Nutrients

17 pages, 1618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Human Milk Oligosaccharide Lacto-N-Fucopentaose III Conjugated to Dextran Inhibits HIV Replication in Primary Human Macrophages

by Tablow Shwan Media, Medhini Ramesh, Olivia Isa Lee, Lucy Njideka Ubaka, Donald A. Harn, Thomas Norberg, Frederick Quinn and Ankita Garg

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050890 (registering DOI) - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Individuals with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) with virologic suppression exhibit chronic immune activation and immune dysfunction. Numerous studies have shown that human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) controls the postnatal transmission of HIV-1, but its effect on adult HIV-1 infection is [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Individuals with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) with virologic suppression exhibit chronic immune activation and immune dysfunction. Numerous studies have shown that human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) controls the postnatal transmission of HIV-1, but its effect on adult HIV-1 infection is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-HIV activity of Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII) in adult blood-borne macrophages. Methods: Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages from the blood of HIV-seronegative individuals were infected with HIV and treated with or without dextran-conjugated LNFPIII (P3DEX). HIV replication was measured by quantifying the accumulation of HIV Gag p24 in the culture supernatants by ELISA. The quantities of chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and CCL5 in the culture supernatant were also measured by ELISA. The expression of IL-1β, IL-18, TNFα, IL-10, BECN1, and housekeeping gene HuPO in the macrophages was determined by qRT PCR. The expression of NF-kB, LC3, p62, and β-actin was measured by immunoblotting. Results: We found that P3DEX controls HIV replication without affecting HIV binding and/or internalization by human macrophages. The treatment of HIV-infected macrophages with P3DEX increased the quantity of beta (β)-chemokines MIP-1α, CCL5, and MIP-1β, which are known to have anti-HIV activity. Furthermore, the treatment of HIV-infected macrophages with P3DEX increased autophagic flux in a TLR8-dependent manner and ameliorated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that P3DEX is a prominent milk-derived sugar that simultaneously augments anti-viral mechanisms and controls immune activation. These findings prudently justify the use and clinical development of P3DEX as a host-directed therapeutic option for people living with HIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Education Sources on Patient Compliance with the Recommended Oral Nutritional Supplement (ONS) Intake: A Qualitative Survey

by Natalija Uršulin-Trstenjak, Damir Poljak, Bojan Šarkanj, Melita Sajko and Ivana Dodlek Šarkanj

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050889 (registering DOI) - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Nutritional support through oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) is important for patients. It leads to improved nutritional intake and better clinical and economic outcomes. Objectives: The problem that often accompanies the use of ONSs is their consumption below the optimal prescribed doses. One [...] Read more.

Background: Nutritional support through oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) is important for patients. It leads to improved nutritional intake and better clinical and economic outcomes. Objectives: The problem that often accompanies the use of ONSs is their consumption below the optimal prescribed doses. One of the reasons for this is patient education on the importance of ONS intake. This study investigated hospitalized patients and focused on the impact that educational sources have on ONS intake. It also investigated patient compliance with the intake of the prescribed dose, and the time of initiation and discontinuation of ONS consumption. Methods: A qualitative survey using an anonymous questionnaire was conducted on 120 hospital patients across three locations in the Republic of Croatia: Varaždin General Hospital, the Special Hospital for Chronic Diseases in Novi Marof, and the hospital for lung diseases and tuberculosis in Klenovnik. Data were collected by independent nurses and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, including Shapiro–Wilk, Levene, Mann–Whitney, and χ² tests. Results: There is a statistically significant difference between compliance with the intake at home and the source of information on how to consume ONSs (p = 0.003). There is also a statistically significant difference between compliance with intake at home and the initiation of ONS consumption (p = 0.000) with a key time of six months (half a year) when most of them give up. Conclusions: Only 47.95% complied with the recommended dose of ONS intake at home who received the information from a nurse, if we look at the information source. There is a clear need to change patient education by developing a standardized form and tools accessible to patients. After six months, most patients discontinue ONS consumption. Further research is necessary to determine whether a medical specialist is the reason for discontinuation, or whether discontinuation happened due to insufficient education on the importance of ONS intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2281 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impacts of Yacon Syrup (Smallanthus sonchifolius) on Human Health: A Systematic Review of Scientific Evidence from the Last Decade

by Marcos F. Pereira, Igor de Codes Soares, Marília Magalhães Cabral, Paula A. de Freitas, Gabriel M. A. Sousa, Saulo Chaves Magalhães, Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Maria Rayane C. de Oliveira, Francisco Ernani A. Magalhães, Ariclecio C. de Oliveira, Renalison Farias-Pereira and Keciany Alves de Oliveira

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050888 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Yacon syrup (Smallanthus sonchifolius) has gained attention due to its high concentration of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and associated health benefits. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of yacon syrup on metabolic parameters and intestinal health in humans over the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Yacon syrup (Smallanthus sonchifolius) has gained attention due to its high concentration of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and associated health benefits. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of yacon syrup on metabolic parameters and intestinal health in humans over the last decade. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search in databases, including Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, and SciELO, up to October 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on clinical trials examining the impact of yacon syrup on glycemic control, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, appetite regulation, and gut microbiota in healthy, overweight, or obese individuals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 161 participants from diverse populations. Results: Yacon syrup supplementation demonstrated significant reductions in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and LDL cholesterol, alongside improvements in satiety and intestinal transit time. Acute supplementation with yacon syrup had inconsistent results for postprandial glycemia and insulin levels, probably due to prior individual gut microbiota composition. Longer interventions with yacon syrup were associated with enhanced microbiota modulation and appetite regulation, particularly in women. Mild gastrointestinal discomfort was reported, but with the continued use of yacon syrup, the symptoms decreased. Yacon syrup presents promising health benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity, weight management, and gut health. However, further research is needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term safety. Conclusions: This review highlights the potential of yacon syrup as a functional supplement for metabolic and gastrointestinal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association Between Lipid Metabolism and Obesity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Guideline for Detection and Management of Magnesium Deficiency in Ambulatory Care

by Sherrie Colaneri-Day and Andrea Rosanoff

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050887 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with many common chronic conditions and potentially severe health care outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes. However, Mg deficiency is underdiagnosed and often underrecognized in the ambulatory health care setting, and nutrition education and [...] Read more.

Background: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with many common chronic conditions and potentially severe health care outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes. However, Mg deficiency is underdiagnosed and often underrecognized in the ambulatory health care setting, and nutrition education and training are often limited for health care providers (HCPs). Methods: A clinical guideline for detecting and treating Mg deficiency in the ambulatory care setting was developed. A pilot study was conducted in which HCPs received education on Mg and completed pre-test and post-test questionnaires to assess the intervention efficacy of the guideline. Results: Ten HCPs participated in the pilot study via telephone or face-to-face session. In general, there was a statistically significant increase in Mg knowledge among HCPs, due to the intervention of presentation of the guideline, with a nonsignificant increase in clinical practice application. However, the 1-month follow-up survey results showed that HCPs were likely to incorporate Mg assessment and treatment tools from the guideline in their future practice. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the use of the proposed clinical guideline may increase HCP knowledge and improve the diagnosis and treatment of Mg deficiency. Further use, development, and evaluation of this guideline is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)

18 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Choline During Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies

by Jacqueline F. Gould, Sonia Hines, Karen P. Best, Luke E. Grzeskowiak, Olivia Jansen and Tim J. Green

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050886 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Most pregnant women have choline intakes below recommendations. Animal studies suggest that choline supplementation during pregnancy improves cognitive outcomes in the offspring. This review aims to determine whether higher choline levels during pregnancy are associated with improved child brain development. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Most pregnant women have choline intakes below recommendations. Animal studies suggest that choline supplementation during pregnancy improves cognitive outcomes in the offspring. This review aims to determine whether higher choline levels during pregnancy are associated with improved child brain development. Methods: We systematically reviewed the evidence for the role of choline in pregnancy for human neurodevelopment in clinical trials and observational studies. Results: We identified four randomized trials of choline supplementation in pregnancy and five observational studies of prenatal choline. Neurodevelopmental assessments of these studies were reported across 20 eligible publications. Within both the trials and observational studies, most neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed did not support the hypothesis that higher prenatal choline benefits neurodevelopment. Among identified clinical trials, there were some instances where children whose mothers received choline supplementation had a better score on a neurodevelopmental measure. Still, each trial included multiple outcomes, and most were null. Observational studies were mixed as to whether an association between prenatal choline and an aspect of child neurodevelopment was identified. Critical limitations were present across clinical trials and observational studies, preventing confidence in the results and evidence base. Conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to support or refute the hypothesis that increasing choline intake in pregnancy improves the neurodevelopmental outcomes of the child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

28 pages, 7860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Metabolomics and Chemometrics Elucidate Dynamic Plasma Profile Changes Induced by Cocoa Shell in Female Rats

by David Ramiro-Cortijo, Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Santiago Ruvira, Silvia M. Arribas and Maria A. Martin-Cabrejas

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050885 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of cocoa shell extract (CSE) supplementation on the plasma metabolome of female rats. Methods: Female rats were supplemented with CSE (250 mg/kg/day) over seven days, and plasma samples were collected at baseline, day 4, and [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of cocoa shell extract (CSE) supplementation on the plasma metabolome of female rats. Methods: Female rats were supplemented with CSE (250 mg/kg/day) over seven days, and plasma samples were collected at baseline, day 4, and day 7 for untargeted metabolomic profiling using LC-ESI-QTOF. Results: A total of 244 plasma metabolites were identified, while 180 were detected in the CSE. Among these, only 21 compounds were consistently detected in both the CSE and the plasma at baseline and day 7. Notably, just three compounds, caffeine, theobromine, and N-isovaleroylglycine, were bioavailable, detected only in plasma after supplementation on day 7, confirming their absorption and systemic distribution. Pathways related to caffeine metabolism, glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism were significantly upregulated, indicating enhanced lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Conversely, reductions were observed in pathways involving tryptophan, glutathione, arginine, and proline, pointing to shifts in amino acid metabolism and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Network analysis revealed significant changes in the cholinergic synapse, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and glutamatergic synapse pathways, which are crucial for cellular communication and neurotransmission. Conclusions: The observed metabolic reconfiguration demonstrates CSE’s rapid modulation of the metabolome, highlighting the bioavailability of its key components. These findings suggest potential mechanisms for CSE as a functional food ingredient with health-promoting effects, potentially supporting cognitive function and metabolic health through energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and lipid signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Dietary Bioactive Compounds)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

35 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on Neurological Health: A Critical Review

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Laura Redondo-Flórez, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Agustín Curiel-Regueros, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz and José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050884 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting a potential protective effect against systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, despite these benefits, concerns remain regarding their impact on neurological health due to the possible deficiencies of critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron. This review critically evaluates the influence of these dietary patterns on neurological outcomes, emphasizing their nutritional composition, potential deficiencies, and their interplay with inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: A systematic review of the literature published between 2010 and 2023 was conducted, focusing on studies that explore the relationship between vegan and vegetarian diets and neurological health. Key nutrients such as vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, and zinc were analyzed alongside antinutritional factors and their effects on the nervous system. Results: Evidence suggests that vegan and vegetarian diets, when well planned, can be rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings indicate a potential role in reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. However, deficiencies in critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron have been consistently associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the presence of antinutritional factors like phytates and oxalates may further impair nutrient absorption, necessitating careful dietary planning and supplementation. Conclusions: While plant-based diets provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, their neurological implications depend on nutrient adequacy. Proper planning, supplementation, and food preparation techniques are essential to mitigate risks and enhance cognitive health. Further research is needed to explore long-term neurological outcomes and optimize dietary strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuro-Nutrition in Sports: Advances in Functional Neurology and Metabolic Care)

12 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Study of Urinary Stone Formation in Pediatric Patients with Acquired Brain Injury: A Focus on Incidence and Analysis of Risk Factors

by Sara Galbiati, Federica Locatelli, Fabio Alexander Storm, Marco Pozzi and Sandra Strazzer

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050883 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Little is known about the factors linked with nutrition, infections, and physical activity, which may influence urinary stone formation in patients with acquired brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral nutrition mixtures rich in sodium and poor in calcium may [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Little is known about the factors linked with nutrition, infections, and physical activity, which may influence urinary stone formation in patients with acquired brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral nutrition mixtures rich in sodium and poor in calcium may promote stone formation in pediatric patients, but a confirmation study is lacking. Moreover, the occurrence of urinary stones and heterotopic ossifications has not been studied regarding incidence. We thus conducted a prospective observational study in an unselected pediatric population with acquired brain injury, to estimate the incidence of urinary stones and heterotopic ossifications and analyze the associated factors. Methods: Prospective observational study: We recruited all patients with enteral nutrition consecutively admitted to our brain injury rehabilitation unit during a 5-year time-frame. We collected clinical data regarding nutrition, infections, blood and urine exams performed, neurological examinations, and physical examinations. Results: The prospective design allowed us to observe that no patient developed heterotopic ossifications, while urinary stones were found in 12.5% of patients and gravel in 14.6%. Factors associated with stone formation were having a worse subacute GCS, having done intense physical activity before injury, receiving bladder catheterizations, having a higher urine pH, and having higher blood potassium levels. The composition of the enteral nutrition did not influence stone formation, although the nutrition mixtures contained levels of vitamin C and proteins considerably higher than the recommended reference ranges. Conclusions: We have provided an observation of the incidence of urolithiasis in pediatric patients in rehabilitation, which was lacking from the literature. Enteral nutrition, at the amounts received by the patients studied herein, does not seem to have a role in stone formation. We identified a set of risk factors that can be useful for clinicians to pinpoint patients at an increased risk of developing stones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Children’s and Adolescents’ Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle Habits on Physical and Mental Health: From the Latest Perspective)

12 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation Effects on Markers Related with Endothelial Function and Coagulation in Obese Orthopedic Patients: Insights from Acute and Chronic Cases

by Michał Gawryjołek, Michał Wiciński, Marta Michalska Gawryjołek and Jan Zabrzyński

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050882 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Obesity is a risk factor for thrombosis-related diseases and a condition that leads to vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, orthopedic conditions are also at risk for diseases associated with coagulation and endothelial function. This study aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation in patients [...] Read more.

Obesity is a risk factor for thrombosis-related diseases and a condition that leads to vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, orthopedic conditions are also at risk for diseases associated with coagulation and endothelial function. This study aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation in patients with acute (AOCs) and chronic orthopedic conditions (COCs) and coexisting obesity could affect coagulation and endothelial function. Thirty-three obese individuals with AOCs or COCs were included in the study. Patients were supplemented with vitamin D at 4000 IU/day for 3 months. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the concentrations of alpha 2-antiplasmin (α2AP), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and vitamin D, which were examined at two time points—before and after supplementation. Regardless of the increase in serum vitamin D levels in both groups after supplementation, there was a statistically significant increase in VCAM-1 and PAI-1 levels in the group with AOCs, whereas only VCAM-1 increased statistically significantly in the second group. For obese patients with COCs, vitamin D does not appear to have a potentially beneficial effect on coagulation and the endothelium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

9 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

The “Jekyll Side” of the S100B Protein: Its Trophic Action in the Diet

by Fabrizio Michetti and Vincenzo Romano Spica

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050881 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

The calcium-binding S100B protein is concentrated in glial cells (including enteroglial cells) in the nervous system. Its conformation and amino acid composition are significantly conserved in different species; this characteristic suggests conserved biological role(s) for the protein. The biological activity is concentration-dependent: low [...] Read more.

The calcium-binding S100B protein is concentrated in glial cells (including enteroglial cells) in the nervous system. Its conformation and amino acid composition are significantly conserved in different species; this characteristic suggests conserved biological role(s) for the protein. The biological activity is concentration-dependent: low physiological concentrations exert a neurotrophic effect, while high concentrations exert a proinflammatory/toxic role. The proinflammatory/toxic role of S100B currently attracts the scientific community’s primary attention, while the protein’s physiological action remains unraveled—yet remarkably interesting. This is now a topical issue due to the recently consolidated notion that S100B is a natural trophic nutrient available in breast milk and/or other aliments, possibly interacting with other body districts through its impact on microbiota. These recent data may offer novel clues to understanding the role of this challenging protein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

12 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Sex Matter in the Link Between Self-Efficacy and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Adolescents? Insights from the EHDLA Study

by José Adrián Montenegro-Espinosa and José Francisco López-Gil

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050880 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/purpose: To our knowledge, no previous study has analyzed the associations between self-efficacy and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) in adolescents, nor have sex-based differences in this relationship been examined. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between [...] Read more.

Background/purpose: To our knowledge, no previous study has analyzed the associations between self-efficacy and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) in adolescents, nor have sex-based differences in this relationship been examined. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and MedDiet adherence in Spanish adolescents. Methods: This research was cross-sectional and involved 619 adolescents (56.5% girls) who were part of the Eating Habits and Activities of Daily Living (EHDLA) project. Self-efficacy was assessed using a 10-item scale (general self-efficacy scale), which yielded scores ranging from 20 to 100 points. The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED), which consists of a 16-item questionnaire with scores ranging from −4 to 12, was used to evaluate adherence to the MedDiet. Unhealthy behaviors related to the MedDiet were assigned a score of −1, whereas healthy behaviors received a score of +1. Results: Overall, for each 20-point increase in self-efficacy, boys had a greater non-significant likelihood of having optimal MedDiet adherence (1.33%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −5.15 to 7.82, p = 0.687). Conversely, girls had a greater significant likelihood of having optimal MedDiet adherence per further point in self-efficacy (7.40%, 95% CI 2.28 to 12.53, p = 0.005). Individually, among boys, a 20-point increase in self-efficacy was associated with a 4.8% higher probability of having a dairy product for breakfast (95% CI 0.2 to 9.4, p = 0.042). Among girls, the same increase in self-efficacy was linked to a greater probability of consuming fruit or fruit juice daily (6.8%, 95% CI 2.2 to 11.4, p = 0.004), eating a second fruit every day (8.6%, 95% CI 3.4 to 13.8, p = 0.001), consuming fish regularly (6.2%, 95% CI 1.1 to 11.2, p = 0.017), enjoying pulses and eating them more than once a week (4.5%, 95% CI 0.3 to 8.8, p = 0.035), having cereals or grains for breakfast (5.4%, 95% CI 0.4 to 10.5, p = 0.035), and regularly consuming nuts (5.2%, 95% CI 0.2 to 10.2, p = 0.041). Additionally, increases in self-efficacy was associated with a 5.0% lower probability of skipping breakfast (95% CI −8.8 to −1.1, p = 0.012). Conclusions: Our results revealed a significant association between self-efficacy and MedDiet adherence among girls, whereas the relationship between self-efficacy and the MedDiet in boys was not significant. These results suggest that interventions aimed at improving adolescent dietary patterns should consider incorporating strategies to increase self-efficacy, potentially with sex-specific approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Improving Nutrition Education in Schools and Communities)

15 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Anemia as a Predictor of Childhood Anemia: Evidence from Gambian Health Data

by Alhagie Sowe, Elizabeth Wood and Santosh Kumar Gautam

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050879 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a significant global health problem affecting close to 2 billion people worldwide. The prevalence of IDA is higher among children younger than five years and women of reproductive age, indicating an intergenerational correlation between maternal and child [...] Read more.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a significant global health problem affecting close to 2 billion people worldwide. The prevalence of IDA is higher among children younger than five years and women of reproductive age, indicating an intergenerational correlation between maternal and child anemia. This study aims to analyze the association between maternal and child anemia in The Gambia. Methods: A nationally representative dataset comprising 3249 children under the age of five, obtained from The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (2019–2020), was utilized for empirical analyses. Multivariate linear regression models were employed to assess the association between maternal and child anemia. The multivariate models were adjusted for various confounding variables, including birth order, age, and the gender of the child, as well as maternal education, religion, wealth quintiles, rural residence, and region-fixed effects. Results: Fifty-three percent of children and 52% of mothers are anemic. Children from poorer households show a higher rate of anemia compared to those from wealthier households. Maternal anemia was significantly associated with the anemia status of the children. Children born to anemic mothers were 13.5% more likely to be also anemic (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between mother and child hemoglobin levels is 0.165 (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between maternal and child anemia is higher among the bottom three wealth quintiles than the top two wealth quintiles. Conclusions: The significant intergenerational association between maternal and child anemia status highlights the need for targeted, multi-pronged strategies to combat the adverse impacts of anemia. Maternal anemia, in general, appears to influence childhood anemia beyond just the pregnancy period. Shared socioeconomic environment, dietary patterns, and exposure to infections likely contribute to this intergenerational association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

15 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Factors and Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Patients with Tuberculosis

by Yasmim Costa Mendes, Ana Larysse Lacerda Dourado, Patricia Vieira de Oliveira, Aline de Oliveira Rezende, Amanda Caroline de Souza Sales, Gabriel Pereira de Sousa, Elaíne de Araújo Pereira, Elane Luiza Costa Sousa, Maria Cecília Cruz Morais Lindoso, Roberdilson de Melo Rodrigues Júnior, Letícia Rocha Fernandes, Luciana Cabral Santana, Millena Ferreira Goiano, Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva, Rafiza Félix Marão Martins, Eduardo Martins de Sousa and Adrielle Zagmignan

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050878 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Brazil has a high incidence of new tuberculosis cases influenced by socioeconomic factors. Inadequate housing, limited access to health services, and insufficient food increase vulnerability to the disease. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, nutritional, and anthropometric factors associated with active [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Brazil has a high incidence of new tuberculosis cases influenced by socioeconomic factors. Inadequate housing, limited access to health services, and insufficient food increase vulnerability to the disease. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, nutritional, and anthropometric factors associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: This case–control study was conducted at the tuberculosis (TB) Referral Hospital in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, from 2022 to 2024. It included 65 patients with active pulmonary TB and 73 comparison individuals. Sociodemographic and nutritional data were collected using an adapted semi-quantitative questionnaire with 77 items, based on the validated ELSA-BRASIL questionnaire for adults, to assess the consumption of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin D. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) was used to analyze food and nutrition security or insecurity. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated based on weight and height measurements. Results: The TB patients were predominantly men (73.8%), of mixed ancestry (69.4%), with low education levels (73.4%), and had a mean age of 39 years. Furthermore, 26.2% of the patients were underweight, and 64% experienced some degree of food and nutrition insecurity. The variables education level, vitamin D, and BMI were associated with the outcome in the final model. Conclusions: The study identified a high prevalence of food insecurity and vitamin E deficiency in individuals with active tuberculosis, in addition to associating low educational levels, inadequate vitamin D intake, and overweight with a higher risk of TB. Although it has limitations, such as the cross-sectional design and sample size, the results highlight the importance of these determinants and point to the need for longitudinal research to confirm and expand the evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Vulnerable Population Groups)

25 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review on Plant Extracts for Metabolic Syndrome: Efficacy, Safety, and Technological Advances

by Hammad Ullah, Marco Dacrema, Daniele Giuseppe Buccato, Marwa A. A. Fayed, Lorenza Francesca De Lellis, Maria Vittoria Morone, Alessandro Di Minno, Alessandra Baldi and Maria Daglia

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050877 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome, a global health concern, is characterized by visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Current therapeutic options are limited by their varying efficacy and significantly adverse side effects, fueling interest in natural products, particularly plant extracts, as potential preventive [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome, a global health concern, is characterized by visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Current therapeutic options are limited by their varying efficacy and significantly adverse side effects, fueling interest in natural products, particularly plant extracts, as potential preventive interventions for high-risk individuals. This review examines the role of plant extracts in mitigating metabolic syndrome risk factors, addressing safety concerns and exploring associated technological advancements. The literature indicates that plant extracts hold promise for addressing the pathophysiology of metabolic dysfunction. However, challenges such as safety concerns, a lack of standardized regulation, and potential drug–plant interactions currently limit their clinical application. Rigorous, long-term clinical trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy and safety of plant extracts before they can be established as a preventive strategy for managing metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 7322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical-Mediated Ah Receptor Activity Is Dependent on Dietary Context

by Fangcong Dong, Andrew J. Annalora, Iain A. Murray, Debopriya Chakraborty, Denise M. Coslo, Craig Marcus, Andrew D. Patterson and Gary H. Perdew

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050876 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important mediator of intestinal homeostasis. The AHR senses certain classes of phytochemicals, including many flavonoids and tryptophan metabolites generated in the intestinal tract. Several in vitro studies demonstrate the presence of AHR ligands in numerous [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important mediator of intestinal homeostasis. The AHR senses certain classes of phytochemicals, including many flavonoids and tryptophan metabolites generated in the intestinal tract. Several in vitro studies demonstrate the presence of AHR ligands in numerous plants commonly consumed by humans. However, it has not been established that these foods can activate the AHR in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate how phytochemicals in foods can lead to AHR activation in vivo through modulating CYP1A1 activity. Methods: Freeze-dried spinach, corn, red potatoes, kidney beans, parsley, onion, carrots, bell peppers, and broccoli were fed to C57BL6/J female mice at 15% w/w in a semi-purified diet to evaluate the AHR activation potential. In vitro CYP1A1 microsomal assays were utilized to establish specific phytochemicals as CYP1A1 substrates. Results: Broccoli, onion, and carrots increased expression of the AHR target gene Cyp1a1 in the duodenum. Broccoli consumption led to the formation of the potent AHR ligand indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ), which is also a CYP1A1 substrate. Relative to the other vegetables, parsley contained a high concentration of apiin, a diglycoside of the flavone apigenin. Mice were fed a diet with either 10% parsley, 10% broccoli, or both vegetables. Parsley consumption increased broccoli-mediated Cyp1a1 induction in the duodenum, liver, and lung. Apigenin is a CYP1A1 substrate that can attenuate ICZ metabolism in vitro and increase broccoli-mediated Cyp1a1 expression in the lung. Conclusions: These results suggest that phytochemical competition for intestinal AHR binding and CYP1A1 metabolism modulates systemic AHR activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Lebanese Folk Herbs on Adult Male Rats: Hepatic and Renal Toxicity, Histological, and Biochemical Studies

by Rana R. Khalaf, Noura S. Abouzeinab and Mahmoud I. Khalil

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050875 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lepidium sativum, Ferula hermonis, Origanum majorana, and Eruca sativa are frequently consumed as a traditional Middle Eastern medicine to promote health and treat various diseases. However, concerns have been raised about their possible harmful effect in humans. Limited [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lepidium sativum, Ferula hermonis, Origanum majorana, and Eruca sativa are frequently consumed as a traditional Middle Eastern medicine to promote health and treat various diseases. However, concerns have been raised about their possible harmful effect in humans. Limited research has examined their chronic toxicity in rats, and their combined exposure effects are still unknown. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate their potential hepato- and nephrotoxic effects. Methods: Aqueous extracts of the selected plants, with a dose of 100 mg/kg, were administered separately and as a mixture daily for 60 days. Blood and tissue were sampled from 28 rats, and organ weight, biochemical markers for kidney and liver function, and histopathological examination were assessed. Results: The results indicated increased liver weight, liver and kidney malondialdehyde, alanine transaminase, and urea, and decreased serum creatinine and kidney glutathione levels. Additionally, histological examinations showed liver and kidney architectural damage. Further, the extent of toxicity varied among the plants. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results revealed that the corresponding plant extracts’ oral administration affects biological functions and promotes liver and kidney oxidative damage in rats, with FH and ES exhibiting the highest level of liver toxicity and ES and MIX showing the highest level of kidney toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Functional Ingredients in Regulating Health Effects)

18 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bitter and Sweet Diets Alter Taste Response and Alcohol Consumption Behavior in Mice

by Anna P. Koh and Robin Dando

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050874 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Taste guides the consumption of food and alcohol for both humans and rodents. Given that chronic dietary exposure to bitter and sweet foods are purported to alter the perception of bitter and sweet tastes respectively, we hypothesized that dietary habits may shape [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Taste guides the consumption of food and alcohol for both humans and rodents. Given that chronic dietary exposure to bitter and sweet foods are purported to alter the perception of bitter and sweet tastes respectively, we hypothesized that dietary habits may shape how the taste properties of ethanol are perceived and thus how it is consumed. Methods: Using C57BL/6 mice as a model, we contrasted taste behavior, morphology, and expression after a 4-week diet featuring consistent bitter, sweet, or neutral (water) stimuli. Results: Our results demonstrated that a 4-week bitter diet containing a quinine solution increased preference for ethanol, while a 4-week sweet diet consisting of a sucralose solution did not alter ethanol preference nor intake. The quinine diet also reduced the number of sweet- or umami-sensing T1R3-positive cells in the circumvallate papillae taste buds of the mice. Conclusions: Based on the behavioral changes observed with the bitter diet, it is possible that either bitter or sweet taste, or both together, drive the increase in ethanol preference. The implications of these findings for alcohol consumption are that dietary habits that do not necessarily concern alcohol may be capable of altering alcohol preference via taste habituation. Habitual intake of bitter and/or sweet foods can shift the perception of taste over time. Changes to how the taste components of alcohol are perceived may also alter how acceptable the taste of alcohol is when experienced as a whole, thereby having the unintended consequence of shifting alcohol consumption levels. Our study demonstrates another side to bitter habituation, which, thus far, has been studied in the more positive context of developing a set of dietary tactics for promoting bitter vegetable intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction Between Flavor and Diet)

16 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (C-RGA): A Screening Tool for Geriatric Syndromes in Nursing Home Residents

by Jia Liu, Azera Hasra Ismail, Roszita Ibrahim, Yuezhi Zhu and Nor Haty Hassan

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050873 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment are prevalent geriatric syndromes that adversely affect health outcomes in older adults, underscoring the need for an effective screen tool to enable early detection and timely intervention. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Background: Frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment are prevalent geriatric syndromes that adversely affect health outcomes in older adults, underscoring the need for an effective screen tool to enable early detection and timely intervention. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional validation design and translated, culturally adapted, and validated the Chinese version of the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (C-RGA) among 416 nursing home residents. The C-RGA consists of four subscales: the simple frail questionnaire screening tool (FRAIL), SARC-F for sarcopenia (SARC-F), the Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), and the Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS). Results: The C-RGA demonstrated high content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.982) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.839). Factor analysis confirmed its four-domain structure, accounting for 61.497% of the variance. Model fit indices demonstrated good construct validity (χ²/df = 1.122, RMSEA = 0.024, GFI, AGFI, and CFI > 0.90), supporting the robustness of the assessment tool. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong association between FRAIL and SARC-F with SNAQ (r = −0.671, 95% CI: [−0.742, −0.600], p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with RCS (r = −0.426, 95% CI: [−0.513, −0.339], p < 0.01), underscoring the interplay among nutritional deficits, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The C-RGA demonstrates strong psychometric properties, supporting its potential use as a screening tool for the early detection of frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment among nursing home residents, enabling timely and targeted interventions. Future research should further assess its applicability across diverse healthcare settings to enhance its generalizability and clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Risk in Older Adults in Different Healthcare Settings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailored Exercise Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome: Cardiometabolic Improvements Beyond Weight Loss and Diet—A Prospective Observational Study

by Michele Braggio, Gianluigi Dorelli, Nicola Olivato, Vito Lamberti, Maria Teresa Valenti, Luca Dalle Carbonare and Mattia Cominacini

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050872 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of both acute events and chronic conditions. While exercise has been shown to improve individual risk factors associated with MS; research on its effects on MS [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of both acute events and chronic conditions. While exercise has been shown to improve individual risk factors associated with MS; research on its effects on MS as an integrated condition remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month Adapted Personalized Motor Activity (AMPA) program for improving the health outcomes of individuals with MS. Methods: Seventy-one sedentary participants with MS (mean age: 63 ± 9.4 years, 46.5% female) completed a 6-month intervention, incorporating moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training. Each participant received a personalized exercise plan prescribed by a sports medicine physician. The training was monitored via telemetry to ensure safety. No dietary recommendations were provided during the intervention. Baseline and post-intervention assessments included Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides), fasting glucose, and HbA1c. Results: Significant improvements were observed in fasting glucose (−10.6%, p < 0.001), HbA1c (−3.88%, p < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (+20.8%, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (−25.1%, p < 0.001), and VO₂max (+8.6%, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly, with reductions of −12% (p < 0.001) and −5.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Reductions in weight and waist circumference were statistically significant but modest and clinically irrelevant, showing no correlation with improvements in cardio-metabolic parameters. Logistic regression and correlation matrix analyses were performed to identify key predictors of changes in individual risk factors. Conclusions: While personalized exercise alone may not fully control individual risk factors of metabolic syndrome, its overall effect is comparable to low-intensity pharmacological polytherapy with minimal adverse effects. These benefits appear to be independent of dietary habits, gender, and both baseline and post-intervention physical performance and anthropometric measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Physical Activity and Diet on Weight Management)

Journal Description

Nutrients

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Conference Reports

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI