MALAYSIAN STANDARD

MS 544: PART 10:2003

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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER: PART 10: PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER

ICS: 91.080.20
Descriptors: CCA, boron, LOSP and creosote preservatives treatment for solid timber, laminated veneer lumber, oriented strand board, cement-bonded particle board, structural grade particle board and medium density fibreboard

Copyright DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS

The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the national standardisation and accreditation body. The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards, standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and furthering international cooperation in relation to standards
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and standardisation. Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. To the greatest extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or any other similar ways. The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop Malaysian Standards. The Department also appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent for distribution and sale of Malaysian Standards. For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia Level 1 & 2, Block C4, Parcel C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62502 Putrajaya MALAYSIA Tel: 60 3 88858000 Fax: 60 3 88885060
http://www.dsm.gov.my E-mail: [email protected]

OR

SIRIM Berhad (Company No. 367474 - V) 1, Persiaran Dato Menteri P.O. Box 7035, Section 2 40911 Shah Alam Selangor D.E. Tel: 60 3 5544 6000 Fax: 60 3 5510 8095
http://www.sirim.my

MS 544: PART 10:2003

CONTENTS
Page Committee representation .. Foreword iii v

1 2
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Scope Referenced documents .. Definitions . Preservative protection New timber in old buildings Risk assessment.. Preservative treatment of timber in various structural situations . Preservative treatment Properties of treated timber Safety. Checking preservative treatment ..

1 1 2 3 6 6 9 12 16 17 18

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Tables 1 2 Common naturally durable Malaysian timbers Permeability of Peninsular Malaysian timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa maintained for 2 h CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes .. Susceptibility of some Malaysian hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack (Malayan Forest Service Trade leaflet No. 27) Malaysian Standards related to preservatives 4

8 13

MS 544: PART 10:2003

CONTENTS (continued)
Page Appendices A B Hazard class selection guide . Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa maintained for 2 h.. Susceptibility of Sarawak hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack 20

21 23

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Bibliography

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ii

MS 544: PART 10:2003

Committee representation
The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries, Trade, Commerce and Manufacturing Associations and Scientific Professional Bodies: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Department of Standards Malaysia Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Jabatan Perumahan Negara Malaysian Timber Industry Board Master Builders Association Malaysia Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Suruhanjaya Tenaga The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The preparation of this Malaysian Standard is under the supervision of the following representatives of the CIDB Standard Committee: Megat Kamil Azmi bin Megat Rus Kamarani Puan Hanishahani Othman/ Encik Abul Aun Hj. Ahmad Fudzil General Manager, Technology Development Division Senior Manager, Standard and Quality Unit The Secretary of CIDB Standard Committee

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The Technical Committee on Structural Use of Timber which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following representatives: Dr Abdul Rashid Hj Ab. Malik (Chairman) Puan Hanishahani Othman (Secretary) Tuan Hj Mohd Shukari bin Midon. Puan Dang Anom Md. Zin Prof Madya Dr Sabaruddin Mohd./ Dr Badorul Abu Bakar Prof Dr Zainai Mohamed/ Prof Madya Dr Abd. Latif bin Saleh Prof Madya Ir Dr Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Dr Mohd Ariff bin Jamaludin Encik Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin. Ir Yap Chin Tian Dr Tan Yu Eng Forest Research Institute Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia Jabatan Perumahan Negara Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Malaysian Timber Industry Board Timber Trade Federation Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

The Working Group on Preservative Treatment of Structural Timber which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following Technical representatives: Mr Hong L. T. (Chairman) Mr Corsia Tan Koh Shiar (Secretary) Mr Ling Wang Choon Mr Azmi Rahman B Mat Zurni/ Mr Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin Puan Hanishahani Othman Mr Othman Mohd/ Mr S Rajan
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Malaysian Wood Preserving Association Setia-Wood Industries Sdn Bhd Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak Ibu Pejabat Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Malaysian Timber Industry Board Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysian Wood Preserving Association Master Builders Association Malaysia Celcure Chemicals (M) Sdn Bhd Fernz Timber Protection (M) Sdn Bhd Koppersarch Chemical (M) Sdn Bhd

Ms Salamah Selamat/Dr Ani Sulaiman Dr Zaidon Ashaari Dr Andrew Wong Mr John Chang Jing Ming Mr Leong Pale Tong Mr Tang Chek Seng Mr Clarence C.L. Tan Mr Eric K.S. Loh /Mr Zakariah Mohd Shah

iv

MS 544: PART 10:2003

FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Preservative Treatment of Structural Timber under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee. Development of this standard was carried out by Construction Industry Development Board CIDB which is the Standard-Writing Organisation (SWO) appointed by SIRIM to develop standards for the construction industry. MS 544 consists of the following parts and sections, under the general title, Code of practice for structural use of timber: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 General Permissible stress design of solid timber Permissible stress design of glued laminated timber Timber Panel Products Section 1: Structural plywood Section 2: Marine plywood Section 3: Cement bonded particleboard Section 4: Oriented strand board Timber Joint Workmanship, inspection and maintenance Testing. Prefabricated trussed rafters Fire resistance of timber structures Recommendation for the calculation basis of span tables Laminated veneer lumber for structural application

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Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9 Part 11 Part 12 -

Compliance with Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

MS 544: PART 10:2003

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER: PART 10: PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER 1. Scope

This Malaysian Standard gives recommendations for preservative treatment of timbers to be used for structural purposes in Malaysia to protect them from degradation by wood-destroying organisms. It does not cover the remedial treatment of existing timber in old buildings. It does not deal with the protection of timber against fire, nor with preserving the appearance of timber against weathering or staining.
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NOTE. All wood preservatives used in Malaysia have to be registered with Pesticides Board Malaysia under the Pesticides Act 1974.

2.

Referenced documents

The following referenced documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Malaysian Standard. For dated references, where there are subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications the Malaysian Standard shall be amended or revised accordingly. However, parties to agreements based on this Malaysian Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the referenced documents. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referenced to applies. MS 228:1991, Specification for plywood MS 360:1991, preservatives Specification for treatment of timber with copper/chrome/arsenic wood

MS 471:2001, Glossary of terms relating to timber and wood work MS 544: Part 4: Section 3:2001, particleboard Timber panel products: Section 3: Cement bonded

MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001, Timber panel products: Section 4: Oriented strand board MS 544: Part 12 Laminated veneer lumber for structural application MS 696:1981, Specification for coal tar creosote for the preservation of timber MS 697:1981, Guide to the choice, use and application of wood preservatives MS 733:1992, Specification for copper/chrome/arsenic wood preservatives MS 734:1981, Specification for wood preservation by means of pressure creosoting MS 758:2001, Glued laminated timber-performance requirement and minimum production requirements

MS 544: PART 10:2003

MS 821:1994, Methods for the quantitative analysis of copper/chrome/arsenic preservative formulations and treated timber MS 822:1983, Specification for sawn-timber foundation piles MS 833:1984, Method for the qualitative analysis of wood preservatives and treated timber MS 837:1985, Method for the determination of moisture content of timber MS 934:1986, Specification for wood cement board MS 995:1986, Specification for boron timber preservatives
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MS 1030:1986, Glossary of terms used in wood preservation MS 1036:1986, Specification for wood chipboard and method of test for particle board MS 1302:1993, Specification for light organic solvent preservative (LOSP) of timber MS 1379:1995, spectroscopy Method for analysis of treated wood and treating solutions by X-ray

MS 1429:1998, Specification for medium density fibreboards (MDF) BS 5250, dwellings Code of basic data for the design of buildings: the control of condensation in

BS 5268: Part 5:1989, Code of practice for the preservative treatment of structural timber BWPDA Manual 1999 FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. 20, Guidelines on control of exposure to dust in the wood processing industries FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. 28. Guidelines for control of exposure to hazardous wood preservatives in the wood processing industry. Technical Guide MTIB No. 2 Nov 1999. Measurement of moisture content of meranti bukit, meranti tembaga and meranti seraya sawn-timber - Adjustments for Delmhorst, Gann, FMD and Bollman moisture meters Pesticides Act 1974 Poison Act 1952 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Environmental quality Act, 1974.

3.

Definitions

For the purposes of this part of MS 544 the definitions given in MS 1030 and MS 471 apply. 2

MS 544: PART 10:2003

4.
4.1

Preservative protection
General

Timber employed for structural purposes may be exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions. The risk of fungal decay or insect attack will differ for each service situation (see 4.2), as will the consequences of failure, e.g. damage to persons or property, cost of repair, ease of remedial action or replacement. This risk can sometimes be eliminated or reduced by good design (see 4.3). Where design is unlikely to provide adequate protection, a naturally durable timber (see 4.4) or the use of an appropriate preservative treatment (see Clause 7) should be considered
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4.2

Risk of degradation

The conditions conducive to the attack of timber by wood-destroying organisms are described in MS 697. However, the following information should be noted. a) Timber is not at risk from decay if it is kept dry. At a moisture content between 25 to 30 % fungal growth is greatly retarded, and below 20 % it is completely inhibited. The natural durability (see Table 1) i.e. resistance to decay and termite attack of heartwood, varies with timber species. The sapwood of all species is classified as either perishable or non-durable. Attack of sound timber by insects other than termite is usually confined to sapwood. It can occur in both dry and damp situations. The sapwood and heartwood are susceptible to termite attacks except for the heartwood of those timbers that are naturally resistant. Based on research obtained so far Malaysian timbers do not have significant degree of natural resistance to marine borer attack. Design

b)

c)

d)

4.3

In some instances design can reduce the risk of degradation by wood-destroying organisms. However, where reliance is placed entirely on design it is particularly important that the associated workmanship is of the specified quality. Penetration of water from outside the building must be prevented at all times by ensuring that external components shed water satisfactorily. Sources of moisture inside a building include damp originating from the ground, water vapour generated through occupancy and air conditioning. In buildings with a high internal relative humidity, precautions have to be taken to prevent structural timber and wood based components from becoming wet through condensation. This may occur in cold external walls and roofs unless suitable precautions are taken in the form of thermal insulation, vapour barriers and/or ventilation appropriate to the construction concerned (see BS 5250). In some cases it is not possible to eliminate the risk of degradation by good design and in these cases naturally durable timbers and/or preservative treatment should be used. However the treatment of timber and other wood products with preservatives should not be regarded as a substitute for appropriate design features which minimize the risk of degradation by wooddestroying organisms. Rather, it is supplementary and the guidance contained in this code of practice with regard to the advisability of treatment and the processes to be used assumes that good design, workmanship and maintenance prevail. 3

MS 544: PART 10:2003

4.4

Natural durability/treatability

If a timber component has sufficient natural resistance to decay and insect attack by virtue of the natural durability of its heartwood it may be used without treatment even where the hazard exists. Sapwood should not be used without preservative treatment. The degree of natural durability required for a range of situations is indicated in Clause 7. The naturally durable commercial timbers commonly encountered are given in Table 1. Table 1. Common naturally durable Malaysian timbers
Very durable
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Durable Balau Betis Bekak Merbau Tembusu Malabera Kasai Penaga Ranggu *Resak Kapur Kawi** Luis** *Medang Mertama **(DELEK) *Seladah** (KEDONDONG) *Selangan batu** (BALAU)

Chengal Giam Tempinis Belian** Penyau **

NOTES: 1. It is impossible to identify the individual species of variable durabilitiy (marked with an asterisk *) that make up the commercial groups like Resak, Selangan Batu, Seladah and others. Many of the species which form these groups are highly durable but because of the possibility of less durable species being found in commercial supplies the classification that represents the acceptable durability of these timbers has been used. 2. It should also be noted that, unless suitably treated, the sapwood of almost all species is perishable 3. The name in capital letters in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber. The names with a double asterisk (**) are Sarawak timber names.

Where it is not possible to use timbers which have sufficient natural durability, preservative treatment should be used. But not all timbers can be properly treated with preservatives, therefore it is most important to know and understand the treatability of such timbers with respect to the selection of preservatives. The treatability or permeability of timber to water borne preservatives like copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA) is given in Table 2.

MS 544: PART 10:2003

Table 2. Permeability of Peninsular Malaysian timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h
Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Very easy Easy Average Moderate over 320 240-320 160-240 80-160 Sapwood of some species Sapwood of most species non applicable Kekatong

Permeability class Heavy hardwoods

Difficult less than 80 Balau Belian Red balau Bitis Chengal Giam Keranji Merbau Penaga Resak Tembusu Bakau Delek Keledang Keruing Rengas Kasai

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Medium hardwoods

Sapwood of all species

Kempas Keruing* Simpoh Merpauh Tualang

Dungun Kulim Mengkulang Merbatu Mertas Punah

Light hardwoods

Geronggang Jelutong Mempisang Kasah Nyatoh** Pulai Penarahan Ramin Rubber wood Samak Sesendok Terap Damar minyak Podo Sempilor

Durian Dedali Kembang semangkok Melantai Terentang

Meranti, yellow Meranti, white Meranti tembaga Perupok

Acacia *** Kapur Mata ulat Mempening Punah Derum Kelat Perah Meranti bakau Meranti, dark red Meranti, light red Meranti, white Meranti, yellow* Merawan Gerutu Nyatoh Sepul

Berangan Bintangor Gerutu pasir Mersawa Kedondong Kungkur Sepetir Surian Medang Melunak Meranti, yellow**

Softwoods

NOTES: 1. The absorptions refer only to the permeability of the heartwood as the sapwood of almost all species are easily permeable. 2. Absorptions given are for timbers seasoned to below 25 % moisture content before treatment. 3. Name with one or two asterisks is a timber group containing different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for identification. Hence, the properties of each species vary.

Many species fall under this category ** A few species only fall under this category *** Plantation timber

MS 544: PART 10:2003

5.

New timber in old buildings

Timber is often employed in improvements and renovations to old premises that were built to standards different from those prevailing today. Timber to be used in previously or potentially damp situations should be treated with preservative. Provided certain safeguards that attend modern construction, e.g. damp-proof membranes, external cavity walls and adequate ventilation, have been included, the provisions of Clause 7 should be sufficient. However if these features are missing, or other factors are present that are likely to lead to persistently damp conditions, then an assessment of the risk (see Clause 7) may require treatment appropriate to a higher risk commodity class to be adopted.

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6.
6.1

Risk assessment
General

Timbers used for structural purposes should remain sound and serviceable for the duration of the intended life of the structure or building they support. In this context the presentation of risk assessment in this standard is based on commodity classes which provides information on the inherent risk of attack from wood-destroying organisms associated with end-use (see Table 3). The categories (commodity/hazard class) into which the levels of risk from wooddestroying organisms may be divided are defined in Table 3. Table 3. CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes
Hazard Commodity class*** class Use or location Description Example of use Minimum Minimum net dry depth of salt penetration Retention mm 3 kg/m 32 25

H6

C1

H5

C2

Timber in marine environment subject to attack by organisms and fungi Ground contact or in other situations favourable to decay & insect attack but not in contact with sea water

Marine piles and timbers in sea water installations Transmission poles

(a) Sea defence works (b) Piles and pier construction (c) Wooden boat hulls Transmission posts for electricity and telecommunications

16

25

Underground mining timbers Exterior timber in fresh water Installations Cooling towers C3 Ground contact but not in contact with sea water Foundations piles

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Pitprops Cover boards Shaft timbers Lock gates Jetty piling Revetments on inland water ways Internal laths Foundation piles for building and civil engineering works

16

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Table 3. CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes (continued)
H4 C4 Timber for exterior use in ground contact but not in contact with sea water Timber for exterior use but not in contact with either the ground or sea water Exterior timbers in ground contact but not in contact with sea water Exterior timbers not in ground contact Transport and refrigeration timber (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) Railway sleepers Bridge decking Fence boards and posts Orchid posts & garden stakes Gate Deck-boards Pallets Cross arms Stadium seating Bilge timbers, hatch covers and barge ceilings Ships cabin linings or decks Refrigeration timbers (ships hold railway wagons/vans and commercial installations) Seed or bulk boxes Horticultural and agricultural implements Orchid posts and garden stakes Outhouses, chicken houses Structural timber and joinery All housing timber and otherwise classified 12 12

H3

C5

12

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12

Timbers for agrihorticultural use

(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

H2

C6

H1

No equivalent

Timber used in the interior and protected from the weather Not applicable

Interior timbers (out of ground contact) Not applicable

5.6

12

Not applicable

NOTES: 1. The above table is adapted from MS 360 with the addition of equivalent hazard class in the first column. Hazard class adopted by ISO can be cross referenced to Commodity class through usage comparison. Nevertheless the preservative chemical requirement for each country may vary. The treater shall confirm with the user for the exact treatment specification. 2. Classification H1 is not used in Malaysia because of the presence of termites.

*** Refer to Hazard Class Selection Guide in Appendix A.

6.2

Wood-destroying organisms

Wood-destroying organisms can be divided into fungi, termites, wood boring beetles, other boring insects and marine borers. Wood-rotting fungi can develop only if the moisture content of the wood is above 20 %. Below this moisture content, the wood is not liable to attack unless it is continually wetted in some way. For example, by contact with the ground or some other damp material, exposure to rain or condensation or to very high relative humidity. Powder post beetles of the families Lyctidae and Bostrychidae cause considerable amount of damage to timber that had already been dried. They confine their attack to the sapwood and the susceptibility of a timber is related to the amount of starch content. Termites attack the heartwood as well as the sapwood of timber. There are two main types, subterranean termites that attack wood from the ground and drywood termites colonise wood directly by flight from the open air or more often, by introduction of infested timber.

MS 544: PART 10:2003

It is clear from the considerations in Clause 4 that timber in service may be attacked by wooddestroying organisms if certain conditions arise or prevail. The probability that this might happen can be predicted from an understanding of the environmental conditions that are likely to exist for the various service situations in which structural timbers are used. In other words, each different service situation can be associated with a level of risk that fungal decay and/or insect attack will occur. Thus in a persistently wet environment the chance of fungal and termite attack occurring is higher. Where the timber will be constantly damp, treatment with an appropriate preservative or the use of a naturally durable timber is considered essential. In relatively dry situations where the timber will always be dry, infestation by termites and wood boring insects are threats thus treatment with a preservative is necessary unless naturally durable timbers are used.
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Powder post beetles can attack softwood and hardwoods both in the green and seasoned condition, during and after seasoning or storage. Symptoms are surface holes with digested wood as a fine flour-like powder. The infestation is confined to the sapwood containing starch that constitutes the most vital ingredient in the diet of powder post beetles. The infestation can cause structural damage to timber containing a high proportion of sapwood. The most troublesome powder post beetles attacking timber belong to the Lyctidae and the Bostrychidae families. The susceptibility of Malaysian timbers to powder post beetles attack are listed in Table 4. Timber in sea or brackish river water is liable to attack by marine borers like Toredo (ship worm), Bankia, Martesia, Sphaeroma and Limnoria (gribble). Marine borers are not active in water with saline content much below 10 mg/g and so attack is not likely in the upper reaches of the estuary. Almost all Malaysian timbers are readily attacked by these organisms and only a few such as merbau and keledang, may have some degree of natural resistance. Table 4. Susceptibility of some Malaysian hardwoods to powderpost beetle attack (Malayan Forest Service Trade leaflet No. 27)
Immune Balau Bitis Chengal Geronggang Giam Kulim Medang Merawan Meranti, light Red Meranti, dark Red Meranti, white Perupok Pulai Sesendok Tembusu Terentang Rarely susceptible Balau, Red Bintagor Kapur Kasai Kelat Keladang Keruing Melunak Mempisang Mengkulang Nyatoh Punah Resak Simpoh Terap Moderately susceptible Durian Kedongdong Keranji Kungkur Machang Merawan Rengas Tualang Highly susceptible Jelutong Kempas Melawis Meranti, yellow Merbau Penaharan Ramin Sepetir

MS 544: PART 10:2003

7.
7.1

Preservative treatment of timber in various structural situations

Solid timber

The selection of preservative treatment for a given situation is based principally upon assessments of the following: a) b) c) d) e) f) the risk category based on six commodity classes which represent typical situations in which the timber is finally used (see Table 3); the natural durability of the timbers to be used; the treatability of the timber being used (see Table 2); the type and loading of preservative required; the minimum depth of preservative penetration; end users preference for appearance, odour and pricing.

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Table 3 gives guidance on the CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for the various commodity classes. The table is structured as follows: a) b) c) d) e) column 1 is the Hazard class ranging from H1 to H6 where Class 1 experience the lowest risk from fungal and insect attack; column 2 is the commodity class ranging from C1 to C6 where Class 1 experience the highest risk from wood organic organism; column 3 is the description of the commodity class; column 4 outlines the use or location of respective commodity class; and column 5 gives some examples of timber use.

If, for any given component, the treatments recommended are shown to be suitable, the specifier should consider whether any factor outside the scope of this code influences the choice of preservative. For example, if creosote has been included amongst the recommended treatments, its suitability will depend on the purpose of the building. It should be recognised that for the interior of most domestic dwellings or inhabited premises, the use of creosote may be unacceptable on account of its smell, its oily nature and, when applied under pressure, its tendency to 'bleed' from the timber surface. 7.2 Panel products

The provisions in Clauses 8 and 9 apply equally to all the panel products. 7.2.1 Plywood

Certain types of plywood for structural use are included in MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001. These plywoods are all manufactured with weather and boil proof (WBP) adhesives complying with MS 228:1991. Whilst this glue bond is suitable for wet conditions it has to be recognised that, if plywood is used in situations where it will become wet and remain wet in service, it should be adequately protected against decay, wood destroying insects and termite attack unless all the veneer used are inherently durable.

MS 544: PART 10:2003

Preservative treatment or high natural durability is particularly recommended in the following situations: a) b) c) in contact with the ground; where exposed to the weather (even where protected by paint or some other finish, unless this forms a permanently effective seal); and where exposed to severe condensation or wetting.

For treatment of plywood particular attention should be given to the following factors: a)
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b) c)

the composition of the panels; when panels are made from veneers of different species, the type of treatment is determined by the least durable timber species; the sealing or treating of edges exposed by cutting after preservative treatment; and the permeability of both the timber used and the glue line.

Where the specifier decides to rely solely on design to ensure that plywood does not remain wet in service, it is important to ensure, particularly where new and unproven designs are employed, that the construction will be effective in maintaining untreated plywood in a dry condition (moisture content below 20 %) during its service life. 7.2.2 Glue Laminated Timber (Glulam)

The performance of glulam for structural use is included in MS 758:2001. All glulam are manufactured with weather and boil proof (WBP) phenolic base or equivalent performance adhesives. This glue bond is suitable for wet conditions, but if the glulam member is used in situations where it will become wet and remain wet in service, it should be adequately protected against decay, termite and insects attacks unless inherently durable. Preservative treatment or high natural durability is particularly recommended in the situations as described in Section D4 of MS 758:2001 or in the following situations: a) b) c) in contact with the ground; where exposed to the weather; and where exposed to severe condensation.

Specifications for durable types of Glulam members (durable through preservative treatment) are contained in Section D4 of MS 758:2001. 7.2.3 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

The use of LVL as an engineering material for a variety of end uses including structural applications is described in MS 544: Part 12. Veneers of wood are bonded together with weather and boil proof (WBP) adhesives. Since the LVL can be manufactured from either single or a mixture of durable, moderately durable and non-durable wood species, prolonged exposure to wet condition would be detrimental, therefore appropriate protection (preservative treatment) needs to be considered. Applications of preservative treatment to the LVL shall be done as post-treatment of the finished LVL members or pre-treatment of individual veneer before gluing or mixing preservative into the glue and pressure treatment.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

7.2.4

Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

OSB is often designed in the manufacturing process to meet specific end uses required by customer. Three categories of OSB, namely, general purpose, medium duty and heavy duty are described in MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001. OSB panels are not suitable for uses exposed to weather. Care should be exercised in protecting the panel during construction. Even when OSB is made using exterior type adhesive, this does not necessarily mean that it is suitable to be used in damp or wet exposure conditions for long periods. Since the wood strands can be from a single or a mixture of durable, moderately durable and non-durable wood species, prolong exposure to wet condition would be detrimental, therefore appropriate engineering judgement needs to be considered. The durability of OSB can be enhanced by addition of proper sealing materials to eliminate the possibility of wetness getting in contact with the OSB surface. There are specific treatment methods to enhance the durability of OSB against deteriorating agents. Preservative may be incorporated in the boards during blending of the flakes with adhesive or by mixing the preservative in the adhesive. 7.2.5 Cement-bonded particleboard

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Cement-bonded particleboard consists essentially of a mixture of fibrous wood particles and Portland cement as inorganic binder and manufactured under certain specific pressure. Details specification of cement-bonded particleboard are described in MS 544: Part 4: Section 3:2001. This type of panel is suitable to be used as internal and external partition, flooring, fascia board and roof sarking purposes. Proper coating with either water-based emulsion or acrylic paints is recommended to enhance the durability of panel during application. Other properties of cement-bonded particleboard can be found in MS 934:1986. 7.2.6 Structural grade particleboard

Particleboard is manufactured from wood residues as well as plantation thinnings (see MS 1036:1986). These wood particles are liable to decay and insect attack. For tropical use under shade, it is advisable to use board formulated with insecticide. Only particleboard manufactured from wood particle that has been treated with suitable preservative and using weatherproof glue is suitable for use in exposed situation. 7.2.7 Medium density fibreboard (MDF)

MDF is an engineered wood-based sheet material made from wood fibres or fibre bundles bonded together with a synthetic resin adhesive. ( see MS 1429:1998) MDF is the generic term for a class of boards known from their manufacturing process as dry-process fibreboards. Within this general class, terms indicating board types associated with upper or lower density ranges are used as marketing terms but yet to be included within the formal classifications. The terms are:

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

High density MDF Standard MDF Low density MDF Ultra low density MDF

(HDF) (MDF) (LDF) (ULDF)

: : : :

average density > 800 kg/m 3 3 average density 700 kg/m to 800 kg/m 3 3 average density 500 kg/m to 600 kg/m 3 < 500 kg/m

The special properties of the dry-process fibreboards have several advantages in a wide range of construction and furniture applications. It is readily acceptable by the furniture industry as an alternative to solid wood for panels and components. It is used increasingly for interior design and building applications such as skirting and architraves, windowboards, wall linings, decorative facades as well as flooring.

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8.
8.1 8.1.1

Preservative treatment
Preparation of timber before preservative treatment General

It is essential that timber submitted for preservative treatment is in a suitable condition as in 8.1.2 to 8.1.5. 8.1.2 Condition of timber

The timber should be free from all signs of attack by wood-destroying fungi or insects.
NOTE. Timber showing signs of attack by sap-stain fungi, mould or pinhole borers is acceptable, subject to agreement between the interested parties.

As preservative treatment of seasoned timber does not afford protection against deep-seated infection, care should be taken to exclude timber with incipient decay. The surfaces of the timber should be free from extraneous matter, e.g. water, mud, dirt and inner and outer bark. They should also be free from any paint, polish, or other surface finish. 8.1.3 Moisture content

It is essential that the moisture content of the timber is at the correct level for the type of treatment to be given. For boron diffusion process it is essential that the moisture content be greater than 50 %. All other treatments require the moisture content to be below 30 % throughout the zone to be treated with the exception for boron vacuum pressure treatment process. For CCA treatment it is essential to dry to this moisture content before treatment, and for certain end-use situations a lower moisture content may be required. Since organic solvent preservatives do not affect the moisture content of treated wood, commodities should be treated with these preservatives in their final machined state and at the moisture content consistent with their end-use.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Methods for determining moisture content are detailed, for example, in MS 837:1985. For practical reason moisture meter may be used and may require calibration for tropical timber (see Technical Guide MTIB No 2 Nov 1999). 8.1.4 Processing before treatment

All cutting, drilling, profiling and sanding of the timber should be carried out before treatment. All wood waste arising from these operations should be removed before treatment. Sawn timbers rated as difficult to treat (see Table 2), 75 mm or thicker and intended for exterior use, may benefit from incising before treatment. 8.1.5
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Mixed charges

Timbers for which different schedules are appropriate, due to either size or species, should not be treated in the same charge, unless the most intense schedule can be applied without detriment to the more easily treatable timbers. If charges of mixed species or timbers of different resistance to penetration are to be treated, the schedule should be that appropriate to the most resistant of the timber species present and the largest section size (see MS 360:1991 for more details). 8.2 Preservatives

The composition and the processes by which preservatives are applied are shown in Table 5. Table 5. Malaysian Standards related to preservatives Preservatives CCA Boron LOSP Creosote Composition MS 733:1992 MS 995:1986 MS 1302:1993 MS 696:1981 Application/Process MS 360:1991; MS 822:1983 MS 995:1986 Nil MS 734:1981

Most preservatives afford protection against both decay and insect attack. However, those of the organic solvent class may be formulated with or without an insecticide and care should be taken to specify the correct grade. Also many organic solvent preservatives are available in water-repellent grades, and it is advantageous to use this type in exterior situations. 8.2.1 Copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA)

CCA preservatives should be applied in accordance with MS 360:1991 and MS 697:1981 (see Table 3).

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

8.2.1.1 Vacuum pressure process (Full-cell Bethell process) This is the most common method used in Malaysia and other parts of the world. In this process the timber to be treated is placed in the treatment cylinder and an initial vacuum is applied. While holding the vacuum the preservative solution is introduced into the cylinder. A hydraulic pressure is then applied. Once preservative absorption has been achieved the preservative solution is then emptied into a storage tank. A final vacuum is then applied to finish the treatment 8.2.1.2 Other pressure processes The pressure processes that are not commonly used locally for treatment include:
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a)

Alternating pressure method (APM)

This method uses repeated applications of high and low pressure, the range being 1 400 kPa to atmospheric pressure. b) Oscillating pressure method (OPM)

This method uses the oscillating cycles of positive and negative pressure to introduce preservative solution into the timber. It is suitable for treating freshly felled wood or refractory woods with water-borne preservatives. 8.2.2 Organic solvent (OS) preservatives

OS preservatives complying with MS 1302:1993, could be applied. It is normally used for treatment of finished timber component. 8.2.3 Boron compound

8.2.3.1 Diffusion process Boron diffusion treatment has to be carried out on unseasoned timber at source (see MS 995:1986). 8.2.3.2 Vacuum pressure process (Full-cell Bethell process) Originally the process was used for treating seasoned timber using CCA and creosote preservatives. Later the Bethell process was also used to treat fresh-sawn light hardwoods to confer protection against sapstain and wood-boring beetles employing boron compounds with or without anti-sapstain chemicals. Higher preservatives uptake can be achieved in seasoned than green wood. This process is commonly used in Malaysia and is described in 8.2.1.1 above. 8.2.4 Creosote

Pressure treatment with creosote could be carried out in accordance with MS 734:1981 although this preservative has been phased out of use in a number of countries. Refer to MS 696:1981 for the specification of creosote.

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8.3 8.3.1

Handling and processing timber after treatment General

Timber after treatment shall be handled with care to ensure human safety. The timber is usually left under shelter for an appropriate period of time to prevent leaching and allow chemical fixation to take place. Treated timber when subjected to some form of processing require additional preservative treatment or re-treatment: a)
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Additional preservative treatment. Timber cross-cut, checked out or drilled for bolts after pressure treatment shall have the exposed surfaces or bolt holes treated with a 10 % m/v solution of the wood preservative or an appropriate preservative formulation recommended by the preservative manufacturer, unless otherwise specified in the relevant commodity specification. The preservative may be applied thoroughly to all exposed surfaces and bolt holes by means of brushing or dipping. Re-treatment. Timber rip-sawn or machined, other than as above, shall be re-treated. This does not apply to light machining provided such machining does not expose untreated wood or lower the penetration specifications as given in Table 3. Copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA)

b)

8.3.2

Timber treated with CCA preservatives becomes wet during processing and a period of redrying may be required after treatment. Skin contact with timber still wet after treatment should be avoided. Suitable protective gloves/clothing shall be worn if it is necessary to handle wet treated timber (see Clause 10). Even where the nature of the commodity does not require such redrying, a holding period specified in MS 360:1991 should be allowed for the preservative salts to fix, i.e. become nonleachable. It is essential to stack timber carefully during this period because wetting and drying will cause timber movement and in some cases may cause distortion. It is essential that metal fittings are of a suitable composition and that they are not applied to the treated wood until this fixing period has elapsed (see MS 360:1991). For quick fixation of the preservative in the surface layers, it is recommended that the treated o timber be subjected to steaming at 120 C for 1 h. Steam treatment allows immediate handling of the treated timber, once it has cooled. 8.3.3 Creosote and organic solvent (OS) preservatives

The moisture content of timber is not increased by treatment with creosote or organic solvent preservatives and in this respect the product can be used immediately after treatment. However, for organic solvent preservatives in certain situations, e.g. prior to painting or for enclosed use, time should be allowed for the carrier solvent to evaporate before further processing or installation. Evaporation can be facilitated by open stacking, preferably under cover in a well-ventilated area, and will normally take between two and seven days according to the uptake of preservative and prevailing conditions.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

8.3.4

Boron compound

Boron treated timber is usually supplied after drying. For most purposes timber treated in this way can be machined or worked on site without re-treatment of cut surfaces, with the exception of longitudinal conversion of timber more than 50 mm thick, which is not recommended. It is essential to protect boron-treated timber against wet weather and contact with water to prevent leaching. 8.3.5 Re-treatment of unsatisfactorily treated charges

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Charges not complying with the requirements of the specifications may be re-dried to the specified moisture content and re-treated using solution strength adequate to achieve the specific retention (see MS 360:1991).

9.
9.1

Properties of treated timber

General

The main types of preservatives employed (creosote, water-borne and organic solvent) have widely different secondary properties that influence their applications. Where these properties impose a limitation on their use for a particular commodity this is noted in the appropriate clause. Some general comments on the utilisation of treated wood are given in this clause. 9.2 Strength

Normal preservative treatment does not affect the strength properties of timber significantly. 9.3 Corrosion

Under some conditions, metal fastenings may become corroded through contact with treated timber (e.g. CCA ) and the preservative manufacturer should be consulted about any possible interactions of this kind. Provided the timber remains dry there is little risk of interaction of treated wood with ferrous metal fittings. Where corrosion of steel or galvanised steel may be expected to occur, even with untreated timbers, corrosion is more severe in the presence of preservatives (e.g. CCA, boron, and etc.) (e.g. see MS 360:1991). Precautions should be taken to avoid contact between mild steel, uncoated aluminium sheeting and timber treated with copper-containing preservatives. However there is very little service evidence on which to base advice on the interaction of preservative treated wood with other metals. 9.4 Adhesives, sealants and weatherseals

The interaction of adhesives, sealants and weather seals with preservatives is a complex subject and cannot be adequately covered in general terms. Use of these materials with preservative treated timber should not be undertaken without first having sought advice from the manufacturer.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

9.5

Decorative finishes

In general, timber treated with a water-borne or organic solvent preservative, which is formulated for subsequent painting, can be painted or stained normally. However, it is important that an adequate drying period should be left between preservative treatment and finishing. This can vary for different preservative types and the manufacturer's advice should be followed. Resinous wood like Merbau, certain species of both Keruing and Dark Red Meranti may cause bleeding when treated with LOSP. 9.6
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Flammability

The solvents commonly used for applying organic solvent preservatives are flammable and it is essential that care be exercised in applying such materials. However, once the solvent has evaporated from treated wood the timber is no more flammable than untreated wood. When the surface of creosoted timber has dried, the timber is no easier to ignite than untreated timber, but it has different burning characteristics from those of untreated timber.

10.
10.1

Safety
Solutions

All preservatives should be handled with care and in accordance with statutory regulation, manufacturers' specific instructions and guidelines (e.g. The Pesticides Act 1974; Poison Act 1952; Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994; FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. 28). 10.2 Treated timber

When handling freshly CCA treated timber, suitable skin protection such as coveralls with impervious apron and footwear should be worn including suitable hand protective such as neoprene/ pvc and impervious gauntlets. Contamination of coveralls should be avoided and they should be washed frequently. Contaminated clothing should be taken off immediately and affected skin should be washed with soap and clean water. For timber treated with creosote or organic solvent preservatives, adequate ventilation is also required. CCA treated timber should be held for 48 hr or till drip dry, whichever is the longer, before dispatch or erection. No special precautions are necessary in handling timber treated with water-borne salts or organic solvent preservatives once the timber has dried, but it is essential to observe the normal practice of washing hands thoroughly with soap and clean water before handling food or smoking. Timber treated with creosote in heavy oil does not dry out in the same way as that treated with water-borne or organic solvent preservatives, and continued precautions may be necessary if the surface is oily. If it is necessary to machine or sand finished treated timber, an efficient dust extraction system should be used. Appropriate dust mask, goggles and gloves should be worn (refer to Environmental Quality Act 1974, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. 20 and No. 28).

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

The work clothes should be washed separately from other household clothing before being worn again. 10.3 Waste disposal

For the safe disposal of wood preservatives and treated-wood wastes, mandatory existing governmental regulations must be adhered to (refer to Environmental Quality Act, 1974 and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.) Waste such as sludge, sawdust, mixing tank residues, spoiled or old product and empty container should be clearly labeled and stored securely until such time as they are removed by a competent specialist contractor to be disposed off safely in a way that does not endanger other workers or the environment. The practice of dry sweeping is not permitted.
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All areas subject to the build up of chemical deposits such as during dripping and fixating process after treatment must be kept clean by regular hosing down with water into collection sumps for reuse or appropriate treatment and disposal. Washing into drain or entry to watercourses into ground should be avoided. It is essential that wood waste from treated timber is not used for/in animal litter or fuel wood, mosquito coils, joss stick, mushroom cultivation, compost, mulching, media/filler for organic manure, planting media, and/or any other agricultural related purposes.

11.
11.1

Checking preservative treatment

General

There are two aspects of preservative treatment which the user commonly wishes to check. The first is whether the treatment has been carried out at all and the second is whether it has been carried out according to the specified procedure. The former is more easily verified than the latter. 11.2 Qualitative assessment

Some chemicals used in wood preservatives can be detected qualitatively. Creosote is recognisable by its odour and colour. Preservatives like CCA and boron compounds may be detected by spray reagents (MS 833:1984). Others would need chemical analysis for their detection. 11.3 Quantitative assessment

11.3.1 General For most preservatives there is a standard procedure whereby it is possible to analyse the amount of preservative in a sample of treated wood (e.g. MS 821:1994, MS 1379:1995 and MS 995:1986).

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

11.3.2 CCA treatment The selection of permeable species (Table 2) including those species where sapwood and heartwood cannot be differentiated can provide a good indication of whether the recommendations of this code of practice have been complied with. With these species, the minimum penetration and retention as shown in Table 3 should be achieved. Any sample providing a result significantly below the values given in Table 3 are unlikely to have been treated as recommended by this standard. 11.3.3 Boron and creosote treatments
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Timber treated by the boron diffusion process is required by its specification to have a defined cross-sectional loading and a defined core loading on the basis of an 80 % compliance (see the BWPDA Manual 1999). Creosote treatments are specified in terms of a minimum average net retention and an extended pressure period.

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Appendix A (normative) Hazard class selection guide

Hazard class H1 Exposure Inside, above ground Specific service conditions Completely protected from the weather and well ventilated, and protected from termites Protected from wetting and leaching Subject to periodic moderate wetting and leaching Biological hazard Insects other than termites (e.g. lyctid) Typical uses Framing, flooring, furniture, interior joinery Framing, flooring, and similar, used in dry situations Weatherboard, fascia, pergolas (above ground), window joinery, framing and decking Fence posts, greenhouses, pergolas (in ground) and landscaping timbers Retaining walls, piling, house stumps, building poles, cooling tower fill Boat hulls, marine piles, jetty crossbracing, landing steps and similar

H2
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Inside, above ground Outside, above ground

Borers and termites

H3

Moderate decay, borers and termites

H4

Outside, inground

Subject to severe wetting and leaching

Severe decay, borers and termites

H5

Outside, inground contact with or in fresh water Marine waters

Subject to extreme wetting and leaching and/or where the critical use requires a higher degree of protection Subject to prolonged immersion in sea water

Very severe decay, borers and termites

H6

Marine wood borers and decay

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Annex B (normative) Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h
Permeability class Very easy Over 320 Sapwood of some species Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Easy 240-320 Sapwood of most species Jadap (MALABARA BUKIT) Average 160-240 Resak* Selumar Moderately 80-160 Dungun Keranji Resak* Difficult Less than 80 Bedaru (DEDARU) Penyau Rhu ronang Selangan batu (BALAU) Selunsur puteh (PELAWAN) Alan batu Empenit (MEMPENING) Jelungan sasak Kapur Kasai Nyireh batu Semayur Ubah urat (KELAT) Baru (MELUNAK) Meranti yellow* Nyatoh* Petai belalang Plajau (PELAJAU) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Sentang Urat mata (GERUTU)*

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Heavy Hardwoods

Medium Hardwoods

Sapwood of all species Bajan (MATA ULAT) Kayu malam Keruing* Litoh Perah

Keruing* Menggris (KEMPAS) Tampoi Teruntum merah

Entuyut (PUNAH) Keruing* Keruntum Mergasing Ngilas Simpoh paya Tapang

Kandis Kapur Keruing* Mengkulang Mertama (DELEK)

Light Hardwoods

Sapwood of all species Ako tembaga Asam /Embang (MACHANG) Bengang (DURIAN) Benuah (MAHANG) Benuang (BINUANG) Chempaka Jelawei (KETAPANG) Jelutong paya Jongkong Kelampayan (LARAN) Kelampu Kembang semangkok Kepayang babi (MEMPISANG) Kumpang

Sawih (MEGASAWIH) Durian Burong (DURIAN)

Acacia mangium** Bayur Engkabang Geronggang paya Sepetir paya Ketiau paya (NYATOH)

Alan bunga Bintangor Bintawak (KELEDANG) Leban Luis Luis/Chengal Pasir Medang* Meranti dark red* Meranti light red* Meranti yellow* Mersawa* Peran/Bilat Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Upi* (LELEYANG)

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h (continued)
Permeability class Very easy Over 320 Light Hardwoods (PENARAHAN) Legai Lemak manok Minggi paya (TERAP) Pelai (PULAI) Perupok paya Petai Pitoh paya (MERPAUH) Ramin Semburok daun besar Serabah Tekalong (TERAP) Terentang Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Easy 240-320 Average 160-240 Moderately 80-160 Difficult Less than 80

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Softwoods

Bindang (DAMAR MINYAK) Kayu Cina Sempilor

NOTES: 1. The name in capital letters in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber ** plantation timber. 2. Name of a timber group containing different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for identification are denoted by an asterisk (*). Hence, the properties of each species vary resulting in a range of permeability classes for the group. 3. The above data are based on research work conducted by Timber Research and Technical Training Center, Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak. Additional data were extracted from the reports listed in Appendix D.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Appendix C (normative) Susceptibility of Sarawak hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack

Rarely susceptible Durian* Keruing* Keruntum Mersawa* Selangan batu* (BALAU) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Selangking (KELADANG) Tampol* Moderately susceptible Highly susceptible Asam (MACHANG) Bajan (MATA ULAT) Belian Berangan Biris (KELUMPANG) Dungun Durian* Engkabang Layar Jelutong Kedang Belum Kembang Semangkok Keruing* Kumpang* (PENARAHAN) Menggris (KEMPAS) Mengkulang Meranti, Dark Red* Meranti, Light Red* Meranti, Yellow* Merant Paya Bersisik (MELANTAI) Merbau (IPIL) Mersawa* Minggi (TERAP) Momon Nyatoh Nyireh Pelai* (PULAI) Petal Pelan/ Bilat (WHITE SERAYA) Pudau (KELEDANG) Ramin telor (RAMIN) Resak membangan (RESAK) Segera (PASAK) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Selangan Batu* (BALAU) Sepetir Simpoh Tapang (TUALANG) Upi* (LELAYANG) Urat mata (GERUTU)

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Ara Bakau minyak (BAKAU) Benuang (BINUANG) Bintangor Kasai Keruing* Kumpang* (PENARAHAN) Meranti, Dark Red* Meranti, Light Red* Meranti, Yellow* Mergasing (PENAGA) Mersawa* Pelai* (PULAI) Petai Belalang (KUNGKUR) Pitoh Paya (MERPAUH) Putat Paya (PUTAT) Selangan batu* (BALAU) Tampoi* Tekalong (TERAP) Telinsi (KEDANDI) Upi* (LELAYANG)

NOTES: 1. The name in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber. 2. An asterisk * denotes the name of a timber group with different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for differentiation, hence the properties of each species vary resulting in it being placed under more than one class of susceptibility.

For reference to source of data see Appendix D.

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MS 544: PART 10:2003

Bibliography (informative)

Durability classification 1. 2. Foxworthy, F.W. (1930). Durability of Malayan Timbers. I. Untreated Timbers. Malayan Forest Records No. 8, pp. 1-36. Ling, W.C. (1996). The Durability of Sarawak Timbers in Soil Contact. Proceedings of TRTTC/STA Forest Products Seminar 96, 11-13 March 1996, Kuching, Sarawak, pp. 96116. Mohd. Dahlan, J. & Tam, M.K. (1987). Natural Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 28, published by Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Wong, T.M. (1982). A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Records No. 30, 259 pp. Wong, A.H.H., Grace, J.K. & Kirton, L.G. (1998). Termite resistance of Malaysian and Exotic Woods with Plantation Potential: Field Evaluation. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No: IRG/WP 98-10289.

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3. 4. 5.

Treatability 1. Wong, A.H.H., Lim, S.C., Henriksen, K.H., Choo, K.T., Mohd Dahlan, J. & Salamah, S. (2000). High Incidence of Inadequate Treatment of Peninsular Malaysian Mixed Hardwoods with Copper-Chrome-Arsenic Preservatives for Structural Use. Paper st presented at Division 5 Research Group 5.03 (Wood Protection) Session, 21 International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) World Congress, 7-12. August 2000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ling, W.C. (1990). A Guide to Preservation of Timber for Building Construction. TRTTC Technical Report No. TR/15, Forest Department, Sarawak 31 pp.

2.

Susceptibility to powder-post beetles 1. 2. 3. Kandau, J. and Ling, W.C. (2001). Susceptibility of Sarawak timbers to attack by powderpost beetles. Document No: IRG/WP/01-10413, IRG 32 Conference, May 2001, Kyoto. Sastry, Srivastava and Manap (1977). A new era in Malaysian forestry Menon, K.D. 1957. Susceptibility of commercial species of Malayan timbers to powderpost-beetle attack. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 27.

Standards 1. 2. 3. BS 1203 Specification for synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for plywood BS 4261 Glossary of terms relating to timber preservation BS 6100: Part 4.1:1992 Glossary of building and civil engineering terms Part 4.1 Forest products

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