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    Management Information System

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    Kasi Vishwa
    This document discusses different models for representing systems, including mathematical, graphical, and hierarchical models. Mathematical models use equations to represent relationships, while graphical models combine probability and graph theory to represent uncertainty and complexity. Hierarchical models organize data in a tree structure, and the document provides an example of a hierarchical employee database. The key advantages discussed are that graphical models provide a natural framework for new system design and allow techniques from one field to be applied more widely.

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    Management Information System

    Uploaded by

    Kasi Vishwa
    1K views35 pages
    This document discusses different models for representing systems, including mathematical, graphical, and hierarchical models. Mathematical models use equations to represent relationships, while graphical models combine probability and graph theory to represent uncertainty and complexity. Hierarchical models organize data in a tree structure, and the document provides an example of a hierarchical employee database. The key advantages discussed are that graphical models provide a natural framework for new system design and allow techniques from one field to be applied more widely.

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    Models for representing information system(hierarchical,mathematical,graphical)

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    Management information system

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    This document discusses different models for representing systems, including mathematical, graphical, and hierarchical models. Mathematical models use equations to represent relationships, while graphical models combine probability and graph theory to represent uncertainty and complexity. Hierarchical models organize data in a tree structure, and the document provides an example of a hierarchical employee database. The key advantages discussed are that graphical models provide a natural framework for new system design and allow techniques from one field to be applied more widely.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views35 pages

    Management Information System

    Uploaded by

    Kasi Vishwa
    This document discusses different models for representing systems, including mathematical, graphical, and hierarchical models. Mathematical models use equations to represent relationships, while graphical models combine probability and graph theory to represent uncertainty and complexity. Hierarchical models organize data in a tree structure, and the document provides an example of a hierarchical employee database. The key advantages discussed are that graphical models provide a natural framework for new system design and allow techniques from one field to be applied more widely.

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    of 35

    UNIT-2 REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM STRUCUTRE

    MODELS FOR REPRESENTING SYSTEM RN.KARTHIKA VMP-401

    OVERVIEW
    MATHEMATICAL MODEL GRAPHICAL MODEL HIERARCHICAL OR NETWORK MODEL

    OBJECTIVE
    They provide a natural framework for the design of new system. Specialized techniques that have been developed in one field can be transferred between research communities and exploited more widely

    INTRODUCTION
    The different models are organized into a organisation chart or a tree like diagrams The models are the flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. They provide a natural tool for dealing with problems.

    Mathematical Modeling?

    Mathematical modeling seeks to gain an understanding of science through the use of mathematical models on HP computers

    Mathematical modeling involves teamwork

    Mathematical Modeling
    Complements, but does not replace, theory and experimentation in scientific research. Experiment

    Theory

    Computation

    Mathematical Modeling Process

    MATHEMATICAL MODEL PROCESSING

    1.

    Identify Real-World Problem:Understand current activity and predict future behavior. 2. Working Model : describe important aspects of Real World Problem; deter mine those factors that can be neglected. State simplifying assumptions. Determine governing principles, physical laws. Identify model variables and inter-relationships 3.Mathematical Model: In general, the success of a mathematical model depends on how easy it is to use and how accurately it predicts.

    4.Computational Model: Change Mathematical Model into a form suit able for computational solution. Existence of unique solution Choice of the numerical method Choice of the algorithm Software 5.Results/Conclusions: : Run Computational Model to obtain Results; draw Conclusions. Verify your computer program; use check cases; explore ranges of validity. Graphs, charts, and other visualization tools are useful in summarizing results and drawing conclusions.

    GRAPHICAL MODEL
    Graphical models are a marriage between probability theory and graph theory. Two problems that occur throughout applied mathematics and engineering -uncertainty and complexity. In particular they are playing an increasingly important role in the design and analysis .

    GRAPHICAL MODEL
    The idea of a graphical model is the notion of modularity . Mixture models, factor analysis, hidden Markov models, Kalman filters and Ising models these are the examples of graphical model. The graphical model framework provides a way to view all of these systems as instances

    ADVANTAGE OF THE VIEW:


    In particular, specialized techniques that have been developed in one field can be transferred between research communities and exploited more widely. Moreover, the graphical model formalism provides a natural framework for the design of new systems.--- Michael Jordan, 1998

    HIERARCHICAL MODEL
    Employee

    Comparison

    Job assignment

    Benefits

    Performance ratings

    Salary history

    Pension

    Lifeinsur ance

    HIERARCHICAL MODEL
    We can still find older systems that are based on a hierarchical or network data model. A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure.

    Within a record each data elements are organised in to a pieces of records called segments. To user each record looks like an organisation chart with one top level segment called the root.

    EXAMPLE FOR HIERARCHICAL MODEL

    EXAMPLE FOR HIERARCHICAL MODEL


    In a database an entity type is the equivalent of a table. Each individual record is represented as a row, and each attribute as a column. Entity types are related to each other using 1:N mappings, also known as one-to-many relationships. This model is recognized as the first database model created by IBM in the 1960s. Currently the most widely used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

    NETWORK MODEL
    The network model's original inventor was Charles Bachman, and it was developed into a standard specification published in 1969 by the CODASYL Consortium. The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.

    Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph . Object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs.

    CASE STUDY

    Earthquake or burglary?

    Mr. Rajini is in his office


    He receives a call from his neighbor that the alarm of his house went off. He thinks that somebody broke into his house.

    Afterwards he hears an announcement from radio that a small earthquake just happened
    Since the alarm has been going off during an earthquake. He concludes it is more likely that earthquake causes the alarm.

    Earthquake or burglary?
    Burglary Earthquake

    Alarm

    Newscast

    Call

    BY THIS EXAMPLE CAN U PPL GUESS WHAT MODEL THIS REPRESENTS ?

    A Bigger Example: Most Economical Size

    Let us have a go at building and using a mathematical model to solve a real world problem. Your company is going to make its own boxes! It has been decided the box should hold 0.02m3 (0.02 cubic meters which is equal to 20 liters) of nuts and bolts. The box should have a square base, and double thickness top and bottom. Cardboard costs $0.30 per square meter. It is up to you to decide the most economical size.

    Step One: Draw a sketch!


    It helps to sketch out what you are trying to solve! The base is square, so we will just use "w" for both lengths. The box has 4 sides, and double tops and bottoms. The box shape could be cut out like this (but would probably be more complicated):

    Step Two: Make Formulas.


    Ignoring thickness for this model: Volume = w w h = w2h And we are told that the volume should be 0.02m3: w2h = 0.02 Areas: Area of the 4 Sides = 4 w h = 4wh Area of Double Tops and Bases = 4 w w = 4w2 Total cardboard needed: Area of Cardboard = 4wh + 4w2

    Step Three: Make a Single Formula For Cost


    We want a single formula for cost: Cost = $0.30 Area of Cardboard = $0.30 (4wh + 4w2) And that is the cost when we know width and height. That could be hard to work with ... a function with two variables. But we can make it simpler! Because width and height are already related by the volume: Volume = w2h = 0.02 ... which can be rearranged to ... h = 0.02/w2 ... and that can be put into the cost formula ... Cost= $0.30 (4w0.02/w2 + 4w2) And now the cost is related directly to width only. With a little simplification we get: Cost= $0.30 (0.08/w+ 4w2)

    What to plot? Well, the formula only makes sense for widths greater than zero, and I also found that for widths above 0.5 the cost just gets bigger and bigger. So here is a plot of that cost formula for widths between 0.0 m and 0.55m:

    Step Four: Plot it and find minimum cost

    Plot of y= 0.3(0.08/x+4x2) x is width, and y is cost Just by eye, I see the cost reaches a minimum at about (0.22, 0.17). In other words: when the width is about 0.22 m (x-value), the minimum cost is about $0.17 per box (y-value). In fact, looking at the graph, the width could be anywhere between 0.20 and 0.24 without affecting the minimum cost very much.

    Step Five: Recommendations


    Using this mathematical model you can now recommend: Width = 0.22 m Height = 0.02/w2 = 0.02/0.222 = 0.413 m Cost = $0.30 (0.08/w+ 4w2) = $0.30 (0.08/0.22+ 40.222) = $0.167 Or about 16.7 cents per box But any width between 0.20 m and 0.24 m would be fine. You might also like to suggest improvements to this model: Include cost of glue/staples and assembly Include wastage when cutting box shape from cardboard. Is this box a good shape for packing, handling and storing? Any other ideas you may have!

    HEY FRIENDZ CAN U IDENTIFY WHAT MODEL IS THIS

    FAQS
    2 mark 1.Differentiate between mathematical model and graphical model for represnting systems?(June-2012) 16 mark (June-2012) 1.Enumerate on the following hierarchical models i)tree diagram ii)organization chart

    SUMMARY
    Graphical model is a combination of probability theory and graph theory. Two problems faced in this model are uncertinity and complexity. Graphical model provides a natural frame work for the design of new system. A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. Network model is a flexible way of representing objets and relationship

    GLOSSARY
    Hierarchical:Older logical db model that organizes data in a tree like structure. Network:Older logical db model that is useful for depicating many-to-many relationship. Legacy system:System that has been in existance for a long time,used to avoid high cost of replacing or redesign.

    REFERENCE
    AUTHOR NAME BOOK NAME EDITION PUBLISHER PLACE YEAR CHAPTER PAGE

    S.NO

    1.

    KENNETH C.LAUDON
    JANE P.LAUDON

    MANAGING THE
    DIGITAL FIRM.

    8TH

    PHI

    DELHI

    04

    227,229

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