows 72 1.85
Net area sown 2,239 57.61
Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance2003-04, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

2.2 Present Scenario of Agriculture in Kerala
The following is a brief description of the present scenario in agriculture in Kerala.
Agriculture sector contributes 21.38% to the state income and 22.4 Lakh hectares,
which comes to about 57.6% of the total geographical area, is under the net sown
area. However, 60% of this is under the high value crops. Kerala has the highest
income per hectare among all the states in India. Agriculture plays a very important
role as it generates 60% employment opportunities in Kerala. The income per hectare
in Kerala is Rs. 30,000/-, which is double the average income per hectare of India.
18
2.2.1 Major Crops Grown
Table no. 2.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops of Kerala
Crop Area Production Productivity per cent of all India
(hectare) (tones) Kg/ha production
Coconut 936293 5500 million nuts 5870 45
Rubber 474364 579866 1222 92
Rice 347455 751328 2162 N.A.
Pepper 199368 47479 238 85
2.3 Kerala’s Contribution to the Nation and the World

Rice varieties grown in Kerala over a period are Geerakasala and Gandhakashala
among the scented ones now being cultivated in other states also. There is a medicinal
rice cultivar called Navara which is an extra short duration variety commercially
grown to exploit its medicinal value. Pokkali varieties perform well under the organic
conditions. These varieties are also used in the rice-breeding programme worldwide
as the source of gene for salinity tolerance.
Coconut: Kerala is the largest producer in India. The well-known TxD hybrids were
first developed from Kerala. Coconut occupies nine lakh hectares in Kerala. Kerala
copra is the best-preferred one
Banana: There are a few ethnic varieties like Nendran, Red banana, Rasakadali,
Njalipoovan, Koombillakannan etc. There are more than 80 varieties. Mattikadhali is
a medicinal banana variety.
Pepper: Malabar pepper constitutes 90% of the exports. Panniyur 1, the first pepper
hybrid from PRS is also grown in Brazil where it gives four-fold increase in
production than in India.
Cardamom: Aleppey Green is a unique variety exported,
Ginger: Kerala has 90% of ginger production
Turmeric: Kerala produces turmeric with high curcumin content.
Coffee: Kerala is the second largest producer in India, Karnataka being the first.
Cashew nut: we are one of the leading producers.
19
Rubber: It is the second major crop of the state and both production and productivity
is high in Kerala. This is the only crop in which Kerala has high productivity. In
addition, there is an efficient marketing system.
Tuber: Occupies 60% of the area and produces 54% of the Indian production. Tubers
are grown as pure crop and intercrop.
Medicinal plants: Kerala is recognized as one of the twenty-five hot spot of
biodiversity in world.
2.4 Research and Extension

Every panchayath in Kerala has a Krishi Bhavan. There are 31 research stations and 6
RARS under KAU.
North: Pilicode
South: Vellayani
Problem areas: Kumarakom
Hill ranges: Ambalavayal
Central zone: Pattambi, Onattukara Research Station (regional) at Kayamkulam
2.4.1 Network of research institutes: KAU, IISR, CPCRI, CTCRI, KFRI TBGRI,
CSIR (regional research laboratory) Rajeev Gandhi institute of Biotechnology,
Trivandrum
2.4.2 Promotional Agencies: (central level)
Rubber Board, Spices Board, Coir Board, Coconut Development Board, National
Horticultural Board, Cashew Export Promotion Council, Directorate of Cashew nut
and Cocoa etc.
2.4.3 Promotional agencies (state Level)
VFPCK, KERAFED, Kerala Agro Industries Cooperation and there are NGOs
working as promotional agencies.
2.4.4 Technical Infrastructure
Bio Technology Centre at Trivandrum, Biocontrol Lab at Mannuthy, Pesticide
Residue Analysis Lab, Soil Testing Labs (23), Agmark Grading Labs, Strong
Research Institutions in KAU.
2.4.5 Physical Infrastructure
There are six European Union aided markets sponsored by Govt. of Kerala, three of
which are at Anayara (Trivandrum), Maradu and Sulthan Bathery. There are three
International airports to facilitate easy export. Cyber Extension services are also there.
20
Seed Processing Plant is set up Alathur. At Nedukkara, there is a pineapple-

processing centre.
2.4.6 Proposed Infrastructure
Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ) for banana, pineapple and ethnic vegetables would
focus on production and export of selected products. Institution of Organic Farming,
Virus Indexing Centre, cold storage and CA container facilities and Agmark Labs in
all the districts would promote export.
2.4.7 Investment Opportunities
Floriculture, Commercial cultivation of herbs and medicinal plants, Organic farming,
Processed production, Contract farming, Green Health Tourism etc are all good
investment opportunities.
2.4.8 Government Policies and Support
The Government takes up programmes for quality improvement of agricultural
produce at farm gate level, extension services and promotion of SHGs as serious
issues. A small farmer’s agribusiness consortium is also set up.
2.5 Way Forward

Attempts are being made for achieving an Information Technology enabled
Information System. Attempts are also made to set up Virtual University for trade.
Precision Farming is proposed with its essential features like minimum space and
maximum production with all environmental factors controlled by automatic sensors.
This would be done only for high value crops.
2.6 Orientation Sessions

The registration for the Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme took place
on 7 July 2008. On 8 July 2008, we were given an orientation about the RAWE
programme by Dr. F .M .H. Khaleel, Dr. Jiju P.Alex and Dr. P. Ahamed. Different
committees were formed among the students for the smooth conduct of the entire
programme.
The RAWE Programme was formally inaugurated on 10 July 2008. Following the
inaugural session, we attended a talk on ‘Avenues for agricultural sciences
graduates’ by Dr. Sreekumar Kodangattil, an official from Wyeth Research, U.S.A
and an alumnus of KAU. An orientation class by Dr. Jiju P.Alex followed this. After
21
that, Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty handled a session on Aptitude. We were given an

aptitude test which helped us to realize our potentialities.
We had a session on Group Dynamics by Dr. Sreevalsan J. Menon in which, we had
several exercises like group discussions and games to get the actual momentum of
group dynamics. He also made us do an exercise called ‘Know Yourself’ to make us
realize our true potentials. The afternoon session comprised of a lecture on
Organizational Communication by Dr. Santhosh Kumar, Assistant Professor,
College of Forestry. He discussed on the behavioral aspects in an organisation.
On 12-07-08, we were divided into three groups and sent to three public sector
institutions – the Trichur Railway Station and The Trichur State Museum and Zoo
to understand their organizational organisational types.
The following day, Dr. Joy Mathew, Professor, Department of Extension took a class
on Transactional Analysis in which the various ego states and effects of strokes were
detailed. Then, we had a talk on Time Management by Dr. Alexander George.
The last session of the orientation module was a lecture on Emotional Intelligence by
Dr. V. V. Unnikrishnan, Associate Professor of Physiology, Govt. Medical College,
Trichur. We were made aware of the application of emotional intelligence in stress
management, personality development, counseling and management of interpersonal
relations.
2.6.1 Team Management
Dr. F. M. H. Khaleel gave us an orientation to the managerial grid to show different
styles of management. Team Management - the best type of management - represents
high concern for production and for people’s self-respect, their urge for fellowship
and fair treatment.
What heightens self-respect automatically improves efficiency. The best policy is to
be straightforward, candid, and reasonable and manipulation is bad from every point
of view. A logically imperfect arrangement is superior to a strictly rational one, if the
workers prefer the former. It is necessary to listen sincerely and patiently to genuine
grievances, complaints and suggestions. Morale is heightened through successful
teamwork under conditions of mutual trust, support and respect. Team management
increases organisation profitability and promotes full human development.
The grid approach has achieved remarkable success in various parts of the world. It is
equally successful in different types of work such as production work, sales and R and
D as well as in different types of organisations such as trade unions, government and
22
welfare organisations. It can transcend cultural limitations and it can be equally

successful in all countries.
2.6.2 Body Language
Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty took the class on Body Language. The importance of non-
verbal cues in effective communication was dealt with. Cue represents a word or a
symbol and the non-verbal cues include the following –
Kinesics – deals with body movements
Proxemics & Territoriality – deals with use of space in communication
Haptics – deals with use of touch in communication
Occulesics – deals with use of eyes in communication
Chronemics – deals with use of time in communication
Artifactual Codes – deals with use of artifacts in accomplishment to communication
Paralanguage – deals with speech ticks in communication
2.7 Conclusion
The orientation sessions had been an eye opener for us in realizing our true potentials
and in molding ourselves to be better individuals. As agricultural graduates, we look
forward to pass on the technology and recent developments to the farmers through
effective extension activities. Research activities could be strengthened to come up
with low cost technologies for sustained agricultural production and thereby save
farmers from debts and suicidal deaths. We would take it as our responsibility to
create awareness among the farmers about the vast opportunities in front of them. We
would see to it that agriculture and allied aspects are looked upon by people as a boon
and motivate more and more people to invest in agriculture inspired by the success
stories of many.
23
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT AND
FARM PLANNING
24
3.1 AGRO ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
Agro ecosystem analysis helps to understand the prevalent socio-economic conditions

of an area. Participatory methods and tools are mainly used for this purpose.
The module on watershed management and farm planning consisted of three sub
modules, namely Participatory Extension Management (Agro ecosystem Analysis),
Watershed Development and Farm Planning.
The Participatory Extension Management sub module was under the guidance of Dr.
P. Ahamed, Professor, Department of Extension. This was held from 16-7-08 to 17-7-
08. The class dealt with Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) and various PLA
tools. This class helped us to conduct Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in
Moorkanikkara School. It is the method by which research team/extension agency or
development agency can quickly and systematically collect shared information near to
truth. Participants and integrators are the characteristic features of the modern
watershed management. For the efficient working of the PRA, different tools are used
like, Transect map, Time line, Resource map, Social map, Resource inflow and
outflow map, Seasonal calendar, Daily routine chart, Trend analysis, Problem
analysis, SWOT analysis. Transect walk helps in collecting more details about
environmental, economic and social resources in a community. Timelines or historical
mappings help in understanding the history of a community and identifying the key
events of the past. Social map gives an idea about the social structure and institutions
of the area. Resource map helps to learn about the community and resources.
Resource inflow-outflow chart helps to get a clear idea about the commodities
produced in the village and the commodities that the villagers have to depend on
external sources. Daily routine map helps to understand the daily life of farmers from
dawn to dusk. Seasonal calendar indicates month wise (even day wise or season wise)
the abnormalities, specialties, threats, problems and abundance in an area.
We prepared various PRA tools like timeline, Venn diagram, matrix scoring, mobility
map and daily routine diagram. The classes were taken by some of us who had opted
the course on PRA in the last semester, under the guidance of Dr. P. Ahamed.
25
3.2 WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
A watershed is an area of land bounded by a natural ridge line that drains downhill to
a body of water such as a streamlet, stream rivulet, tributary, river, pond, lake,
wetland or estuary. The major objectives of watershed are rehabilitation and
conservation of natural resources, improvement of water yield, and improved
management of farm and non farm based livelihood.
3.2.1 Objectives
a) To orient the students to the concept of watershed and watershed based
planning
b) To give exposure to the students on the identification of watershed, its

features and analyzes the interdependent nature of its factors
Dr. P. Prameela was the module leader. The sub module was intended to impart
training in identifying a watershed and to analyze the sustainable development of
natural resources and community empowerment through a watershed basis and it
extended from 18 to 25 July 2008.
Dr. C. George Thomas introduced to us the concept of watershed by a class on
Watershed - Concept and Approaches. Watershed represents an independent
hydrological unit linked to land. The various sources contributing to the watershed,
the terms related to it, the watershed scenario in Kerala and the various development
programmes centering on the watershed were presented.
From 19-07-08 - 20-07-08, we participated in the Participatory Rural Appraisal
conducted at Moorkkanikkara for collecting the basic information required for the
Puthur Watershed project to be implemented under NWDPRA. We had a transect
walk along the ridgeline with PRA experts and key informants. PRA was conducted
with farmers and several PRA tools were made use of. With this programme, we got a
practical exposure to PRA and the planning stage of a Watershed project.
The next day, we had a class on Rainwater harvesting methods by Dr. K. P.

Visalakshi, Professor and Head, Dept. Of Agricultural Engineering. In-situ rainwater
harvesting and runoff harvesting were explained. The session that followed was on
Watershed Management by Mr. Premkumar, District soil conservation officer,
Palakkad. His talk was centered mainly on the implementation strategies of the
watershed plan. We also had a class on Watershed and Soil survey by Mrs. Bindu
26
Rajagopal, Assistant Director, Department of Soil Survey. The various types of soil
surveys conducted were explained in detail along with the soil and land capability
maps. We also had a session on HARIYALI Project by Dr.A.Prema, Associate
Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics.
3.2.2 Visit to Vandichalthodu micro watershed and PRA Exercise
We have participated in the Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted at

Moorkkanikkara for collecting the basic information required for the Vandichaalthodu
micro watershed which is one coming under Puthur watershed. The area of Vandichal
thodu micro watershed is 726 ha.
We had a transect walk along the ridgeline with PRA experts and key informants.
We as a group first visited the outlet of the Vandichalthodu micro watershed, Kainur
chira then to the ridgeline of the watershed, i.e. the highest part of the watershed,
Muriyankunnu. From the ridgeline we divided into four groups and went for transect
walk to different regions of the watershed. During this transect walk we came across
the major activities carried out in each zone, services and infrastructure available,
crops under cultivation, immediate needs of the people etc.
PRA was conducted among the participant farmers and tools like timeline, matrices,
resource map, social map, seasonal calendar, SWOT analysis matrix etc were
prepared. With this programme, we got a practical exposure to PRA and the planning
stage of a Watershed project.
3.2.3 Visit to Mandirappilly Watershed (23-07-08)
The Mandirappilly watershed development was envisaged under NWDPRA in the

tenth five-year plan and is now in the withdrawal phase. The watershed covers an area
of 3400 ha. Mandirappilly watershed comprises the following five micro watersheds –
1. Chelakkottukara micro watershed

2. Kodunga micro watershed
3. Kodalipadam micro watershed
4. Mankuttipadam micro watershed
5. Mandirappilly micro watershed
The funds allotted to the Mandirappilly watershed amounted to Rs.1.5 crores. There
were 4000-5000 beneficiaries, most of whom were women. We met with the
27
presidents of the five micro watersheds and got detailed information of the various
activities done during the project period. We also had an opportunity to visit a few
beneficiaries of the project. The visit clearly depicted the success story of a watershed
development project.
On 24-07-08, we attended the Dr. Syamasundaran Nair Memorial Endowment
Lecture delivered by Dr.P.K.Michael Tharakan, on Selection of crops and methods of
cultivation in Kerala.
3.2.4 Visit to IRTC, Mundur

The Integrated rural Technology Centre (IRTC), Mundur, was established in 1987
with the objective of carrying out research, and development activities related to rural
technology. The centre was registered as a separate autonomous institution in 1995,
under the 12th Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies’
Registration Act, 1955. The major objectives of the centre are adaption of
technologies known elsewhere into forms, diffusion of innovative practices and
technologies and scientific culture among the masses in a big way, establishment of
local level development plans, identification and promotion of local inventiveness,
and encouraging young scientists, research scholars, students and rural innovators.
IRTC is involved in watershed development mainly in two ways –
1. Watershed plan preparation
2. As a consulting agency providing technical support
IRTC prepares detailed plan report (DPR) as per the requirement of the area. Nearly
15% of the watershed project fund is claimed as the preparation cost.
Technology becomes fruitful only when the poor are able to reap its benefits.
The IRTC, thus, stands as an epitome of selfless service to the rural poor.
.3.2.5 Conclusion
This module has helped us in gaining first hand information on delineation of
watershed, its features, various activities involved in a watershed project, fund
utilization etc. Watershed project, which is a part of sustainable development, has
become highly successful mainly due to the people participatory approach.
At the end of the orientation and watershed module, we have developed an insight
into the extension methods and to see the remaining modules in the larger perspective
of the development programmes in the country.
28
3.3 FARM PLANNING
Farm planning is a fundamental management function based on the assumption that

objectives can better be realized through systematic plans. All business enterprises,
plan their production process with regard to what, how much and how to produce, and
when and where to buy and sell. The procedures and techniques of farm planning
involve the logical formation of a blueprint or guideline to achieve goals that have
been set for the farm business.
3.3.1 Objectives
• To develop the skill in farming system analysis and alternative farm plan
development
• To understand the economics of crop production and management
The third sub module of Farm Planning started with an introductory class on 26-07-08
by the module leader Dr. Jessy Thomas and Dr. E.K Thomas. Following that,
Dr.A.Prema discussed about the Farm Survey Schedule. In the afternoon, we had a
class by Dr. Jiju P.Alex on Democratic Decentralization, followed by a class on
Credit Planning by Mr. Rajagopal, General Manager, Canara Bank.
We had been divided into eleven groups of four each and we visited the farmers
allotted to us for survey under the Mullakkara Krishibhavan area. Our group visited
Mr. Damodaran, a marginal farmer. Our group members were Sarathchandran M.A.,
Saritha M, Ammu Madhusoodanan, and I.
We were taken for a visit to the Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA),
Mulamkunnathukkavu on 31-07-08. Dr. J.B Rajan, Assistant Professor, KILA
handled the forenoon session about the model of decentralization in Kerala and the
planning strategies under the 11th five-year plan. In the afternoon, we had a class by
Smt. Rukmini, Agricultural Officer, regarding the various financial schemes availed
through Krishibhavans. Then, we had a visit to the KAU farm site and conducted a
chain survey with the help of Dr. Visalakshi to find out the area of the site. Then, we
were divided into two groups. One group was assigned to prepare the complete
budgeting plan for an individual farmer and the other group for a self-help group like
the Kudumbasree. The presentation of the same was on 7 August 2008.
29
3.3.2 TRAINING ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

BANKING BY SOUTH MALABAR GRAMIN BANK
We had an opportunity to attend two-day training on Rural Development organized

by the South Malabar Gramin Bank on 8 and 9 August 2008. We had sessions on
Microfinance, Banking and Credit Planning, Marketing Techniques and Project
formulation by experts in the respective fields. We also had group discussions,
games, interactive sessions, newspaper drafting competition, brochure designing etc.
The training on Rural Development and Development Banking was formally
inaugurated by Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar, General Manager, South Malabar Gramin Bank
in the seminar hall, College Of Horticulture at 9.a.m. on 8 August 2008. This was
followed by a session on Role of Microfinance –Introduction to Rural Development
by Smt. S. Beena. The session was very informative and we were able to understand
the role of microfinance in helping the rural masses and paving the way to rural
development. The next topic was entitled Concept of Development Banking with
Emphasis on Rural Development handled by Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar. The session
helped us to understand how the progress of the country is achieved through the rural
development.
The second day of the training began with a session on Project Formulation and
Appraisal/Analysis by Mr. Roy Thomas of the TME cell, Credit Wing, SMGB. The
class described the six phases of project cycle and a detailed lecture was given on
project formulation and analysis. The TECMOF (Technical, Economical,
Commercial, Managerial, Organisational, and Financial) aspects were dealt with,
clearly.
Next, Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar, General Manager, South Malabar Gramin Bank handled
a session on Commodity Exchange. This was followed by an interactive session on
Marketing of Services –ICT for Rural Development by Mr.V.Bharat Das.
Overall, the training enabled us to acquire more knowledge on the banking sector and
several important banking aspects, which could be made useful in the remaining
modules of our RAWE programme.
The two days were fruitful to share their experiences of expelling moneylenders from
villages and of successful implementation of financial inclusion. They shared with us
the agony and ecstasy of living with God’s own people in the villages.
30
3.3.3 FARM PLAN (PARTIAL BUDGETING)
3.3.3.1 Details of the farmer

• Name : Damodaran Nair
• Address : Thekkut House
Attoor (P.O), Mullurkkara
Pin 680592
• Age : 65
• Family members : Four
3.3.3.2 Size of holding

• Total land area : 2.35 acres
• Farm stead : 1.37 acres
• Home stead : 98 cents
3.3.3.3 General Information

• Topography : Plain land ,slightly undulating
• Nature &type of soil : Laterite soil
• General fertility : Medium fertile
• Source of water : Well, Swasraya drinking water project
Table no. 3.1 Main Crops Cultivated in the Homestead

Crops Area / Numbers
Rice 1.13 acre
Coconut 50number(Bearing-17)
Banana 50 number
Pepper 50 vines
31
3.3.3.4 Minor Crops

• Arecanut
• Tamarind
• Tapioca
• Coleus
3.3.3.5 Other Enterprises

• Live stock : 1 cow
• Poultry : 2 hen (Giriraj)
3.3.3.6 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy

Area : 113 cents
Variety : Aiswarya
Method
Of planting: Transplanting
Season : Mundakan
Table no. 3.2 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy

Items Quantity Rate Labourer Total
days Cost
Nursery
1) Land preparation
a) Ploughing 3 FL 600
2) Manures& Fertilizers 20kg Rs.1/kg 20
a)Application of manures 1FL 200
3.Seeds & sowing 30kg Rs.12/kg 420
Main Land
1)Ploughing(Tractor) 3.5hours Rs.360/hr 1260
Bunding
2)Manures & Fertilizers 2HL 400
(basal)-Cow dung 500kg Rs.1/kg 500

32
Items Quantity Rate Labourer Total

days Cost
Factamphos(50% subsidy) 70kg 245
Potash 12kg 8.8
Application cost 200
Transportation cost 1FL 25
3)Transplanting
a)Uprooting of seedlings 12 HL 1440
b)Planting of seedlings 12HL 1440
4)Weeding
Manual weeding 6HL 720
5)Manures&Fertilisers(Topdressing)-
50% subsidy
Urea 30kg 78
Potash 12kg 28.8
Application charges 1FL 200
6)Weeding(Second) 4HL 480
Manual weeding
7)Plant protection chemicals
a)Metarrhizium 1kg 50
b)Application charges Rs.50 1FL 200
8)Harvesting & Processing

a)Harvesting 14HL 1680
b)Threshing ,winnowing 3HL 360
c)Drying 3HL 360
9) Receipts
a)Grain 2100kg Rs.8.5/kg 17850
b)Straw 2000 Rs.1 2000
Total cost =Rs.10510
B: C ratio = 1.8
33
Table no. 3.3 Cost of Cultivation of Banana (Nendran)

Item Labor charge Inputs Cost
Preparatory cultivation
Digging, cleaning 2HL 400
Suckers 50number 50X4=200
Transportation cost 70
Planting 1 FL(2 days) 2x200=400
Weeding 1HL 120 120
Earthing up 2 HL(2 days) 2x2x200=800
Irrigation 1FL 200
Plant protection 30g/plant Rs 80/kg 120

Furadan3G
Pseudomonas spray 100g/L Rs25/kg 5.50
Propping 150x50 750/3=250

Bamboo poles
Rope 150
Labour charge 1HL 200
Harvesting
Yield (42 bunch) Wt of I bunch=13kg, Price = Rs. 15/kg 8190
Total explicit cost=Rs 2365.5

Total implicit cost=800
Total return=8190
B: C ratio=2.5
34
Table no. 3.4 Cost of Cultivation of Coconut (WCT)

Item Labour Input Cost
Opening the basin 1HL(3 days) 225x3=675

Fertilizer(with
50%subsidy)
Factamphos 16.24kg 16.24x7=56.8
Urea 7.08kg 7.08x5.2=18.40
Potash 24.3kg 24.3x4.8=58.32
Closing the basin 1 FL 200
Cleaning the trunk 1 HL 17(bearing) 17x20=340
Harvesting 17x5(times)x15 1275
Neem cake 1 HL 1 subsidy
Cow dung 7x2kg=34 kg 510
Yield 510kg
500nuts/year,price=12/kg 6000
Total explicit cost=Rs 2423.5

Total implicit cost=Rs.710
Total cost=3133.52
Total return=6000
B: C ratio=1.91
3.3.3.7 Cost of Cultivation of Minor Crops

3.3.3.7.1 Tapioca
Planting material=50 setts, @Rs 1/set
(Due to wild boar attack only 15 are remaining)
Land preparation
Digging and clearing 2HL 400
Planting and mounting 1HL 400
Harvesting 1FL 200
35
Avg.yeild 12Kg/plant
15x12 180
Price4/kgX180 720
Total explicit cost=Rs 680

Total cost=Rs 880
Total return=720
B: C ratio= 0.8
3.3.3.7.2 Coleus
Four beds (3mX1m), 192plants
Land preparation & planting 1FL 200
Planting material 75gm 20
Weeding &harvesting 1FL 200
Yield 11Kg
Price Rs 13/kg
Total return 11X13 143
Total cost=Rs 402
Total return=143
B: C ratio= 0.3
3.3.3.7.3 Tamarind
Four trees
Yield 100kg
Price Rs 30/kg
Total return Rs 3000
3.3.3.7.4 Areca nut

Bearing-1, Non bearing-5
Yield 100nuts
Total return Rs 200
36
3.3.3.8 Labour charge for minor crops

Land preparation-coleus,
Harvesting Tamarind & Arecanut 1 HL Rs200
Tamarind dehusking 1HL Rs200
Table no. 3.5 Present situation

Crop Area/numbers Explicit Implicit Total cost Total
cost (Rs) cost (Rs) (Rs) return
(Rs)
Rice 1.13 acre 8990 1520 10510 19850
Coconut 17 2424 710 3134 6000
Banana 50 2366 800 3165 8190
Pepper 50 1100 200 1300 2025
Minor 1480 200 1682 4063

crops
Live stock 7585 7585
&Poultry
Total 23945 3430 28,518 40,128
BC RATIO = 40,128
28,518
= 1.4
37
3.3.3.9 Constraints
• Labour shortage
• Heavy weed infestation in rice field
• Lack of irrigation for 3rd season in rice field
• Lack of cooperation from family members
• Crop damage by wild boar
• Water scarcity during summer
3.3.3.10 Suggestions
• Cultivation of Guinea grass in the fallow land in the homestead
• Cultivation of Ginger as intercrop in the Coconut garden
• Cultivation of Sesamum in summer fallow
• Cultivation of Rice in Virippu season
• Establishing a Pepper propagation unit
• Farm composting
• Construction of rain pits in the 24 cents area
• Sale of Banana suckers along with pepper cuttings
• Scientific management of Arecanut palms
3.3.3.10.1 Cultivation of Guinea grass in the fallow land
• No. of plants possible : 1111

• Land preparation and planting cost :1 HL(Rs.200)
• Planting material cost:1111 X 30 paise = Rs.33
• Fertilizer :Rs. 277
• Application cost:Rs.200
• Irrigation and harvesting :6 HL(1200)
• Yield : 1800 kg
• Price: Rs. 1.5/kg
• Returns :Rs. 2700
• Total cost: Rs.1909
• B:C Ratio : 1.4
38
3.3.3.10.2 Cultivation of Ginger as intercrop in the Coconut garden
• Area: 1.1 cents(12 beds of 1m X 2.5m)

• Variety: Varada4 Beds of 1m width, convenient length.
• Land preparation: 1HL(Rs.200)
• Planting material :6.6 kg X Rs.40=Rs.264
• Planting cost: 2 HL (Women-Rs.240)
• Manuring: 132 kg(Rs.132)
• Fertilizer: Rs.10.624
• Application cost: 1FL
• Weeding and Harvesting:120+200
• Total Returns:39.6 kg X 35 =Rs.1386
• Total cost:Rs. 1006
• B:C Ratio : 1.37
3.3.3.10.3 Sesamum in summer fallow
• Land preparation: Rs.1260

• Cow dung: Rs. 500
• Seed cost :Rs.262
• Broadcasting:Rs.200
• Harvest: Rs.480
• Drying and threshing:Rs.240
• Yield: 100 kg
• Total cost:Rs. 2942
• Returns:Rs. 8500
• B:C ratio = 2.8

39
3.3.3.10.4 Cultivation of Rice in Virippu season
• Variety : Aiswarya
• Application of weedicide (pre -emergent)-Butachlor.
• Total explicit cost: Rs.7602
• Total implicit cost: Rs.200
• Total cost: Rs.7802
• Yield: 200 parra (200 X 7 =1400 kg.)
• Price: Rs.8.50/kg.
• Returns:Rs.11,900
• Straw yield: Rs.1200
• Total Returns:Rs.13,100
B: C ratio: 1.6
3.3.3.10.5 Pepper propagation unit
• Season: February-March to June-July

• Thatched roof
• Bamboo poles ( 7 X15 = Rs.85)
• Rope (Rs.150)
• Poly bag ( 2.5 kg-500 bags = Rs.25)
• Potting mixture- 1000 kg(333 :333:333 sand :soil:cowdung) = Rs.866
• Transportation cost = Rs.300
• Labour cost: Rs.920(4 HL+ 1 FL)
• Cuttings( 50 karimunda + 50 P-6)-Trellis, rapid multiplication
method(Rs.250)
• Irrigation (morning & evening) (1 HL X 4 months = Rs.1600)
• Bamboo(50 split bamboo+10 bamboo poles = Rs.340)
• Total cost:Rs.6011
• Total returns: Rs.8000
• B:C ratio : 1.3

40
Table no. 3.6 Expected Costs and Returns

Crop Total cost (Rs) Total return (Rs)
Rice 10510 19,850

Coconut 3134 6000
Banana 3165 8190
Pepper 1300 2025
Minor crops 1682 4063
Live stock &Poultry 7585 13900
Guinea grass 1909 2700
Sesamum 2942 8500
Ginger 1006 1386
Rice(virippu) 7802 13,100
Pepper unit 6011 8000
Total 47,046 87,714
Total cost : Rs. 47,046

Total Returns : Rs. 87,714
B: C ratio = 1.86
3.3.3.11 Analysis
• Total Cost: Total Farm cost + Family expenditure

= 25,088 + 24,000
= Rs.49, 088
• Total Returns = Total Farm income + Non-farm income
= 43,558 +60,000 (5000 X 12)
= Rs.1, 03,558
• Balance = Rs.54,470
• Total cost for new suggestions = Rs. 19,670
41
3.3.5 Conclusion
Through this module, we capacitated ourselves with the skills of preparing feasible
farm plans, which boosted our morale manifolds. By the end of this module, we
beamed with enough confidence about our competence in farm planning.
The complete budgeting exercise proved to be a very informative activity. We were
able to collect details about the various schemes and loans available in starting an
enterprise, the cultivation aspects of different crops, integration of livestock etc. We
were able to get a holistic view of the practical problems encountered while
formulating a plan and implementing it. In nutshell, the entire exercise helped us to be
confident to venture for new ideas.
42
RARS AND KVK

TRAINING
43
RESERCH STATION & KVK TRAINING

To have a first hand knowledge about the various research activities and
projects undergoing in the Research Stations of KAU, the students were deputed to
the various research stations for two weeks. The training thus enables the students to
have a clear insight into the research mandate of KAU. The students were grouped
into two and had visited the following stations:
1. RARS Pilicode 4.KVK, Kannur
2. RARS, Ambalavayal 5.KVK,Wayanad
3. RARS, Pattambi 6. KVK,Palakkad
We, a group of 22 students were instructed to undergo training at the

Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode from 11/08/2008 to16/08/2008, at
RARS Pattambi from 18/08/08to20/08/08 and in the KVK, Palakkad from 20/08/2008
to 22/08/2008.
The training will focus on:
1. Functions of the research station.
2. Major thrust areas of research
3. Research project implementation.
4. Research need / problem identification.
5. Major findings / contributions of the station.
6. Steps in preparation of a research project proposal.
7. Planning and implementation of research projects.
8. Observations in laboratory and field.
9. Experience in interpreting data

10. Familiarization with laboratory equipments
11. Meteorological observations and interpretations.
12. List of registers/records of the station
13. Periodic reports will be prepared for the station.

44
4.1 Training at RARS, Pilicode (from 11/8/08 to 16/8/08)

This is one of the oldest station which was established as early as
1916 as a coconut research station. Under the National Agricultural Research
Programme (NARP) the station was raised to the status of RARS for the Malabar
region. It covers Kasargod, Kannur, Calicut and Malappuram. It has got
substations at Nileswar, Panniyur and Karuvachery.
4.1.1 Mandates:
1. To perform as the lead center for research on coconut and coconut based
farming system.
2. To serve as verification and testing center for rice, pulses, vegetables, oil
seeds, and tree crops.
3. To conduct research on live stocks.
4. To co ordinate and supervise research at PRS Panniyur.
4.1.2Objectives:
1. Germplasm collection and genetic improvement of coconut
2. Standardization of agro techniques and plant protection measures for coconut
and coconut based farming system.
3. Exploitation of genetic diversity in Cashew, mango, and pepper
4. Research on bio-fertilizers
5. Studies on crop weather relationship of major crops
6. Research on cucurbitaceous vegetables
7. Research on farming culture
8. Collection and conservation of Malabari goats
9. Agro meteorological advisory services
4.1.3 Achievements:
1. In coconut breeding:
a) Maintains a unique collection of 34 exotic and 40 indigenous
accessions.
b) Hybrid vigour in coconut was first reported from this station.
Five hybrids were released viz.Kerasree, Kerasoubhagya, Lakshaganga,
Anandaganga, Keraganga and one selection; Kerasagara
45
2. Partial removal of husks of seed nuts before planting in nursery has been
found to increase the germination percentage as well as the quality of
seedlings.
3. Nutritional recommendation for coconut.
4. Husk burial and mulching with dried coconut leaves as the most effective soil
conservation measure.
5. Control measure for stem bleeding.
6. Processing methods for the preservation of coconut inflorescence sap.
Improved varieties of Cucumber (Arunima) and Ridge gourd (Haritha).
4.1.4 Research Project Formulation
Steps involved in Research project formulation are
1) Problem identification
2) Review of literature
3) Identify the funding agency and sent the application to it as per their format
with required details of the project.
4) The project should get sanctioned from the funding agency and administrative
agency.
5) Discussed at the particular departmental committee headed by the Professor of
dept.before it is submitted to the project coordination group.
6) Proposed project is discussed among the PC group headed by the project
coordinator. For any modification, it is sent back to the scientist.
7) After modification, project is submitted before FRC. Director of Research will
take actions to provide necessary funds and facilities.
8) After this implementation of project is done.
9) Scientist has to submit monthly reports, annual reports & conclusion reports.
10) Director of research monitors the progress and research council gives
approval.
4.1.5 Our activities at the station:

On the day of our arrival at RARS Pilicode Dr. Madhu Subramanian gave
us an account of the history, mandates, objectives and achievements of the station..
Apart from the research on crops they give training in mushroom cultivation, conserve
the Malabari goats and maintain a piggery, rabbitry, poultry and a dairy unit. The
constrain they face is the scarcity of skilled labourers. We were introduced to the
46
activities of farm and farm office. Also we paid a visit to the different blocks of the
farm. The horticultural nursery, vegetable seed production unit and agro
meteorological advisory unit were also visited by us. In the afternoon there was a
class and practical session on the preparation of agro advisory bulletins by Dr.
Ajithkumar, Asst. Prof., Dept. of meteorology. We had a presentation of the project
proposals that we formulated as per the KAU format. In the next session
Dr.Jayaprakash Naik explained to us in detail about the projects undertaken by the
research station. After this session we visited the farm office to familiarize with the
records/registers. The horticultural nursery, vegetable seed production unit and agro
meteorological advisory unit were also visited by us.
On 14/08/08 we went to the KVK, Kannur where Dr. Thulasi V.,
Assistant Professor explained us about the history and activities of KVKs. The
mandates include on-farm testing, training to extension personnel, short and long term
vocational training for farmers and rural youth& front-line demonstrations. The
prestigious Pepper Research Station, Panniyur was our next destination. Dr. Neema
was in charge of us. The station was established in 1949 and is proud of its varieties
(Panniyur 1 to 7) and has standardized the hybridization technique in pepper. One day
we visited the historical monument, Bakel Fort and Bakel beach. 0n the last day at the
station, the evaluation was done based on a viva-voce and report submission.
4.2 Training at RARS, Pattambi (From18/8/08 to 20/8/08)

RARS, Pattambi is the only central station for the districts of
Thrissur&Palakkad which was established in the year 1927 as sub centre of Paddy
breeding station .This prestigious institute has released 58 rice varieties including the
first hybrid in India Annapoorna. Along with the other RARS this station was
upgraded in 1980 under the NARP. The lead function of the station is to conduct
research on Rice and rice based farming system. The station also conducts research on
pulses and horticultural crops. There are seven satellite stations under this centre,
which undertake fundamental and problem oriented research on crops like rice,
banana, cashew, pineapple and medicinal plants. The satellite stations are:
1) ARS,Mannuthy
2) Agronomic Research Station,Chalakkudy,
3) Banana Research Station,Kannara
4) Pineapple Research Station, Vazhakkulam.
47
5) Cashew Research Station,Madakkathara

6) Cashew Research Station,Anakkayam
7) Aromatic and Medicinal plants research station, Odakkali.
4.3 Training at KVK, Palakkad (From 21/8/08 to 22/8/08)

We underwent 3 days mandatory training programme at KVK Palakkad.
Main purpose of the training was assessing training needs of different categories of
people-understanding methods of training -importance training and follow up of
training programmes. Experiences in planning-conducting and evaluating OFT, FLD,
IVLP, off campus and on campus training programmes, preparation of training
modules, preparation of various reports periodicals etc.
Krishi Vigyan Kendras have been established for the purpose of generating
new knowledge and converting it into useful technologies and application of
technology among farmers. The main reason for inception of KVKs according to the
recommendations of the Manmohan Singh Mehtha Committee of 1973 was the lack
of co-ordination among various departments in successfully implementing new
technologies in farmers’ fields. The first KVK was, thus, established at Pondicherry at
1974.
In Kerala the first KVK was established at Pattambi (Palakkad) in 1979.
Now there are 14 KVKs (one in each district), four under ICAR, seven under KAU
and three under NGOs. Kerala is the first state to have KVK in every district
Table 4.1: List of KVKs in Kerala
Sl .no: District Location Agency
1. Thiruvananthapuram Vellanadu Mithraniketan
2. Kollam Kottarakkara KAU
3. Alleppey Kayamkulam (Krishnapuram) ICAR
4. Pathanamthitta Thadiyoor (Kola Bhagam) CARD
5. Kottayam Kumarakom KAU
6. Idukki Santhanpara Bappuji KVK
7. Ernakulam Njarakkal ICAR
8. Thrissur Vellanikkara KAU
9. Malappuram Thavanoor KAU
10. Palakkadu Melepattambi KAU
48
Sl .no: District Location Agency

11. Kozhikode Peruvannamzhi ICAR
12. Wayanad Ambalavayal KAU
13. Kannur Panniyur (Kanjirangadu) KAU
14. Kasargode Kudlu ICAR
4.3.1 Mandate of KVK

4.3.1.1 Training
The most important function of the KVK is to conduct need based training
programmes to educate the farming community, rural youth and extension personnel
on scientific aspects of crop production, cattle and lives stock rearing and other
related disciplines and install them a confidence of practicing the technologies
learned. Updating the professional skills based on the knowledge gained through
training and venturing into self-employment arenas through the learning. So far more
than 2000 training programmes have been conducted benefiting approximately 45,000
farmers.
Some of the training programmes conducted are:
1. Mass Multiplication of Trichoderma
2. Vocational training in propagation and nursery management to the tribal
youth.
3. Vocational training for the tribal woman on preparation of ecofriendly
products from Banana fibre.
4. Training on nutritional gardening
5. Training on spawn production.
6. Vocational training on soil and water analysis.
7. In-service training to extension personnel.
Problem Identification
Problems of farmers are identified through the feedbacks from farmers and
extension workers and also by conducting PRA. Based on these they assess the
training needs and OFTs & FLDs to be conducted.
Planning the Training Programme
The time of holding the training should be at the convenience of the farmers.
Duration of training (usually one week) varies depending upon the topic. The training
49
should be conducted under appropriate environment where the farmers can see the
actual crop or the demonstration. Selection of trainees is based on their need and
interest .The trainings may be part time or full time education courses.
Both off campus and on campus trainings are given based on the training topic,
duration and convenience of the farmers. Productions cum demonstrations are usually
arranged in the villages, as the farmers cannot afford to remain away from their farms
and homes.
Evaluation will be a built-in component of the programmes, to review and improve
the courses according to the needs of the region, clientele and the general
development programmes.
4.3.1.2 On - Farm Trial
These are conducted on the farmers’ fields on such problems where the
appropriate technologies are not available for particular agro climatic situations. The
importance of the location specificity in development of appropriate technologies
keeping agro-ecological, socio-economic and cultural parameters in view is gradually
being appreciated. This has paved the way for technology assessment in different
microenvironments and its refinement to suit varied situations through participatory
approaches.
Process of identification of technology for on-farm trials with farming system
perspective:
Participatory Rural Appraisal
↓
Agro Eco System Analysis
↓
Problem Identification
↓
Problem Cause Analysis
↓
Prioritization of Problem
↓
Intervention by KVK
50
Needs Assessment
The research and extension staff and the adaptive-research farmers work with
the farmers' group to identify its needs, land-use problems, and possible solutions to
these problems. Key research topics are identified in each agro-ecological zone; the
issues are then prioritized for action.
Trial Design and Establishment

The adaptive-research farmers in each agro-ecological zone meet to discuss
the design of the proposed technology trials and to decide what parameters to monitor.
Project staff and research officers work with them to design the trials. The trial plots
are then laid out on their farms.
Monitoring and Data Collection

The adaptive-research farmers are responsible for managing and monitoring
the trials. The researchers help them keep records and collect data, and make sure that
no data are lost. The group members contribute labour to maintain the trials. Materials
for use in the trials can be contributed by the farmers or by the project.
Data Analysis and Dissemination
The adaptive-research farmers and group members analyze the data from the
researcher facilitates the discussion, with the farmer presenting the results. The results
are also shared more widely with other researchers and institutions.
Using the Results
After the trials are over, group members and the adaptive-research farmers are
encouraged to compare their current production practices with the methods tested in
the trials. Then make plans for the next season, modifying their practices based on
what they have learned. In this way, farmers are encouraged to change their
production system based on what they can use on their own farms, and as they gain ne
information from the trials.
Results of OFTs Conducted

• Management of nursery wilt disease of Black pepper
• Evaluation of different methods of goat rearing.
51
• SRI in puncha
Ongoing OFTs:
• Infertility management in heifers.
• Management of die back disease of coffee.

• Evaluation of crop geometry with ring rope supporting system of banana
• (Technology refinement)
• Integrated management of Phytophthora foot rot in pepper

4.3.1.3 Front Line Demonstration:
The objective is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technologies and their management practices in the farmers’ field under different agro
climatic regions and farming situations. Proven technologies of national importance
and local relevance are generally selected.
While demonstrating the technologies in the farmers’ fields, the scientists are
required to study the factors contributing to higher yield production, field constraints
of production and thereby generate production data and feedback information. FLDs
are conducted in a block of two to four hectares land in order to have better impact of
the demonstrated technologies on the farmers and field level extension functionaries.
For this purpose, technologies of national importance and local relevance are
generally selected.
Result of FLD conducted
• Evaluations of high yielding variety of rice Deepti.
• Nutritional gardens in tribal hamlets.
• Introduction of good quality layer bird” Athulya” for Wayanad

• Evaluation of Njavara rice variety:
Ongoing FLDs:
• Group farming approach in rice cultivation.
• Popularization of high yielding variety and pest management in cowpea.

• Control of mastitis in cow.
• Demonstration on performance of fodder grass variety Killikulam 1 and Co 3.
• Popularization of high yielding variety and pest management in Bitter gourd.
52
4.3.2 Funding Agencies and Schemes

ICAR -Indian Council of Agricultural Research
RSVY - Rashtriya Sama Vikas Yojana
NHM - National Horticulture Mission
RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
A rough estimate shows that there are approximately 7000 ha of cultivable
wasteland in the district. The KVK proposes to utilize these lands effectively in
collaboration with the line departments, NABARD, SHM etc. The KVK has also
proposed several activities under Farmers Field School (FFS), like organic cultivation
of paddy, vegetables etc. FFS helps to educate the farming community and to equip
them as master trainers. Also the Kendra has actively collaborated with Agricultural
Technology Management Agency (ATMA) in preparation of Strategic Research and
Extension Plan (SREP) and the future activities of the Kendra will be based on SREP.
It is also proposed to have Farmer- Scientist linkage in every quarter.
Priority & thrust would be given for farmer led extension strategies and identifying the
farmers’ innovations.
4.3.3 ATMA (AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AGENCY)
It is a new extension reform in agriculture which co-ordinates
technology dissemination at district level. It is a decentralized and demand driven
extension mechanism operating on the comparative strength of different stakeholders.
Key Reforms Promoted Under ATMA:
• Decentralized decision making
• Convergence of line departments
• Group approach to extension
• Bottom-up approach
• Sustainability of extension services
4.4 Our Activities at the station
The training programme was inaugurated by Dr. Narayanan kutty, A.D.R. in

charge. We were given a brief introduction about the programme schedule. Following
that we had a lecture on ATMA model of extension. Then we were taken to the field
where experiments on crop improvement in rice are being taken up. In the afternoon
we practiced characterization of rice varieties with the guidance of Ms. Faseela, Plant
breeder. We also visited the crop improvement lab. We were explained the working of
53
volumetric Lysimeter in the field. Then we had lectures on pests of rice, diseases of
rice and crop physiology. In the afternoon we visited the seed testing lab and
agricultural engineering work shop.We were taken to the rice plots of entomology
dept. by Dr. Karthikeyan to identify the major pest and symptoms of attack.
KVK training begins on 21/08/08 We had two field visits
on that day, visit to Onjallur Padasekharams where mechanization in rice cultivation
was being inaugurated and visit to Sankaramangalam padasekharam, where a mat
nursery was being prepared by farmers. The rest of the day comprised of classed by
Dr.Shaji James, Programme co-coordinator and Dr.Yamini Varma, Asst.Professor
Dept.of Plant pathology giving us a brief account of the activities of KVK.Next day
We paid a visit to an agri entrepreneur, and successful young farmer Mr. Lukhman. In
the afternoon, we had an experience sharing and final evaluation.
4.5 Conclusion
In these 2 weeks, we have been able to comprehend the intricacies and
complexities involved in the functioning of Research Stations and KVKs. We now
appreciate the meticulous and painstaking efforts that go behind the release of a new
variety, the successful completion of projects and effective transfer of technology to
the farmer. We have now understood that effective functioning of Research Stations
and KVKs are imperative for the upliftment of our farmer.
54
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATION
TRAINING
55
NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

TRAINING
NGOs work closer with people in a flexible and informal manner and are accessible to
the people. They are very effective in undertaking development activities like poverty
alleviation, sustainable development and employment generation, environmental
issues and eradication of illiteracy. Considering the emerging significance of NGOs in
rural development, the students are to be exposed to the nature and style of
functioning of NGOs.
5.1 Objectives
a) To expose the students in the rural development activities and human resource
development programmes undertaken by the NGOs.
b) To familiarize with the various participatory approaches carried out by the
NGOs including action research.
c) To study the management styles and linkage with other developmental
agencies
d) To have experience in working with rural people
e)
Our NGO training module lasted for 4 days i.e. from 27 to 30 August 2008. The
module leader was Dr. Jiju P. Alex. We were divided into five groups and deputed to
five different NGOs in Thrissur district. These were –
1. Social Action Animation Centre, Thrissur
2. AVARD, Chalakudy
3. Social Action Forum, Irinjalakkuda
4. KIDS, Kodungallur
5. KESS, Thrissur
5.2 Training at KESS (Kuriayakose Elias Service Society)

KESS was registered in 1974 under Charitable Societies
Registration Act. There are 13 provinces all over India for their administrative
convenience and KESS Thrissur is under Devamatha province. It was initiated by
56
CMI fathers. Main objective of KESS is Social, economical and educational

development of the downtrodden. They get financial aid from Government, other
NGOs, local agencies, World Bank and other foreign agencies. Geographical
coverage of them extends to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarath, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra.
5.2.1 Activities of KESS
∗ KESS is directly involved in Jalanidhi project for providing drinking water,
ground water recharging, gram panchayat strengthening, sanitation and health
promotion
∗ Self help groups -1000 groups with nurseries, vermicompost unit, pickling
unit, carpentry etc.
∗ KESS vocational training institute
∗ Crèche
∗ School Education Promotion Programme of KESS (SEPPOK)
∗ KESS canteen
∗ KESS farm – Israel technology employed for banana
∗ Keezhmidalam Tsunami Rehabilitation Project
∗ HAT(HIV Aids Thrissur) project
5.2.2 Indirect activities
∗ Fr. Augustine Thoppil charitable society
∗ St. George charitable society- welding
∗ Fr. Augustine Thoppil Charitable society
(Carpentry)
St George Charitable Society, (Welding)
∗ St John Charitable Society
(2 production units in Padavanad for Manjalys double horse appa podi, dosa
podi, palappa podi etc
∗ V.V.S.S ( Fr Vynthila Service Society ), Stabilizer unit, mud pot unit
∗ Family welfare Co operative society
Different KESS Units we visited are,KESS Bhavan, Thrissur,KESS Branch office,
Nadathara,Quality circle convention, Nadathara,Stabilizer unit, Puthur,Stabilizer unit,
3 K Puram,Food Production unit, Padavanad,Crèche, Padavana,Israeli Cultivation of
banana, KESS farm, Carpentry Unit, Puthur,Tailoring unit, Puthur
57
5.2.3 CASE STUDY: Training For Ornamental Fish Breeding and Management
KESS conducted training for ornamental fish breeding and management as
part of the micro entrepreneurship development programme funded by NABARD.
The beneficiaries were intimated through advertisements in newspapers and through
notices. The beneficiaries were selected based on their interest, and based on their
economic condition. More preference was given to housewives from lower middle
class group since it would prove to be a source of income to them. Training was given
to 30 persons for a period of ten days, during which they were given several
theoretical as well as practical classes on the topic. The classes also involved several
method demonstrations and work experience
The areas selected for the training was Elamthuruth since there is already a
successful example in the area and this would attract more people. The success of
Elamthuruth based Little Flower Books as a leading sales centre in ornamental fish
breeding and management prompted many people in this area to undertake this as an
enterprise. Moreover, many people in the area have a first hand knowledge in
ornamental fish farming since the Kole lands in the Elamthuruth area are more
suitable for fish cultivation. These were the reasons for selecting this region as the
targeted area.
Training was imparted in the areas near the wetlands, by constructing dug out
pits lined with tarpaulin. This method ensured a low cost of investment by replacing
the need for a concrete lined pit; was pragmatic in its approach towards acceptance by
the trainees. The loan for starting the enterprise would be granted by banks only after
the approval of the project by the Fisheries Department.
Despite all these positive factors, the training was not successful because not
many trainees came forward to take it up as a venture. Surprisingly, out of the 30
participants, only 2 participants finally ventured into this field.
An analysis of the situation revealed that the reasons for low acceptability of
ornamental fish breeding and management among the participants were as follows:
1) Although the need for a concrete lined tank was obviated by the construction
of dug out pits lined with tarpaulin, the cost was still high and not so appealing to the
people. As per standards a 25x25 ft sized pit is required for ornamental fish breeding
and management .This required a lot of investment and could not be afforded by most
people; which ushered in the need for taking a loan.
58
2) Most of the participants were housewives who depended on their husbands for
their expenses. Applying for a loan would become a rather controversial proposition
for such women if the husband did not consent it.
3) The requirement of a pit of 25x25 ft dimensions made it difficult for it to be
integrated into small homesteads since a large area would be needed for constructing
such a pit.
The lesson learnt from the failure of this training program was that while selecting
beneficiaries, more foresight and knowledge into the human psyche is to be
employed. We should be able to think of all the possible socio-economic and cultural
factors which come into play in our society, before selecting the beneficiaries. Also,
since the area selected is semi urban, the landholdings are small; making the
construction of such a large pit impractical. The same training, if it had been in a
rural area where people have larger landholdings could have been a success. The
training could have emphasized on a group approach towards ornamental fish
breeding and management .This could have incited some interest among the people.
Thus the program should have been more flexible to the needs and aspirations of the
participants.
5.3 Conclusion
This module gave us a chance to visit the NGO, s and to familiarize their
functioning and funding etc. In this training we are exposed to different facts of
developmental activities. Through the NGO which is called the third pillar in any
country’s development the rural community is given a facelift. The organizations are
service oriented and work on a no profit and no loss basis. NGO’s are interpersonal
methods of communication, and study the right entry points whereby they gain the
trust of the community they seek to benefit. NGO’s play roles from advocates for the
poor to implementers of governmental programmes; from agitators and critics to
partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to mediators. Thus the training
has motivated us to start a NGO by ourselves to work for the upliftment of the
community.
59
KRISHIBHAVAN
TRAINING
60
KRISHIBHAVAN TRAINING
The students are given placement training in selected Krishi Bhavans to study the
essential management and development administration. Planning, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of agricultural projects and the people’s plan campaign in
the three-tier system will be exposed to understand the local development strategy.
Different schemes implemented by the State Department of agriculture will also be
familiarized.
6.1 Objectives
a) To familiarize the student trainees in the administrative functioning of Krishi
Bhavans
b) To impart training in the preparation of need based development
projects/programmes
c) To make the student trainees aware of the functioning of people’s plan
programme and to reorient their approaches accordingly
The Krishi Bhavan system was started in 1987 and as a part of the programme, one
krishibhavan was established in every panchayat. The office consists of one
agricultural officer and three agricultural assistants. All agricultural schemes are
implemented through the Krishi Bhavan. At present, there are 1052 Krishibhavans in
Kerala.
The fifth module of RAWEP ‘08 was the krishibhavan training that was started on 3
September 2008 by an orientation class by the module leader, Dr. Jayasree
Krishnankutty. Smt. Ranjana Damodaran, Assistant Principal Agricultural Officer,
inaugurated the module and gave us a talk about the organizational setup of the
Department of Agriculture. The whole class of 44 students was then divided into
groups of seven and each group was allotted to one krishibhavan.
The krishibhavans were -
1. Paralam Krishibhavan
2. Porathyssery Krishibhavan
3. Nadathara Krishibhavan
4. Wadakkancherry Krishibhavan
61
5. Chovannur Krishibhavan
6. Nenmanikkara Krishibhavan
7. Kaipparambu Krishibhavan
The krishi bhavan allotted to our group was at Nadathara panchayath. We reported at
the krishibhavan on04-09-2008.The agricultural officer was Dr. Swapna S and she
explained us the major activities and schemes implemented through krishibhavan. We
also get acquainted with the various registers maintained in the krishibhavan. The
main crops cultivated there were rice, coconut and banana. On 5th we visited
Nadathara Panchayat office
In the Following days we visited two progressive farmers ,were we got an
idea about the different crops grown, practices being followed and also the problems
faced by them in the field and during marketing. We also visited VFPCK marketing
unit.Organizational Setup of Krishi Bhavan is as follows
Agricultural minister
Agriculture Production Commissioner
Agricultural secretary
Director of Agriculture
Additional Director (5)
Joint Director/Principal Agricultural Officer (14) District level
Deputy Director
Assistant Director of Agriculture Block level
Agricultural Officer Panchayat level
Agricultural Assistants
62
6.2 About the Krishi Bhavan, Nadathara

• Panchayat : Nadathara
Panchayat president : Mr. Rajeev
Block : Ollukkara
District : Thrissur
Villages :Nadathara,Kozhukully,Mulayam
Agricultural officer :Dr. Swapna S
Agricultural Assistants :Mrs...Reetha, Mrs. Bindu, Mr. Pradeep
6.2.1 Basic data Of Panchayath
Total geographical area :2071 ha
Forest area :239 ha
Other than agrl. Area : 320 ha
Uncultivable fallow : 40 ha
Permanent grasslands : 5 ha
Homestead or mixed farming : 50 ha
Total cultivable area : 1322 ha
Population :27,459
Men : 13, 44
Women : 14,018
6.2.2 Details about the holdings
Marginal (up to 1 ha) : 92
Small(1-2ha) : 4937
Large( >2ha) : 74
Total : 5907ha
6.2.3 Infrastructural details
Milk society :5
63
Schools :6
Govt :2
Aided :4
Library :5
Banks
cooperative bank :5
commercial bank :2
Bridges :2
Anganvadi :30
River :Manalippuzha
6.2.4 Major crops and area
Rice 125ha
Rubber 647ha
Banana (Nendran) 35ha
Banana (Mixed) 15ha
Banana (except nendran) 150ha
Coconut 400ha
Cashew 15ha
Arecanut (pure crop) 10ha
Arecanut (inter crop) 50ha
Vegetables (rainfed) 75ha
Vegetables (summer) 20ha
Pepper 110ha
Clove 5ha
6.2.5 Records and Registers Maintained
6.2.5.1 Registers
• Movement Register: It is to record the movement of officers during
working hours in a day such as field visits, visit to JD office and treasury
etc.
• Stock Register : It is a complete record of all the materials which are
stored in the Krishi Bhavan
• Attendance Register: It is to mark daily attendance of officers.
64
• Casual leave Register: It is to mark the casual leave of officers.

• Cash Book: It is financial record containing the cost of various materials
distributed through Krishi Bhavan.
• Soil sample Register: It is a register to enter the details of soil sample
tested in the area of Krishi Bhavan.
• Natural calamities Register: It contains all the details regarding natural
calamities and extent of area affected and crops.
• Treasury bill Book: It contains the salary and other financial transactions
of Krishi Bhavan through treasury.
• Work Diary: It is maintained everyday. The demonstrator records the day
to day work he does in the field. Also number of field visits, no. of days
present in the office, no. of holidays, no. of casual leave etc is recorded in
this diary.
• Aquittance Register: It is a register to record the discharge of liabilities
such as salary, payments etc.
• Agricultural Development Committee Register: It is a register to record the
activities of ADC.
• Receipt Books; It is to write the details of sale of materials.
• Farmer’s Visit Register: Records the visits of farmers’ .It contains the
name, address and purpose of visit.
• Scheme Register: It is a record of various schemes which are implemented
through Krishibhavan.
• Subsidy Disbursement Register: It is a record of the subsidies given to
farmers; name of the beneficiaries and the amount.
• People’s Plan Register: It is a record of the projects implemented under
People’s plan.
• Inspection Register: This includes a list of all the records in the
Krishibhavan along with the remark of the inspector.
• Basic Data Register: This contains the basic information about the
panchayat.
• Permit Book: This is a permit issued by the Agricultural Officer to the
farmers to avail the inputs under subsidy through the approved agencies.
65
• Fertilizer and Quality Control Register: It is a record of the fertilizer and

PPC quality tests conducted as per the Fertilizer and quality Control Order
6.2.5.2 Files
Natural calamities file- It contains records about the natural calamities
relief scheme
Organic manure file - it shows the records about the organic manure
distributed to farmers.
Input file - this file contains information about the various inputs.
Audit file - deals with the audit details
Establishment file
Public participation file
Farmer debt relief file- contains information about the debt relief scheme.
Farm labour pension file
Quality control file- deals with fertilizer quality
Stock and store file - it deals with the materials of the store.
6.2.5.3 Reports: It is submitted to: Assistant Director on a monthly basis

Non- plan expenditure
Receipt Statement.
Stock position of fertilizer and PP chemicals.- This report is submitted by the
Cooperative societies and fertilizer companies and information regarding opening
stock purchase during the month, total stock, and sales during the month and closing
stocks are included.
Report on Agro clinics. -Information regarding farmer participation, scientist
participation, field visits, demonstrations, problems identified etc are submitted to the
ADA office.
Implementation of plan schemes and SHM.
Report on peoples plan. : A monthly report on what all schemes and programmes
have been taken up by the Krishibhavan along with the target, achievement and
balance.
Report on Kissan Credit Card.

Crop Situation report
66
6.2.6 Major Schemes

6.2.6.1 Sustainable development of rice
To paddy farmers, subsidies are given for inputs through group farming
societies. Subsidies are given to a maximum of Rs. 1500 per ha.For fallow
landsRs.5000/ha are given for those lands which have been kept fallow for the past
three years. For processing of riceRs.25000 is given for a processing unit. The subsidy
is given as 50% limited to the amount Rs.25, 000.Implementation of these schemes
can be in three ways Direct supply of the inputs to the farmers from the Krishi-
BhavanThrough permits given by the agricultural officers The farmer’s purchase the
inputs and the receipts are verified at the Krishi Bhavan and the amount is given at
50%
6.2.6.2 State horticulture mission
This scheme includes all the crops except paddy and coconut
There are three major schemes under this
Promotion of cut flowers-Mainly given for Anthurium at the rate of Rs.35/plant
Construction of green house-Rs.125 /sq.m is the amount given under this scheme.
Banana cultivation-A sum of Rs.7500/ha at the rate of Rs.3 per plant is given to the
banana grower
6.2.6.3 Natural calamity relief assistance
Rates vary with the crops
Coconut palm bearing : Rs.300/-
Coconut palm non bearing : Rs.100/-
Banana bunched : Rs.25/-
Banana non bunched : Rs.12/-
Nutmeg : Rs.100/-
Arecanut : Rs.45/-
6.2.6.4 Aayiram jaiva pachakkari gramam
Subsidy is given at the rate of Rs.5000/5ha where one group should have 5 ha.
Marketing subsidy is given at Rs.15, 000.
6.2.6.5 MoU of rice development
Farmers field school

Once in a week, FFS is conducted. This includes IPM practices like
Trichocard supply @75% subsidy
67
Pseudomonas supply @75% subsidy

6.2.6.6 Scheme for public participation
a. Farmers’ day
b .Agriculture development committee: Rs.500 is allowed for each meeting, giving a
total of Rs.6000 for 12 meetings in a year
c. Agro clinic
6.2.7 Major SHGs Functioning In Nadathara Panchayat
1. Chalampaadam karshaka swasraya sanghom

2. Kootala farmers club
3. Achankunnu farmers club
4. Eravimangalam cluster
5. Haritham swayam sahaya karshaka sanghom
6. Cherumkuzhi haritha sanghom
7. Sarathy swasraya karshaka sanghom
8. Haritham swayam sahaya sanghom, moorkanikara
9. Murukumkundu swasraya sanghom
10. Moorkanikara swasraya sanghom
6.2.8 Kudumbasree Units
In Nadathara Panchayat there exist total of300 Kudumbasree units
Families included -5158
Total thrift -Rs 1486400
Internal lending -Rs 5362400
Members -Min:5
Max: 10
Major activities of Kudumbasree units include pottery, tailoring, hollow brick
manufacture, pappad making, readymade garments, and ready-to-use mix. Training is
compulsory. The production bonus provided is Rs 8500 for group and Rs 1000 for
individuals. The CDS avails loans from banks at 8.5-9% interest rate & disburses the
amount to the members.
6.2.8.1 Major Kudumbasree units:
Chaithanya - soap powder
White rose - house hold items
Kanaka sree - rice trading
68
Gramalakhmi -rice trading

Priyam - rice trading
Pournami - pappad making
Aami - tailoring unit
Sneha - stitching centre
6.3 CASE STUDY OF A SUCCESSFUL FARMER
6.3 .1Name and address of the farmer

Name : Varghese P. P
Address : Pinakkattil (House)
Chelampadam
Valakkavu (P.O)
Nadathara, Thrissur.
Occupation : Farming (Full time farmer)
Family : Father
Mother
Wife – Kunjumol
Daughter – Nimmy
Son – Nithin
6.3 .2 Major crops
Coconut WCT, T X D
Rubber RRII 105
Banana Nendran, Kadali, Robusta, Karpuravally
Nutmeg (local)
Black pepper Panniyur-1
Bitter gourd (local)
Amaranth - Kannara local
6.3 .3Minor crops
Mango Moovandan
Arecanut Kasargod Local
Cashew
Snake gourd
Coccinea
Chilli
Bhindi
69
Cowpea - Lola
Malabar tamarind
Vanilla
6.3.4 Salient features
Highly intensive cropping.
Biogas plant from rubber processing wastes.
Small medicinal plant garden in front of the house.
Application of a mixture of neemcake & potash at the basin in the 6th month of the
banana crop for reducing the incidence of Pseudostem weevil.
Propping of banana plant with plastic rope.
Mulching with coconut husk in basins of palms.
Opening of only half basin of coconut annually.
Priority to organic farming.
6.3.5Achievements
Mr Varghese was judged as “The Best Farmer of Nadathara Panchayat” on Farmer’s
Day ( Chingam 1) in 2008.
6.3.5Unsuccessful Ventures
Paddy cultivation
Piggery unit
Vanilla cultivation
Livestock
6.3.6Future Plans
Honeybee rearing in rubber plantation.
VFPCK marketing.
Rearing of Jamnapari goats
6.4 Conclusion
The Krishi Bhavan module gave a much warranted impetus to our RAWE
programme. We were lucky to get Nadathara Krishi Bhavan for our training as
majority of its population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Thus it gave us
an opportunity to get familiarised with the field realities amidst the traditional as well
as the progressive farmers with their wealth of knowledge accrued through long years
of experience in farming. We realised that in Nadathara also set back in area and
production of rice was due to multifarious issues such as high labour cost, labour
shortage in peak season, unremunerative nature of the crop and widening disparity in
price of food grains. All this leads to gradual but steady shift towards perennial crops.
70
Nearness to the National Highway is another reason for conversion of paddy lands for
construction of residential complexes. Through this training we got a lot of exposure
to the real functioning of Krishi bhavan and gained first hand experience of its
activities. We realised that technical competence, confidence and development of
good PR skills are essential attributes to become a successful Agriculture Officer
71
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
72
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
This training is to develop entrepreneurial traits among the students and enable
them to take up self-employment ventures in their professional field with adequate
self-confidence.
7.1 Objectives
a) Strengthen the entrepreneurial qualities and achievement motivation
b) Understand environment related to small business enterprise analytically
c) Select project and product based on analysis.
d) Project formulation and appraisal
e) Acquire basic management skills
f) Acquiring and appreciating social responsibility/entrepreneurial disciplines
The EDP module was scheduled from 15 September 2008 to 30 September 2008. The
module started with an introduction by Dr.K.Satheesh Babu, the module leader on
Entrepreneurship Development. A class followed this on Conceptualising
Entrepreneurship by Dr.Philip Sabu, Professor, CCBM. He gave us an insight in to
the essentials of being a good entrepreneur. Then we had an interactive session with a
successful entrepreneur Mr.Renji, Managing Director, Manjilas Food Products. The
afternoon session was dealt by Dr.Prakash Raja on Soft Skill Development.
The next day began with an experience sharing session with Mr.Jose Mani, an
exemplary entrepreneur in nursery business. In the afternoon, we paid a visit to his
National Rose Garden.
The next day’s session was on Rural and Agricultural Enterprises in India by
Mr.Sajith Sukumaran, UNDP Consultant and it was followed by an interaction with
Mr.Boban Kollannur, Managing Director, Foster Food. In the afternoon, Dr.Satheesh
Babu delivered a talk on Project Formulation & Appraisal which familiarized us
with the technical aspects of formulating a project.
73
On 18-09-08, the morning session comprised of a class on Success and Emotional

Intelligence by Mr. Vijayakumar, Professor, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayoor and a
class on Phonetics by Mrs. Susheela, Professor, Sree Krishna College. We also had a
class on Management and Marketing by Mr. Sukumaran from the CCBM College.
On 19-09-08, we visited the Bharath bee keeping and Training centre, Avinissery,
run by Mr. Sajayan along with the Agricultural Officer of Avinissery. From there we
went to Deepam palm dish making centre had an interaction with Mr. Lonappan, the
owner. It was followed by a visit to a sericulture unit run by, Mr. Dominicos,
promoted by the SERIFED.
A class by Mr. Prabhakaran on Mind Management and a following interaction with
Mr. Nagesh, an official from NABARD and an alumnus of COH took place the next
day.
The entire class was divided into eleven groups of four each and each group was
assigned an enterprise to formulate project proposals for the same. The following
were the enterprises suggested.
1. Tissue culture laboratory
2. Apiculture
3. Sericulture
4. Production of bio-control agents
5. Cultivation of medicinal plants
6. Nursery management
7. Agro-waste utilization
8. Production of fruit crops
9. Agricultural processing and value addition
10. Commercial cultivation of cut flowers
11. Mushroom production
Our group was assigned to propose a project on Establishment of
Commercial Nursery. In order to formulate the project, we visited two successful
commercial nursery ventures in Mannuthy – TEEOSEE Nursery, and National Rose
Gardens at Mannuthy and collected relevant information. The project was presented
before panel of erudite recourse persons. This gave a boost to us in handling such
situations in future
74
7.2 PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR COMMERCIAL NURSERY
7.2.1 Introduction
With the increasing awareness among people about environmental protection,
horticultural therapy, aesthetic and medicinal values of plants more and more people
are now attracted towards growing plants. Owing to this, there is increase in demand
for horticultural crops more particularly fruit, ornamentals and medicinal plants in
both urban and rural areas of India. With this, the demand for good quality planting
materials has gone up. It has observed that people involved in floriculture has been
increasing due to the high demand for cut flowers during floriculture friendly days.
Hence nursery business has become a profitable venture in recent in our country. It
has entered high rise buildings, offices, factories, business houses, hospitals, hotels,
backyards, road side in cities, roof tops etc. for decoration purpose. Heavy demand is
observed during festive seasons and seasons of fairs and melas. Commercial nursery
business has, therefore, come up in large scale in areas near cities and towns.
7.2.1.1. Importance of Nursery.

• Supply of genuine, healthy and branded quality planting material in adequate
quantity.
• Dissemination of information on seeds, new varieties and planting materials.
• Compliance of strict quarantine procedures for effective control of diseases

and pest.
• Creating awareness about healthy environment and eco-balance.
• Establishment of disease and virus free scion banks.
• Promotion of export through supply and processing of quality planting materials
7.2.2 Background of the Project
7.2.2.1 Promoters of the project

The promoters are a group of agriculture graduates, who are –
Abdusalam Alangadan, Divya Babu, Rajesh M., Muhammed Safeer U.
7.2.3 Technical Aspects

7.2.3.1 Location:
75
As the location is near to national high way customers can easily access. There is a high
demand for plantation crops seedling like areca nut, coconut because most of the plantations
are on the verge of replanting. More over, there are no nurseries in nearby areas and there is
high demand for rare fruits like mangosteen, rumbutan and spices like allspice, pepper,
nutmeg etc. There is good provision for irrigation facilities.
7.2.3.2 Requirement and availability of raw materials
7.2.3.2.1 Raw material required
• Labour
• Mother plant
• Pot and polythene bags
• PP chemicals and fertilizers
• Potting mixture
• Nursery Tools
7.2.3.2.2 Availability of raw material

Most of the raw materials can be acquired from private nurseries of
A.P, T.N, Bangalore, Pune and also from State Agricultural Farm, Munderi.
Chemicals can be purchased from different depots.
7.2.3.2.3 Requirement and availability of capital investment
Total out lay to the project is Rs 9 lakhs. 75% of it can be avail

from bank at an interest rate of 12%. Down payment is 2.25 lakhs and it is mobilized
by the promoters. Time period of the project is ten years.
Infrastructure requirements Land:
Production area
Propagation area 1.4 acre
Display &sales area
Green house :80 sq.m
Rain shelter :80 sq.m
Mist chamber :60 sq.m

Working shed :60 sq.m
Store and office :60 sq.m
Pump set :5HP
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Hardening Unit :160 sq
7.2.3.2.4 Availability of Technical and Utility services
• Cashew Research Station, Anakkayam
• Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram
• Krishi Bhavan, Kottakkal
• Kelapaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Thavanoor
• State Farm, Munderi
• RARS,Ambalavayal
7.2.3.2.5 Process of production
Process involve preparation of potting mixture, poly bag filling,

propagation techniques like cutting, grafting, layering and budding, raising root
stocks, hormone treatment, hardening of tissue culture seedlings and application of
fertilizers and plant protection chemicals
7.2.3.2.6 Gestation period
It is about three months

7.2.3.2.7 Technical standards of Raw materials and products
• Pest and Disease free planting material
• High quality seedlings
• Procurement of planting material from certified nurseries and agencies in the

first year
7.2.3.2.8 Suggested capacity and capacity utilization
Starting with 1.5 acres and area will be expanded to 2 acres in the
coming years.
7.2.3.2.9 Schedule of Implementation
The anticipated schedule of implementation is five years.
7.2.4 Commercial Aspects

7.2.4.1 Product strategy
Year round production and supply of quality planting material of
flowering plants fruit trees, plantation crops, foliage on a retail basis and eventually
77
on a wholesale basis. Special emphasis cut flowers due to its high demand. We are
planning business through on-line.
7.2.4.2 Demand forecasting
There will be high demand for ornamental and garden plants for hotels, parks,
companies and households for decoration. People are now more conscious about
aesthetic and beautification value of ornamental plants High demand during
floriculture friendly days like Valentine’s day, Mothers day, Friend ship day etc
Supply of plants to various Department schemes. There is ample scope for export.
7.2.4.3 Sales forecasting
There will be a shift from retail to wholesale in the future after the expansion
of area. Plans are there to export high quality planting materials.
7.2.4.4 Demand supply gap
There is always a high demand for good quality planting materials.
Availability of planting material in northern part of Kerala is very low. So there is a
good demand.
7.2.4.5 Pricing strategy
Based on demand and production cost
7.2.4.6 Distribution strategy
Spot delivery for large consignment. Supply to other private and Government
nurseries On-line trading www.globalnursery.com .we also participate in festive
exhibition for marketing and display.
7.2.5 Managerial Aspects
7.2.5.1 Knowledge and experience of project entity
The proprietors are B.Sc. (Ag.) graduates and have technical know - how. Has
liaison with experts in this field like Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Jose Mani, Biju Francis
7.2.5.2 Training under gone
Proprietors have undergone several trainings as a part of curriculum. Visited
various research institutes like Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Indo
American Hybrid Seeds , Fruit Research Stations and several state Agricultural
Universities, Attended classes by successful entrepreneurs in this field and hands on
experience in cutting, grafting , budding, layering.
7.2.5.3Training facilities available in the area
KAU,CRS Anakkayam, KVK Malappuram, KCAET Thavanoor etc.
78
7.2.6 Organisational Aspects
7.2.6.1 Mode of organization

It is on partnership basis.
7.2.6.2 Linkage with other farmer’s organization
There is a good rapport with other nurseries in Malappuram, Kozhikode,
Thrissur, Bangalore, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and also have good linkage with
Farmer’s clubs and SHGs
7.2.7 Financial Aspects
Table 7.2.7.1 Capital Requirement of the Project in the first year

PARTICULARS Rs
Mother plants 47,583
Ornamentals 2,23,000
Foliage 6,883
Plantations 65,350
Lawn 35,800
Mist chamber(30 sq.m) [2 no] 30,000
Green house(80 sq.m) [2 no] 1,18,687
Rain shelter(80 sq.m) 5,760
Hardening unit(160 sq.m) 5,76,069
Rose can, Hose, Spade, Sprayer, Arbana, Rake, Knives, Basket, Metal 2,7967
pot ,Fencing, Secateurs
Work shed, Store cum office, Furniture and equipments office 42,000
stationary
Labour(5 women)+(1 supervisor cum salesman) + Advertisement 1,95,000
Table 7.2.7.2 Cost of Development in 2nd, 3rd and 4th year
Particulars Second Third Fourth

Raising pot plants 81,000 1,35,000 2,25,000
Raising plants in polythene bag 1,51,610 3, 20,000 5,01,200
Maintaining mother plants 10,803 10803 10803
Supervisor + labour 1,80,000 2,00,000 225000
Lawn maintenance 16,900 16,900 16900
Electricity + web page 3,500 4000 4500
Replacement of polythene sheet, - 19500 -
shade net, other implements
79
Table 7.2.7.3 Cost of Development in 5th, 6th & 7th year
Particulars Fifth Sixth Seven

Raising pot plants 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000
Raising plants in polythene bag 5,30,800 5,95,520 5,95,520
Maintaining mother plants 10803 10803 10803
Supervisor + labour 225000 225000 225000
Lawn maintenance 16900 16900 16900
Electricity + web page 4500 4500 4500
Replacement of polythene sheet, shade - 19500
net, other implements
Table 7.2.7.4 Year wise production of Seedlings
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pot plants (Nos) 7000 10500 21000 33600 53760 86016 86016
Polybag 20000 32000 64000 1024200 1536300 1536300 1536300
seedling
Table 7.2.7.5 Repayment plan by diminishing balance method
Year Principal Interest Installment Outstanding

Balance
1 0 0 0 0
2 108333 78000 186333 541667
3 108333 65000 173333 433334
4 108333 52000 160333 325001
5 108333 39000 147333 216668
6 108333 26000 134333 108333
7 108333 13000 121333 Nil
Total 6,50,000 273000 922998
Table 7.2.7.6 Cash Flow Statement
YEAR CI O&M COF CIF CF

1 680397 190700 871097 391305 -479792
2 0 423093 423093 633350 210257
3 19500 648560 663010 1119285 456275
4 0 942699 942699 1765005 822306
80
YEAR CI O&M COF CIF CF

5 0 963419 963419 1809405 845986
6 19500 990109 1004559 1898205 893646
7 0 990109 990109 1898205 908096
8 0 990109 990109 1898205 908096
9 0 990109 990109 1898205 908096
10 0 990109 990109 1898205 908096
Table 7.2.7.7 Discounted cash flow analysis
DF DCOF DCIF DCF

0.8929 777765.18 349379.46 -428385.71
0.7972 337287.15 504902.74 167615.59
0.7118 471917.42 796684.95 324767.53
0.6355 599102.26 1121692.59 522590.33
0.5674 546669.81 1026704.99 480035.18
0.5066 508940.85 961689.73 452748.87
0.4523 447875.03 858651.54 410776.51
0.4039 399888.42 766653.16 366764.74
0.3606 357043.23 684511.75 327468.52
0.3220 318788.60 611171.21 292382.61
TOTAL 2732741.82 3799364.74 1066622.92
Table 7.2.7.8 Estimation of Pay back Period
YEAR CASH FLOW UNRECOVERED BALANCE
1 -479792 479792
2 210297 269535
3 456275 _
Amount unrecovered after two years – Rs269535

Time require to recover the amount – (269535 x 1)/456275
= 0.59
So the pay back period = 2 + 0.59 ~ 3 year
7.2.8 Economic Analysis
Benefit Cost Ratio = 1.39

Net Present Value = Rs.10,66,623
Internal Rate of Return = >50%
Pay back period = 3 years
Hence the Project is Bankable
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7.2.9 SWOT Analysis
7.2.9.1 Strengths
• Proprietors are Agricultural graduates
• Sales unit is near to National Highway
• Scope for export
• Very low Gestation period
• There are no nurseries in nearby areas
• Landscape consultancy
• e-trade
7.2.9.2 Weaknesses
• Need constant attention and care
• Management of unsold planting material
• Competition from low quality planting material with low price
7.2.9.3 Opportunities
• High demand for ornamentals and garden plants now a days as result of
urbanization
• Establishment of tissue culture lab in the future
• Production of cut flowers and bonsai
• Separate Medicinal plant nursery
7.2.9.4 Treats
• Increasing labour charge
• Labour shortage
• Highly competitive field
• Pest and diseases
7.2.10 Conclusion
The business of establishing an ornamental nursery is technically feasible and
economically viable. It requires sizeable investment and good business
management for better return. Considering the high demand for good quality
planting materials, commercial nursery is doubtlessly a profitable venture that one
can enter.
82
7.3 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON FOOD SECURITY THROUGH

INNOVATIONS IN FOOD PROCESSING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT (29 & 30 SEPTEMBER, 2008)
The national seminar on food security was jointly organised by the Indian Institute of
Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries,
Govt. of India and Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Kerala Agricultural University. The venue of the Seminar was Central Auditorium,
Kerala Agricultural University. Sri.K.R.Viswambharan, IAS, Honorable Vice
Chancellor, KAU inaugurated the seminar. Following the inaugural session, there
were technical sessions on Advances in Grain Process Technology and New Vistas
in Fruit and vegetable Processing.
The second day technical sessions was inaugurated by Sri.K.Jayakumar, IAS,
Agricultural Production Commissioner. Following this, technical sessions on Post
harvest Technology of Plantation crops and spices, Processing of fish, milk and meat
products and Food processing and Entrepreneurship development were conducted.
The papers presented in the technical sessions dealt with the subjects of research
problems that need to be addressed in food processing, preservation, and value
addition for achieving food and nutritional security .Reducing the post harvest losses
will make more food available for our consumption.
The seminar provided a platform for food scientists, food engineers and agricultural
scientists, along with the policy makers, industrialists, progressive farmers, students
and entrepreneurs, to discuss various issues related to food processing and food
security.
Entrepreneurship development in processing is an essential step in encouraging young
Indians to venture into these fields. This seminar organized with the theme Food
Security created sufficient awareness on the importance of value addition and
preservation of foods and encouraged the youth to venture into the new food
processing vistas.
83
AGROCLINICS
AND VILLAGE STAY
84
AGROCLINIC
Agro clinics are conducted to expose the students to the concept and practice of
diagnosing problems related to crop production and suggesting remedial measures.
8.1 Objectives
a) To provide experiential learning to the students in handling farm related
problems
b) To inculcate the ability to diagnose problems and make appropriate
inferences
c) To enhance the competence of students to suggest pragmatic solutions for
field problems
d) To develop the interpersonal communication abilities of the students to
interact with the farmers taking into account, his socio-economic and cultural
background
The agro clinics were organized along with the village stay programme at Perumatty
panchayath of Palakkad district on 15th and 16th October. Dr.Sally K.Mathew,
Department of Plant Pathology and Dr.Ushakumari, Department of Entomology
brushed up our knowledge on different disease and pest problems in major crops in an
orientation session.
The Agro clinic on Paddy was conducted by Dr. P.S John, Dr. Haseena Bhaskar, and
Dr. T.J.Rehmuth Niza. Some of the farmers had brought specimens and the students
clarified their doubts. Mr. Govindanuni, official from Co-operative bank, inaugurated
the Agro clinic on Homestead. Dr. Jim Thomas, Dr. George Thomas, Dr. P Suresh
Kumar, Dr. Sally K Mathew and Dr. Jiji Joseph from KAU were present for the agro
clinic. The session was followed by questions and doubts from the farmers.
8.2 Conclusion
The agro clinic module exposed the students to the realities of farming situations and
provided opportunity for experiential learning in handling farm related problems. The
students came to know the actual problems of the farmers and could give satisfactory
solutions to the farming community. The module proved to be a capacity building for
us.
85
VILLAGE STAY
The village stay programme forms the last phase of the RAWE programme during
which the students are required to stay in a village and understand the intricacies
involved in the agricultural structure of the village community.
9.1 Objectives
a) To give an opportunity to the students to get acquainted with the
existing situation and to gain first hand farm experience
b) To study the socio-economic, political and cultural structure of the
village community
The module extended from 3rd October 2008 to 27th October 2008 at Vandithavalam,
Perumatty Grama Panchayat.
On arrival at the Perumatty panchayat, we embarked on a mission to understand the
farming practices and problems. This was envisaged through the preliminary visits to
the panchayat, during which we learnt from the people and the panchayat records
about the problems that exist in agriculture in this village. This was followed by
numerous field visits to understand the ground realities of the village. Based on these
visits and the interactions with the farmers, we chalked out a communication strategy
for the village comprising of various seminars, agro clinics, project formulation
workshops, and an agricultural exhibition intending to orient the farming community
to the latest technological know how on various enterprises and crops.
For the formulation of projects, we met several farmers to understand the situations to
the maximum veracity and based on our findings we have suggested a compendium
of projects . The model development projects presented here are the outcome of the
meticulous consultations made by us with the farmers as well as experts by creating
suitable interfaces for interaction.
In order to maintain the interest of the farmers in the new technologies that had been
suggested over the period of the village stay, an exhibition of the cutting edge
technologies from the KAU was held towards the end of the village stay. This helped
the farmers learn about novel ideas and innovations and also about scientific
agriculture. Apart from the stalls of the departments of the College of Horticulture,
there was good participation from other agencies like VFPCK, Kerala livestock
86
Development Board, Small Agri-business Consortium, which also contributed to the

success of the exhibition, which drew crowds of more than 1500 people.
9.2 Classes
Dr. P Suresh Kumar familiarized us with the soil fertility status of Perumatty. We
were also shown the soil fertility map as well as the soil fertility cards prepared for the
Perumatty Panchayat following which was a class on GIS (Geographical Information
System) by Mr. Hiroshkumar from Information Kerala Mission. This equipped us
with adequate knowledge about the geography and soil condition of the village. We
also attended a class on Precision Farming by Mr. Prakash from NETAFIM
9.3 Visits
We visited several homesteads and made a rapid survey about the agricultural set up
of the village. We had a campus cleaning programme and the entire day was devoted
to cleaning the nook and corners of the campus. We made another field visit to the
poonthal padams and to the vegetable growing tracts of the village exposed us to the
various farming practices adopted in the area. Our visit to the farm of a large farmer
gave us a chance to see the ingenuous and innovative method of toddy tapping. We
had the chance to see the Palakkad District Produce Processing Society, a well
equipped coconut oil mill, following which we visited the farm of Mr. Ambili, a
progressive farmer of that area. We also visited Yogasram, where Mr. Maniswami
took us around his organic farm. Meanwhile, some of us went to the college for
purpose of collection of exhibits. Our last visit was to Santhosh Farm, a natural farm
at Anamala where Mr. Sivaswami took us around and explained to us in detail about
the farm.
9.4 Seminars
The village stay was inaugurated by Shri. N. N. Krishnadas, MP. The inaugural
ceremony was followed by a seminar on Comprehensive Paddy Development in
which the faculty of KAU interacted with the farmers. .
Inauguration of the seminar on “Homestead Farming” was by Mr. Govindanunni,
Co-operative Bank, Perumatty. Some of us took classes on meliponiculture,
mushroom cultivation, vermin-composting and IPM tactics. In the evening we visited
a padasekharam and a vegetable field.
87
The seminar on “Investment in Agriculture” was inaugurated by Dr. D. Alexander,

Director of Research, KAU. The faculty from KAU interacted with the farmers
present and answered their queries.
The seminar on “Precision Farming in Fruits, Vegetables and Floriculture crops”
was inaugurated by Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Associate Dean; College of Horticulture.
Seminar on Animal Husbandry and Dairying was inaugurated by Shri. P A Ummer,
Chairperson, State Cooperative Welfare Development Fund Board.
9.5 Workshop on Project Formulation.

Inauguration of the “workshop on project proposals” was by Adv. Murugadas,
followed by the presentation of each of our projects. Dr. C T Abraham, Dr. E V Nybe,
Dr. E K Thomas, Dr. M V R Pillai, Dr. F M H Khaleel, Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty,
Dr. Baby Lissy Markose and Dr. V Usha guided us in the formulation of the various
projects.
9.6 Exhibition
In preparation for the exhibition, we collected exhibits from the College of
Horticulture, and from several institutions under the KAU. We unloaded the
materials for exhibition, sorted and arranged them in different stalls according to the
directions of Dr.F.M.H Khaleel. Exhibition was inaugurated by Mr. Chamunny,
Chairman, and KAMCO. Stalls for floriculture, entomology, medicinal plants,
agricultural engineering, poultry etc were there. There was also good participation
from other agencies like VFPCK, Kerala livestock Development Board, Small Agri-
business Consortium. The third day of our exhibition marked the end of our village
stay programme with the auction of rare breeds of poultry and the forty-five varieties
of banana that were displayed. We then dispersed from there after expressing our
sincere gratitude to the organizers.
In the closing ceremony of the exhibition and village stay, the release of the souvenir
and the project proposals was done. The souvenir of Harithasangamam ’08 entitled,
Smaranika was released by Dr. P K Rajeevan and it was handed over to Adv.
Murugadas. Dr. P S John, Professor, Department of Agronomy released the
compilation of our project proposals by handing it over to Mrs. Risha Premkumar,
President, Perumatty Grama Panchayath. We also expressed our thanks to all the
88
people who worked for the success of Harithasangamam ’08. It was followed by a
cultural fest organized by the students of College of Horticulture.
9.7 Development Projects for Perumatty Gramapanchayat

As a part of the village stay module of RAWEP’08 (KEDARAM), based on the
knowledge and experience that we gained through our interactions with the farmers,
we have formulated and handed over ten projects for the integrated development of
agriculture and allied sectors of the Perumatty Grama Panchayat. The projects are –
• Integrated Rice Development

• Product Diversification and By-products Utilization in Coconut
• Sericulture
• Melliponiculture
• Integrated Development of Floriculture
• Quality Seed Production in Rice
• Mushroom Cultivation
• Quail Rearing
• Establishment of Dairy Farm Unit
• Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Apart from the afore mentioned projects we also suggest that the Panchayath take
initiative for starting a Producer’s marketing outlet at Palakkad , for the efficient
marketing of the various farm produce of the village. An agency can be entrusted
with the procurement of the produce to the producer’s outlet. These projects, if
properly implemented, would help raise the standards of living of the small &
marginal farmers, provide gainful employment to the unemployed youth, and also
help in economically empowering women. Thus, the integrated development of
agriculture and allied sectors in the Perumatty GramaPanchayat is an achievable goal.
Our group consisting of Safeer, Sarath, Praveen and I formulated the project for
Quality Seed Production in Rice.
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9.7.1 QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE
9.7.1.1 Project Title

Quality seed production of rice
9.7.1.2 Introduction
Of all the inputs used by farmers, the seed is the cheapest .It is the basic input and
forms only a small part of the total cultivation expenses. However, it is often
established that good quality seeds alone account for a 20% increase in yield.
Paddy is a major crop cultivated in the Perumatty Grama Panchayath. Paddy
cultivation is undertaken on a total area of 2350 hectares in the Viruppu and
Mundakan seasons. 750 hectares of this area come under ‘poonthalpadam’. The total
production of paddy in Perumatty is 8225 tonnes. The varieties preferred are Uma,
Kanchana and Neeraja during the first crop season and Ponnmani during the second
crop season. Currently, while some farmers in this area sow the seeds obtained from
one crop season in the next season, others depend on other sources to obtain seeds.
Because of this, the quality of the seeds is not ensured. The unavailability of good
quality seeds adds to the rising cost of production of paddy.
Based on the survey we conducted, we have understood that nearly 100 tonnes of
paddy seeds have to be produced to meet the requirements of the farmers of
Perumatty. This would require cultivation on an area of 55 acres.
In this context, we have formulated a model project for quality seed production in
paddy. The project is proposed for an area of 10-hectares.This project aims to assure
timely supply of good quality paddy seeds to farmers in Perumatty and thereby
enhance the productivity.
9.7.1.3 Details of process of production

9.7.1.3.1 Land Requirement: It must be ensured that the land used for seed
production is free from weeds and volunteer plants.
9.7.1.3.2 Isolation Distance: 3 metres
9.7.1.3.3 Nursery: Land on which paddy crop cultivation was undertaken in the
previous season should be avoided to prevent varietal admixtures due to volunteer
plants.
90
9.7.1.3.4 Seed rate: 30 – 35 kg/ha

9.7.1.3.5 Source of Seed: ‘Foundation class’ seeds should be bought from RARS,
Pattambi.
9.7.1.3.6 Seed Treatment: Seeds should be treated with Pseudomonas @ 10g/kg of
Seed as a safeguard against fungal and bacterial pathogens.
9.7.1.3.7 Method of Sowing: Seeds can be broadcasted as such or after sprouting in
puddled beds.
9.7.1.3.8 Uprooting the Seedlings: Seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 3-
4 weeks of sowing. They should be uprooted gently.
9.7.1.3.9 Transplanting: The main field must be ploughed repeatedly to obtain a fine
tilth and the ploughed field kept flooded for a week or 10 days prior to transplanting.
The uprooted seedlings should be transplanted to the main field manually @ one
seedling per hill.
9.7.1.3.10 Spacing: 20 X 15 cm
9.7.1.3.11 Water Management: Water at a height of 5+2 cm should be maintained in
the field. Irrigation should be given whenever necessary.
9.7.1.3.12 Fertilizer Recommendation: NPK @ 70:35:35 kg/ha
9.7.1.3.13 Weed Control: Weeding must be done twice or thrice before the heading
stage of the seedling.
9.7.1.3.14 Rouging: Off type plants must be rouged once prior to flowering by skilled
labourers from RARS, Pattambi.
9.7.1.3.15 Harvesting: Seeds can be harvested when they are ripe. At the optimum
stage of harvest, the moisture content of seeds would be 17-23%. Harvesting should
be done using a combine.
9.7.1.3.16 Packing: The harvested produce should then be packed in sacks and
transported to RARS, Pattambi where further processing of seeds is done.
9.7.1.4 Methodology of Implementation

9.7.1.4.1 Beneficiaries: 1. Padashekhara samithies
2. SHGs
3. Paddy farmers
9.7.1.4.2 Target Area: Perumatty Grama Panchayat
91
9.7.1.4.3 General Objectives: 1. Quality seed production

2. Enhancing income
9.7.1.4.4 Special Objectives: 1.Assuring timely supply of good quality seeds to

Farmers
2. Enhancing paddy yields in Perumatty from 3.5
tonnes/ha to 4.2 tonnes/ha
Table no. 9.1 Stages of implementation
Serial Working component Duration

no
1. Revitalization of Padasekharams by conducting 1 month
awareness programmes on group farming
approach
2. Awareness campaign on use of quality seeds 3 weeks
3. Identification of beneficiaries for quality seed 2 weeks
production:
4. Training for selected farmers and SHGs 2 months
5. Awareness campaign on IPM and IDM in rice 3 weeks
Table no. 9.2 Agencies for association

Serial Name of agency Role of agency
no:
1 Regional Agricultural Research Supply of inputs,
Station, Pattambi procurement of seeds
2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pattambi Training on quality seed
production
3 College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Conducting awareness
Thrissur classes on IPM and IDM of
rice
92
9.7.1.4.5 Organizational setup: Based on suitability and ease of operation, any one
of the following organisational set-ups may be selected -
• Self Help Groups
• Padasekhara samithies
• Self employment enterprises
Table no. 9.3 Training Programmes

Subject Trainees Institutions providing training
Use of quality seeds Padasekhara Kerala Agricultural University

Samithies
Self-Help Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad
Groups
Integrated Pest Padasekhara Kerala Agricultural University
Management and Samithies
Integrated Disease Self-Help Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad
Management in Rice Groups
Quality seed Padasekhara Kerala Agricultural University
production Samithies
Self-Help Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad
Groups
9.7.1.5 Linkages
Table no. 9.4 Forward and Backward linkages
Nature of Project component Institution Expected outcome
linkage being linked
Backward Purchase of seeds RARS Use of quality seeds
linkage* Purchase of Pattambi
Pseudomonas Induced systemic
fluorescens State resistance for the
Biocontrol plants.
lab, Mannuthy
93
Forward Marketing RARS Ensured supply of

linkage** Pattambi quality seeds at
remunerative prices
*Backward linkages are the linkages of the project components with certain
enterprises prior to the implementation of the project.
**Forward linkages are the linkages of the project components with certain
enterprises after the implementation of the project.
Table no. 9.5 Horizontal and vertical linkages

Nature of Project Agency Expected
linkage component being outcome
linked
Horizontal 1 Training and RARS, Pattambi Transfer of
technical assistance Krishibhavan technology
1
Horizontal linkages are linkages with similar departments or local bodies in the
Locality.
9.7.1.6 Criteria for identification of suitable location

9.7.1.6 .1 Guidelines for identifying target groups:
Priority must be given to the Padashekhara samithies, the SHGs and individuals
interested in quality seed production.
9.7.1.6. 2 Criteria for prioritization:
(a) Paddy farmers facing difficulties due inability to obtain good quality seeds
(b)Farmers interested in production of quality seeds
9.7.1.7 Criteria for identification of beneficiaries

9.7.1.7.1 Criteria of eligibility: (a) Padasekhara Samithies
(b) SHGs
(c) Self employment enterprises
(d) Individuals interested in quality seed production
of Paddy
94
9.7.1.7.2 Criteria for prioritization: Paddy cultivating farmers

Individuals interested in seed production of paddy
Table no. 9.6 Guidelines for Monitoring

Sl .no Monitoring stages Factors to be considered
1 Planting Proper isolation distance
2 Before flowering Thorough rouging

3 Both vegetative and Pest and disease management
reproductive stages of
the plant
Table no. 9.7 Risk factors and measures to overcome risks

Sl. no. Risks Measures to overcome risks
1 Presence of off type Rouging at critical stages
plants in the field
2 Pest and disease Monitoring
incidence Adopting plant protection measures
3 Seed-borne diseases Seed treatment before sowing
4 Chances of seeds not Setting up a seed-processing unit in the
being procured by Panchayat
RARS, Pattambi
Table no. 9.8 Mechanisms to maintain sustainability

Mechanism Measures to be adopted
Continuous and assured supply of Use varieties which are in demand and
foundation seed from any approved which are available.
certified agencies
Marketing mechanisms and functioning Linkages with RARS Pattambi and
other seed procurement units and
setting up a seed-processing unit in the
panchayath
95
9.7.1.8 Financial Aspects

Main field area: 10 ha
Nursery area : 1 ha
Table no. 9.9 Nursery

Sl no. Item Quantity Rate (Rs) Total cost (Rs)
1 Seed 350 kg 21/kg 7350
2 Preparation of nursery - - 2625
bed
3 Ploughing 5 hr 400/hr 2000
4 Manure 10 t 1/kg 10000
5 Nursery management 1000
6 Transplanting 50 women 80/women 4000
Table no. 9.10 Main field

1 Bund preparation and 26250
plastering
2 Ploughing 50 hr 400/hr 20000
3 Seed treatment with 10g/kg seeds 80/kg 280

Pseudomonas
4 Application cost 3 men 150/men 450
5 Irrigation 30 men 150/men 4500
6 Cow dung 50 t 1/kg 50000
7 Fertilizers:
Factamphos 1750 kg 8/kg 14000
Urea 760 kg 5/kg 3800
MOP 580 kg 5/kg 2900
8 Transportation 12 auto 25/auto 300
charges
9 Application cost 20 men 150/kg 3800
96

10 women 80/kg
10 Plant protection 10000
11 Application cost 20 men 150/kg 3000
12 Use of combine 2.5ha/1 hr 1700/hr 42500

harvester
13 Sacks 750 sacks 12/sack 9000
14 Transportation 3.5 hr 400/hr 1400
15 Loading and 750 sacks 10/sack 7500

unloading charges
TOTAL 2,26,655
Total Cost : Rs 2, 26,655+ Rs 15,000 (Training cost) = Rs 2, 41,655/-

Yield : 37.5t/ 10 ha (1.5t/acre)
Total Returns : Rs 5, 25,000 (Rs 14/kg)
Benefit-Cost Ratio = 2.2
9.7.1.9 Possible expansion for the future

The present project can be expanded to a larger scale in the future by establishing a
seed-processing unit at the Panchayat. This would help overcome risks that are likely
to happen because of the inability of the public sector to procure seeds every season.
The details of the costs incurred and the equipments to be purchased are given below.
Total Cost: 50 lakhs
Building: 15-20 lakhs
Processing equipments: 35 lakhs
Equipments:
• Dryer
• Pre-cleaner
• Seed grader
• Specific gravity separator
• Automatic weighing and bagging machine
More information on this can be obtained from RARS Pattambi.
97
CONCLUSION
98
CONCLUSION
The four-month intensive and interesting training programme, starting with

orientation module had its conclusion with village stay. The RAWE programme
exposed us to different situations which helped to develop the right kind of
perspective about the knowledge expertise and experiences of farmers and the
biophysical endowments of the environment in which they are operating.
The orientation session provided the students an overall idea of the agricultural
development scenario, different agencies involved, agribusiness enterprises, self-
employment avenues and similar kind of emerging challenges in the sector. These
sessions also enabled to polish our soft skills and ability to communicate with the
people. The watershed module helped us understand the importance of watershed
based approach of development and its relevance in the eleventh five-year plan. The
farm-planning module was indeed a revelation. We were exposed to the practical
problems of the farmers and could formulate a plan that would not only be profitable
but also feasible to the farmers. The EDP module aimed at inculcating entrepreneurial
skills among the students for self-employment motivation and also equipped them
with the capacity for project formulation and consultancy. The krishibhavan module
helped us realize the importance of an agriculture officer and helped us tune our way
of thinking to suit to the same. The training on RARS and KVK helped the students to
familiarize with the research activities, procedures and various training programmes
of KVK. The NGO training exposed the students to an altogether different way of
organization were each person is the master and has his special way of contributing to
a noble cause. The agro clinic module instilled confidence in the students to face the
problems raised by the farmers and give practical solutions and recommendations to
them. The village stay programme opened us a venue to interact with progressive
farmers and to understand the real problems faced by the farming community. The
RAWE programme was instrumental in molding us as true agri professionals beaming
with self-confidence. It has equipped us with the necessary amour to face the
challenges of the farming community and for the rural development as a whole. It has
also helped in creating professionalism with a humane tinge. This four-month long
field programme helped us to comprehend the basics of agriculture from the masters
of the field - the farmers.
99
REFERENCES
100
REFERENCES
1. Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops, 13th Edition, Directorate of

Extension, Kerala Agricultural University.
2. Karshakashree, July 2006, Sep 2007, May2008.
3. Rajeevan P.K, Valsala Kumari P.K, Geetha C.K, Pookrishi-Sasthravum
Prayogavum, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur
4. Samyojitha Rogakeeda Niyandranam- Nelkrishiyil 2003, Farm Information Bureau
5. www.kau.org
6. www.icar.org
7. www.kissankerala.net
8. www.icar.org.in
9. www.attra.org
10. www.soiltest.coafes.umn.edu
101
APPENDICES
102
APPENDIX I- COURSE OUTLINE

Ext. 4204. Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (0+18)
The Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) is organized

as eight interlinked modules as under:
Module 1 Orientation and Interaction sessions
Orientation to RAWE Programme – Guest lectures by resource persons from
Agricultural Development Agencies, Commodity Board, Credit Institutions, Policy
making organizations etc.
Interaction sessions with successful farmers, self employed youth, field visits to
successful modules of agricultural technology application.
Module 2. Training in Krishibhavans -Orientation to administrative responsibilities
and duties of the Agricultural Officers – basic knowledge about the Panchayat and
understanding of the physical map – development programmes/projects being
implemented in the Krishibhavan – beneficiaries target groups of the development
projects and programmes – plan of work, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
of the development project, meteorological data and its interpretation – rural
institutions of agricultural importance – categories of farmer, major crops, cropping
pattern etc. major agricultural problems – supplies and services rendered by the office
– staff structure of the Krishibhavans.
Module 3. Training in Watershed Management Analysis and Farm Planning
Training on the concept of micro watershed, watershed identification, transect
walk and map preparation – location of micro-watershed, transect walk, map
preparation – identification of the features of the watershed in the field watershed
development plan.
Farming system analysis – identification and allotment of farm households –
farm inventory preparation by each student – analysis of the existing plan –
interpretation and preparation of alternative plan – visit to the farm – discussion with
farmer – modification of the plan and preparation of total farm plan.
Module 4. Agro-clinics
Selection of area for conduct of agro-clinics – discussion of the major
problems of the area – conduct of agro clinics in the field – diagnostic service,
103
collection and analysis of plant and soil/samples and demonstration of skills for
solving the problems.
Module 5. Training in Research Stations and KVKs

Functions of research stations – major thrust areas of research – research
projects in implementation – major findings, contribution of the station, research
need/problem identification. Steps in research project proposal, planning and
implementation of research projects, observation in laboratory and field interpreting
data – list of records/registers maintained in the station, periodic reports, extension
programmes.
Assessing training needs of different categories of people, understanding methods
of training importance of training and follow up of the training programmes.
Experiences in planning, conducting and evaluating OFT, FLD, IVLP, off campus
and on campus training programmes, preparation of training modules, preparation of
various reports, periodicals etc.
Module 6. Entrepreneurship Development Programme

Development of entrepreneurial qualities like creativity, risk taking, perseverance
and problem solving etc. through Entrepreneurial Motivation Training Laboratory
(EMT Lab). Small business enterprise – project formulation and appraisal –
enterprise management skills – marketing management – basic concepts of
accounting, market and commercial acts. Interface with successful agri business
entrepreneurs. Placement in selected agri business unit including project preparation
and case studies.
Module 7. Training in Non Governmental Organizations

Exposure to rural development activities and human resource development
programmes undertaken by the NGO’s, familiarization of participating approaches
carried out by the NGO’s including action research – studying management styles and
linkages with other developmental agencies – experience in working with rural people
.
104
Module 8. Village Stay Programme

acquaintance with farming and farm families – conduct of PRA, study of farm
culture, indigenous knowledge, local cultivation practices of major crops, home
management, resource use pattern, marketing behavior, socio-economic, political and
cultural structure. Development of alternate production plans based on water shed
approach, planning and conduct of extension education programmes, conduct of rural
agricultural competitions, exhibitions, fairs etc.
105
APPENDIX II
Agricultural Map of Kerala

106
APPENDIX III
CONTOUR MAP OF VANDICHALTHODU

MICROWATERSHED
The contour map of Vandichalthodu microwatershed is given in the
figure:
107
APPENDIX 1V
SURVEY SCHEDULE FOR FARM PLANNING
A. Farm Inventory
1. Name and address of the farmer

2. Location
3. Family details
Member Sex Age Education Occupation Income
s
Daily Monthly Annuall
y
4. Size of the holdings

• Land put to non-agricultural use
• Fallow land
• Irrigated land
• Unirrigated land
• Area sown more than once
• Area sown more than twice
• Area leased-in
• Area leased-out
108
5. General information
• Topography of land
• Nature and type of soil
• Depth of soil
• General fertility of land
• Depth of water table
6. Cropping pattern
Crop Area Number Crop Area Number
Coconut Vegetables
Bearing Betel vines
Non-bearing Amorphophallus
Banana Dioscorea
Pure crop Colocasia
Inter crop Cocoa
Tapioca Pepper
Pure crop Clove
Inter crop Nutmeg
Paddy Mango
Single Jackfruit
Double Pineapple
Fodder crops
Others
109
7. Expenditure pattern
A. Farm expenditure
Crop Input cost labour cost
Seed Fertilizer Manure Plant Irrigation Other Hired Family
protection cost cost
Qty. Cost Qty. Cost Qty. Cost Qty. Cost No. Cost No. Cost
B. Livestock details
Items
• Number
• Age
• Lactation period
• Dry period
• Feed take/day
• Straw
• Green fodder
• Concentrates
• Milking cost
• Labour cost
• Other cost
• (Include medicine, rope, repairing shed etc.)
• Av. Milk per day (yield)
• Price/lit.
• Value of dung/day
110
• Value of calf
• Total production eggs/---
• Year Value
C. Family expenditure
• Daily
• Monthly
• Yearly
8. A. Income from crops

Crop Yield/ha/pt. Total Price/unit Total income
production
B. Other source of income during the year

• Sale of farm asset
i) Land ii) Farm machinery iii) Animals/birds
• Sale of non-farm assets
i) Non-farm machinery ii) Ornaments iii) Others
• Custom hire service of machinery/ implements
• Gift from others
111
9. Details regarding the inputs applied in farm production

Input Crop Total Input Livestock Total
cost cost
Qty Pric Qty Price/unit
e/uni
t
Manure Concentrates
1 1. GN cake
2 2. Gingelly
3 3. Copra cake
Fertilizer 4. Cotton seed
1 5. Tamarind
2 seed
3 6. Straw
Production 7. Green fodder
chemicals 8. Others like
1 Tapioca,
2 Rice
3
4
(Note these details should be collected both crop wise and field wise)
10. Source of Irrigation (Give tick marks)

a) Well / tank b) Canal water c) River
11. Other details

1. Soil testing conducted Yes/no
(If the answer is yes, mention the results obtained)
2. Source of capital for farm production own/borrowed
112
3. Pump set used own/ hired ---------- H.P.

(Whether it is electric or diesel)
4. Severe attack of any pest and disease yes/no
(If the answer is yes, mention the crop and disease)
5. Disposal (marketing of farm products village level/ Taluk level/ others.
Mention the distance between farm and the nearest market place.
6. Permanent land development practices adopted bunding/ levelling/ others.
12. Land improvements proposed
1. Reclamation and land Development
2. Irrigation
a) Well/tank b) Pump set (Electric/ diesel) H.P. etc.
3. Construction of farm house, cattle shed, pump house etc.
4. Fencing
5. Establishment of perennial crops
6. Construction of canal/drainage facilities.
Notes
1. A list of all the enterprises that can be undertaken in the area should be prepared.
The exact location of the holding should be specified for follow-up survey.
113
B. Cost of Cultivation of Paddy
Area: Variety: Method of planting:

Broadcasting/Transplanting:
Items Inputs Labourer days Total
cost
Qty Rate Cost Men Women Bullock Machine Cost
I. Nursery
1. Land preparation
a) Ploughing
b) digging
2. Manures and fertilizers
a) FYM/Green manure
b) Fertilizer
1.
2.
3.
c) Application of manures
& fertilizer
3. Seeds and sowing
4. Plant protection
II. Main Land
1. Preparation of land
a) Ploughing
b) Digging
c) Levelling
d) Bunding
e) Drainage
2. Manures and fertilizer
(basal)
a) FYM/GM
b) Fertilizers
1.
114
2.
3.
c) Application of manures
and fertilizers
d) Transportation cost
III. Broadcasting
/transplanting
a) Uprooting of seedlings
b) Planting of seedlings.
IV. Irrigation/Drainage
V. Weeding (first)
a) Manual weeding
b) Weedicides, if any
c) application charges
VI. Manures and fertilizers
1. First top dressing
a) fertilizers
1.
2.
3.
b) application charges
2. Second top dressing
fertilizers
1.
2.
3.
VII. Weeding (second)
a) Manual weeding
b) Weedicides, if any
c) application charges
VIII. Plant protection
a) PP chemicals
1.
115
2.
3.
b) application charges
IX. Harvesting and
processing
1. Harvesting
2. Threshing and
winnowing
3. Drying
4. Transportation
Receipts
Grain -- Qty.
Straw --- Qt.
Price
grain
straw
116
C. Cost of Maintenance of Coconut
Items Labour Time of Fertilizers Others Total

applicatio cost
n
Hired Family Amount Type Qty. Rate
(days) (days)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Opening
the basin
(mention
the radius
of the
basin)
2. Applicatio
n charges
a)
b)
c)
3. Closing
the basin
4. Irrigation
5. Husk
buries
6. Cleaning
the trunk
117
Yield and Returns of Coconut

Harvest Average Value By-product Cost associated with
nuts/harvest (value) harvesting
Hired Family
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
12. Constraints identified for improvement
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
118
APPENDIX V
Proposals for development projects in agriculture and allied sectors for Perumatty
Gramapanchayath -“The road to prosperity” prepared and released as a part of our
village stay programme “Harithasangamam”08”
119
APPENDIX VI
‘Smaranika’ the souvenir that we have released in connection with our village stay
programme “Harithasangamam’08”
120

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RURAL AGRICULTURAL

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

I hereby declare that this report is a bonafide record of Rural Agricultural

Kerala Agricultural University

Certified that this dissertation is a bonafide record of Abdusalam Alangadan

Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Dr. Jiju P. Alex

It is with great respect and devotion I place on record my deep sense of

I am extremely delighted to place on record my profound sense of gratitude to

I consider it as my privilege to express my deep-felt gratitude to Dr. Jayasree

Department of Home science, College of Horticulture for kindly providing facilities

My sincere thanks to all teachers in the Department of Agricultural

It’s my pleasant privilege to acknowledge the services rendered and

On a personal account I would like to pour out my heartfelt thanks to all my

I am in dearth of words to express my love towards my beloved parents for all

I express my sincere gratitude to the following teachers of the Kerala

Dr. Sobhana, Professor, Dept.of Pomology & Floriculture

Farmers and workers make India. Their

2 Inauguration and orientation 14

3 Watershed management and farm planning 23

4 RARS and KVK training 42

6 Krishi Bhavan training 69

7 Entrepreneurship development programme 71

Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing change in a very

Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural

1.1 Objectives of RAWE Programme

1. To develop the understanding of rural community life and the different

2. To familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of farmers and their

3. To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop

4. To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching

5. To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being

6. To develop confidence and competence in students for solving problems

7. To acquaint the students with on going thrust on rural development and

9. To explore and to develop understanding regarding high-tech agricultural

Thus, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing undergraduate students of

The Honorable Vice Chancellor of Kerala Agricultural University, Shri K.

Location: North Latitude between 80 - 18' and 120- 48'

Area: 38,855 Sq. km

Percentage of Area to the area of Indian Union -1.18

Length of Coastal Line -580 km

Highest Peak- Anamudi (2694 m)

West flowing rivers - 41 Nos.

East flowing rivers - 3 Nos.

Districts -14 Nos.

Taluks -63 Nos.

Revenue village-1452 Nos.

Panchayaths -999 Nos.

Municipalities -53 Nos.

Community Development Blocks -152 Nos.

Average Annual Rainfall - 2900 mm.

Per capita land -0.12 ha.

Per capita production of food grain - 21.6 kg.

No. Of Padasekharams -7359

No. Of Kurumulaku Samrakshana Samithies -1409

No. Of Haritha Sanghams –1581

Table no. 2.1 Kerala - Land Use Pattern

Land use Area in ‘000 Percentage

Total geographical area 3,886 -

Reporting area for land utilization 3,885 99.97

Forests 1,082 27.84