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    Scenes from Greek Drama
    Scenes from Greek Drama
    Scenes from Greek Drama
    Ebook204 pages3 hours

    Scenes from Greek Drama

    By Bruno Snell

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    This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1964.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherUniversity of California Press
    Release dateJul 28, 2023
    ISBN9780520319080
    Scenes from Greek Drama
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    Bruno Snell

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      Book preview

      Scenes from Greek Drama - Bruno Snell

      Volume Thirty-four

      SATHER CLASSICAL LECTURES

      SCENES FROM GREEK DRAMA

      SCENES

      FROM

      GREEK DRAMA

      BY BRUNO SNELL

      UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES, Ι964

      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      Cambridge University Press

      London, England

      © 1964 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 64-19110

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      PREFACE

      WHEN, almost four years ago, I received the kind invitation from the Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley, to give the fiftieth Sather Lectures at this famous university, I felt honored yet embarrassed to be bracketed with so many distinguished scholars. I had just then decided not to take on any new obligations— those I had upon my shoulders already were a sufficient burden for the last years of my life. But then it occurred to me that I might combine these older duties with the lectures, and for this reason I chose the unattractive title: Scenes from Greek Drama. About thirty years ago I planned a new edition of the Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta by Nauck, and I have been working on that plan ever since with varying intensity, though other work has distracted me from this main task of my life. The collection of these fragments was accompanied by some thoughts about the reconstruction of lost Greek tragedies. So I thought I might present some reflections on one or two lost Greek plays on which I had been working for some time.

      Alas, research has a curious tendency of going its own way besides or even against one’s own intentions. When I settled down to look at Aeschylus’ Achilleis, I had to treat a papyrus fragment, in fact, the longest piece of this trilogy we possess. But distinguished scholars have declared that it is spurious or at least doubtful. The strongest argument for its authenticity is, I believe, that a thought is expressed there (as it seems, for the first time) that is closely related to ideas put forward for the first time by Aeschylus in his preserved dramas. So I found myself sitting on my old hobby horse: tracing modern concepts to their first appearance in Greek poetry.

      The same happened again when I tried my hand at Euripides’ first Hippolytos. A discussion has long been going on whether Seneca’s Phaedra can be used for the reconstruction of this lost tragedy. The last author, and a most eminent one, who has dwelled upon this subject is skeptical on this point. Here too, I think, it is possible to develop strong arguments from Geistesgeschichte to decide this question.

      I know, it is widely believed that such arguments are vague. But I hope to show that it is possible to be exact in this interpretation and that one may gain results with it unattainable in other ways.

      Of course, I had to apply the same method in treating the other plays I had chosen. It was not difficult to apply similar thoughts to them. I only hope one will not wonder with Horace why something that was meant to be an amphora turned out a common jug.

      Though I shall necessarily have to be philological in the worst sense of the word—pedantic, quarreling about the exact meaning of Greek phrases and about the indiscreet question of who cribbed what from whom, I hope to present a bit of a thrilling experience: For me, at any rate, the rapid development of Greek thought in the fifth century B.C. is a fascinating spectacle, especially if one looks at the details that so often escape even close observation. And since these new ideas became a possession of Western civilization, we can observe ourselves growing.

      The last two chapters will discuss a satyr play performed in the headquarters of Alexander the Great in India; besides they will themselves be a kind of satyr play, showing what farce can be made from what the Greeks in classical times had gained.

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      I am indebted to the University of California for inviting me to deliver these Sather Lectures in October and November, 1963, and to my colleagues of the Classics Department in Berkeley for their many valuable suggestions. Above all, I am grateful to Professors Joseph Fontenrose and W. K. Pritchett who have made my visit in Berkeley one of the most pleasant experiences of my life.

      I also owe thanks to the staff of the University of California Press, to Mr. Roy Curtis Giles (Eton), Mrs. M. Ross (Berkeley), and Mrs. M. Tubach (Berkeley) for their valuable help in preparing the English text of these lectures.

      Berkeley, February, 1964 B. S.

      CONTENTS 1

      CONTENTS 1

      I Shame and Guilt: Aeschylus’ Achilles

      II Passion and Reason: Phaedra in Hippolytes I

      III Passion and Reason: Medea and Phaedra in Hippolytes II

      IV Vita Activa and Vita Contemplativa in Euripides’ Antiope

      V A Unique Satyr Drama, Python’s Agen: Structure and Dating

      VI Python’s Agen: Sources, Political Slant

      Appendix The Florence Papyrus of Aeschylus’ Myrmidons

      INDEX

      I

      Shame and Guilt:

      Aeschylus’ Achilles

      FOR PLATO, Achilles is a great hero (Apol. 28 D, Symp. 179 E) because he chooses to die young for the sake of immortal glory.1 Ever since, we think of him in much the same way as Goethe, for example, describes him in his Achilleis (5I5):

      Alle Volker verehren

      Deine trefliche Wahl des kurzen ruhmlichen Lebens,

      All nations venerate/ Thy seemly choice of the short and glorious life.

      We are inclined to read this picture of Achilles into Homer as well, although he never mentions Achilles’ choice. In the Iliad, it is true, we experience at first hand the slowly developing certainty that he will die young. We also hear that he is destined either to die a young and glorious death or to live a long and inglorious life, but nowhere does Homer mention Achilles’ own conscious decision to make the nobler choice.

      I should like to begin at a point where, in my view, we could first speak of a genuine decision on Achilles’ part—that is, in Attic drama.

      Achilles, the greatest of the Greeks in the Trojan war, is the central figure of only one ancient tragedy, it would seem, the Achilles trilogy of Aeschylus. We cannot prove—indeed, as we shall see, it is not even probable—that Aeschylus expressly mentioned Achilles’ decision, but in the trilogy the figure of Achilles takes on a new dimension which for the first time makes a genuine decision possible, and he acquires over-all a new awareness of what he is doing.

      Aeschylus’ Achilles trilogy has not been preserved. We know something of it from quotations made by authors, from the Latin fragments of the Myrmidons and from Achilles of Accius which is obviously modeled faithfully on Aeschylus’ play, and even more from papyrus fragments which have come to light during the past thirty years. The fragment edited by Norsa- Vitelli (fr. 225 Mette) is important, although the Professores Regii of Oxford and Cambridge, Lloyd-Jones and Page, doubt whether it belongs here. In it Achilles, annoyed that Agamemnon has taken Briseis away from him, withdraws from the battle against the Trojans with the result that the Trojans carry the day. Thereupon the Greeks send someone, apparently the son of Nestor, Antilochus, to Achilles and threaten him with stoning if he does not return to the battle. Aeschylus is the first to mention the stoning,¹ and as a futile attempt to force Achilles to rejoin the battle this scene roughly corresponds to the Homeric Presbeia.

      The Iliad does not really explain the contradiction between Achilles’ persistence in his anger and his decision to send out Patroclus. The action demands that he withdraw from the battle but also that the Greeks receive help:

      There is some play made of the possibility of making Achilles be bound by an oracle (Π 36 f.), but the possibility is not expressly exploited. Much more does Achilles characterize his own behavior as inner inconsistency and indecision (Π 60 f.). Later (Σ 450) Thetis reporting the matter in short before Hephaestus mentions that Achilles sent Patroclus into the battle (cf. Wilamowitz, Ilias und Homer, p. 173). Here, therefore, Aeschylus was obliged to invent

      * Euripides later takes up the theme, Iph. A. 1349 f.

      another motivation if he was to make Patroclus’ entry into battle the central point of the first play in his Achilles trilogy.²

      The stoning serves the purpose of making it psychologically impossible for Achilles to rejoin battle, for, obviously, Achilles cannot submit to such pressure. He merely becomes all the more obdurate.

      In the papyrus the following conversation develops between Achilles and his interlocutor (Antilochus, we presume):3

      ACHILLES: [What is the good] of their stoning my body? You

      needn’t think that the son of Peleus, when his body is mutilated by stones, will ever desist in favor of the Trojans from the battle—from the weaponless battle—on the Trojan field.

      ANTILOCHUS (?): And yet that can happen. There you could find that easier way to what you call man’s physician of suffering [death].

      ACHILLES: Am I then to take up arms again for fear of the

      Achaeans—arms which I [had just put down] in anger at the bad leadership? [Well then!] If, as my confederates assert, I alone am the cause of such a devastating defeat, then I will [spoil] everything for the Achaean army. I am not ashamed to say such a thing. For who can maintain that such leaders and such military detachments are nobler than I?

      If Aeschylus, in the first instance, only needed a motivation for Achilles’ refusal to join battle, the motivation he chose was such that both opposing parties undergo a fundamental change, and that for both sides motives are put into play that were not there for Homer but which were of the highest significance for Aeschylus and his age.4

      With Homer, in the Presbeia (Iliad, book 9) it is Achilles’ honor and reputation that are in question, and the envoys try in various ways to make Achilles realize that he will not lose face if he returns to the battle under the conditions which Agamemnon is now offering him—indeed that he will in the event win even greater honor (302 ff., 603 ff.). In Aeschylus’ trilogy something different is at stake. When the Greeks threaten Achilles with stoning, they are claiming for themselves a right: the right to punish him. In the Iliad the legation can attempt to persuade Achilles, can offer him gifts so that he desists from his anger, can convince him (245) that he himself will be in difficulties if the Greeks are defeated, and can ask him, even if he is angry with Agamemnon, to have pity on the other Greeks (301); but they claim no pretext for taking legal proceedings against him, indeed they do not even appeal to something like comradeship. 5 The stoning⁶ is a death penalty in which every member of the community has the right to take part. The punishment debars the criminal from society; it is a more severe form of outlawing. The man condemned to stoning is at liberty to flee but may be killed when in flight.

      Death by stoning is by no means lynch justice; it follows βουλρ δημοσίρ, as Hipponax (77 Diehl) says, and is inflicted for sacramental crimes such as the desecration of temples. But death by stoning is above all the punishment for deserters. Here, too, it is originally part of sacramental law, for prayer and sacrifice are offered before war and battle not only to entreat for victory but also to strengthen the solidarity of the warriors by an act of worship; he who forsakes a community which is so constituted is subject to sacramental punishment. We find stoning in Homer also but, needless to say, in a different context. The following quotations will show in how different a light Homer and Aeschylus saw stoning:

      Hector to Paris in Iliad (3, 56):

      άλλά μάλα Τρω« δαδημονκ ή rk kw ήδη λάϊον?σσο χιτώνα κακών &τσα lopyas.

      Eteocles in Aeschylus’ Seven against Thebes (196 ff.):

      nd μή τκ άρχί/s rijs ίμη$ όααΛσνται άνήρ γυπ) re χώτ« των μεταίχμιο?, ψήφο! κατ’ αύτών bXebpla povXdoerai, λΐυστηρα δήμου δ’ ούτι μή

      Eteocles sees himself as the responsible commander in the field bringing to lawful punishment the man who does not obey orders. Hector, on the other hand, is of the opinion that Paris, because the war with the Greeks and the ensuing danger for the city were the direct results of the rape of Helen, had placed himself outside society and deserved to be stoned. But the common action breaks down, "the Trojans are too cowardly, or else they would bury7 you under stones for what you have done."

      Homer and Aeschylus differ from each other considerably both in the facts and in the judicial proceedings. There is no doubt that Paris had committed a crime; there is no doubt that he had endangered the safety of the city in such a way that the state would have to intervene. But such a state with an effective

      8. For the phrase to put on the stone shirt, cf. Aik. 24 A 17 D. — 129 L.-P. άλλ* 4 tWtrorre year ίπιλμμακ*far’. Sim. 67, 4 οη snow which one buries so that it may remain alive: fan) Huplip yrv Ιτΐίσσαμn. Further: E. Fraenkel’s commentary on Aesch. Ag. 872.

      legal system obviously does not exist. Hector says the Trojans are δαίμονα, timid. The community fails to execute its right to punish obviously because no one is willing to proceed against a prince.

      Eteocles, on the other hand, threatens with stoning not in the event of a crime being committed or damage being done to the state, but simply in the event of insubordination. This presupposes that Eteocles is speaking on behalf of a state which must be obeyed. Such a conception of the state is a post- Homeric development; it was naturally asserted above all in time of war, which is what Eteocles is doing.

      This is also the case in Aeschylus’ Achilles trilogy. Somebody—we cannot tell who it is, Agamemnon perhaps, or the council of kings—claims to make demands on the individual and to punish any insubordination that may occur. We are not told whether staying away from the battle was considered desertion, but it is definitely called treason, which is punishable by stoning.⁸ The chorus of Myrmidons, that is, Achilles’ own followers, reproach him with treason. At least one ancient lexicographer9 maintains that at the beginning of the play, in the anapaests with which it makes its entrance, the chorus of Myrmidons had used the word πρόπιναν in speaking to Achilles meaning to commit treason.10 In a further fragment, ¹¹ that may have followed more or less on the first, we read—and the words are evidently directed at Achilles: lest you betray the Hellenic army, and in the dialogue with Antilochus (?) Achilles says (20): he has reproached me with treason, προδοσίαν Ιναμ’ ίμοί.¹² As apparently no other ancient writer calls Achilles’ refusal to join battle treason, this passage strongly supports the view that the fragment really belongs to the Myrmidons.

      I shall not examine here how far this legal interpretation that mere insubordination constitutes treason, and that such treason deserves death by stoning, is in accordance with the legal conditions as they existed in early times or in Aeschylus’ own day. If Aeschylus used old motives here, he did so in order to make both portrayable and plausible something thoroughly modern, namely the state’s insistence that an objectively valid, strict order be kept—the state’s right to enforce civic duties.

      Exactly how Achilles meets the state’s claim to obedience is not clear. From what is discernible he neither questions the right fundamentally nor recognizes it absolutely—either course would estrange him too much from the Homeric Achilles, who knows nothing of such rights. And so Aeschylus, in his wisdom, apparently refrains from making him discuss it at all.

      On the

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