The Political Lives of James K. Mcguire

© 2019 Daniel Schultz. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 08/05/2019

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6086-8 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6087-5 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6088-2 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018911280

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Contents

Prologue

Preface

Chapter I The Boy Mayor

A. The Context of The Man and His City: Syracuse, ca. 1890

B. The Boy Mayor’s Wide Open Town: Sports, Slots, Sluts, Tramps, Thieves, Trusts, Trash

C. Budget Issues: Patronage, Graft, Deficiency, Defeat

D. The Dream Denied: Failure to Win State-Wide Office

Chapter II The Asphalt Jungle, 1902-1915

A. Post-Mayoralty Meddling and a Marriage of Convenience

B. Barber Asphalt, Bribery and the Brothers McGuire

C. Boss Murphy and the Brothers McGuire: Mistakes and Miscalculations

D. Subpoenas, Sullivan and Santo Domingo

E. The Second Indictment: Investigations Conclude

Chapter III Shamrocks, Subversion, Sabotage, Sedition

A. Anglophobia and the Celtic Renaissance in America

B. McGuire’s Irish Nationalist Pedigree

C. The Hyphenates’ Alliance, 1907-1917

D. McGuire and the Global Teutonic Embrace: German Espionage, Subversion, Sedition and Sabotage on Three Continents

E. Piratical Cruise of Good Ship Gladstone: Raiders of the Lost Shark

F. They Voted Their Illusions: The Contested Election of 1916

G. Accommodation to Intervention: Protest, Surveillance, Pragmatic Patriotism

Chapter IV Towards Irish Independence and After

A. Post-War Irish Nationalist Politics, 1918-23

B. Epilogue: 1923-Such A Marvelous and Phenomenal Boy

Works Cited

Prologue

Who is James K. McGuire? His name is little-known even to specialists in Irish-American studies, yet he was intimately involved in the cause of Irish freedom for over thirty years. It is ironic that his life ended shortly before Ireland won its independence.

As the title suggest, James K. McGuire had multiple careers, each overlapping the other. In each, McGuire came into contact – and conflict – with major players in each arena. He was indicted three times-as mayor, twice as asphalt lobbyist and investigated by the federal government concerning his Irish Nationalist activities. His humble origins and ultimate business success hearken to the Horatio Alger stories of his generation. He authored five books, numerous articles and editorials, wrote and delivered countless speeches – an impressive record of achievement, especially given his limited formal education. As Mayor of Syracuse, New York, his most cherished contribution to his adopted city was the financial gift he obtained from Andrew Carnegie to establish a public library. He often found himself at odds with such colorful Republican politicians, such as James Belden, Frank Hiscock, James Hancock, Francis Hendricks and even with members of his own party, such as Alderman Frank Matty, Eugene Hughes, Sim Dunfee and others.

At the state level he was on familiar terms with Tammany politicians David B. Hill, Big Bill Devery, Richard Croker, Fingy Conners and Charles Murphy. His ties to the Asphalt Trust brought him into contact with Governor William Sulzer, investigator John A. Hennessy, crusading District Attorney and later Governor Charles S. Whitman and diplomat James M. Sullivan. An Irish nationalist, McGuire worked with and was active in numerous organizations such as the Clan na Gael, The Friends of Irish Freedom, The American Association For The Recognition of The Irish Republic and others. As a ranking member of them, McGuire met and worked with John Devoy, Daniel Cohalan, James Addis Emmett, Harry Boland, Eamon deValera and James Larkin. Their intrigues led him to work for the propaganda arm of the Imperial German government, the German Information Service. In that capacity, McGuire mingled with diplomats and spies, such as Franz Rintelen, Count Johann von Bernstorff, Dr. Heinrich Albert and George Sanders. He authored two books sympathetic to the German cause. He engaged in activities that compromised the neutrality of the United States during the Wilson administration, earning the president’s enmity in the process.

After World War I, progress for Ireland was stalled as a result of a split into rival factions each aiming for the loyaty and support of the Irish in America. James K. McGuire was torn between the two groups, ultimately siding with the De Valera and John McGarrity much to the chagrin of John Devoy and Daniel Cohalan. Despite his efforts he did not live to see Ireland achieve independence as a Republic. This multi-dimensional figure is dimly understood and nearly forgotten. In all his endeavors he was largely successful – businessman, three-term mayor of Syracuse, lobbyist for the Asphalt Trust. His efforts on behalf of the cause of Irish freedom won him notoriety during his lifetime and limited acclaim at his death. There were times when McGuire turned a blind eye to ethical considerations in all these endeavors, yet he was a man of his times. His was a world of transition. McGuire used his personal ambition with his cultural capital and combined them with the opportunities and connections of the moment to advance his career.

This study is the outgrowth of years of research and a number of papers and publications on Irish and Irish-American history.

The importance of this study is that for the first time it brings to public attention the roles of the important yet lesser players in both New York State politics and the cause of Irish nationalism. It provides an in-depth case study of a man involved in many facets of American life during the Progressive period in America – Tammany politics, reform movements, trusts, political corruption and international intrigue.

Preface

I was introduced to James K. McGuire several years ago while teaching an honors seminar on imperialism. Ireland was a case study and it obviously included information on Irish-American support for its independence.

McGuire left few letters and thus is known largely through the writings of others. Until recently, his story was elusive, mentioned often in passing by scholars, and then usually in the context of his Irish Nationalism and/or pro-German collaboration.¹ This suggests he worked mostly behind the scenes, often using his position (mayor, lobbyist, nationalist) for his advantage. A recent biography of McGuire² has much to recommend it, especially the details of his early life in Syracuse and later as an object of interest by federal agents. But there are several gaps in this story and there is need for a more complete picture of the man and his multiple careers. There are times when the author treads lightly when there is controversy, and there are places where incidents are overlooked which would provide a richer portrait of the man and his times, particularly the scandals associated with his multiple terms as mayor, his controversial role as lobbyist for the Asphalt Trust and his links to the corrupt Democratic political machine, Tammany Hall. Some significant omissions are those dealing with his fight for Irish independence. Unmentioned is his direct employment as a propagandist for the German Information Service, his connections to subversion and sabotage via ties to fellow Nationalists James Larkin, James Mark Sullivan and others, his participation in the Gladstone Incident and his role in the controversial Brogan affair for which he was condemned by fellow Clan member, John Devoy. His participation in the East Side gun-running episode during the War of Independence is dismissed in a single sentence.

McGuire was a complex personality and not easy to characterize. He deserves an in-depth treatment which more accurately portrays the man and his times.

The evidence of his story is scattered in government archives, newspaper articles and occasional letters requiring a diligent effort to unearth them. The purpose of this volume is to tell the story of an Irish-immigrant who used a variety of means to achieve the American Dream until money and power corrupted him. It is also designed to paint a more accurate composite of a man whose presence is largely forgotten, yet in his time was an important figure.

I would like to acknowledge the assistance and support of Sharon Farrar and other members of the Library and Technical Support staff at Cayuga Community College who accessed numerous materials for me and who showed extreme patience at my insatiable demands. I am grateful to the staff of Onondaga County Library and the Local History section of the Onondaga County Historical Society who kindly supplied me with documents necessary for completion of the manuscript.

I am grateful to my wife and children who tolerated an absentee parent throughout the writing process. I could not have done it without their encouragement and support.

1 Cronin, Sean. The McGarrity PapersReflections of the Irish revolutionary Movement in Ireland and America, 1900-1940. New York: Anvil Books, 1999.

Devoy, John. Recollections of an Irish Rebel. Dublin: Irish University press, 1969;

Dorries, Reinhard. Imperial Challenge: Ambassador Bernstorff and German-American Relations, 1908-1917. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989;

Fitzpatrick, David. Harry Boland’s Irish Revolution. Ireland: Cork University Press 2013;

Golway, Terry. Irish Rebel: John Devoy and America’s Fight For Irish Freedom.New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999;

Larkin, Emmet. James Larkin (1876-1947). Irish Labor Leader. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965;

Landau, Henry. The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of German Sabotage in America. New York: Putnam, 1937;

Leslie, Shane. The Irish Issue In Its American Aspect. New York: Scribners and Sons, 1917;

Peterson, H.C. Propaganda For War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

2 Fahey, Joseph E. James K. McGuire: Boy Mayor and Irish Nationalist. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2014.

CHAPTER I – A

Syracuse, 1890: The Context of the Man and His City

By the time James K. McGuire became mayor, Syracuse had become industrial, multiethnic city. It had grown from a village of 3200 in 1832 to a city of about 130,000 by the turn of the century.¹ It had electric street cars, the competing companies of which merged in 1896.² Industrial growth was encouraged by the completion of the Erie Canal and the local salt mines and the drainage of the local swamp nearly seven decades earlier. His city’s name changed seven times until 1820, when John Wilkinson changed the name of growing community from Gossits Corners to Syracuse, having read an article describing a community in Sicily where salt and fresh water mingled. Syracuse was a well-established railroad hub through which such notables as W. L. Marcy, Winfield Scott, Henry Clay, John C. Fremont, Ulysses Grant, Charles Dickens and Jenny Lind had passed.³ Just as cotton was king in the ante-bellum south, salt dominated Syracuse industry until the time McGuire was making his bid for public office.

When its salt monopoly was destroyed in the post Civil War era, an ancillary industry, the making of soda ash by combining salt and limestone, took its place. It is used in manufacturing glass, chemicals, textiles, paper, metallic alloys, soaps, adhesives, and ceramic wares. The business was incorporated as Solvay Process in 1881, and employed 1500 workers.⁴

The Charles Lipe Company invented machinery for removing hulls from rice and coffee beans, and manufactured automobile transmissions, later becoming a division of General Motors Corporation. The Smith-Corona Typewriter had its origins in Syracuse at this time. Syracuse China was a well-established industry in ante-bellum Syracuse. The Pass-Seymour Company by 1890 manufactured knobs, tubes, spark plugs and electric switches. By the turn of the century, the Crouse-Hinds Company was manufacturing switches, head-lamps and searchlights.⁵ Sutherland notes the existence of the Moyer Wagon Works employing 350 workers, building buggies and wagons, exporting them throughout the United States.⁶ Another lighting business – candles – was established as early as 1855. Two companies consolidated in 1896 to form the Will and Baumer Company.⁷ Syracuse was home to a dozen breweries, the names of many no longer in production – Haberle’s, Greenway, Bartels, Thomas Ryan, Moore and Quinn, Zetts and Carneys. The breweries brought prosperity to farmers harvesting crops of barley and hops.⁸ The prominence of agriculture spurred the manufacturing of machinery and tools for farmers, furniture and hardware. For example, the C.C. Bradley Company employed over 300 workers manufacturing harvesters, mowers, reapers, carts and carriages. The Syracuse Chilled Plow Company began in 1876 had 225 employees and was bought out by John Deere in 1911.⁹ In addition, there was a steel manufacturing plant operated by Henry Sweet employing over 500 men. Whitman and Barnes employed 275 men, making knives and machine parts. Fifty mechanics of the Syracuse Twist Drill Company turned out drill bits for wood-workers. Other industries employing between 100 – 500 men were the Phoenix Foundry Company, The Steam Gauge and Lantern Company, the Butler Manufacturing Company, makers of fine furniture, E. C. Stearns and Company, manufacturers of tools and hardware, The Syracuse Malleable Iron Works, and Frazer and Jones, dealers in hardware and iron castings. In addition, there was the O.H. Short Company, manufacturers of brick-boards, the Marsellus Casket Company making undertakers’ supplies and numerous smaller companies.¹⁰ Syracuse even had an automobile manufacturing plant. The brainchild of engineer John Wilkinson and financier Herbert Franklin was an air-cooled engine automobile. The Franklin Motor Car Company was for three decades the largest employer in the area.¹¹

Syracuse was a microcosm of industrializing America in other ways as well. There was labor strife and exploitation which facilitated the growth of labor unions, an issue that would reveal itself during the time James K. McGuire was mayor. In 1890, stonecutters struck to increase daily wages from $3.10 to $3.50, delaying construction of the new city hall which was completed the following year. That same year state labor inspector Margaret Gibson reported that Syracuse contained numerous sweatshops, employing women and children, many of whom were eastern European Jews and African-Americans working under dingy conditions. One of the worst offenders was J.P. Hier, a cigar manufacturer. By 1899 there were nearly 10,000 men and women in 76 unions.¹²

None of these industries could have prospered without the various immigrant stocks – the Irish and Germans during the early 1880’s who joined the Dutch and English who arrived earlier. They were the predominant groups providing labor to the growing industries until the arrival of the Italians, Poles, and Ukrainians in the 1880’s. Many groups had their own ethnic press. The arrival of Jews was first noted in 1839. Blacks had been recorded as slaves in the area as early as 1800, and the first AME Zion Church was formed in 1841. By mid-century, Syracuse was a center of abolitionism. Nonetheless, the black population increased significantly only after 1890 when Southern blacks were imported for use as domestics and because many returned from Canada where they had sought refuge as a result of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.¹³ Of the city’s 134,835 people in 1900, 22 percent were foreign-born with Germans the most numerous (8900), Irish (6625), Italians (5465), English (2700), Canadians (2700), Poles (1500), Russians (1000), and a sprinkling of Norwegians, Scots, French, Swiss, Austrians, Danes, Hungarians, Chinese, and 2500 French Canadians. Each group brought its cultural baggage, including religion. Presbyterians established the first Protestant church in 1822, followed by the Baptists in 1824 and Episcopalians two years later. In response to the growing numbers of Irish and German Catholics, ethnic parish churches were erected between 1829 and 1843.¹⁴ Jews established their first society in 1839, with a house of worship following in 1851. German Lutherans founded a church in 1848. In 1891, Christian Scientists established a place of worship.¹⁵ The Salvation Army had a difficult time establishing itself in Syracuse in the 1880’s. Its street corner meetings were broken up by ruffians. Local ordinances forbade street meetings without a license. None could be obtained and the preachers were arrested and jailed. A form of passive resistance occurred, filling jails with Salvation Army troops. Supreme Court Judge Samuel Kennedy declared the arrests illegal and the Salvation Army was allowed to function in 1884.¹⁶

In addition to manufacturing, other commercial successes of the late 19th century included retailers, such as Deys, Edwards, Witherill’s, and Chappel’s.¹⁷ The need for a sound national currency during the Civil War encouraged the growth of banking in Syracuse and within a half century there were 13 banks in the growing city.¹⁸

Syracuse was also home to several hospitals starting with St. Joseph’s (Catholic) in 1869, the House of Good Shepherd (Episcopal) in 1872, (later Upstate Medical Center), followed by the Women’s and Children’s Hospital and Training School for Nurses in 1887. In 1912, it became Crouse-Irving. The city established a university in 1870, transferring operations of a small Methodist College from Lima, New York to Syracuse. Starting with 41 students by 1892 it had grown to 649 reaching 1613 by the turn of the century. Similar growth attended the public schools with a total student population of 11,425 in 28 buildings staffed by 281 teachers.¹⁹ By the time McGuire began his public career, Syracuse had three newspapers – The Journal, The Herald and The Post. The Post and Standard merged in 1899. It became the Republican party house organ. As Mayor, McGuire had a long-running feud with it dating from the onset of his administration. In fact, Mayor McGuire lambasted the paper in his acceptance speech. The Post responded: To have merited the Mayor’s approval would be deemed by this paper a calamity; to have incurred his wrath and earned it, too, is as though the best citizenship of Syracuse were saying, Well done, good and faithful servant. The Evening Telegram, a Democratic party paper was begun in 1898 but failed soon after.²⁰ By 1886, the electric light companies consolidated, revolutionizing all aspects of urban life. Electricity-powered streetcars replaced the horse-drawn variety, power being generated from the Fulton Street plant beginning in 1893. McGuire would have his issues with these public utilities as well. Syracuse also boasted several professional" athletic teams. Its minor league baseball team from 1876-1929, The Syracuse Stars, featured African-Americans as prominent players until their removal by International League fiat in 1889.²¹ It would be more than a half century before baseball was integrated again. Sports would become a moral and a political issue during McGuire’s tenure as mayor.

Some Syracusans pursued other leisure-time activities which encouraged the growth of a criminal element. Connors recalls the Earl Gang, the Chain Gang and a red light district along East Washington Street near Townsend better known as the line. Much of the activity consisted of gambling on horse races, boxing matches, baseball games and numbers. The toughest sections of town were Robbers Row on James Street and Orange Alley. It would only be on the eve of World War I that the vice districts were cleaned up.²² The allegations of widespread vice and corruption surfaced during McGuire’s tenure as mayor. Accused of running a wide open town, it may have contributed to his electoral defeat in 1901. The jail was in the basement of city hall, a county penitentiary being built in 1901. Emblazoned in electric lights over its door, were the words, Syracuse Welcomes You. In light of McGuire’s subsequent political and private sector careers, it may have proven to be an ill omen.²³ To protect its citizens, Syracuse organized a police force in 1838 and its fire department some forty years later.²⁴ The city hosted the first State Fair in 1841. Although Elmira, Buffalo, Albany and Rochester also sponsored it, Syracuse became its permanent home by the time James K. McGuire left public office.²⁵ Despite these developments, Sutherland reported there was no sweetness and light in Syracuse, no museums, no libraries, no art galleries, no handsome monuments, fountains and public works, no parks, no public baths, good pavements or a good water supply.²⁶ McGuire would attempt to deal with these issues, but each would generate it political conflict. The water problem was resolved with fresh water pumped in from Skaneateles Lake 20 miles away in 1894 during the time of James K. McGuire’s predecessor as Mayor, Jacob Amos.²⁷

This was the city that James K. McGuire’s family made its home beginning in 1880. It became the source of his early business success, it launched his political career and inaugurated him into the rough and tumble world of urban political machines. These early experiences would move McGuire into other venues, each having an impact on the man and his multiple careers.

James K. McGuire’s family was part of the larger Irish diaspora to the United States which occurred from the mid 19th century on. Many Irish chose Central New York because of job opportunities, such as the Erie Canal and the Salt Works forming the base of the 6625 Irish residents of Syracuse by 1900.²⁸

McGuire’s parents migrated from Northern Ireland in 1858. James Kennedy McGuire was born in New York City. Ten years later, William Marcy Tweed, the ruling Boss of the Democratic machine, had made himself a millionaire, and Tammany Hall into a political dynamo with state-wide influence. Tweed perfected fraud and bribery. He was virtual czar of New York City politics until undone by malcontents and the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast. Tweed, in the popular mind, is usually associated with New York City, but he also conducted business upstate in Albany. While in Central New York, he made the Vanderbilt Hotel in Syracuse a center of Tammany Hall politics, dispensing drinks to the faithful at a cost of $1500 per day.²⁹

James was the second of seven McGuire children, their first son dying in infancy. Another brother Frank, drowned in the Oswego Canal.³⁰ There were four surviving brothers, James, Edward, George, Charles, and a sister Mary.³¹ It is not clear why the McGuires moved to Syracuse in 1880. Possibly there were job opportunities in its growing industries, but they arrived too late to be recorded among the McGuires as "pioneer Irish in Onondaga County.³² However, a letter by Richard Wright, dated 19 August 1981 in the James K. McGuire files at the Onondaga County Historical Association states McGuire’s father was a shoemaker on what is now North Salina Street.³³

James K. McGuire began his formal education on Butternut Street in the basement of a German language school. This linguistic ability assisted him in political campaigns on Syracuse’s North Side, the German section. Later it helped him obtain an endorsement for his books supporting Germany’s role in the fight for Irish freedom. It was probably no small factor in his obtaining employment as propagandist for the German Imperial government during the early years of World War I as well.³⁴ Like many in that era, his formal education was brief. He left school at age 12, to attend to a variety of jobs. One source credits him with several jobs-newsboy, candy factory worker, printer, baker, machine operator, and clerk in a law office.³⁵ McGuire would later exploit the poor newsboy image in his attempt to win the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1898. That same year an article in The New York World, Poor Newsboys Who Have Been Elected The High Political Office features McGuire as one of two urban mayors who overcame many obstacles to achieve success. It was strictly Horatio Alger: how he sold papers during the day, went to school at night, he was an orphan, living in a lodging house and through hard work was able to achieve material and political success.³⁶ McGuire’s father, unable to work, made James the family breadwinner at age 16. But McGuire did nothing to correct the rags-to-riches persona given him by journalistic license, for political advantage. At the time, the lack of formal education was no barrier to success in business or politics. According to a contemporary journalist Arthur Judson Brewster:

When I surveyed the city I found that aside from professional men, very few of those who controlled the affairs of Syracuse had attended college. The mayor, James K. McGuire was a young businessman who had little schooling. Onondaga’s representative in Congress was not a college man nor were the political leaders of both parties. Practically all of the city’s industries were owned by non-collegians. Prominent in the national picture at that time were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and many others who never darkened the halls of learning in their youth.³⁷

McGuire was essentially a Populist at the time. Early in his career he was Secretary of the Farmers Industrial Union, but he later resigned when it moved into third party politics. A chapter of the Farmers’ Alliance had formed in New York in 1875. Two farmer groups merged in 1888 as the Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union which by 1890 had about three million members nation-wide, one branch of which included African-Americans. In addition, McGuire was an early champion of ballot reforms, advocating its adoption in cities throughout the Northeast and Midwest.³⁸ McGuire delivered speeches to farmers and workers in Syracuse, his efforts attracting enough attention to win Democratic Party support for the State Assembly. He had to decline the offer because of his youth. He later delivered speeches on various subjects at major cities in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Illinois. His topics included, American History, Irish Ballad Music, German Poetry, and The Irish Soldier on American Battlefields. His eloquence earned him the nickname, The Silver-Tongued Orator of Onondaga. He began writing professionally for the Syracuse Courier,³⁹ a short-lived Democratic newspaper. His speaking tours on behalf of Grover Cleveland won him a chance at a position in consular service which he declined.⁴⁰

McGuire began to move more actively into politics in the 1890’s. He became a delegate to the Democratic State Convention at Saratoga in 1893⁴¹ serving on the arrangements committee for the convention in Syracuse the following year. In that capacity he worked with future political rivals, Henry J. Mowry, W.B. Kirk and Thomas Ryan.⁴² The latter three were supporters of David B. Hill, a major power in New York State politics at the time.⁴³ Mowry, in his role as Chairman of the Convention, complimented Hill for his sturdy efforts on behalf of the Democracy. McGuire was then the recognized leader of the anti-Hill faction beating Kirk in winning the party nomination for Mayor, obtaining 75 of 90 delegates. Kirk, Chairman of the City Convention failed to see McGuire as a formidable challenge until it was too late. McGuire’s allies, John Cummins, James E. Newell and Melvin Z. Haven, worked the convention for him.⁴⁴ Thus began the first of the political lives of James K. McGuire. During those politically formative years, the most dominant force in upstate Democratic politics was David B. Hill, a man whom he first opposed, but later admired and used as his mentor.

In looking at his political record, we see in McGuire a kind of political ambivalence necessitated by politics. He exacted concessions from recalcitrant businessmen and politicians when he could, made inter- and intra-party alliances as necessity demanded and ultimately may have been ensnared by the corruption of those who surrounded him. Three such persons were Democrats David B. Hill, Frank Matty and Republican James J. Belden.

Notes

1 Roseboom, William and Schramm, Harry. They Built A City: Stories and Legends of Syracuse and Onondaga County (Fayetteville, NY, Manlius Publishing Company, 1976), 126.

2 Ibid., 50.

3 Ibid., 43; Local History. Post-Standard. 25 February 2018, A-2.

4 Sutherland; The City of Syracuse and its Resources. (Syracuse, NY; Syracuse News Publishing H. J Company, 1893),3; Roseboom and Schramm, They Built A City, 59.

5 Sutherland, 4; Connors, Dennis J. Crossroads In Time: An Illustrated History of Syracuse; (Syracuse: Onondaga County Historical Association 2006)78, Roseboom and Schramm, They Built A City, 61; 66.

6 Sutherland, The City of Syracuse, 3.

7 Roseboom and Schramm, They Built A City, 69.

8 Ibid., 70.

9 Connors, 76.

10 Sutherland, The City of Syracuse, 4.

11 Brewster, Arthur Judson. Life Was Never Dull: Memories of Clinton Square and Other Tales of Syracuse (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1953), 162; Roseboom and Schramm: They Built A City, 62-3; Conners, Dennis Crossroads In Time, 76.

12 Connors, Crossroads In Time, 74; 80.

13 Roseboom and Schramm, They Built A City, 122-126; Connors, 67-68.

14 Roseboom and Schramm, 129-131; Connors, 68-69.

15 Roseboom and Schramm, 129-30.

16 Schramm, Harry and Roseboom, Henry. Syracuse From Salt to Satellite (Syracuse Chamber of Commerce, 1979), 69.

17 Ibid, 47-49.

18 Ibid, 42-43

19 Ibid, 73; Roseboom and Schramm, 132-33.

20 Schramm and Roseboom, 75-76;127-8.

21 Connors, Crossroads In Time, 65; Roseboom and Schramm, 144-45.

22 Schramm and Roseboom, 52; Connors, 57.

23 Brewster, Arthur Judson. Life Was Never Dull (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1953), 42.

24 Connors, Crossroads In Time, 58.

25 Roseboom and Schramm, They Built A City, 158-9.

26 Sutherland, The City of Syracuse, 3.

27 Schramm and Roseboom, Syracuse: From Salt…, 59-61; Connors, 55.

28 Roseboom, William and Schramm, Harry. They Built A City: Stories and Legends of Syracuse and Onondaga County, (Fayetteville, NY: Manlius Publishing Company, 1976), 127.

29 Ibid., 44.

30 Body of James K. McGuire On Train Arriving Today: City will Bow In Tribute, July 1923 n.p. James K. McGuire File, Onondaga County Historical Association.

31 James K. McGuire – June 30, 1923". Article fragment, in Obituaries and Biographical Clippings of Residents of Syracuse, Onondaga County, 1860-1926, vol. 15 Ma-Mc. Compiled by Local History Department, Syracuse Public Library, 1915-26.

32 Bannon, Theresa, Pioneer Irish In Onondaga County, 1776-1847. (New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1911).

33 Richard Wright, letter dated 19 August 1981, JKM File, Onondaga County Historical Association.

34 Body of James K. McGuire… James K. McGuire File, Onondaga County Historical Association; Mayor Rivals Were Neighbors, Herald 29 April 1947.

35 James K. McGuire. In Dwight, Bruce H. The Empire State In Three Centuries New York: Century History Company, 1908, 264-6.

36 Poor Newsboys Who Have Been Elected to High Political Office James K. McGuire File, Onondaga County Historical Association.

37 Arthur Judson Brewster. Life Was Never Dull (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1953) 129.

38 James K. McGuire. Empire State In Three Centuries, 164-6.

39 James K. McGuire. Cyclopedia of American Biography, (New York: James T. White and Company, 1897:) 19; "James K. McGuire. History of The Democratic Party In New York State (New York: American History Book Publishing, vol. II, 1905), 445.

40 James K. McGuire. Cyclopedia, 19; Conciliate The Minorities. New York Times 5 August 1895; James K. McGuire, Former Mayor, Dies At Capital. James K. McGuire File, Onondaga County Historical Association. Kingsley, M.J., Knauber, J.K., Neville, J.J., Buckenberger, A.C. The Political Blue Book of Syracuse, New York (E.M. Grover, 1902), 203.

41 Solid Delegation For Kirk. New York Times 30 September 1893.2.

42 Mr. Hill Opens The Campaign. New York Times 10 December 1894:3.

43 Syracuse City Caucuses. New York Times 17 September 1895:3.

44 Deaths of the Day: James K. McGuire 30 June 1923. James K. McGuire File, Onondaga County Historical Association.

CHAPTER I – B

The Boy Mayor’s Wide Open Town: Sports, Slots, Sluts, Tramps, Thieves, Trusts, Trash

During McGuire’s tenure as mayor, there were constant allegations that he ran a wide open town.¹ Most of the charges revolved around issues of street crime, vice, gambling, illegal distribution of alcohol and Sunday sports. Most critics were members of the clergy who believed such behaviors as a passport to perdition. The reformers were not unique to Syracuse, but all were shocked by the modernization of cities and its resultant social problems – crime, poverty, disease. The religious doctrines of a better fate in the next world held little relevance to huddled urban masses and hence church attendance dropped off among the poor. Abandoning the emphasis that faith alone would help the poor transcend the material miseries of their daily lives, a number of clergy began to focus on improving living conditions through social reform. The result, they believed, would be the moral regeneration of the entire community. In America, the movement had numerous advocates and organizations among various denominations.

In New York State, one of the more famous was Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst.² Coming from a rural, agricultural background in New England, he became pastor of a Presbyterian Church in New York City in 1880 and soon found himself interested in urban affairs. By the early 1890’s, Parkhurst had noticed the interconnections between politics, graft, crime and police. When his observations as to the extent of vice and crime in the city were challenged Parkhurst and two others went in disguise to provide evidence of widespread vice and corruption. His efforts aroused indignation which resulted in the Lexow investigation of 1894 and a series of municipal reforms. McGuire in his first term as mayor, found himself the butt of criticism from a variety of reform-minded clergy, both Catholic and Protestant. And while the issues seem almost prosaic now, they unleashed a storm of controversy giving credence to his critics that McGuire ran a wide open town.

By the time McGuire was mayor, baseball had been called the national pastime for at least a generation. Transformed from a genteel past-time of the upper classes, it had become a professional sport in the post-bellum era with the formation of leagues, rules, umpires and equipment transforming it into a big business. With increased interest, especially among working classes, rowdy behavior became commonplace. Local team owners were often proprietors of local breweries and brawls among drunken fans were commonplace. Low admission prices and access to spirits encouraged their attendance.³ McGuire enjoyed baseball and often threw out the first ball to inaugurate the season.⁴ Two years after McGuire was elected mayor, two baseball pitchers were arrested after playing a game on Sunday. Two clergymen, Rev. H. N. Kinney and Monsignor Kunitzch sought to test the legality of the city’s blue laws which prohibited shooting, fishing, hunting, playing, horse racing, gambling, exercises or shows and all noise disturbing the peace.⁵ The players pleaded guilty as charged. This was only the beginning of the campaign by concerned clergy to outlaw Sunday baseball. The issue went to the courts but until it was resolved there was a flurry of publicity by those for and against. The Journal quoted Robert G. Ingersoll, noted agnostic, lawyer and lecturer⁶ as saying the common people should be able to enjoy themselves. Preachers, he lamented, want to take one-seventh of our time. We should be able to relax and play. Why think about Hell? Give pitchers and preachers an equal chance. One kiss gives more joy than a thousand sermons.⁷ Two local religious leaders entered the fray, Frederic Dan Huntington, Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Syracuse and Rev. Patrick Ludden, Roman Catholic Bishop of Syracuse.⁸ Both saw the issue of Sunday baseball as undermining faith and morals, alienating youth from church and worship, and injurious to the interests of the working classes. The Syracuse Sunday baseball controversy made the national edition of Sporting Life magazine. Mayor James K. McGuire was the focus on an interview on the question. The mayor was described as an ardent supporter of the idea of Sunday baseball as a worthy use of leisure time for the young men of the city who after attending church services, have no other outlet for activity on a Sunday afternoon. Without such activities, McGuire said, they form vicious habits, indulging in drinking bouts and worse things behind closed doors…Idleness, he piously intoned is the mother of crime. Casting his critical net further, McGuire condemned the Raines Law as conducive to an atmosphere of vice allowing men and women to promiscuously congregate… creating wayward children who frequent these resorts. Under such circumstances, the Mayor observed, it was the city’s duty to encourage Sunday sports.⁹ The two clergy who were original plaintiffs were also quoted, one saying he was a friend of the game but playing it on Sunday was illegal. The other, possibly more insightful than his colleague, said the purpose of Sunday baseball was not recreation for the laboring classes, but simply to make money.¹⁰

In the case of the two pitchers, McGuire met with the judge and the concerned clergy. The magistrate had dismissed the charges against the two players, believing the laboring classes favored Sunday sports. The clergy objected to the noise of the game, especially during Sunday services. McGuire stated he was in favor of Sunday baseball, but would do all he could to ensure the games were conducted in an orderly manner.¹¹ The clergy responded by calling for massive protests against the practice.¹² McGuire, running for a second term, was forced to defend his position, claiming that baseball was morally and legally correct. Times had changed since the archaic blue laws were written. Reformist clergy should focus their attentions on more serious issues, such as abuses by jobbers and contractors. Little was heard of the controversy until a year later when one of the original plaintiffs complained of the use of nickel slot machines at games, forcing aldermen to threaten to terminate Sunday baseball unless the use of machines was discontinued.¹³

The issue of Sunday baseball seemed to ebb and flow during municipal elections. The problem was resuscitated by would-be reformers during the mayoralty campaign of 1901. Having failed by moral suasion, Rev. Guy B. Galligher took the issue to the courts, demanding McGuire’s Director of Public Safety, Duncan Peck, enforce the statute banning Sunday baseball. Peck regarded it as harmless amusement, that neither he nor the Mayor were against it, but should a few, narrow-minded people ask him, he supposed he would have to enforce it. Rev. Galligher served papers on Peck requiring him to do so. Players were arrested, tried and found innocent after the jury deliberated less than three minutes. The same judge who had found the two players innocent in 1897 ruled that Syracuse wants Sunday baseball. Since the one played was not between professional teams, and the law preventing such activity was enforced only once the last decade, if the participants were ignorant of the law, or did not intentionally violate it as per prior Court of Appeals decisions had ruled, they were innocent. An outraged Rev. Galligher promised to take the issue to the Supreme Court.¹⁴ The Herald, to its credit, believed the majority of the public did not support a ban on Sunday sports, claiming it was innocent recreation for men who labor six days a week, with playing fields far removed from populated areas. The editorial concluded that if there was no Sunday baseball, the working men would go to worse places, adding the law was unenforceable. Most juries acquitted those arrested, suggesting there was limited support for enforcement.¹⁵

The clergy struck back. In an interview with reporter Edith Cornwall, the Rev. Guy B. Galligher, responding to the issue that other corporations do business on Sunday, said it was the laws job to protect the sanctity of the Sabbath. The good reverend declared he was fond of baseball, but its games were scenes of debauchery, revelry and uproarious mirth with gambling on the outcome of the game for money. This, would lead to worse abuses – faro, roulette, cigars and drink. Sunday, said Rev. Galligher, should be spent with family and friends, engaged in works of mercy, studying the grandeur of the Heavens and the Earth beneath. He further stated his belief that Sunday newspapers, excursions, bicycles, baseball and other sport were largely responsible for the vacant pews during Sunday services.¹⁶ During the initial controversy over baseball in 1897 a petition signed by over 1200 people was circulated in Syracuse. It is doubtful the petition had any effect. Sunday reform bills had been introduced in Albany every year since 1897, but upstate Republicans controlled both Chambers and the Democrats rarely got their bills out of committee.¹⁷ So, the underlying issue then, was not Sunday baseball, but the alleged moral decay of the city under McGuire’s administration. While the baseball issue may not have been a substantive one, there were others, the cumulative effect of which would lead to defeat in his bid to become mayor of Syracuse for a fourth consecutive term.

Along with Sunday sports, municipal reformers in Syracuse condemned the other vices associated with it, believing they contributed to the moral decline of Salt City. Many reforms begin with the best of intentions, but are often sidelined in application by businessmen who exploit loopholes in the laws, rules or regulations in order to continue operating. Such was the impact of the Raines Law, passed by the State Legislature in March 1896, in the first three months of McGuire’s first term as mayor. It was sponsored by Republican State Senator John Raines of Canandaigua who fought against the prominence of liquor interests in state affairs. The bill put the retail trade in liquor under high license fees and, with limited exceptions, prohibited sales on Sundays. It exempted inns and hotels, focusing primarily on saloons. However, state law defined a hotel as such if it served liquor with meals, had a kitchen and had at least ten rooms.¹⁸ Enterprising tavern-keepers simply installed bedrooms above their saloons and served sandwiches. Since the work week for the laboring man was six days, Sunday was the only day left for a full day of drinking.

One result of the Raines Law, was that hundreds of saloons, the majority of them decent and orderly places, were turned into hotels…To cover the costs of the bedrooms, the proprietors were obliged to obtain some revenue from these rooms. In almost all cases, there was no actual demand for such hotel accommodations; the result was that the great majority of these hotels became houses of assignation or prostitution. These [were] the so-called "Raines Law Hotels.¹⁹

Anyone who properly filled out the application was granted a license which was revoked if a violation was found and could also result in criminal prosecution.²⁰ The law came under fire almost immediately by the clergy and the Anti-Saloon League resulting in some changes, but violations continued. In Syracuse, the most notorious of those showing indifference to the law was Alderman Frank Matty. Matty had a prior history of violations of the Raines Law. As early as May 1896, there were accusations of bribery in connection with 53 violations of the law. A Grand Jury refused to bring an indictment, claiming the evidence was all hearsay.²¹ The conflict between Matty and McGuire over patronage jobs in the Board of Health had its roots in a clergyman’s lament that city government was run from Matty’s saloon.²² The pastor insisted the existence of Matty was a sign the devil was at work; and condemned him for his current indictments for violating the Raines Law. He complained Matty’s saloon was a gambling den and that city police wink at the social evil of disorderly women, demanding the municipal stench of the City Hall Ring be eradicated. All this did was exascerbate tensions between McGuire and Matty and prevent city jobs from being filled. Matty ultimately had his license revoked, but obtained a new one simply by paying the court costs.²³

The Rev. W. H. Main of the Central Baptist Church also criticized McGuire’s administration. Reiterating comments of others, he complained that saloons, gambling dens and brothels abound, are open on the Lords Day and he condemned Sunday sports. He demanded McGuire enforce the laws, especially those operating as notorious Raines Law hotels. Failure to do so, said Main, was cause to remove him from office.²⁴ Despite the pressure, Matty continued to do business. In August 1898, the courts ordered him to remove his name from the saloon and cease his liquor sales. In December, Matty barricaded the doors to his saloon from the attorney for the State Excise Committee, who unsuccessfully sought an injunction to ban Matty from doing business.²⁵ Perhaps the delays had something to do with the fact that Matty and McGuire had become political allies, dating back to Fall 1897 during the mayor’s bid for re-election. The alliance was harshly critiqued by Methodist clergyman and Syracuse University Chancellor, James R. Day.²⁶ Initially praising McGuire for his reformist stance, Day now condemned him:

McGuire is now aligned with the old combine, ...He now runs with them to win re-election; he is a helpless figurehead in bed with a pirate crew; Matty and his franchise gang have captured the mayor.²⁷

Catholics too, condemned McGuire’s wide-open town. Fr. John Grimes joined the chorus against immorality following a police raid which netted 14 girls aged 14-22 having been involved in orgies. The good Reverend reiterated his message in a sermon referring to saloons a slaughterhouses for our young where young girls have now to confront evils unknown to their mothers.²⁸

One vehicle whereby the youth of the city were to be removed from temptation was by imposing a curfew. The Rev. J.B. Kenyan proposed all youth under 16 be off the streets after 8 pm., a proposal which earned the scorn of Frank Matty.²⁹

Evangelist A. S. Orne claimed Syracuse was the state’s second wickedest city. He had stated he visited numerous cities during his ministry, but had only been propositioned by a prostitute in Syracuse. Echoing the comments of Rev. J. B. Kenyon, he insisted on a curfew, and condemned the fact that blacks and whites congregated together at the Oriental Hotel. He further demanded the use of slot machines be suppressed. Both Police Commissioner Duncan Peck and Mayor James K. McGuire denied the allegations - partly. Peck said the only slot machines in existence were for cigars, not money. Both said blacks and whites were separated insofar as possible and tacitly admitted the existence of prostitution by stating that certain resorts were necessary to protect decent women. If they were eliminated, vice would taint the entire city.³⁰

Another reformer, Rev. A.P. Burgess, charged there was widespread gambling in the city, demanding its suppression. Many Alderman, including Frank Matty, were indignant that such claims were made, stating piously they had no interest in gambling. Would-be Republican rival to McGuire, District Attorney Jay Kline would summon a Grand Jury to investigate the allegations.³¹

The Rev. Guy B. Galligher, an avowed enemy of Sunday baseball, believed Sunday saloons were even worse, demanding police close offending taverns. He condemned the streetcars which delivered customers to vile resorts along the lake, where the scarlet woman and lascivious man linked arm and arm flaunt their shamelessness with remorseless indifference. Galligher saw a progressive moral decline, starting with baseball fraught with scenes of debauchery, mirth, revelry and gambling to faro, roulette, cigars and drink, people becoming victims of a fatal passion for gambling.³² Teaming up with Rev. Burgess, Galligher supplied a list of 45 gaming houses to Duncan Peck, demanding their closure. The hapless Mayor and his Commissioner of Police claimed ignorance as to the existence such places, but promised to investigate. Because of his alleged tolerance of such violations, Galligher and the Anti-Saloon League were pursuing the possibility of legal charges against Commissioner Peck.³³ The Herald also condemned the use of slot machines as dishonest and harmful because they appealed to those who could least afford to lose and because it formed bad habits which encouraged gambling. A subsequent article in the Herald noted their existence was commonplace, especially in saloons, cigar stores, hotel lobbies, railway stations and pharmacies. They had moved from being a toy to a gambling instrument³⁴

The police responded to the pressure, notifying the saloons and cigar stores to remove the offensive machines. If the police knew where the machines were located, didn’t that beg the question as to the truthfulness of the professions of ignorance of their existence by Peck and McGuire? The Herald ridiculed them both in a cartoon, Their Sunday School Lesson portraying the Police Commissioner and several judges sitting on a bench with Rev. Galligher reading from a book, entitled; The Law As It Is. The cartoon’s subtitle: Now Will They Be Good?³⁵

The Herald was correct in this instance as demonstrated in the case of gambler Peter O’Neill. He claimed his business was destroyed and he was jailed because he refused to pay protection money to Frank Matty and Sim Dunfee. Mayor McGuire urged him to close down his operations voluntarily until the Grand Jury investigating his administration was over. O’Neill refused on the grounds that no other gaming establishments had shut down. An editorial in the Herald indicated the existence of two faro rooms, five poker rooms, one horse pool, one crap game and two policy rooms in Syracuse.³⁶ Obviously, the mayor knew what was going on.

Coming as it did during the campaign for a fourth consecutive term as mayor, the accusation of Fr. Grimes that under McGuire Syracuse was a wide open town may have had some credibility. For example, a cartoon in the Herald showed McGuire playing to a crowd, asking, When In The History of The City Have You Had A More Liberal Mayor Than I? Sitting in the audience were items labeled salaries, slot machines baseball, and beer mugs.³⁷

The timing of the Christian Endeavors Convention in Syracuse in late October 1901 was not helpful to McGuire’s re-election campaign. Begun in 1881 by Francise E. Clark, a Congregational minister, the organization focused on training young people to encourage their spiritual efficiency and practical service. It grew to an interdenominational organization of over 70,000 societies with an international membership of over 3.5 million.³⁸ It’s presence in Syracuse at this time focused attention on the city administration at a time when McGuire was scrambling to obtain popular support. The convention’s theme was The Power of The Saloon In Politics. Its main speaker, Rev. Howard H. Russell, was founder of the Anti-Saloon League. His address, Old Battles Yet To Be Won raised the spectre of moral decay claiming the saloon was where the assassin of McKinley was raised and received his training and we fear anew the terrors emanating from the saloon. Assisting the local reformers crusade, he also proclaimed the Sabbath be observed as Christ envisioned it.³⁹

In addition to the taint of immorality, the designation of radicalism may also have hampered McGuire’s electoral efforts. He had been labeled an anarchist, a radical and proponent of class war since his first term, especially after endorsing and working for Bryan in the campaigns of 1896 and 1900. In addition, the Mayor’s efforts alleviating the plight of the poor and unemployed also created ammunition for his critics. They saw them instead as dangerous Populist politics. This too, may have been a factor in the demise of McGuire’s public service career. The issue of tramps, stereotyped as criminals, indigents and labor rabble-rousers contributed to McGuire’s problems as mayor.

The Depression of 1893 had its roots in the failure of several major railroad companies. The ripple effect closed banks, businesses and precipitated a decline in agricultural prices. Unemployment rates spiked to 25 percent in some cities. Workers responded to their misery and suffering in three ways; by organizing and violence, by passive acceptance of the status quo, and by becoming itinerant workers, seeking employment in other locations. These were the tramps referred to above.

Government response at the state and federal level was swift and sure repression best seen in Coure d’Alene miners’ strike, the Homestead Steel Strike and the Pullman Strike. Other workers panhandled to survive, slept in parks or municipal lodging houses. Vagrancy laws provided some homeless workers with shelter in local jails. Newspapers warned of the public menace and pointed to growing crime rates blamed on the dangerous classes.⁴⁰ Thousands of others rode the rails or went on the tramp looking for work. Often legitimate strikes called by laborers were muddled in the public mind with tramps, seen as unemployed criminals and troublemakers. In the mind of government officials, it justified stern repression as was done by Democratic Governor Roswell Flower of New York in the switchmen’s strike of 1892-94.⁴¹

The term tramp received much approbation during the 1890’s in large measure because of Jacob Coxey’s army’s March on Washington. Coxey, a self-made businessman from Ohio believed he could save the country by having Congress enact legislation to create large amounts of legal currency to be spent on public works, thus creating jobs for the unemployed during the Depression of 1893. While his army of 500 was disbanded by club-wielding police following his arrest at the capital, other armies, much larger than his paltry band, began mobilizing. They, often became disorderly mobs. Railroads refusing to provide free transit had their trains stolen. In some instances, local authorities were unable to restrain them. The federal government issued injunctions and often used troops to dispense the "soldiers’. A handful made it to the capital, but were provided carfare back home by the government of District of Columbia. While unsuccessful, it demonstrated widespread labor discontent at the economic distress and government antipathy towards workers in the wake of economic downturn.

The Depression lingered on until the turn of the century. In Syracuse, during McGuire’s first administration. The Journal noted the streets filled with idle men, clamoring for relief.⁴² Six months later, in January, trained machinists claimed the only work they could find was shoveling dirt for 80 cents an hour to avoid starvation.⁴³ Later that month, the paper noted how worse the destitution was than three years previous, the men suffering in silence, selling their furniture simply to stay alive. Some relief was provided by City Hall providing jobs to 30 men shoveling snow. By Summer, 1897 Mayor McGuire estimated the unemployed at about 10,000. He expressed hope the Dingley tariff⁴⁴ would alleviate the problem. He expressed a concern that skilled artisan who used to disdain such work were now willing to clean streets with Italians and Hungarians. He called on Syracuse’s wealthy residents to assist those in need.⁴⁵ Critics assailed the mayor’s efforts to ease the plight of the unemployed by giving them paving jobs and painting City Hall as vote getting ploys for the upcoming election. It was alleged that drunks and bums wore McGuire election buttons to police court in the hope of not being punished.⁴⁶

The word tramp took on even more sinister implications during McGuire’s unsuccessful attempt to win a fourth successive term as mayor. Critics condemned abuses in the Poor budget of Commissioner Sehl. In response to Kline and Driscoll referring to the Municipal Lodging House as a tramp mecca, McGuire defended it, claiming its budget was minimal, yet it fed hundreds.⁴⁷ Kline reissued the challenge late in the campaign, claiming McGuire colonized Syracuse with tramps to obtain their votes, a claim the Herald insisted he support with evidence.⁴⁸ McGuire’s campaign retaliated in kind. His campaign claimed Kline was endeavoring to enlist the support of the criminal classes.. rape fiends, burglars, thugs, thieves and scurvy lawbreakers, all under indictment who Kline released on bail. They are dragging the dives and gutters for votes.⁴⁹ It was this kind of vitriol which led McGuire to claim his was a campaign of decency vs. deviltry.⁵⁰ Kline responded by reiterating the charge the mayor had been colonizing Syracuse with tramps from surrounding towns for months and registered them for the upcoming election.⁵¹ And while there were some expose’s alleging electoral manipulation, they were far less than what Kline and the Republicans had claimed. For example, the Herald found an increase of 325 employees in the two months preceding the election, mostly in the Water Department. Eight men from a workingman’s hotel were arrested for illegal voter registration on the eve of the election.⁵²

Despite the acrimony then, the Republican margin of victory was such that, even if the charges leveled against McGuire were true, they could not overcome the rancor of the Republican machine which was united on one purpose-the overthrow of McGuire by any and all means.

There were other issues McGuire had to confront during his administrations, especially the awarding of contracts for city projects. It inaugurated a series of intra-and inter-party disputes which also contributed to his undoing.

Another of Rev. Parkhurst’s targets for reform was the graft, crime, corruption rampant in Gotham City. Similar efforts to weed out these urban evils were made by social reformer in Syracuse during McGuire’s successive terms of office. Allegations of corruption began to surface almost immediately. For example, within his