TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER ONE Multiple Choice Questions 1. Philosophy, literally defined, means: A love of knowledge. B love of wisdom.

C love of rhetoric. D critical thinking. E none of the above B Of the following, which is not considered a quality of a critical thinker? A open-minded B mentally active C self-aware D passionate E none of the above E The ultimate aim of philosophy is: A complete liberty of the mind. B to achieve independence of any prejudice. C to become moral. D freedom. E all of the above E Which of the following are considered deductive argument forms? A modus ponens B disjunctive syllogism C causal reasoning D generalizations E A and B E The branch of philosophy that considers questions about what we can and cannot know is: A metaphysics. B epistemology. C ethics. D logic. E all of the above B

2.

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The branch of philosophy that studies beauty, art and, taste is: A metaphysics. B ethics. C aesthetics. D logic. E B and C C The branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles is: A metaphysics. B epistemology. C ethics. D none of the above E all of the above C Of the following, which is not considered a causal fallacy? A questionable cause B post hoc ergo propter hoc C slippery slope D hasty generalization E none of the above D Of the following, which is not considered a fallacy of relevance? A appeal to authority B appeal to emotion C red herring D appeal to personal attack E none of the above E Of the following, which is a form of an inductive argument? A causal reasoning B empirical generalization C modus tollens D A and B E B and C D

10.

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True/False Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Studying philosophy allows one to confront deeper questions of the world and life. T Philosophy helps students enrich their understanding of the world and their own lives. T A categorical syllogism is considered a type of inductive argument. F Critical thinking is a skill that allows people to blindly accept the thinking of others. F There is no difference between having a philosophy and doing philosophy. F Causal reasoning is considered a type of inductive argument. T Ethics is the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality and existence. F Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to establish the rules for correct reasoning, clear understanding, and valid arguments. T The structure of an argument is a group of statements in which there are certain statements offered in support of another statement. T Russell argued that there is absolutely no value in studying philosophy. F

Matching Questions A B C D E
1 2 3 4 5

Match the branch of philosophy with the definition. metaphysics epistemology ethics aesthetics logic The study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence. _______ A The study of moral values and principles. ________ C The branch of philosophy that seeks to establish the rules for correct reasoning and valid arguments. _______ E The study to knowledge. _______ B The study of beauty, art, and taste. ______ D

Short Answer Questions 1 List the qualities of a critical thinker:

Outline the process of critical thinking:

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Chapter Two Multiple Choice Questions 1 A method using dynamic questions and intellectual analysis is known as: A rhetoric. B Socratic method. C critical thinking. D all of the above E none of the above B Pre-Socratic philosophers attempted to understand the world and life through: A reason and observation. B superstition and myth. C rhetoric. D all of the above E none of the above A The sophists exhibited which of the following characteristics: A relativism. B skepticism. C egotism. D pragmatism. E all of the above E According to Socrates, __________ is considered the identity of the person. A body B psyche C arte D episteme E all of the above B Arte is the Greek word for: A knowledge. B happiness. C virtue. D soul. E all of the above C

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Episteme is the Greek word for: A knowledge. B happiness. C virtue. D soul. E none of the above A __________ argued that all things are in a constant state of flux and the universe is governed by logos. A Thales B Democrtius C Pythagoras D Heraclitus E none of the above D _________ argued that reality is unchanging and eternal, and the world of change is an illusion. A Thales B Democritus C Paremenides D Heraclitus E all of the above C Sophia is the Greek word for: A wisdom. B virtue. C soul. D state. E happiness. A

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True/False Questions 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Irony is a form of rhetoric that has at least two conflicting levels of meaning. T The goal of dialectic is to achieve a shallow, vague, nonrational understanding of the most significant areas of human experience. F Socrates believed that the truth lies within each of us. T Socrates believed that it was better to suffer wickedness than to commit it. T Socrates believed that no one unknowingly does evil. F Socrates believed that we should strive for excellence in some areas of life. F Socrates was committed to making our actions reflect our convictions. T Thales argued that water is the primary substance. T Heraclitus argued that all things are in a constant state of change and the universe is governed by logos. T Parmenides argued that reality is changing. F

Matching Questions Match the pre-Socratic philosopher with their belief. A B C D E F G H Thales Anaximenes Heraclitus Democritus Anaxagoras Pythagoras Parmenides Socrates 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Reality is unchanging and eternal and change is an illusion. _______ G All matter is composed of indivisible atoms. _______ D Air is the primary substance. ________ B The universe is composed of matter and governed by nous. ______ E Water is the primary substance. _______ A The unexamined life is not worth living. _____ H All things are in a constant state of change and the universe is governed by logos. _______ C The fundamental principles of the universe are mathematical relations. ______ F

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Chapter Three Multiple Choice Questions 1 Of the following, Socrates believed what about the soul? A It is immortal. B It depends on the body. C It is material. D None of the above. E All of the above. A According to Plato, the soul consists of: A reason. B physical appetite. C spirit. D all of the above E none of the above D According to Descartes, what is the manner in which to seek truth? A study philosophy B method of doubt C study mathematics and geometry D study physiology E none of the above B According to Descartes, the soul is governed by: A God. B laws of reason. C the body. D A and B E none of the above D According to Locke, the mind is a(n): A tabula rasa. B empty concept. C brain. D all of the above E none of the above A

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Who argued that there is no self? A Socrates B Descartes C Locke D Hume E Kant D Who argued that we construct the self? A Socrates B Descartes C Locke D Hume E Kant E Who argued that mental states are brain states? A Kant B Hume C Buddhist philosophy D Churchland E Ryle D Who argued that the self is inseparable from the bodys physiology? A Socrates B Descartes C Locke D Ryle E none of the above D The Buddhist conception of anatta includes all of the following elements except: A physical form. B sensation. C dispositions to act. D consciousness. E permanence. E

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Churchland argued that __________ will be eliminated once advances in neuroscience develop a vocabulary that will enable us to be objective about consciousness and human experience. A physiology B religion C folk psychology D all of the above E none of the above C

True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 According to Plato, the soul is not capable of knowing the Forms. F Descartes believed the self was dualistic. T Materialism is the view that the universe is explainable in terms of the physical laws. T Empiricism is the epistemological view that sense experience is the primary source of all knowledge. T Rationalism is the epistemological view that reason and sense experience provide knowledge. T Phenomenologists argue that the self is purely physical. F Eliminative materialists argue that the self consists of mental and physical components. F Phenomenology attempts to clarify our understanding of experience and how we experience the world. T Kant argues that the self transcends the senses and unifies our experiences. T Churchland believed a new neuroscience vocabulary will enable us to communicate clearly about consciousness and human experience. T

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher with the view of what the self is. A B C D E F G Socrates Descartes Locke Hume Kant Merleau-Ponty Churchland 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The soul is the self and it is immortal. ______ A The brain is the self. _____ G The self is the transcendental unifying principle of consciousness. ______ E The self consists of an immaterial soul and a material body. _____ B There is no self or it is a bundle of perceptions. _____ D The self is personal identity, which requires consciousness of constantly perceiving self connected by memories. _____ C The self is the unity of mental and physical, a natural synthesis that forms our experience. ______ F

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Chapter Four Multiple Choice Questions 1 Of the following, our beliefs about freedom effect: A our ability to change and grow as a person. B our ability to develop a moral outlook. C our ability to participate in a fair and just society. D all of the above E none of the above E The view that freedom is an illusion and every event in the universe, including human actions, is brought about by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is: A incompatibilism. B indeterminism. C determinism. D compatibilism. E none of the above. C According to dHolbachs view, if you decide to commit suicide, what would this demonstrate regarding freedom? A Human behavior is irrational. B Demonstrating free will can be dangerous. C Nothing. Mental disturbances can cause self-destructive behavior. D all of the above E none of the above C Who argued that we are free when our actions are a result of our unimpeded rational desires? A Schlick B dHolbach C Sartre D Grimshaw E James C

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Who argued that determinism cannot account for the testimony of our direct, lived experience? A Schlick B dHolbach C Sartre D Grimshaw E James E Who believed that we are condemned to be free, i.e., we are absolutely responsible to create our own meaningful existence. A Schlick B dHolbach C Sartre D Grimshaw E James C Who claimed that free choice is contingent on becoming aware of repressive forces and liberating oneself from them? A Schlick B dHolbach C Sartre D Grimshaw E James D The view of freedom that argues that some human actions are free if they are a result of internal motivations and not the product of external causes or influences is: A determinism. B compatibilism. C indeterminism. D libertarianism. E none of the above B The view of freedom that claims that some events, including human actions, are not necessarily determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is: A determinism. B compatibilism. C indeterminism. D libertarianism. E none of the above C

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The view of freedom that argues that humans are able to make authentically free choices that are not determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is: A determinism. B compatibilism. C indeterminism. D libertarianism. E none of the above D

True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Belief in determinism prevents people from becoming better persons. T Belief in compatibilism prevents people from participating in a revolution. F Belief in indeterminism allows people to choose their spiritual destiny. T Belief in libertarianism allows people to avoid responsibility for their actions. F Dennett argues that freedom is an objective phenomenon distinct to humans. T External constraints are the limitations to our autonomy imposed by ourselves. F Internal constraints are the limitations imposed by our environment and circumstances. F Freedom is the ability to do what one wants. F Psychic coercion is an internal constraint that compromises ones autonomy and limits ones personal freedom. T To increase personal freedom, one must confront external and internal constraints, thus creating options from which to choose. T

Matching Questions Match the view of freedom with the definition. A B C D Determinism Compatibilism Indeterminism Libertarianism 1 2 3 4 Some events, including human actions, are not necessarily determined by previous events. _______ C All events, including human actions are caused. However, some human actions are free if they are a result of internal motivations. ______ B Humans are able to make authentically free choices that are not determined by previous events. ______ D Every event, including human actions, is caused by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe. ______ A

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Short Answer Questions 1 List the four common causes that prevent human actions from being considered free:

In brief, why does James argue that determinism is implausible?

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Chapter Five Multiple Choice Questions 1 __________ is the investigation of the nature and structure of reality. A Metaphysics B Epistemology C Ethics D Logic E Aesthetics A __________ is the study of the nature of knowledge and truth. A B C D E B 3 Which of the following is a kind of argument that purports to prove a thesis is defective because it generates an infinite series when such series exists or the thesis lacks justification? A infinite wisdom B modus ponens C modus tollens D infinite regress E all of the above D Who argued that all is one? A Parmenides B Heraclitus C Plato D Aristotle E Descartes A Who argued that all is change and change alone is unchanging? A Parmenides B Heraclitus C Plato D Aristotle E Descartes B Metaphysics Epistemology Ethics Logic Aesthetics

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Who claimed form is a reality itself? A Parmenides B Heraclitus C Plato D Aristotle E Descartes C Who claimed that forms reside in physical objects? A Parmenides B Heraclitus C Plato D Aristotle E Descartes D What did Descartes hope to prove through the method of doubt? A knowledge is impossible B knowledge is relative C knowledge is possible D all of the above E none of the above C Who argued that genuine knowledge is recollected through an examination of our innate ideas? A Parmenides B Heraclitus C Plato D Aristotle E all of the above C __________ represent an interpretation, evaluation, conclusion, or prediction about the world we endorse as true. A Beliefs B Physical objects C Forms D Causes E Effects A

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True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Metaphysicians concern themselves with questions such as: whether reality is many or one, what is the nature of reality, and what is time and space? T Epistemologists concern themselves with questions such as: what is truth and can we have genuine knowledge? T Parmenides said change is an illusion. T Plato argued that the world of being is constantly changing, evolving, and disappearing. F Aristotle claimed that all reality consists of form and matter. T Descartes believed that reality is unknowable. F All beliefs are considered informed and objectively true. F Aristotle was considered a rationalist. F Descartes was considered a rationalist. T Plato and Aristotle both argued that reality consists of two worlds. F

Matching Questions Match the philosopher with the metaphysical claim. A B C D E Heraclitus Parmenides Plato Aristotle Descartes 1 2 3 4 5 All is change and change alone is unchanging. ______ A Reality and all things in reality contain entelechy. ______ D The world is knowable if and only if God exists. ______ E Reality consists of a world of becoming and a world of being. _______ C All is one and change is an illusion. _______ B

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Match Aristotles Four Causes with its respective definition. A B C D material cause formal cause efficient cause final cause 1 2 3 4 The ultimate purpose of something. ______ D The embedded essence of something. ______ B What something is made of. _______ A What sets something in motion. ______ C

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Chapter Six Multiple Choice Questions 1 The epistemological view that all knowledge is derived through sense experience is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. D constructivism. E none on the above B The epistemological view that knowledge is impossible is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. D constructivism. E none on the above C The epistemological view that knowledge is derived from rational intuition and sense experience is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. D constructivism. E none on the above A Who argued that we are born with an intellectual blank slates or tabula rasa? A Locke B Berkeley C Hume D Kant E Jaggar A Who claimed that nothing exists independent of the mind or God? A Locke B Berkeley C Hume D Kant E Jaggar B

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Who argued that, as a philosopher, he was committed to radical skepticism? A Locke B Berkeley C Hume D Kant E Jaggar C Who argued that we construct a knowable world? A Locke B Berkeley C Hume D Kant E Jaggar D Who believed that emotions ought to play a role in our understanding of the world? A Locke B Berkeley C Hume D Kant E Jaggar E According to Kant, what can be known about the noumenal reality? A nothing B everything C science D cause and effect E mathematics A In Jaggars arguments, emotions provide what? A knowledge B annihilate life C life with meaning D all of the above E none of the above C

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True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rationalists argue that we enter the world with innate knowledge. T Empiricists argue that we can achieve genuine knowledge independent of sense experience. F For Locke, objects in the world consist of primary and secondary qualities. T For Berkeley, objects in the world exist. F Subjective Idealism is the belief that only ideas and conscious minds have actual existence. T For Hume, the logical conclusion of empiricism is skepticism. T For Kant, the noumenal world is perceivable. F When one perceives, one selects, organizes, and interprets ones experiences. T It is not possible to develop informed beliefs through critical thinking. F By developing informed beliefs, individuals can construct an enlightened ethical perspective, develop a thoughtful approach to religion, and develop a sophisticated and integrated view of reality. T

Matching Questions Match the philosopher with their epistemological view. A B C D E F Descartes Locke Berkeley Hume Kant Jaggar 1 2 3 4 5 6 Knowledge of external world begins with the method of doubt. _____ A All knowledge comes from experience. _______ B Emotions affect the manner in which we perceive the world. ______ F All justifiable beliefs must be rationally justified or experiencable. ____ D The knowable world is constructed by the faculties of the mind. _____ E To be is to be perceived. ______ C

Short Answer Question 1 What two important questions are necessary for developing informed beliefs about ourselves and the world?

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Chapter Seven Multiple Choice Questions 1 Who defined religion as a means toward ultimate transformation? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani A Who argued that religion is a human construction, an idealized perfection? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani B Who argued that all religions are expressions of a patriarchal reality in which women are placed in a subjugated position? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani C Who believed that religion is a vital personal quest all must face when confronted with the possible meaninglessness of life? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani D Religions that remain tied to the original people and location from which they developed are called: A Christianity. B Islam. C Taoism. D Indigenous sacred ways. E none of the above D

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Of the following, which religion does not believe in a transcendent being or beings? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism D Of the following, which religion believes that souls can have eternal salvation due to a belief in Jesus? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism A Of the following, which religion believes that Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism B Religion can provide a framework for human life. Of the following, what kinds of question can religion answer? A What is the meaning and purpose of my life? B What is my destiny? C How ought I to conduct my life? D What happens when I die? E All of the above E

True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to turn all persons into atheists and engage persons in emotional arguments. F Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to expand, enrich, and deepen your understanding of other religions. T Arguments for the existence of God were presented to satisfy a desire for objective proof of a transcendent being. T A theodicy is a defense of the justness or goodness of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the problem of evil. T

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5 6 7 8 9 10

Kierkegaard argued that the existence of God is knowable objectively. F For Buddhists, all suffering emanates from desire. T For Judaism, devotion and obedience to Yahweh will result in special consideration and protection. T For Kierkegaard, a leap of faith serves no purpose in knowing whether God exists or not. F For Clifford, one can believe in Gods existence without sufficient evidence. F For James, one can believe in Gods existence without sufficient evidence. T

Matching Questions Match the religion with its meaning. A B C D E F G Hinduism Buddhism Taoism Judaism Christianity Islam Indigenous Sacred Ways 1 2 3 4 5 6 A term used to designate the complex mosaic of religious beliefs and practices of the majority of people in India. ____ A A monotheist religion that believes Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God (Allah). _____ F A nontheist religion that believes in the ultimate transformation through an aspiration to escape the world of suffering by achieving Nirvana, which is the ultimate egoless state of bliss. _____ B Localized religions that emphasize the development of proper relationship with the spirit world and that this spiritual world is connected with the physical world. ______ G A way of life inspired from the rhythms of the natural phenomena. _______ C A monotheist religion that believes God (Yahweh) entered into a covenant with Abraham. Through devotion and obedience to the Yahweh, the believers will enjoy special consideration and protection. _____ D A monotheist religion that split off from Judaism and believes that Jesus is the son of God and savior whose death and resurrection makes it possible for believers souls to enjoy eternal life in Heaven. _______ E

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Chapter Eight Multiple Choice Questions 1 Ethical concepts include: A right and wrong. B good and bad. C just and unjust. D virtue and vice. E all of the above E The ethical theory that claims moral values depend on individual opinion or cultural norms is: A ethical absolutism. B ethical relativism. C ethical determinism. D normative ethics. E descriptive ethics. B The ethical theory that claims moral values apply to all people in all circumstances is: A ethical absolutism. B ethical relativism. C ethical determinism. D normative ethics. E descriptive ethics. A The ethical theory in which the individual determines what is right and wrong based on how the feel is: A ethical subjectivism. B cultural relativism. C ethical determinism. D normative ethics. E descriptive ethics. A

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The ethical theory in which what is considered right or wrong is dependent on societal acceptance is: A ethical absolutism. B ethical determinism. C cultural relativism. D normative ethics. E descriptive ethics. C The view that we are compelled by our psychological makeup to always pursue our own interest is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. D psychological egoism. E none of the above D The ethical theory that proposes we pursue our own happiness and self-interest is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. D psychological egoism. E none of the above A The ethical theory that proposes we act morally when we do what God commands us to do is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. D psychological egoism. E none of the above B

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True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ethical subjectivism is a recipe for moral anarchy. T Cultural relativism commits the naturalistic fallacy. T Descriptive ethics addresses what ought to be the case. F Normative ethics addresses what is the case. F Ethical relativism denies the possibility of an absolute, universal ethics. T For Rand, altruism and compassion are virtues. F For Rand, selfishness is virtuous. T Natural Law ethics is the view that universal moral values can be discovered in nature by using the faculty of reason. T King, Jr. argued that civil disobedience is moral if it does not conflict with Human Law. F There is no difference between studying morality and being a moral person. F

Matching Questions Match the concept with its definition. A B C D E F G H I Value Moral values Ethical Relativism Ethical Subjectivism Cultural Relativism Ethical Absolutism Descriptive ethics Normative ethics Naturalistic Fallacy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ethical theory that claims moral values are determined by cultural norms. _____ E Deriving an ought from an is. _____ I The term used to denote anything that possesses intrinsic worth given clearly defined standards. ______ A Ethical theory that claims some moral values apply to all people in all circumstances. _____ F This term addresses what is the case when discussing ethical values. _____ G Ethical theory that claims moral values are determined by how one feels. ______ D Ethical theory that claims there are no universal moral values. _____ C Qualities and rules of conduct that distinguish a person of upstanding character. ______ B This term addresses what ought to be the case when discussing ethical values. ______ H

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Chapter Nine Multiple Choice Questions 1 The ethical theory that focuses on the moral quality of individual character rather than individual actions is: A virtue ethics. B deontology. C consequentialism. D all of the above E none of the above A The ethical theory that focuses on the notion of duty and obligations as the standard for determining the moral value of actions is: A virtue ethics. B deontology. C consequentialism. D all of the above E none of the above B The ethical theory that focuses on the ends of actions rather than the means of actions is: A virtue ethics. B deontology. C consequentialism. D all of the above E none of the above C The ethical theory that proposes all actions should promote the greatest happiness and least amount of suffering for the greatest number of people is: A virtue ethics. B deontology. C divine command theory. D existential ethics. E utilitarianism. E

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Who argued that an act is moral when it produces the most pleasure and least suffering or pain? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre D Who believed that the principle of utility ought to be applied to non human animals as well as humans? A Aristotle B Mill C Rand D Epicurus E Sartre B Who argued that to be virtuous is to seek the Golden Mean? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre A Who argued that moral value is determined by following the maxims prescribed by reason? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre B Who claimed that we must recognize that the moral choices we make are for all humankind and we must resist the urge to escape this responsibility for all humankind? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre E

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Who agued that individual actions are motivated by a caring response rooted in natural caring? A Noddings B Kant C Rand D Mill E Sartre A According to de Beauvoir, what gives life meaning? A relationship to God B relationship to the Good C relationship with oneself D relationship to others E all of the above D

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True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 For Aristotle, everyone should pursue happiness. T For Kant, to become moral, a person must develop the good will to follow moral laws. T For Kant, moral maxims focus on the content, consequences, and intentions of actions. F For Epicurus, to pursue sensual pleasure was the sole purpose in life. F Ethical hedonism is the view that an actions consequences determine its moral value. T For Mill, there is no distinction between intellectual pleasures and sensual pleasures. F Singer argued that specieism is morally wrong and employed the principle of utility as justification. T The hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative are two kinds of moral imperatives. T Existential ethics are devoid of moral values. F Nietzsche believed that we must exercise our will to power to the fullest possible extent. T For Camus, finding meaning in life is impossible. F

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher with the ethical viewpoint. A B C D E F G H I Rand Aristotle Kant Bentham Mill Kierkegaard Sartre De Beauvoir Noddings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Virtue is selfishness or Egoism. _____ A Duty and obligations are the standard for determining the moral value of actions. ______ C Developed the hedonistic calculus. ______ D Argued that freedom only has meaning in relationship to others who are exercising their freedom of choice. ______ H Emphasized the ethics of care being rooted in natural caring. _____ I Argued that the principle of utility is applicable to non human and human animals. ______ E Argued that the accumulation of moral actions builds a consistent moral character. ______ B Believed that one must never succumb to the values of the crowd. _____ F Proposed that we avoid the inauthentic life and resist the urge to escape responsibility for all humankind. ______ G

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Chapter Ten Multiple Choice Questions 1 Which of the following concepts must be considered when defining an ideal just society? A Justice B Duty C Rights D Freedom E All of the above E Who argued that an ideal state could only be achieved by a commitment to the principles of virtue, both by the leaders and the citizens? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle A Who claimed that society ought to be based on function and harmony? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle B Who believed that the state is prior to the individual? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle E

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Who argued that humans are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness and state of nature, and when unrestrained by laws, leads to chaos? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle D Who believed that humans are governed by natural laws and entitled to inalienable rights, such as the right to life, liberty, health, and property? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Rawls C Who claimed that to conceive of a fair and just society, we must assume a veil of ignorance regarding our own standing and situation within that idealized society? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E none of the above E What is the sociopolitical view that believes societys resources belong to all members and ought to be shared with everyone? A liberalism B capitalism C socialism D all of the above E none of the above What is the sociopolitical view that champions the liberty, rights, and responsibilities of the individual? A liberalism B capitalism C socialism D all of the above E none of the above A

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Who argued that a reconsideration of traditional gender roles is necessary so we can develop a more just and fair society? A Aristotle B Plato C Hobbes D Okin E all of the above

True/False Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distributive justice is a theory that deals with how societys wealth, opportunity, and power should be distributed. T Retributive justice is a theory that deals with how societies should treat those who violate laws. T For Plato, a just society allows for civil disobedience. F For Aristotle, living in society is unnatural. F A social contract is an agreement between people and their rulers or among people in the community. T For Hobbes and Locke, individual must be coerced to enter into a social contract. F For Rawls, a society is just only if it is truly fair. T For Marx, it is inevitable that the proletariat will rise in revolution against the bourgeoisie. T Capitalism is a social organization based on communal ownership of resources and self-government. F Mill believed that it was never acceptable to interfere with an individuals liberty. F

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher with their view on what society ought to be. A B C D E F G H I Confucius Plato Aristotle Hobbes Locke Rawls Marx Mill Okin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A society ought to be based on a social contract recognizing certain inalienable rights for individuals. ______ E For there to be meaningful justice, a radical restructuring of gender roles is necessary. ______ I Rejects the idea that government has the right to interfere with individual liberty except in those cases where the general welfare of others is threatened. _____ H Argued that humans do have the right to defend themselves and through the use of reason recognize the necessity of a social contract. _____ D Argued that man is a political creature by nature. ______ C Believed society consisted of three classes: philosopher-kings, guardians, and workers. ________ B Developed a view of society that has dominated Chinese culture. ______ A Argued that capitalism is flawed. ______ G Believed in two principles of justice: equal right to liberty and equal opportunity. ______ F

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